H what pencil. Types of graphite pencils
Pencils are an amazing tool that is used for drawing and drawing work. In order for the work to be successful, it is important to know everything about the characteristics of this tool. It is necessary to figure out what they are, what is the decoding of the hardness of a pencil lead and what effects can be obtained when using tools with different characteristics.
Varieties of pencils
Pencils are divided into two large groups: colored and graphite (simple). They, in turn, are divided into varieties. Let's consider each of them in more detail.
Classification of colored instruments:
- Colored. These are the most common tools that everyone used to draw at school. There are hard, soft, soft-hard.
- Watercolor. After painting, they are blurred with water to obtain a watercolor effect.
- Pastel. These are pastel crayons in a wooden frame. They are very soft. They are convenient because they do not get your hands dirty, they are protected from frequent breaking of crayons, and they also have a standard size.
Classification of tools with graphite rod:
- Simple. Just they are most often used in graphics (drawing with pencils). They have many different markings, we'll talk more about them later.
- Coal. They are pressed charcoal for drawing in a wooden frame. The benefits are the same as for pastels.
- Conte. They are almost the same as pastel, but have a different color palette: there are black, gray, brown and other shades. There is also white in the range of colors.
How to determine the hardness of pencils
Now let's take a closer look at the graphite type. They can depict anything, and very realistically. The works are “alive” thanks to shading, the correct overlay of tone, the right pressure on the tool. Therefore, the whole drawing or drawing as a whole depends on its quality and number.
The scheme is great for determining the hardness of pencils. A table would also work. To visualize and determine the density, you can use the pencil softness table, as well as determine the hardness on a special scale. By the way, you can draw such a scale yourself. To do this, you need to take all the tools that you have and alternately shade small sections of paper with them: from the darkest to the lightest, or vice versa, there will be an H. B marking in the middle. Thanks to this scheme, it will be easy to navigate and remember the type of instrument.
Markings and their meaning
First of all, you can see both English and Russian designations for the hardness of pencils. Let's take a look at both types:
Often, in addition to letters, markings contain numbers that show the strength of hardness or softness and tone. For example, there are 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 8B pencils. 2B is the lightest, 8B is the darkest and softest. The digital marking of hard pencils looks similar.
Applying tone to a drawing
Tone mapping rules are very important when drawing. This is especially true for graphics, because in it the work is created exclusively in one scale: black or gray in combination with white additions.
Practical tasks in engineering graphics
Drawing lines and fonts
Graphic Work No. 1
Graphic work № 1
, recommended for students to perform engineering graphics, aims to master the skills of drawing drawing lines, fonts and inscriptions, as well as to get acquainted with the basics of working with a compass.
In the process of doing the work, the student must complete the frame of the drawing, the main lines provided ESKD, drawing font letters, and circles represented by various drawing lines.
The work is done on drawing paper A3 (420×297 mm).
To complete the work, you will need pencils with hardness TM
,T
, 2T
, a ruler with a length of at least 300 mm, a protractor, a compass, a square (to perform auxiliary parallel lines)
, eraser, pencil sharpener.
Ruler and square must be wooden or plastic (metal ones strongly “cut” the pencil lead, leaving dirt on the drawing).
For high-quality graphic work, it is necessary to have a set of pencils, which must necessarily include a pencil of medium hardness ( TM
), solid ( T
) and very hard ( 2T
). In this case, hard pencils are used to draw thin lines on the drawing and for a preliminary outline of the outline of the image, which is subsequently outlined with a medium-hard pencil.
Marking of pencils adopted in different countries, described below.
Designation of pencil hardness
In different countries, the hardness of pencils is marked with different symbols.
In Russia, the marking of pencils with letters has been adoptedM
(soft) andT
(solid) or combinations of these letters with numbers and with each other. The numbers in front of the letter are an indication of the degree of hardness or softness of the pencil. At the same time, it is intuitively clear that2M
- very softM
– soft pencil,
TM
- a pencil of medium hardness (hard-soft),T
- hard and2T
- a very hard pencil.
There are often imported pencils on sale, for which European or American markings are used.
In the USA, pencils are marked with numbers from 1 to 9 (fractional numbers are also used, for example: 2.5), while the number is usually preceded by a # (pound sign):#1
,
#2
,
#2,5
,
#3
,
#4
etc. The larger the number (number) in the marking, the harder the pencil.
The European marking of pencils is based on the letters of the Latin alphabet:
· B (short for blackness - blackness) - corresponds to the Russian marking under the letterM (soft);
· H (from hardness - hardness) - corresponds to the Russian hardness markingT (solid);
· F (from fine point - subtlety, tenderness) - a pencil of medium hardness, approximately corresponds toTM . However, the combination of lettersH AndIN – HB also indicate the average hardness of the pencil.
European marking provides for a combination of lettersIN
AndH
with numbers (from 2 to 9), while, as in the Russian marking, than more figure, the higher the property of the pencil corresponding to the letter (softness or hardness). Pencils of medium hardness according to the European marking have the designationH
,
F
,
HB
orIN
.
If there is a letter on the pencilIN
with a number from 2 to 9 (for example:4V
,
9V
etc.), then you are dealing with a soft or very soft pencil.
LetterH
with a number from 2 to 9 on a pencil indicates its increased hardness (for example,2H
,
7H
and so on.).
Graphic work task №1
and a sample of the work performed are shown in the figure below.
A full-size sample of the work can be opened in a separate browser window by clicking on the picture with the mouse. After that, it can be downloaded to a computer or printed on a printer for use as a task for students.
The task is presented in two versions:
· Option number 1
· Option number 2
The task is aimed at acquiring and improving the skills of drawing lines of a drawing and fonts, while their style must comply with the requirements stipulated by the standards ESKD And ESTD.
As required ESKD the dimensions of lines and fonts in the drawing must meet the following requirements:
· main solid thick line (for drawing a frame, title block, outline of a part or assembly - that is, the main lines of graphic work) should be thick 0.6...0.8 mm; on large drawings, this line can reach 1.5mm in thickness.
· dashed line (draw lines of an invisible contour)- made thick 0.3 ... 0.4 mm (i.e. twice as thin as the main thick line). Stroke length (4-6mm) and the distance between adjacent strokes (1-1.5 mm) normalized GOST 2.303-68;
other lines (dash-dotted, wavy, solid fine
- to designate axes, extension and dimension lines, section boundaries, etc.)- thick 0.2 mm (i.e. three times thinner than the main thick solid line)
.
The length of the strokes in the dash-dotted line (designation of axes) should be 15-20 mm, the distance between adjacent strokes - 3 mm.
· letter height
fonts must correspond to the ruler allowed by the standard, while the height of lowercase letters and the distance between letters in a line correspond to the size of uppercase (capital) letters.
Most often in graphic works of the format A4 And A3 fonts like IN
with tilt angle 75
degrees, while the height of lowercase letters (which should be equal to 7/10 of the height of uppercase i.e. capital letters), is taken equal to 3.5 or 5 mm (respectively, the height of capital letters is 5 or 7 mm).
· Letter spacing
line should be equal to 1/5
capital height (capital) letters, i.e. for height capital letter 5 mm spacing between letters in a string - 1 mm, for capital letter height 7 mm- spacing between letters 1.5mm .
When writing letters, it is important to keep them the same height and slope in the line, as well as the distance between adjacent letters.
graphite pencils , which exist to this day, was invented by a French scientist Nicola Conti in 1794. Usually graphite pencil is called a "simple" pencil, as opposed to colored pencils. Graphite pencils can be divided into two main types: soft And solid. The type is determined by the softness or hardness of the lead inside the body of the pencil. You can tell the type of pencil by looking at the letters and numbers written on it. The letter “M” means that the pencil is soft, and “T” means hard. There is also a type of TM - hard-soft. The degree of hardness or softness of a pencil can be recognized by the numbers written in front of the letter. For example, 2M is twice as soft as M. and 3T is three times harder than T. In many countries of the world abroad, for example, in England, in the USA, the letter H or B is written. H means hard, B - respectively soft, and HB - hard-soft.
A vivid example for comparing pencils can be seen in the figure:
The choice of pencil depends on the type of paper, on the work being done, and also on the personal preferences of the artist. For example, I prefer HB pencils from Faber Castell. It is more convenient to sharpen pencils with stationery knives. Historically, knives for sharpening office supplies (feathers) were called “penknives”. It is very important to keep pencils from falling. On impact, the lead may break into small pieces. It is also important to protect pencils from excessive moisture. During dampening and subsequent drying, the pencil back can be deformed, which will lead to a violation of the integrity of the stylus. There is also another type of graphite pencil called "Mechanical Pencil". They are convenient because they do not need to be sharpened. These pencils have a movable lead. Its length can be adjusted with a button. Mechanical pencils come with very thin leads (from 0.1 mm). There are also mechanical pencils with an intermediate lead thickness. The thickest mechanical pencil lead I've come across is 5mm. These pencils are often used to draw professional artists.
Marking pencils by hardness
Pencils are distinguished by the hardness of the lead, which is usually indicated on the pencil.
In Russia, graphite drawing pencils are produced in several degrees of hardness, which is indicated by letters, as well as numbers in front of the letters.
In the USA, pencils are marked with numbers, and in Europe and Russia, a mnemonic combination of letters or just one letter.
The letter M stands for soft pencil. In Europe, they use the letter B for this, which is actually short for blackness (something like blackness, so to speak). In the USA they use the number 1.
To designate hard pencil in Russia they use the letter T. In Europe, respectively, H, which can be deciphered as hardness (hardness).
A hard-soft pencil is designated as TM. For Europe it will be HB.
A standard hard-soft pencil, in addition to combinations, in Europe can be denoted by the letter F.
For orientation in these international issues, it is convenient to use the table of correspondence of the hardness of the scales, which is given below.
History of pencils
Beginning in the 13th century, artists used thin silver wire for drawing, which they soldered to a pen or kept in a case. This type of pencil was called a "silver pencil". This tool required high level skill, since it is impossible to erase what he has drawn. Another his characteristic feature was that over time, the gray strokes applied with a silver pencil turned brown.
There was also a "lead pencil", which left a discreet but clear mark and was often used for preparatory sketches of portraits. The drawings made with a silver and lead pencil are characterized by a thin line style. For example, Dürer used similar pencils.
Also known is the so-called "Italian pencil", which appeared in the XIV century. It was a core of clay black shale. Then they began to make it from burnt bone powder, fastened with vegetable glue. This tool allowed you to create an intense and rich line. Interestingly, artists still sometimes use silver, lead and Italian pencils when they need to achieve a certain effect.
Graphite pencils have been known since the 16th century. The first description of a graphite pencil was found in the 1564 writings on minerals by the Swiss naturalist Konrad Geisler. By the same time, the discovery of a graphite deposit in England, in Cumberland, where graphite was sawn into pencil rods, dates back. English shepherds from the Cumberland area found a dark mass in the ground, which they used to mark their sheep. Due to the color similar to the color of lead, the deposit was mistaken for deposits of this metal. But, having determined the unsuitability of the new material for making bullets, they began to produce thin sticks pointed at the end from it and used them for drawing. These sticks were soft, dirty hands, and only good for drawing, not writing.
In the 17th century, graphite was usually sold on the streets. Artists, to make it more comfortable and the stick not so soft, clamped these graphite "pencils" between pieces of wood or twigs, wrapped them in paper or tied them with twine.
The first document that mentions wooden pencil, dated 1683. Production in Germany graphite pencils started in Nuremberg. The Germans, mixing graphite with sulfur and glue, got a rod that was not High Quality but at a lower price. To hide this, pencil manufacturers resorted to various tricks. Pieces of pure graphite were inserted into the wooden case of the pencil at the beginning and at the end, while in the middle there was a low-quality artificial core. Sometimes the inside of the pencil was completely empty. The so-called "Nuremberg Goods" did not enjoy a good reputation.
It was only in 1761 that Caspar Faber developed a way to strengthen graphite by mixing crushed graphite powder with resin and antimony, resulting in a thick mass suitable for casting stronger and more uniform graphite rods.
At the end of the 18th century, the Czech I. Hartmut began to make pencil leads from a mixture of graphite and clay, followed by firing. Graphite rods appeared, reminiscent of modern ones. By changing the amount of added clay, it was possible to obtain rods of various hardness. The modern pencil was invented in 1794 by the talented French scientist and inventor Nicolas Jacques Conte. At the end of the 18th century, the English Parliament imposed a strict ban on the export of precious graphite from Cumberland. For violation of this prohibition, the punishment was very severe, up to the death penalty. But despite this, graphite continued to be smuggled into continental Europe, which led to sharp increase its prices.
On the instructions of the French convention, Conte developed a recipe for mixing graphite with clay and producing high-quality rods from these materials. With the help of high temperature treatment, high strength was achieved, but even more important was the fact that changing the proportion of the mixture made it possible to make rods of different hardness, which served as the basis modern classification hardness pencils. It has been calculated that with an 18 cm long pencil one can draw a line of 55 km or write 45,000 words! Polymers are used in modern leads, which allow achieving the desired combination of strength and elasticity, making it possible to produce very thin leads for mechanical pencils (up to 0.3 mm).
The hexagonal shape of the pencil body was proposed in late XIX century Count Lothar von Fabercastle, noting that round pencils often roll off inclined writing surfaces. Almost 2/3 of the material that makes up a simple pencil goes to waste when it is sharpened. This prompted the American Alonso Townsend Cross to create a metal pencil in 1869. The graphite rod was placed in a metal tube and could, if necessary, be extended to the appropriate length. This invention influenced the development of a whole group of products that are used everywhere today. The simplest construction is mechanical pencil with a 2 mm lead, where the rod is held by metal clamps (collets) - a collet pencil. The collets open when a button on the end of the pencil is pressed, resulting in extension to a user-adjustable length of the pencil.
Modern mechanical pencils are more advanced. Each time the button is pressed, a small section of the lead is automatically fed. Such pencils do not need to be sharpened, they are equipped with a built-in (usually under the lead feed button) eraser and have various fixed line thicknesses (0.3 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.7 mm, 0.9 mm, 1 mm).
Graphite pencil drawings have a grayish tone with a slight sheen, there is no intense blackness in them. The famous French cartoonist Emmanuel Poiret (1858-1909), born in Russia, came up with an aristocratic French-sounding pseudonym Caran d’Ache, which he began to sign his works with. Later, this version of the French transcription of the Russian word "pencil" was chosen as the name and trademark of the Swiss brand CARAN d'ACHE, founded in Geneva in 1924, producing exclusive writing instruments and accessories.
What is a pencil? This is a kind of instrument that looks like a rod made of writing material (charcoal, graphite, dry paints, etc.). Such a tool is widely used in writing, drawing and drawing. As a rule, the writing rod is inserted into a convenient frame. pencils can be colored and "simple". That's just about such "simple" pencils today we'll talk, or rather about what types of graphite pencils exist.
Interesting from history
The very first object, remotely resembling a pencil, was invented in the 13th century. It was a thin silver wire soldered to the handle. Stored this "silver pencil" in a special case. To draw with such a pencil, remarkable skill and skill was required, because it was impossible to erase what was written. In addition to the "silver pencil" there was also "lead"- it was used for sketches.
Approximately in the 14th century, "Italian pencil": rod made of clay black shale. Later, the rod was made from burnt bone powder mixed with vegetable glue. Such a pencil gave a clear and color-saturated line. By the way, this kind of writing instruments are still used by some artists to achieve a certain effect.
Graphite pencils have been known since the 16th century. Their appearance is very interesting: in the Cumberland area, English shepherds found a certain dark mass in the ground, with which they began to mark sheep. Since the color of the mass was similar to lead, it was mistaken for metal deposits, but later they began to make thin sharp sticks from it, which were used for drawing. The sticks were soft and often broke, and dirty hands, so it was necessary to put them in some kind of case. The rod began to be clamped between wooden sticks or pieces of wood, wrapped in thick paper, tied with twine.
As for the graphite pencil that we are used to seeing today, Nicolas Jacques Conte is considered to be its inventor. Conte became the author of the recipe when graphite was mixed with clay and subjected to high temperature treatment - as a result, the rod was strong and, in addition, this technology made it possible to regulate the hardness of graphite.
Types of pencils
Graphite pencils come in two main types: soft and hard. As a rule, the degree of softness or hardness is indicated on the body of the pencil. So, the letter "M" means that the lead is soft, the letter "T" is hard, and the letter combination "TM" tells us that the pencil is hard-soft. Numbers are sometimes located next to the letters - they indicate the degree. For example, "2M", "3T", etc.
A visual difference between pencils depending on the degree of softness or hardness
In Europe, hardness and softness are also denoted by letters, but by others: "H" - hard, "B" - soft, "HB" - hard-soft. It is more convenient for an artist to have all types of pencils in his arsenal: for sketching, drawing, hatching, etc.
It is important to properly store pencils and, of course, take care of them. Try not to drop the pencils on the floor, as the lead may simply break on impact. In addition, "simple" pencils do not like high humidity - after the lead becomes damp and dries again, it will deform.
The type of graphite pencils can also be attributed to a mechanical pencil. The lead of such a pencil is movable - the length is regulated by a special button. Mechanical pencils can have very thin leads (0.1 mm) or fairly thick leads (5 mm). By the way, professional artists are increasingly opting for high quality mechanical pencils.
By the way, the combination of different types of pencils in one drawing gives excellent results.
Let's see how amazing pencil drawings can be.
Drawings with graphite pencils have their own charm. Experiment with different types pencils, look for your unique style!
).New disposable pencil with a wooden frame, the lead must be sharpened (refined) before the first use. In addition to disposable pencils there are reusable mechanical pencils with interchangeable leads in a permanent frame.
Pencilsdiffer in the hardness of the stylus, which is usually indicated onpenciland is marked with lettersM(or B- from English. blackness) - soft andT(or H- from English. hardness) - solid. Standard (hard-soft) pencil in addition to combinationsTM And HBdenoted by the letterF(from English fine point). Degree of softnesspencilsdenoted by the letterM(soft) or 2M, ZMetc. Capital letter beforeMindicates greater softnesspencil. Solid pencilsdenoted by the letterT(solid). 2 T harder than T, ST harder than 2 T, etc.
Unlike Europe and Russia, in the USA a numerical scale is used to indicate hardness.
Table of correspondence of hardness scales
| Hue | USA | Europe | Russia |
| #1 | B | M | |
| #2 | HB | TM | |
| #2 1/2 | F | - | |
| #3 | H | T | |
| #4 | 2H | 2T |
The hardest Average The softest
| ***** | |||||||||||||||||||
| 9H | 8H | 7H | 6H | 5H | 4H | 3H | 2H | H | F | HB | B | 2B | 3B | 4B | 5B | 6B | 7B | 8B | 9B |
Usually start pencilmedium soft -TM or M- and then move on to softer numbers "-2 M And ZM.
Choice pencilsdepends on quality and from the creative task that the artist sets himself. For example, fast easier to make softpencils, while working on long time on semi-whatman type, you can start light pencils T or TM. On a smooth lays down better soft pencil, on the more rough is comfortablepencilmedium soft -2 M.
History of pencils
Since the 13th century, artists have used thinsilver wire that was soldered to the handle or stored in a case. This type pencil called « silver pencil » . This tool required a high level , since it is impossible to erase what he has drawn. Its other characteristic feature was that over time, gray, inflicted silver pencilturned brown.
There was and "lead pencil" , which left a discreet but clear mark and was often used for preparatory. For completed silver and lead pencil, characterized by thin . For example, likepencilsused by Dürer.
Also known as the so-called"Italian pencil" which appeared in the 14th century. It was a rod of clay black slate . Then they began to make it from burnt bone powder, bonded with vegetable . This tool allowed you to create an intense and rich It is interesting that even now artists sometimes use silver, lead anditalian pencilswhen they need to achieve a certain effect.
In the XV-XVI centuries. on parchment or painted with a silver or lead pin ( German Stiff - "base, tool"). A silver lead is especially good for this purpose. It gives thin and clear and similar to a chisel. Such dense almost never fade. silver pin, or stylus , drew many Italian artists as well Northern Renaissance- R. van der Weiden, A. Dürer, H. Holbein (Holbein) Jr., J. fan Eyck.
In the era and XVI-XVII centuries artists preferred soft or liquid materials - , , , , . Since the end of the XIV century. began to use slightly burnt clay grayish slate ( "black chalk") or red-brown ("red chalk").
In the 17th century spread"Italian pencil" (French Crayon d'Italie). It was made from burnt bones , crushed into powder, with the addition of vegetable . " Italian pencil" (later -retouch) is able to create juicy black matte , and when rubbing - a wide scale transitions. This material was a favorite in creativity Venetian artists, such as Titian, it is convenient for them to make preparatory To . And " Italian pencil"artists painted and romance of the late XVIII-XIX centuries.
known since the 16th century. First Description pencilwas found in the 1564 works on minerals by the Swiss naturalist Konrad Geisler. At the same time, the discovery of the deposit in England, in Cumberland where sawn into pencil rods. English shepherds from the Cumberland area found a dark mass in the ground, which they used to mark their sheep. Because of, similar to lead, the deposit was taken for deposits of this metal. But, having determined the unsuitability of the new material for making bullets, they began to produce thin sticks pointed at the end from it and used them for drawing. These sticks were soft, dirty hands, and only good for drawing, not writing.
In the 17th century usually sold on the streets. Artists, to make it more convenient and the stick was not so soft, clamped these « pencils » between pieces of wood or twigs, wrapped them inpaper or tied them with twine.
The first document that mentions a woodenpencil, dated 1683. Production in Germany pencilsstarted in Nuremberg. Germans, mixing with sulfur and , received a rod of not such high quality, but at a lower price. To hide it, the producerspencilsresorted to various tricks. In wooden casepencilat the beginning and at the end they inserted pieces of clean , while in the middle there was a low-quality artificial rod. Sometimes the insidepenciland was completely empty. So-called "Nuremberg Goodsdid not have a good reputation.
It wasn't until 1761 that Caspar Faber developed a way to strengthen by mixing powdered with resin and antimony, resulting in a thick mass suitable for casting stronger and more uniform rods.
At the end of XVIII century Czech I. Hartmut began to make rods for pencils from a mixture and clay followed by firing. Appeared rods reminiscent of modern ones. By changing the amount of added clay, it was possible to obtain rods of various hardness.
Modern pencil invented in 1794 by the talented French scientist and inventor Nicolas Jacques Conte.
At the end of the 18th century, the English Parliament imposed a strict ban on the export of precious from Cumberland. For violation of this prohibition, the punishment was very severe, up to the death penalty. But despite this continued to get smuggled into continental Europe, which led to a sharp increase in its price.
On the instructions of the French convention, Conte developed a recipe for mixing with clay and the production of high-quality rods from these materials. With the help of high temperature treatment, high strength was achieved, but even more important was the fact that changing the proportion of the mixture made it possible to make rods of different hardness, which served as the basis for modern classification.pencils by hardness.
It is estimated that pencilwith a rod length of 18 cm can be carried out 55 km or write 45,000 words!
Modern leads use polymers that allow you to achieve the desired combination of strength and elasticity, make it possible to produce very thin leads for mechanical pencils(up to 0.3 mm).
Hexagonal body shape pencil proposed at the end of the 19th century by Count Lothar von Fabercastle, noting that pencils round sections often roll off sloping writing surfaces.
Almost ²/ 3 material constituting a simplepencil, goes to waste when sharpening it. This prompted the American Alonso Townsend Cross to create in 1869metal pencil. the rod was placed in a metal tube and could, if necessary, be extended to the appropriate length.
This invention influenced the development of a whole group of products that are used everywhere today. The simplest construction is mechanical pencil with a 2 mm lead, where the rod is held by metal clamps ( collets) - collet pencil. Collets open by pushing a button at the end pencil, resulting in extension to a user-adjustable length pencil.
Modern mechanical pencilsmore perfect. Each time the button is pressed, a small section of the lead is automatically fed. Suchpencilsdo not need to be sharpened, they are equipped with a built-in (usually under the lead feed button) with an eraser and have different fixed thicknesses (0.3mm, 0.5mm, 0.7mm, 0.9mm, 1mm).
pencil have grayish with a slight sheen, they do not have intense blackness.
famous french Emmanuel Poiret (1858-1909 ), born in Russia, came up with an aristocratic French-sounding pseudonymCaran d'Ache , with whom he began to sign his works. Later, this version of the French transcription of the Russian word"pencil" was chosen as the name and trademark of the Swiss brandCARAN d'ACHE based in Geneva pencilssharpened on fine-grained emery cloth), reminiscent of italian pencil . Pencil « RetouchThere are four numbers: No. 1 - very soft, No. 2 - soft, No. 3 - medium-hard, No. 4-hard. rodspencil « Retouch» are made from finely ground birch charcoal, clay and a small amount of carbon black.Pencils « Retouch» give an intense, bold streak of black which blends well. made in pencilRetouch", may not be fixed with a fixative. In addition to the black pencil "Retouch”, another pencil is produced“Painting» marked 2 M- 4 M.
Pencil "Blueprint"
Except , as . Gives a blacker and more contrasting streak that is better perceived by various photocopy settings. produced for wood marking, as well as"Carpentry". For this work" carpentry» pencil convenient because of its length and thick stylus.
Italian pencil
Italian pencilis one of the types of freestyle pencils. Distinctive feature its is, deep matte velvety black , easily blendable .
Italian pencilused when performing, and naked human body.
Italian pencilsknown since the 15th century. They are hard, medium and soft.
WHAT CAN A PENCIL
graphic artist Stanislav Mikhailovich NIKIREEV
If we turn to painters, graphic artists, muralists and even sculptors with this question, then everyone would find in an ordinary simple pencil, in its artistic and technical capabilities, something of their own, beloved, and we would not hear a definite answer. But everything is probablycothey agree that the pencil was not invented in vain, and drawing begins with its help - in the form of sketches and sketches. A great many works of art created pencil.
Pencildraw. But what isdrawing ? This question is not so easy to answer briefly. Every significant artist contributes to the art of drawing, although there is a general opinion about the drawing as the basis, the backbone of fine art. I remember the wonderful words Soviet artist and a teacher, academician E. A. Kibrik, with whom I was lucky to learn. He said:
“It took more than a decade before I understood what drawing is.”
He had in mind the drawing of high, realistic art, the most difficult in its artistic manner, where line and stroke build objects, figures, landscapes in volume, weight, characteristic.
Quite often I had to make friends and work with pencils, simple and colored, for a long time, and now I need to remember ( because my creative way for three decades now), what did I draw for them and how.
Drawing with a pencil with full seriousness, devoting most of your creative time to this activity, is not easy. It is necessary to overcome the temptation of paints, colors and feel confident that you can express in a silver or black image, along with a clear constructiveness, a tonal-painterly mood. To decide on this means to win, the first, significant one. The second victory of extreme importance is when you manage to understand that an artist can create masterpieces not only with paints, but also with a pencil. With the brightest clarity, magnificent drawings will help in this.Leonardo da Vinci , Michelangelo, Durer, Holbein, Rembrandt, Vrubel, Serov. If the shining peaks of their creativity is painting, then the basis, no doubt, is the drawing.
In the artist's work, the pencil performs a great ancillary work, allowing you to make sketches, sketches, sketches, which serve as a preparatory stage for works of easel and monumental painting, prints. The work is responsible and essential. The maximum value of the qualities of a pencil is manifested in independent drawings, when the artist needs to express his ideas more fully and completely. And the pencil will not let you down with its endless scale of elusive shades, delicate shadings and juicy velvet spots, from the thinnest cobweb to resolutely intense, elastic lines. If we add to this the varying softness and degree of gray-black gradations, then the pencil's abilities are superior to any other.art material .
Working with pencils, I never feel annoyed that at some point they may be powerless to express my desires and ideas. With a simple pencil, I studied plasters, still lifes, portraits and figures of sitters during long sessions, diligently shading and carefully working out the details. But with a special desire I draw landscapes - grass, flowers, trees, land, buildings. At the same time, I study not only their design, materiality,invoice , but I strive to convey various “moods” on paperlandscape .
The pencil is light and easy to correct, which is especially important when working in wildlife, and is almost indispensable on trips where you meet a lot of interesting moments, which I would like to capture, while it is impossible to use other art materials due to time constraints.Line Andstain , which the pencil gives, help to easily and quickly enter exciting moments, the necessary details into the artist's travel album.
It is hard to imagine surrounding life, so to speak, in black and white, without color. It turned out that I parted with watercolors and oils a long time ago, devoting all my time and energy to graphics, but I got a reliable assistant -color pencil, which fully satisfies my needs to work in color. The opinion was strengthened that the colored pencil is poor and limited in the color range. Is it worth it, however, to demand from uncomplexity and wealthoil painting ? But we must strive to use to the end of its capabilities.
Sometimes drawing comes down either to imitation of children's drawings, or to admiring mannerisms: the sweeping stroke, line, spot, pure
formal compositional solutions. Many professional artists sometimes draw, as it were, during a break, during a break from painting or other activities. Hence the frivolous approach to the pencil, lightweight drawings, which are often seen at exhibitions.
When I first tried to seriously work with a colored pencil, as a student, I admired the unusual elasticity, texture of lines and strokes.
I wanted to see the motive in sweeping and sometimes random lines and in no case allow shading. The paper breathed and the lines were really beautiful. But if the goals of art were reduced to solving such problems, then artists would be, as they say, a dime a dozen. Thinking about what I draw and why, made me look at pencil work in a different way. Gradually, other charms began to open up, other virtues, less flashy, but noble and necessary for expressing ideas. The amazing ability of a pencil to transmit smallest items and details with extraordinary clarity of form, enveloping these forms at the same time with the finest fluffiness of a stroke or coloring with a juicy sonorous spot. This technique corresponded to my understanding of the world, and I could not achieve this in other artistic materials. It turned out that the color possibilities of the pencil are much wider and deeper when you try to convey the mood and state of the landscape. At the same time, a purely pictorial technique is also used - scraping, when it is not possible to immediately guess the color, texture, and tone of objects. It would seem that the drawing is drying up, in some places it is careless from scraping, but the completeness of the sheet, dictated by the content, and not by formal moments, acquires a true meaning and beauty.
In such work, many times he went so far from drawing with a stroke and a line into purely shading spots that the sheet took on the form casually called by the artists "oilcloth". But if this technique is warmed by great, genuine love and passion for what I shaded so imperceptibly under the “oilcloth”, then, I assure you, the success of this low-key sheet is guaranteed with a greater guarantee than the “tasty” one decided. Thus, the ability of a colored pencil to work in multiple sessions was discovered, starting a drawing easily, leading it to a weighty conclusion.
With each drawing, I learn about all the new possibilities of the pencil. You just need to carefully, sensitively look at a small lead in a wooden frame, and it will give great joy and success.
I love the pencil because you can draw with it. I love jealously, because he is still capable of much more - to draw, write. I love it for its amazing accessibility and simplicity, for drawing my first work from life with a simple pencil And then I had a dream to become an artist.
