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Haydn composer name. Vienna Classical School: Haydn

FRANZ JOSEPH HAYDN

ASTROLOGICAL SIGN: ARIES

NATIONALITY: AUSTRIAN

MUSICAL STYLE: CLASSICISM

SIGNIFICANT WORK: “STRING QUARTET IN D MINOR”

WHERE YOU HEAR THIS MUSIC: IN NUMEROUS WEDDING SCENES ON THE SCREEN. INCLUDING IN THE FILM "WEDDING STICKS".

WISE WORDS: “I WAS CUT OFF FROM THE WORLD. THERE WAS NO ONE AROUND TO CONFUSE ME OR HAVE ME. I WAS DOOMED TO BE ORIGINAL."

For thirty years Joseph Haydn was a servant. It must be admitted, a high-ranking servant, and yet, like an ordinary cook, he daily listened to the orders of his masters.

A servant, by definition, must constantly bow, shuffle and fawn in every possible way, but the advantages of his position are also obvious. For many years Haydn had an audience ready to listen to his compositions, a quality orchestra at hand, and leisure to pursue what interested him most in music.

Of course, Haydn was happy when he finally found himself left to his own devices, but he never denied the benefits that his years of service had brought him. This experience helped develop him into one of the most original - and influential - composers of his time.

STRONG IN TALENT, RICH IN POVERTY

Haydn was born into a wheelwright family in the Austrian village of Rorau near the Hungarian border. His father Matthias taught himself to play the harp and spent long winter evenings entertaining himself by playing folk melodies. The second son of Matthias, Josef, from an early age sang along with his father beautiful high voice. Parents noted that the boy surprisingly hits the notes. Rorau had little to offer a musically gifted child, and when Haydn was only six years old, he was sent to the city of Hainburg to an elderly relative, a school teacher.

Haydn spent two years in Hainburg, comprehending various wisdoms, but truly tempting horizons opened before him when the director of the chapel of the Vienna Cathedral of St. Stephen visited the city. Hearing the young Haydn sing, the Viennese musician assigned him to the cathedral boys' choir.

Alas, the boyish soprano is destined for short life. As a teenager, Haydn, worried about his future, seriously considered keeping his voice by joining the ranks of the castrati, but his father somehow found out about his plans and urgently left for Vienna to prevent his son from implementing them. When Haydn's voice broke, the director of the choir immediately fired him. A sixteen-year-old youth found himself on the street with three shirts, a shabby coat and extensive musical knowledge.

FRAU HAYDN'S CULINARY SECRET

By a lucky chance, Haydn met a sympathetic acquaintance who did not allow him to sleep on the street. After some time, Haydn "got rich" so much that he was able to rent a place for himself in Vienna - a miserable little room on the sixth floor without a stove and even without a window; but he managed to scrape together on the piano, and he needed nothing more.

Playing in Viennese orchestras, occasionally performing his own compositions, Haydn gradually attracted the attention of noble music lovers, and in 1759 he received a place as bandmaster at the court of Count Karl von Morzin. Thus, the young man had enough funds to get married. He fell in love with Teresa Keller, the daughter of a post-ager, but his parents decided to give Teresa a nun. However, the Kellers, having seen a good groom in Haydn with a trained eye, persuaded him to marry Teresa's sister, Maria Anna.

If this alliance inspired trembling hopes in anyone, they were soon shattered into dust. Maria Anna, being older than her husband, had a quarrelsome character, but her most unforgivable flaw - from the point of view of her husband - was that she was not at all interested in music. "She doesn't care who she is married to - a shoemaker or an artist," Haydn complained. They had no children, and a few years later family life reduced to scenes of jealousy and mutual insults. According to rumors, Frau Haydn used her husband's scores as baking paper.

FROM DIRT TO KINGS

Despite family difficulties, Haydn's business was going well. In 1761, he was taken as assistant bandmaster to Prince Pal Antal Esterhazy, a wealthy and influential Hungarian nobleman, imperial field marshal and, by the way, patron of musicians. Haydn was ordered to conduct the well-trained Esterhazy orchestra and choir and compose music both for daily use and for special occasions, and in return the composer was entitled to an enviable salary, comfortable housing and a generous subsidy for the purchase of clothes. The Esterhazy family was so pleased with Haydn that they did not want to part with him when Prince Pal Esterhazy died and the title passed to his younger brother Miklash, who later appointed Haydn as chief bandmaster.

The high position did not negate the fact that Haydn remained in the position of a servant - his contract contained an unambiguous requirement to appear daily to the prince for orders. Haydn spent a lot of time and effort pleasing the proud prince and courtiers; his letters are full of flattering phrases ("I kiss the edge of your mantle"!), without which the appeal of a servant to a noble nobleman was unthinkable. One of Haydn's most difficult duties was to mediate between the musicians and the court; for his kindness and generosity towards musicians, he was nicknamed Papa Haydn.

THE DEcolleté of the Coquettish Countess so amazed the young and unmarried Haydn, who was sitting at the harpsichord, that the poor fellow was thrown into a fever.

Every spring, the princely court traveled to the country estate of Esterházy, where he remained until late autumn. Winters in Vienna were woefully short, and Haydn ended up spending thirty years away from musical life. In isolation, he had to experiment at his own risk. Possessing neither the brilliant intuition of Mozart nor Bach's selfless interest in music theory, Haydn moved forward in unimpressive leaps, but slowly, step by step. Over time, he became a remarkable composer and musical reformer. He transformed the symphonic form into what we know today. In fact, he created a string quartet, once and for all defining its structure, within which composers have been creating ever since. Although many of Haydn's compositions appeared solely for the sole purpose of pleasing patrons (he wrote countless trios featuring his beloved string instrument Prince Miklash - a baritone, now out of use - and many comic operas for the court theater on the Esterhazy estate), but Joseph Haydn created other works, those that won the recognition of listeners with harmony, grace and life-affirming intonation.

FINALLY FREE

Almost thirty years of forced seclusion ended in 1790 with the death of Prince Miklash. Miklash was succeeded by his son Anton, who was not disposed to music. As a result, Haydn gained freedom in professional life. (In his personal life, he also felt free from obligations; for some time he and Marie-Anne lived separately, and Haydn had affairs on the side, invariably decent.) He traveled through England and Italy on triumphant tours, conducting his own compositions, and has repeatedly performed in Vienna.

Prince Anton died in 1795, he was replaced by Miklash II, who decided to revive the musical glory of the Esterházy house. Since this Miklash Esterhazy, unlike his predecessors, did not intend to live in the wilderness, Haydn returned to the service - more out of courtesy than because of sincere zeal. During these years, Haydn worked on the oratorios The Creation of the World and The Seasons, which are now considered his best works: the composer's ingenuity and the beauty of the works are truly undeniable. With the advent of the new, nineteenth century, Haydn was left with both strength and health. His last years were overshadowed by the brutality of the war between Austria and Napoleonic France. On May 12, 1809, the French began a powerful bombardment of Vienna, cannonballs fell a few meters from Haydn's house. The Austrian capital soon capitulated, but the French placed a guard of honor at Haydn's doorstep. He died on May 31, just after midnight.

THE STRANGE DISTRACTS OF HAYDN'S HEAD

Since the war raged around, Haydn was buried in a hurry. However, in 1814, Prince Miklash II requested permission to transport the ashes of the composer to the Esterhazy estate in Eisenstadt. The body was exhumed, but when officials opened the coffin, they discovered to their horror that the body was missing its head.

The hunt for Haydn's head began immediately. And it turned out that two passionate enthusiasts of phrenology - a science now deceased, but very popular in the nineteenth century (phrenology claimed to determine the properties of personality by bumps on the skull) - bribed the gravedigger in order to get the head of the composer. These two would-be phrenologists, Rosenbaum and Peters, kept Haydn's skull in a custom-made black box.

When the headless body was brought to Eisenstadt, Prince Esterhazy felt deeply offended. He ordered the police to search Peters' house, but later learned that Rosenbaum's wife hid the skull in a straw mattress and lay on the bed during the search, pretending to be asleep. As a result, the prince paid the Rosenbaums, and in exchange for an impressive check, they gave him a skull - according to them, genuine.

In the end, Haydn's skull ended up in one of the Vienna museums, where it lay until 1954, when Prince Pal Esterhazy reunited the composer's body with his head in a burial site in the Austrian city of Eisenstadt (Burgenland). So, 131 years later, Haydn regained integrity.

LITTLE DRUMMER

Johann Matthias Frank, a relative and guardian of the young Haydn in Hainburg, led the local orchestra, which played at city celebrations and funerals. The sudden death of the drummer put Frank in a very difficult position, and he had no choice but to quickly teach the seven-year-old Haydn, who discovered early musical talent, to play the drum. But the trouble was that the drum was too heavy for little boy. The quick-witted Frank found a hunchback who agreed to tie a drum on his back, and the young Haydn marched gaily and lightly through the streets of Hainburg, beating the rhythm on the hunchback who marched before him.

FRIENDS FOREVER

Haydn met Mozart in Vienna in 1781, and they immediately became friends despite their age difference of 24 years. Each recognized the other as genuine musical talent. Mozart claimed that he learned the art of string quartets from Haydn, and Haydn once declared to Mozart's father: "I will tell you on my honor and call the Lord to witness, your son is the greatest composer I know."

Mozart died while Haydn was on a long absence in London. At first, Haydn refused to believe in the death of a friend, hoping that these were just false rumors. But the sad news was confirmed, and Haydn fell into deep sorrow. Many years later, in 1807, when one of his friends started talking about Mozart, Haydn burst into tears. "Forgive me," he said, "every time I hear Mozart's name, I must, must mourn him."

STOP THE MUSIC!

In 1759, after securing his first lucrative position as a house musician with Count Carl von Morzin, Haydn was a rather young man whose professional employment and high moral standards had hitherto kept him out of the pleasures of the flesh.

Once, when Haydn was sitting at the harpsichord, the pretty Countess von Morzin leaned over to look at the notes he was playing, and the virgin Haydn had a magnificent view of the Countess's neckline. The musician was thrown into a fever, and he stopped playing. The Countess inquired what was the matter, and Haydn exclaimed: “But, Your Excellency, anyone will give up at such a spectacle!”

Haydn had an uncommon composer's sense of humor. The musicians of the Esterhazy court orchestra, missing their relatives, were upset every time the move to the city from the village estate was again postponed, and Haydn figured out how to unobtrusively express their feelings in the next symphony that he composed. His "Farewell" symphony lacks the usual grand finale, instead the musicians complete their parts one by one, and, finishing, everyone blows out the candle and leaves. At the very end, only the first violins remain on the stage. The prince took the hint: the next day after the performance of the "Farewell" symphony, he gave the command to prepare for departure.

The other symphony was intended specifically for the London public, who, as Haydn noted, had an unfortunate habit of dozing off during the slow movements. For his next symphony, Haydn composed an incredibly gentle, calm Andante: at the end of this slow movement, the sounds completely died away, and then, in the ensuing silence, the orchestra exploded with music and the thunder of the timpani. At the premiere, the audience almost fell from their seats - this is how the symphony "Surprise" was born.

SWEET ENEMIES

Although Haydn's friends knew perfectly well that the composer had not lived with his wife for a long time, the level of mutual hostility between the spouses never ceased to amaze them. One day a friend drew attention to a large stack of unopened letters on Haydn's desk. “Oh, this is from my wife,” the composer explained. She writes to me once a month, and I answer her once a month. But I do not open her letters and I am almost sure that she does not read mine.

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On our website) wrote up to 125 symphonies (of which the first were designed for string orchestra, oboes, horns; the latter, in addition, for flute, clarinets, bassoons, trumpets and timpani). Of Haydn's orchestral compositions, the Seven Words of the Savior on the Cross and over 65 divertissements, cassations, etc. are also known. In addition, Haydn wrote 41 concertos for a wide variety of instruments, 77 string quartets, 35 trios for piano, violin and cello, 33 trios for other instrumental combinations, 175 pieces for baritone (Count Esterhazy's favorite instrument), 53 piano sonatas, fantasies, etc., and many others instrumental works. Of Haydn's vocal works are known: 3 oratorios, 14 masses, 13 offertorias, cantatas, arias, duets, trios, etc. Haydn wrote 24 more operas, most of which were intended for a modest home theater Count Esterhazy; Haydn himself did not want their execution elsewhere. He also composed the Austrian national anthem.

Portrait of Joseph Haydn. Artist T. Hardy, 1791

Haydn's significance in the history of music is based mainly on his symphonies and quartets, which have not lost their lively artistic interest even today. Haydn was the finalist of that process of separating instrumental music from vocal music, which began long before him on the basis of dance forms and whose main representatives before Haydn were S. Bach, his son Em. Bach, Sammartini and others. The sonata form of the symphony and quartet, as developed by Haydn, served as the basis of instrumental music for the entire classical period.

Joseph Haydn. The best works

Haydn's merit is also great in the development of the orchestral style: he was the first to initiate the individualization of each instrument, highlighting its characteristic, original properties. One instrument he often opposes to another, one orchestral group- another. That is why Haydn's orchestra is distinguished by hitherto unknown life, variety of sonorities, expressiveness, especially in recent writings not left without the influence of Mozart, former friend and admirer of Haydn. Haydn also expanded the form of the quartet, and by the nobility of his quartet style he gave it a special and profound significance in music. "Old cheerful Vienna", with its humor, naivety, cordiality and, at times, unbridled agility, with all the conventions of the era of the minuet and pigtails, was reflected in the works of Haydn. But when Haydn had to convey a deep, serious, passionate mood in music, he also achieved strength here, unprecedented among his contemporaries; in this respect he adjoins directly to Mozart and

Haydn is rightly considered the father of the symphony and quartet, the great founder of classical instrumental music, and the founder of the modern orchestra.

Franz Joseph Haydn was born on March 31, 1732 in Lower Austria, in the small town of Rorau, located on the left bank of the Leita River, between the towns of Brook and Hainburg, near the Hungarian border. Haydn's ancestors were hereditary Austro-German peasant artisans. The composer's father, Matthias, was a coachman. Mother - nee Anna Maria Koller - served as a cook.

The musicality of the father, his love for music was inherited by the children. Little Josef attracted the attention of musicians at the age of five. He had excellent hearing, memory, sense of rhythm. His sonorous silvery voice led everyone into admiration.

Thanks to their outstanding musical ability the boy first got into the church choir of the small town of Gainburg, and then into the choir chapel at the cathedral (main) St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna. It was significant event in the life of Haydn. After all, another opportunity to get musical education he didn't have.

Singing in the choir was very good for Haydn, but the only school. The boy's abilities developed rapidly, and difficult solo parts began to be entrusted to him. The church choir often performed at city festivities, weddings, and funerals. The choir was also invited to participate in court celebrations. And how much time did it take to perform in the church itself, to rehearse? All this was a heavy burden for the little singers.

Josef was quick-witted and quickly perceived everything new. He even found time to play the violin and clavichord and achieved significant success. Only now his attempts to compose music did not meet with support. During nine years of being in choir chapel he received only two lessons from her leader!

However, the lessons did not appear immediately. Before that, I had to go through a desperate time of looking for a job. Little by little, I managed to find some work, although it did not provide, but still allowed me not to die of hunger. Haydn began to give singing and music lessons, played the violin at festive evenings, and sometimes just highways. On commission, he composed several of his first works. But all these earnings were accidental. Haydn understood that to become a composer one had to study hard and hard. He began to study theoretical works, in particular the books of I. Mattheson and I. Fuchs.

The collaboration with the Viennese comedian Johann Joseph Kurz proved to be useful. Kurtz was at that time very popular in Vienna as a talented actor and author of a number of farces.

Kurtz, having met Haydn, immediately appreciated his talent and offered to compose music for the libretto of the comic opera The Crooked Demon compiled by him. Haydn wrote music, which, unfortunately, has not come down to us. We only know that The Crooked Demon was performed in the winter of 1751-1752 in the theater at the Karinth Gate and was a success. "Haydn received 25 ducats for him and considered himself very rich."

Bold debut of the young, not enough famous composer on theater stage in 1751 immediately brought him popularity in democratic circles and ... very bad reviews from the zealots of the old musical traditions. Reproaches of "buffoonery", "frivolity" and other sins were later transferred by various zealots of the "sublime" to the rest of Haydn's work, from his symphonies to his masses.

The last step creative youth Haydn - before he embarked on an independent composer's path - had classes with Nicola Antonio Porpora, an Italian composer and bandmaster, a representative of the Neapolitan school.

Porpora reviewed Haydn's composing experiments and gave him instructions. Haydn, to reward the teacher, was an accompanist in his singing lessons and even waited on him.

Under the roof, in the cold attic where Haydn huddled, on an old broken clavichord, he studied the works of famous composers. A folk songs! How many he listened to them, wandering day and night through the streets of Vienna. Here and there a variety of folk tunes sounded: Austrian, Hungarian, Czech, Ukrainian, Croatian, Tyrolean. Therefore, Haydn's works are permeated with these wonderful melodies, for the most part cheerful and cheerful.

In the life and work of Haydn, a turning point was gradually brewing. His financial situation began to improve little by little, life positions get stronger. At the same time, the great creative talent brought its first significant fruits.

Around 1750, Haydn wrote a small mass (in F major), showing in it not only a talented assimilation of modern techniques of this genre, but also an obvious inclination to compose a "merry" church music. More important fact is a work by the composer of the first string quartet in 1755.

The impetus was an acquaintance with a music lover, landowner Karl Furnberg. Inspired by Fürnberg's attention and material support, Haydn first wrote a series of string trios, and then the first string quartet, which was soon followed by about two dozen others. In 1756 Haydn composed the Concerto in C major. Haydn's philanthropist also took care of strengthening his financial position. He recommended the composer to the Viennese Bohemian aristocrat and music lover Count Josef Franz Morzin. Mortsin spent the winter in Vienna, and in the summer he lived on his estate Lukawiec near Pilsen. In the service of Mortsin, as a composer and bandmaster, Haydn received gratuitous premises, meals and salaries.

This service turned out to be short-lived (1759-1760), but still helped Haydn to take further steps in composition. In 1759, Haydn created his first symphony, followed by four others in the coming years.

Both in the field of the string quartet and in the field of the symphony, Haydn had to define and crystallize the genres of the new musical era: composing quartets, creating symphonies, he showed himself to be a bold, determined innovator.

While in the service of Count Morzin, Haydn fell in love with the youngest daughter of his friend, the Viennese hairdresser Johann Peter Keller, Teresa, and seriously intended to marry her. However, the girl, for reasons that remain unknown, left parental home, and her father did not find anything better than to say: "Haydn, you should marry my eldest daughter." It is not known what prompted Haydn to respond positively. One way or another, but Haydn agreed. He was 28 years old, the bride - Maria Anna Aloysia Apollonia Keller - 32. The marriage was concluded on November 26, 1760, and Haydn became ... an unhappy husband for many decades.

His wife soon showed herself to be a woman in the highest degree limited, dull and grumpy. She absolutely did not understand and did not appreciate the great talent of her husband. "She didn't care," Haydn once said in his old age, "whether her husband was a shoemaker or an artist."

Maria Anna ruthlessly destroyed a number of Haydn's music manuscripts, using them for papillottes and pâté linings. Moreover, she was very wasteful and demanding.

Having married, Haydn violated the conditions of service with Count Morcin - the latter accepted only unmarried people into his chapel. However, he did not have to hide the change in his personal life for a long time. Financial shock forced Count Morcin to give up musical pleasures and dissolve the chapel. Haydn was in danger of being left without a permanent income again.

But then he received an offer from a new, more powerful patron of the arts - the richest and most influential Hungarian magnate - Prince Paul Anton Esterhazy. Drawing attention to Haydn in Morzin's castle, Esterhazy appreciated his talent.

Not far from Vienna, in the small Hungarian town of Eisenstadt, and in the summer in the Estergaz country palace, Haydn spent thirty years as a bandmaster (conductor). The responsibilities of the bandmaster included directing the orchestra and singers. Haydn also had to compose symphonies, operas, quartets and other works at the request of the prince. Often the capricious prince ordered to write a new composition for next day! Talent and extraordinary diligence rescued Haydn here too. Operas appeared one after another, as well as symphonies, including "The Bear", "Children's", "School Teacher".

Leading the chapel, the composer could listen to the live performance of the works he created. This made it possible to correct everything that did not sound good enough, and remember what turned out to be especially successful.

During his service with Prince Esterhazy, Haydn wrote most of his operas, quartets and symphonies. In total, Haydn created 104 symphonies!

IN symphonies Haydn I did not set myself the task of individualizing the plot. The composer's programming is most often based on individual associations and pictorial "sketches". Even where it is more integral and consistent - purely emotionally, as in " Farewell Symphony"(1772), or genre, as in the "Military Symphony" (1794), - it still lacks distinct plot foundations.

The enormous value of Haydn's symphonic concepts, for all their comparative simplicity and unpretentiousness - in a very organic reflection and implementation of the unity of the spiritual and physical world of man.

This opinion is expressed, and very poetically, by E.T.A. Hoffmann:

“In the writings of Haydn, the expression of a childishly joyful soul dominates; his symphonies lead us to boundless green groves, to a cheerful, motley crowd happy people, in front of us, boys and girls rush in choral dances; laughing children hide behind trees, behind rose bushes playfully tossing flowers. Life, full of love full of bliss and eternal youth, as before the fall; no suffering, no sorrow - only a sweetly elegiac desire for a beloved image that rushes far away, in the pink shimmer of the evening, not approaching or disappearing, and while he is there, the night does not come, for he himself - evening dawn burning over the mountain and over the grove."

Haydn's craftsmanship has reached perfection over the years. His music invariably aroused the admiration of numerous Esterhazy guests. The name of the composer became widely known outside of his homeland - in England, France, Russia. Six symphonies performed in Paris in 1786 were called "Parisian". But Haydn had no right to go anywhere outside the princely estate, print his works or simply donate them without the consent of the prince. And the prince did not like the absences of "his" Kapellmeister. He was accustomed to Haydn, along with other servants, waiting at a certain time for his orders in the hall. At such moments, the composer especially acutely felt his dependence. "Am I a bandmaster or a bandleader?" he exclaimed bitterly in letters to friends. Once he still managed to escape and visit Vienna, see acquaintances, friends. How much joy brought him meetings with his beloved Mozart! Fascinating conversations gave way to the performance of quartets, where Haydn played the violin and Mozart the viola. With particular pleasure, Mozart performed the quartets written by Haydn. In this genre great composer considered himself his student. But such encounters were extremely rare.

Haydn had a chance to experience other joys - the joys of love. On March 26, 1779, the Polcellis were received into the Esterhazy Chapel. Antonio, the violinist, was no longer young. His wife, the singer Luigi, a Mauritanian from Naples, was only nineteen years old. She was very attractive. Luigia lived unhappily with her husband, as did Haydn. Exhausted by the company of his quarrelsome and quarrelsome wife, he fell in love with Luigi. This passion lasted, gradually weakening and fading, until the composer's old age. Apparently, Luigia reciprocated Haydn, but still, more self-interest than sincerity was manifested in her attitude. In any case, she steadily and very persistently extorted money from Haydn.

Rumor even called (it is not known whether it is fair) the son of Luigi Antonio, the son of Haydn. Her eldest son Pietro became the composer's favorite: Haydn took care of him like a father, took an active part in his education and upbringing.

Despite his dependent position, Haydn could not leave the service. At that time, the musician had the opportunity to work only in court chapels or lead the church choir. Before Haydn, not a single composer had ever ventured into an independent existence. Didn't dare to leave permanent job and Haydn.

In 1791, when Haydn was already about 60 years old, he died old prince Esterhazy. His heir, who did not have a great love for music, dissolved the chapel. But he was also flattered that the composer, who had become famous, was listed as his bandmaster. This forced the young Esterhazy to give Haydn a pension sufficient to keep "his servant" from entering his new service.

Haydn was happy! Finally, he is free and independent! On the offer to go with concerts in England, he agreed. Traveling by ship, Haydn saw the sea for the first time. And how many times he dreamed about it, trying to imagine the boundless water element, the movement of the waves, the beauty and variability of the color of the water. Once in his youth, Haydn even tried to convey in music a picture of a raging sea.

Life in England was also unusual for Haydn. Concerts in which he conducted his works were held with triumphant success. This was the first open mass recognition of his music. The University of Oxford elected him an honorary member.

Haydn visited England twice. Over the years, the composer wrote his famous twelve London Symphonies. The London Symphonies complete the evolution of Haydn's symphony. His talent reached its peak. The music sounded deeper and more expressive, the content became more serious, the colors of the orchestra became richer and more varied.

Despite being very busy, Haydn had time to listen and new music. The oratorios made a particularly strong impression on him. German composer Handel, his older contemporary. The impression of Handel's music was so great that, returning to Vienna, Haydn wrote two oratorios - "The Creation of the World" and "The Seasons".

The plot of the "Creation of the World" is extremely simple and naive. The first two parts of the oratorio tell about the emergence of the world by the will of God. The third and last part is about the paradise life of Adam and Eve before the fall.

A number of judgments of contemporaries and immediate descendants about the "Creation of the World" by Haydn are characteristic. This oratorio was a huge success during the composer's lifetime and greatly increased his fame. However, there were also critical voices. Naturally, the visual figurativeness of Haydn's music shocked philosophers and aesthetics, tuned in to the "sublime" way. Serov enthusiastically wrote about the "Creation of the World":

“What a gigantic creation is this oratorio! There is, by the way, one aria depicting the creation of birds - this is a decisively higher triumph of onomatopoeic music, and, moreover, "what energy, what simplicity, what ingenuous grace!" - it is decidedly beyond comparison. The oratorio The Four Seasons should be recognized as an even more significant work by Haydn than The Creation of the World. The text of the oratorio The Seasons, like the text of The Creation, was written by van Swieten. The second of Haydn's great oratorios is more diverse and deeply human not only in content but also in form. This is a whole philosophy, an encyclopedia of pictures of nature and Haydn's patriarchal peasant morality, glorifying work, love for nature, the delights of rural life and the purity of naive souls. In addition, the plot allowed Haydn to create a very harmonious and complete, harmonious musical concept of the whole.

The composition of the huge score of The Four Seasons was not easy for the decrepit Haydn, it cost him many worries and sleepless nights. In the end, he was tormented by headaches and the persistence of musical performances.

The London Symphonies and oratorios were the pinnacle of Haydn's work. After the oratorios, he wrote almost nothing. Life has been too stressful. His strength was gone. The last years the composer spent on the outskirts of Vienna, in a small house. A quiet and secluded dwelling was visited by admirers of the composer's talent. The conversations touched on the past. Haydn especially liked to remember his youth - hard, labor, but full of bold, persistent searches.

Haydn died in 1809 and was buried in Vienna. Subsequently, his remains were transferred to Eisenstadt, where he spent so many years of his life.

Haydn is rightly considered the father of the symphony and quartet, the great founder of classical instrumental music, and the founder of the modern orchestra.

Thanks to his outstanding musical abilities, the boy first got into the church choir of the small town of Gainburg, and then into the choir chapel at the Cathedral (main) St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna. This was a significant event in the life of Haydn. After all, he had no other opportunity to receive a musical education.

Josef was quick-witted and quickly perceived everything new. He even found time to play the violin and clavichord and achieved significant success. Only now his attempts to compose music did not meet with support. For nine years of being in the choir chapel, he received only two lessons from its leader!

However, the lessons did not appear immediately. Before that, I had to go through a desperate time of looking for a job. Little by little, I managed to find some work, although it did not provide, but still allowed me not to die of hunger. Haydn began to give singing and music lessons, played the violin at festive evenings, and sometimes just on the highways. On commission, he composed several of his first works. But all these earnings were accidental. Haydn understood that to become a composer one had to study hard and hard. He began to study theoretical works, in particular the books of I. Mattheson and I. Fuchs.

The collaboration with the Viennese comedian Johann Joseph Kurz proved to be useful. Kurtz was at that time very popular in Vienna as a talented actor and author of a number of farces.

The bold debut of a young, still little-known composer on the theater stage in 1751 immediately brought him popularity in democratic circles and ... very bad reviews from zealots of old musical traditions. Reproaches of "buffoonery", "frivolity" and other sins were later transferred by various zealots of the "sublime" to the rest of Haydn's work, from his symphonies to his masses.

The last stage of Haydn's creative youth - before he embarked on an independent composer's path - were classes with Nicola Antonio Porpora, an Italian composer and bandmaster, a representative of the Neapolitan school.

Porpora reviewed Haydn's composing experiments and gave him instructions. Haydn, to reward the teacher, was an accompanist in his singing lessons and even waited on him.

Under the roof, in the cold attic where Haydn huddled, on an old broken clavichord, he studied the works of famous composers. And folk songs! How many he listened to them, wandering day and night through the streets of Vienna. Here and there a variety of folk tunes sounded: Austrian, Hungarian, Czech, Ukrainian, Croatian, Tyrolean. Therefore, Haydn's works are permeated with these wonderful melodies, for the most part cheerful and cheerful.

In the life and work of Haydn, a turning point was gradually brewing. His financial situation began to improve little by little, his position in life grew stronger. At the same time, the great creative talent brought its first significant fruits.

Around 1750, Haydn wrote a small mass (in F major), showing in it not only a talented assimilation of modern techniques of this genre, but also an obvious inclination to compose "jolly" church music. A more important fact is that the composer composed the first string quartet in 1755.

While in the service of Count Morzin, Haydn fell in love with the youngest daughter of his friend, the Viennese hairdresser Johann Peter Keller, Teresa, and seriously intended to marry her. However, the girl, for reasons that remain unknown, left her parents' house, and her father did not find anything better than to say: "Haydn, you should marry my eldest daughter." It is not known what prompted Haydn to respond positively. One way or another, but Haydn agreed. He was 28 years old, the bride - Maria Anna Aloysia Apollonia Keller - 32. The marriage was concluded on November 26, 1760, and Haydn became ... an unhappy husband for many decades.

His wife soon showed herself to be a woman of the highest degree of narrow-mindedness, dullness and quarrelsomeness. She absolutely did not understand and did not appreciate the great talent of her husband. "She didn't care," Haydn once said in his old age, "whether her husband was a shoemaker or an artist."

Maria Anna ruthlessly destroyed a number of Haydn's music manuscripts, using them for papillottes and pâté linings. Moreover, she was very wasteful and demanding.

Not far from Vienna, in the small Hungarian town of Eisenstadt, and in the summer in the Estergaz country palace, Haydn spent thirty years as a bandmaster (conductor). The responsibilities of the bandmaster included directing the orchestra and singers. Haydn also had to compose symphonies, operas, quartets and other works at the request of the prince. Often the capricious prince ordered to write a new essay by the next day! Talent and extraordinary diligence rescued Haydn here too. Operas appeared one after another, as well as symphonies, including "The Bear", "Children's", "School Teacher".

During his service with Prince Esterhazy, Haydn wrote most of his operas, quartets and symphonies. In total, Haydn created 104 symphonies!

In the symphonies, Haydn did not set himself the task of individualizing the plot. The composer's programming is most often based on individual associations and pictorial "sketches". Even where it is more solid and consistent - purely emotionally, as in the "Farewell Symphony" (1772), or genre-wise, as in the "Military Symphony" (1794), it still lacks distinct plot foundations.

The enormous value of Haydn's symphonic concepts, for all their comparative simplicity and unpretentiousness, is in a very organic reflection and implementation of the unity of the spiritual and physical world of man.

This opinion is expressed, and very poetically, by E.T.A. Hoffmann:

“In the writings of Haydn, the expression of a childishly joyful soul dominates; his symphonies lead us into boundless green groves, into a cheerful, motley crowd of happy people, young men and girls rush before us in choral dances; laughing children hide behind trees, behind rose bushes, playfully throwing flowers. A life full of love, full of bliss and eternal youth, as before the fall; no suffering, no sorrow - only a sweetly elegiac desire for a beloved image that rushes far away, in the pink shimmer of evening, not approaching or disappearing, and while he is there, the night does not come, for he himself is the evening dawn burning above over the mountain and over the grove.

Haydn's craftsmanship has reached perfection over the years. His music invariably aroused the admiration of numerous Esterhazy guests. The name of the composer became widely known outside of his homeland - in England, France, Russia. Six symphonies performed in Paris in 1786 were called "Parisian". But Haydn had no right to go anywhere outside the princely estate, print his works or simply donate them without the consent of the prince. And the prince did not like the absences of "his" Kapellmeister. He was accustomed to Haydn, along with other servants, waiting at a certain time for his orders in the hall. At such moments, the composer especially acutely felt his dependence. "Am I a bandmaster or a bandleader?" he exclaimed bitterly in letters to friends. Once he still managed to escape and visit Vienna, see acquaintances, friends. How much joy brought him meetings with his beloved Mozart! Fascinating conversations gave way to the performance of quartets, where Haydn played the violin and Mozart the viola. With particular pleasure, Mozart performed the quartets written by Haydn. In this genre, the great composer considered himself his student. But such encounters were extremely rare.

In 1791, when Haydn was already about 60 years old, the old prince Esterhazy died. His heir, who did not have a great love for music, dissolved the chapel. But he was also flattered that the composer, who had become famous, was listed as his bandmaster. This forced the young Esterhazy to give Haydn a pension sufficient to keep "his servant" from entering his new service.

Despite being very busy, Haydn managed to listen to new music as well. A particularly strong impression was made on him by the oratorios of the German composer Handel, his older contemporary. The impression of Handel's music was so great that, returning to Vienna, Haydn wrote two oratorios - "The Creation of the World" and "The Seasons".

Haydn died in 1809 and was buried in Vienna. Subsequently, his remains were transferred to Eisenstadt, where he spent so many years of his life.

haydn composer instrumental orchestra

J. Haydn is rightfully considered the founder of several directions at once: modern orchestra, quartet, symphony and classical instrumental music.

Short biography of Haydn: childhood

Josef was born in the small Austrian town of Rorau. All his ancestors were artisans and peasants. Joseph's parents were also ordinary people. My father worked in the carriage business. Mother served as a cook. The boy inherited musicality from his father. While still a five-year-old child, he attracted attention, as he had a sonorous voice, excellent hearing and a sense of rhythm. First, he was taken to sing in the church choir in the town of Gainburg, and from there he ended up in the chapel at St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna. It was a great opportunity for the boy to get a musical education. He stayed there for 9 years, but as soon as his voice began to break, the young man was fired without any ceremony.

J. Haydn. Biography: composer debut

From that moment on, Josef began a completely different life. For eight years he lived by giving music and singing lessons, playing the violin at holidays, and even just on the road. Haydn understood that without education one could not get further. He independently studied theoretical works. Soon fate brought him to the famous comic actor Kurtz. He immediately appreciated Josef's talent and invited him to write music for the libretto, which he composed for the opera The Crooked Demon. The essay has not reached us. But it is known for sure that the opera was a success.

The debut immediately brought young composer popularity in democratically minded circles and bad reviews from adherents of the old traditions. Important for the development of Haydn as a musician were classes with Nicola Porpora. Italian composer looked through Josef's writings and gave valuable advice. In the future, the financial situation of the composer improved, new compositions appeared. Significant support was provided to Josef by the landowner Karl Fürnberg, a music lover. He recommended him to Count Morcin. Haydn stayed in his service as a composer and bandmaster for only a year, but at the same time he had free accommodation, food and received a salary. In addition, such a successful period inspired the composer to new compositions.

J. Haydn. Biography: marriage

While serving with Count Morzin, Josef became friends with the hairdresser I.P. Keller and fell in love with his youngest daughter Teresa. But the matter did not come to marriage. For hitherto unknown reasons, the girl left her father's house. Keller invited Haydn to marry him. eldest daughter, and he agreed, which he later regretted more than once.

Joseph was 28 years old, Maria Anna Keller - 32. She turned out to be a very limited woman who did not appreciate her husband's talent at all, moreover, she was too demanding and wasteful. Soon, Joseph had to leave the count for two reasons: he accepted only singles into the chapel, and then, having gone broke, he was forced to dissolve it altogether.

J. Haydn. Biography: service with Prince Esterhazy

The threat of being left without a permanent salary did not hang over the composer for long. Almost immediately, he received an offer from Prince P. A. Esterhazy, the patron of the arts, even richer than before. Haydn spent 30 years as a conductor with him. His duties included managing the singers and the orchestra. He also had to compose symphonies, quartets and other works at the request of the prince. Haydn wrote most of his operas during this period. In total, he composed 104 symphonies, the main value of which lies in the organic reflection of the unity of the physical and spiritual principles in man.

J. Haydn. Biography: trip to England

The composer, whose name became known far beyond the borders of his homeland, has not yet traveled anywhere except Vienna. He could not do this without the permission of the prince, and he did not tolerate the absence of a personal bandmaster. At these moments, Haydn felt his dependence especially sharply. When he was already 60 years old, Prince Esterhazy died, and his son dissolved the chapel. In order for his “servant” to have the opportunity not to enter the service of someone else, he assigned him a pension. Free and happy Haydn went to England. There he gave concerts in which he was a conductor when performing his own works. Absolutely all of them passed with triumph. Haydn became an honorary member of Oxford University. He visited England twice. During this period he composed 12 London Symphonies.

Biography of Haydn: recent years

These works became the pinnacle of his work. After them, nothing significant was written. A stressful life took away his strength. He spent his last years in silence and solitude in a small house located on the outskirts of Vienna. Sometimes he was visited by admirers of talent. J. Haydn died in 1809. He was buried first in Vienna, and later the remains were transferred to Eisenstadt, the city where the composer spent many years of his life.

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