Drawing with a pencil. The best pencils for professionals and beginners What are the drawing pencils

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When performing graphic works, a variety of drawing accessories can be used. There are many types of such tools, as well as materials intended for the same purposes. Most often, people who, by the nature of their activities, are forced to carry out many drawings, use preparations. So called sets of drawing tools, packed in a special case. On modern market there are preparations designed to perform a variety of graphic works, differing in unequal configuration.

But, of course, if you wish, you can also purchase ordinary drawing tools in St. Petersburg, other cities of the country - you can buy these useful and popular tools everywhere. Further in the article we will deal in detail with what drawing tools and materials exist on the modern market.

Types of accessories used to perform graphic work

The drawings themselves are in most cases applied to paper. For execution graphic images of this type, its special varieties are used. In addition to paper, designers and engineers use such drawing tools and accessories as:

pencils with plain black lead;

• rulers of different lengths;

  squares;

  protractors;

  compasses of different types;

Drawing paper is often attached to special boards. These designs allow you to perform graphic work with maximum convenience.

What is paper

For drawings, it is usually chosen White paper High Quality. This may be an option labeled "O" or "B". Paper "O" (plain) is available in two types: plain and improved. The latter option has a high density and is rigid. Paper highest quality"B" is best for making drawings. It has an absolutely white color, is smooth and does not “shaggy” when using an eraser. You can distinguish it from other varieties by looking at the light. On such paper, manufacturers apply In addition to white paper, tracing paper and graph paper can also be used to make drawings.

Special boards

Drawing materials and accessories can be used by engineers and designers, thus different. Boards when performing professional drawings are a mandatory attribute in most cases. This tool is made from soft wood (for example, from alder). It is intended primarily to facilitate the work of creating drawings. This device represents several dies assembled in one canvas, fastened with end strips. The length, width and thickness of the drawing board can be different.

Pencils

This is perhaps the main tool used in the performance of drawing work. There are three main types of pencils:

Solid. This option is marked with the letter "T" and is used, in fact, to complete the drawings.

Medium hardness. Instruments of this variety are usually marked with the letters "TM". Use them for stroke at the final stage of the drawing.

Soft. These pencils are for drawing only. They are marked with the letter "M".

In addition to pencils, to make drawings in individual cases ink may be used. It is produced in bottles. Designers and engineers most often use black ink, although it can have different colors. As working tools this case special feathers are used.

erasers

Drawing accessories of this variety are used to remove incorrectly drawn or auxiliary lines. When making drawings, two types of erasers are mainly used: those designed to remove pencil lines and lines drawn with ink. The first option is soft and, when used, does not affect the paper layer, removing only the stylus. Ink erasers contain harsh additives and when erased

Rulers

This kind of drawing tools can be made from different materials. Most often it is wood, metal or plastic. The latter option is considered the most suitable for making drawings. Transparent short plastic rulers, like pencils, are the main working tool of an engineer or designer.

Before using a new ruler, it is mandatory to check for accuracy. To do this, they put it on a piece of paper and draw a line. Then turn the ruler over to the other side and draw another line. If the first and second lines on the paper match, then the ruler is accurate and can be used in the work.

There are such drawing accessories for the board and a slightly different variety - T-square. These instruments consist of three main parts: a ruler and two short bars. One of the bars is rigidly connected to the ruler, and the second can be rotated with respect to it at any angle. By fixing one of the crossbars at the end of the board, using a T-square, you can easily draw parallel horizontal or inclined lines.

compasses

Rulers are used for drawing straight lines. The compass is used to draw circles. There are several types of such tools:

Measuring circles. Both legs of such instruments end with needles. Compasses of this variety are used mainly for measuring segments.

Compasses "goat's leg". Such a tool has only one leg with a needle. On the second part there is a special wide ring for a pencil.

Graphic ordinary compasses. There is a needle on one leg of such instruments, and a graphite rod is inserted at the end of the other.

There are also special types of compasses. For example, the teat is a small button and can be used to draw concentric circles. Sometimes engineers and technologists also use calipers. This tool is very convenient to draw circles of small diameter (0.5-8 mm).

squares

Drawing accessories of this type are most often used to build right angles. There are only two main types of squares used in the execution of drawings: 45:90:45 and 60:90:30. Like rulers, such tools can be made from different materials. The most convenient to use are considered transparent plastic.

Protractors

This is another essential tool for creating drawings. Protractors are used mainly as an add-on designed to facilitate work. With their use it is much easier to draw corners. Protractors are semicircular and round. When drawing up drawings, the first option is more often used. There are also special geodetic protractors. For compiling topographic maps, the TG-B version is usually used.

patterns

Sometimes it is impossible to make curved lines in drawings using only a compass. In this case, they are drawn by points by hand. To stroke the resulting curved lines, special tools are used - patterns. They may have different shapes. Drawing accessories of this type should be selected in such a way that their edge matches the shape of the lines to be drawn as much as possible.

cooking

As already mentioned, engineers and designers usually use ready-made kits in their work. What kind of set of drawing accessories the preparation includes, you can find out by its marking. Those who perform drawings at a professional level use universal sets. Such preparations are marked with the letter "U". In addition to the standard kit, consisting of a compass, ruler, pencil and protractor, they include ink and tools designed to work with it.

Simple preparations are usually purchased by schoolchildren for drawing lessons. Such sets are marked with the letter "SH". There are also such preparations: design ("K"), design small ("KM") and large ("KB").

Thus, we have found out what materials, accessories, drawing tools are used when making graphic images. Without compasses, rulers, pencils and erasers, creating accurate and complex drawings will not work. And therefore, such tools, of course, will always be in demand.

Pencils They differ mainly in the type and nature of the writing rod (which determine the writing properties of the pencil and its purpose), as well as in size, cross-sectional shape, color and type of wooden shell coating.

Since the 1950s, pencils have been produced in the USSR in accordance with GOST 6602-51. The quality was good. The current situation is rather sad. Let's talk about what happened before.

Pencils

Depending on the writing rod and its properties, the following main groups of pencils are distinguished: a) graphite - the writing rod is made of graphite and clay and impregnated with fats and waxes; when writing, they leave a line of gray-black color of varying intensity, depending mainly on the degree of hardness of the rod; b) colored - the writing rod is made of pigments and dyes, fillers, binders and sometimes fats; c) copiers - the writing rod is made from a mixture of water-soluble dyes and a binder with graphite or mineral fillers; when writing, they leave a gray or colored line, difficult to cut with an elastic band.

Stages of production of pencils from glued boards

Production of pencils consists of the following main processes: a) the manufacture of the writing core, b) the manufacture of the wood shell and c) the finishing of the finished pencil (coloring, marking, sorting and packaging). The composition of graphite rods includes: graphite, clay and adhesives. Graphite is very graded and leaves a gray or grey-black streak on paper. Clay is mixed into graphite to bond its particles, and adhesives are added to the graphite-clay mixture to impart plasticity. Screened graphite in vibratory mills is crushed to the smallest particles. Clay is soaked in water. Then these components are thoroughly mixed in special mixers, pressed and dried. The dried mass is mixed with adhesives, repeatedly pressed, turning into a homogeneous plastic mass suitable for molding writing rods. This mass is placed in a powerful press, which squeezes out thin elastic threads from the round holes of the matrix. Upon exiting the matrix, the threads are automatically cut into segments of the required length, which are the writing rods. The segments are then placed in rotating drums, where they are rolled out, straightened and dried. After drying, they are loaded into crucibles and fired in electric furnaces. As a result of drying and firing, the rods acquire hardness and strength. The cooled rods are sorted by straightness and sent for impregnation. This operation aims to give the rods, which after firing increased rigidity, softness and elasticity, i.e., the properties necessary for writing. For the impregnation of graphite rods, lard, stearin, paraffin and different types wax. For the manufacture of color and copy rods, other types of raw materials are used, the technological process is partially changed.

For colored rods, water-insoluble dyes and pigments are used as colorants, talc is used as fillers, and pectin glue and starch are used as binders. The mass, consisting of dyes, fillers and binders, is mixed in mixers, the firing operation falls out. The strength of the colored rod is given by the pressing mode and the regulation of the amount of binders introduced into the mass, and this, in turn, depends on the nature and amount of pigments and dyes. For copy rods, water-soluble aniline dyes are used as dyes, mainly methyl violet, which gives a trait when moistened. purple, methylene blue, giving a line of greenish-blue color, brilliant green - bright green, etc.

The strength of the copy rods is regulated by the recipe, the amount of binder and the pressing mode. Finished rods are placed in a wood shell; wood should be soft, have low cutting resistance along and across the grain, have a smooth, shiny cut surface and even tone and color. best material for the shell is the wood of the Siberian cedar and linden. Wooden boards are treated with ammonia vapor (to remove resinous substances), soaked in paraffin and stained. Then, on a special machine, “paths” are made on the boards, into which the rods are placed, the boards are glued and divided into individual pencils, while giving them a hexagonal or round shape. After that, the pencils are ground, primed and painted. Painting is done with fast-drying nitrocellulose paints and varnishes, which have a clean tone and bright color. After repeated coating of the shell with these varnishes, a strong varnish film is formed on it, giving the finished pencil a glossy, shiny surface and a beautiful look.

Classification of pencils

Depending on the source materials of the writing rod and the purpose, the following groups and types of pencils are distinguished.

1. Graphite: School, Stationery, Drawing, Drawing;

2. Color: School, Stationery, Drawing, Drawing;

3. Photocopiers: stationery

In addition, pencils differ in overall dimensions, in the hardness of the core, and in the finish of the shell. Dimensional indicators include: cross-sectional shape, length and thickness of the pencil. According to the shape of the cross section, pencils are round, faceted and oval. Some groups or types of pencils are assigned only one cross-sectional shape; for others, different ones are allowed. So, drawing pencils are produced only faceted - hexagonal, copying pencils - only round; stationery can have any of the indicated shapes, as well as a three-, four-, octahedral or oval cross-sectional shape. The pencils are 178, 160, 140 and 113 mm long (with a tolerance of ±2 mm for these dimensions). The main and most commonly used of these sizes is 178 mm, it is mandatory for graphite pencils - school, drawing and drawing; for color - drawing and drawing; for stationery colored pencils, a length of 220 mm is also allowed. The thickness of a pencil is determined by its diameter, and for faceted pencils, the diameter is measured along the inscribed circle; it ranges from 4.1 to 11 mm, the most common thickness is 7.9 and 7.1 mm.

According to the degree of hardness writing rod pencils are divided into 15 groups, designated by letters and numerical indices in sequential order: 6M, 5M, 4M, 3M, 2M, M, TM, ST, T, 2T, ZT, 4T, 5T, 6T, 7T. The letter "M" denotes the softness of the writing rod, the letter "T" - its hardness; the larger the digital index, the stronger this property is for a given writing rod. At school graphite pencils the degree of hardness is indicated by the numbers No. 1 (soft), No. 2 (medium) and No. 3 (hard). On copy pencils- in words: soft, medium hard, hard.

Abroad, the degree of hardness is indicated with Latin letters"B" (soft) and "H" (hard).

Graphite school pencils were produced in medium hardness, drawing pencils - of all existing degrees of hardness, colored pencils of all types - usually soft.

Graphite drawing pencils "Designer"

The wood shell coating color is also different for different pencils; the shell of colored pencils, as a rule, was painted according to the color of the writing rod; for the shell of other pencils, each title was usually assigned one or more permanent colorings. The color of the shell was of several types: one-color or marbled, decorative, with ribs or edges painted in contrasting colors or covered with metal foil, etc. Some types of pencils were produced with a decorative head, which was painted in colors different from the color of the shell , with a plastic or metal head, etc. Pencils with plastic or metal tips, with an elastic band (only graphite), with a sharpening of the rod, etc. were also produced.

Depending on these indicators (properties of the writing rod, cross-sectional shape, overall dimensions, type of finish and design), different names were assigned to each type of pencils and sets.

Graphite drawing pencils "Polytechnic"

Assortment of pencils

Pencils are divided into three main groups: graphite, colored, copying; in addition, there is a special group of special pencils.

Graphite pencils by purpose are divided into school, stationery, drawing And drawing.

School pencils - for schoolwork in writing and drawing; three degrees of hardness were produced - soft, medium and hard - designated respectively by numbers: No. 1, No. 2, No. 3.

Pencil No. 1 - soft - gave a line of thick black and was used for school drawing.

Pencil No. 2 - medium hardness - gave a clear black line; used for writing and drawing.

Pencil No. 3 - hard - gave a pale line of grayish-black color: it was intended for drawing and initial work on drawing at school.

School pencils included pencils that had a metal nipple in which a rubber band was fixed to erase notes made with a pencil.

Stationery pencils - for writing; produced mainly soft and medium hardness.

Drawing pencils - for graphic works; produced according to the degree of hardness of the writing rod from 6M to 7T. Hardness determined the purpose of the pencils. So, 6M, 5M and 4M are very soft; ZM and 2M - soft; M, TM, ST, T - medium hardness; ST and 4T - very hard; 5T, 6T and 7T - very hard, for special graphic works.

Drawing pencils - for drawing, shading sketches and other graphic works: only soft ones are produced, various degrees hardness.

Assortment of graphite pencils

colored pencils according to purpose are divided into school, stationery, drawing, drawing.

School pencils - for elementary child drawing and drawing works of schoolchildren lower grades ; were produced in round shape, in sets of 6-12 colors.

Stationery pencils - for signature, proofreading, etc., 5 colors were produced, sometimes two-color - for example, red-blue, mainly hexagonal, except for Svetlana pencils, which had a round shape.

Drawing pencils - for drawing and topographic work; produced mainly in sets of 6 or 10 colors; hexagon shape; coating color - according to the color of the rod.

Drawing pencils - for graphic works; several types were produced, differing from school ones in length and in the number of flowers in sets, from 12 to 48, mostly round, except for drawing No. 1 and No. 2, which had a hexagonal shape. All sets had 6 primary colors, additional shades of these colors and usually white pencils.

All pencils produced in sets were packaged in artistically designed cardboard boxes with multi-colored labels.

Assortment of colored pencils

Copying pencils two types were produced: graphite, that is, containing graphite as a filler, and colored, the writing rod of which contained talc instead of graphite. Copying pencils were produced in three degrees of hardness: soft, medium hard and hard. Copying pencils were produced, as a rule, in a round shape.

Assortment of copying pencils

Specialty pencils - pencils with special properties of the writing rod or special purpose; produced graphite and non-ferrous. The group of special graphite pencils included "Carpenter", "Retouch" and briefcase pencils (for notebooks).

Carpenter's pencil was intended for marks on a tree when performing carpentry and joinery work. It had an oval-shaped shell and sometimes a rectangular section of the writing rod.

Pencil "Retouch"- for retouching photos, shading, applying shadows. The writing rod contained finely ground birch charcoal, as a result of which it gave a thick line of thick black color.

Four numbers were produced, differing in hardness: No. 1 - very soft, No. 2 - soft, No. 3 - medium hardness, No. 4 - hard.

Special colored pencils included "Glassographer" And "Traffic light".

Pencil "Glassographer" had a soft core, giving a fat and thick line; used for marks on glass, metal, porcelain, celluloid, for laboratory work, etc. 6 colors were produced: red, blue, green, yellow, brown and black.

Pencil "Traffic light" It was a type of colored pencils, had a longitudinally composite rod, consisting of two or three colors, which made it possible to get a line of several colors when writing with one pencil. Pencils were designated by numbers corresponding to the number of colors that the rod wrote with.

Names and main indicators of special pencils

Pencil quality

The quality of the pencils was determined by the conformity of the core, shell, finish and packaging to the requirements set by the standard. The most important indicator of the quality of pencils were: for graphite - fracture strength, hardness, intensity of the line and slip; for color - the same indicators and (color compliance with approved standards; for copiers - the same is the copying ability of the rod. All these indicators were checked with special instruments and in laboratory conditions. In practice, to determine the quality of pencils, the following requirements should be followed. The writing rod should have be glued into a wooden shell firmly and as accurately as possible in its center; the non-centricity of the rod was determined by the smallest, i.e., the thinnest part of the shell, the dimensions of which were established by the standard for pencils of the 1st and 2nd grades; the writing rod should not come out freely from the shell when sharpening a pencil or when pressing on it from the end; should be whole and uniform along its entire length, should not contain foreign impurities and inclusions that scratch the paper when writing, should not have any obvious or hidden cracks, should not was supposed to crumble when sharpening and writing.When sharpening a pencil, with a vertical pressing on the sharpened tip of the rod, the latter should not give chips, i.e., arbitrary breaking off or chipping of the rod particles. The cross-sectional area of ​​the rod at the ends of the pencil had to be even, smooth, without damage and chips. For colored rods, a line of the same color and intensity was required when writing along the entire length of the rod.

The shell of the pencils was made of good quality wood, without knots, cracks and other defects; should have low cutting resistance, i.e., it should be easily and softly repaired with a sharply sharpened knife, not break during sharpening and have a smooth cut surface. The ends of the pencils had to be cut evenly, smoothly and strictly perpendicular to the axis of the pencil. The pencil should be straight and even along its entire length, without deformation. The surface had to be smooth, shiny, without scratches, dents, cracks and varnish runs. The varnish coating should not crack, crumble and stick when wet.

By defects appearance pencils were divided into two grades: 1st and 2nd; moreover, the writing properties for pencils of both varieties should have been the same. The 2nd grade included pencils in which the deflection along the length was not more than 0.8 mm, the chipping of wood or varnish film from the end of the pencil was not more than 1.5 mm, the chipping of the rod at the ends was not more than half the cross-sectional area of ​​the rod - to a depth not more than 1.0 mm, the non-centricity of the rod is not more than 0.33 D—d (D is the diameter of the pencil shell along the inscribed circle, d is the diameter of the rod in mm), as well as scratches, dents, roughness and sagging (width and depth not more than 0.4 mm) no more than 3 over the entire surface of the pencil, with a total length of up to 6 mm and a width of up to 2 mm.

Pencils were marked with bronze or aluminum foil on one or more faces. The marking had to contain the name of the manufacturer, the name of the pencils, the degree of hardness (usually in letters) and the year of issue (usually the last two digits of the corresponding year (for example, “55” means the release of 1955). On copying pencils, the marking contained the abbreviated word “Copy” On pencils of the 2nd grade, in addition, there should have been the designation “2 s.” The marking had to stick firmly to the surface of the pencil, be clear, legible, all lines and signs should be solid and not merge.

Pencils: Ruslan, Rogdai, Ratmir (factory named after Krasin)

Pencils were packed in cardboard boxes, mainly in 50 and 100 pieces of the same name and grade. Colored pencils for school and drawing were packed in sets different colors 6, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 colors in one set. Graphite drawing pencils, colored drawing pencils and some other types of pencils were also produced in sets of different contents. Boxes with pencils of 50 and 100 pieces and sets of all kinds were issued with a multi-color art label sticker. Boxes with sets and pencils of 10 and 25 pieces were placed in cardboard cases or packed in packs of thick wrapping paper and tied with twine or braid. Boxes with pencils of 50 and 100 pieces were tied with twine or braid or pasted over with a paper parcel. Boxes with sets of colored pencils were pasted over with multi-color labels, usually with art reproductions.

Pencils "Cosmetics" (Slavic State Pencil Factory MMP Ukrainian SSR)

Graphite pencils "Painting", "Youth", "Colored"

Set of colored pencils "Youth" - art. 139 out of 6 pencils. The price is 77 kopecks.

Set of colored pencils "Color" - art. 127 and 128 from 6 and 12 pencils. The price of one pencil is 8 kopecks and 17 kopecks, respectively.

Set of colored pencils "Painting" - art. 135 out of 18 pencils. The price is 80 kopecks.

Colored graphite pencils "Painting", "Art"

Set of colored pencils "Painting" - art. 133 out of 6 pencils. The price is 23 kopecks.

Set of colored pencils "Art" - art. 113 out of 18 pencils. The price is 69 kopecks.

Set of colored pencils "Art" - art. 116 out of 24 pencils. The price is 1 ruble 20 kopecks.

At the heart of the pencil is a core based on graphite and various binding additives. It was graphite that turned out to be the most convenient and inexpensive material for writing and drawing. Graphite particles cling to the unevenness of paper, wood, cardboard, and create lines of different intensities and shades of gray. Simple pencils are used by children in schools, draftsmen, craftsmen in industries, professional artists- for sketches, sketches, sketches and the creation of full-scale canvases.

Types of black lead pencils Modern black lead pencils vary in shape, body material, lead hardness, and brightness. The shape of the body of a simple pencil serves, first of all, for the convenience of holding and drawing, as well as for protecting the stylus from damage. Pencils are: triangular (trihedral, triangular) - it is with such pencils that children are recommended to master drawing, the triangular section forms the correct finger grip hexagonal (hexagonal, hexagonal) - the most popular standard section of pencils round (round), as well as sometimes found oval others - square, rectangular and other body shapes (as a rule, such pencils are produced for souvenir purposes, and it is inconvenient to use them for permanent drawing)

In most cases, the body of a simple pencil is hard, but some brands produce flexible pencils. The classic pencil body is made from various kinds wood, but in the last century, manufacturers began to produce more modern and environmentally friendly pencils in hollow plastic cases (pencils with replaceable cores, such as Koh-i-Noor), as well as in cases made of special types of foamed plastics. For professional artists, bodyless rods are produced - sticks of various thicknesses, entirely consisting of graphite mass or coal. The artist will not be afraid to get his hands dirty with a rod without a case, but he will be delighted with the wider opportunities for creativity that a large-diameter stylus gives. Sets of charcoal and graphite rods are often included with paint kits.

Hard and soft pencils The most important thing that professional artists pay attention to when choosing black lead pencils is the degree of lead hardness and brightness. Manufacturers indicate these important indicators directly on the case using special symbols. T (hard), TM (hard-soft) and M (soft) - these designations are found on ordinary pencils of Russian brands. Accepted international designations are the letters H (hardness - hardness), B (blackness - degree of softness / brightness), HB (hard-soft). The numbers indicate the degree of brightness of the line that the pencil gives. Usually, the softer the lead of a simple pencil, the darker, brighter and richer the line it draws.

How to use chalk markers?

Pencils made in the USA have hardness-softness markings ranging from #1 (softest) to #4 (hardest). Some brands (for example, Faber-Castell in the Grip 2001 series of pencils) use their own markings - there are always indications of this on the packaging and manufacturers' websites. Modern lines of black lead pencils contain leads with different characteristics - dry and hard, water-soluble (for example, the Graphitone and Sketching series from Derwent), as well as super-soft pencils with large diameter pencils for sketching, the lines of which blend well with charcoal and pastel drawings.

Sets of black lead pencils Ordinary simple pencils sold by the piece in any office departments. Often, for convenience, a small eraser is attached to the end of the pencil for corrections. Oval technical (construction and carpentry) pencils for marking Koh-i-Noor are also sold individually and have bright color case - so that the pencil is not lost in the workshop. Simple drawing and drafting pencils are usually sold in sets containing pencils of most types of hardness and brightness. These are sets of 3-5 pencils (the basic line is hard, hard-soft and soft), and sets of 6-12 pencils (an extended line of all types of hardness and brightness). Sets often contain sharpeners and erasers so that the search for tools does not distract the artist from the creative process.

Thus, anyone who is somehow connected with drawing and drafting can easily choose black lead pencils to suit their requirements, and a competent choice of tool will help not only achieve excellent results, but also enjoy the process of creating a work.

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