Direction "honor and dishonor". The theme of honor in the works of Russian classics of the 19th century Honor and dishonor in Russian literature

Everyone knows that the problem of honor and dishonor is a key one in the life of every person. A large number of books have been written on this topic, many films have been shot. Adults talk about it experienced people, and teenagers who are not fully familiar with life.

What is dishonor? Disgrace is a kind of insult, literally a loss of honor under any circumstances, a shame.

This topic has really been important throughout the life of a person and does not lose relevance in modern world. Therefore, many writers have addressed this problem in their works.

"The Captain's Daughter", A.S. Pushkin

The problem raised is the key one in this work of Alexander Sergeevich. In his opinion, dishonor is what should be most feared. The personification of piety in the novel is Grinev and his entire family, as well as his beloved and her relatives. Shvabrin is sharply opposed to him. This is the absolute opposite of Grinev. Even the name of the character speaks. Shvabrin is a terrible egoist who lost his officer's honor by going over to Pugachev.

“Song about the merchant Kalashnikov”, M.Yu. Lermontov

Mikhail Yuryevich takes the reader during the reign of Ivan IV, famous for the introduction of the oprichnina. Oprichniks, loyal subjects of the king, were so loved by him that they could afford any action and go unpunished. So, the guardsman Kiribeevich dishonored married woman Alena Dmitrievna, and her husband, having learned about this, decided to go to certain death, but to restore honor to his wife, challenging Kiribeevich to fight. By this, the merchant Kalashnikov showed himself to be a pious man, a husband who will do anything for the sake of honor, even to his own death.

And Kiribeevich distinguished himself only by cowardice, because he could not even admit to the king that the woman was married.

The song helps answer the reader's question about what dishonor is. First of all, this is cowardice.

"Thunderstorm", A.N. Ostrovsky

Katerina, main character drama, was brought up in a clean, bright atmosphere of kindness and affection. Therefore, when she got married, she believed that her life would be the same. But Katerina ended up in a world where completely different orders and foundations rule, and Kabanikha, a true tyrant and hypocrite, is watching all this. Katerina could not withstand the onslaught and found solace only in Boris's love. But she, a believer, could not cheat on her husband. And the girl decided that the best way out for her was suicide. Thus, Katerina realized that dishonor is already a sin. And there is nothing worse than him.

For many centuries there was a struggle: honor and dishonor fought in one person. And only light and a pure soul could do right choice, these vices and tried to show the Russian classics in their immortal works.

Medium comprehensive school № 141

Topic: The theme of honor in the works of Russian writers

XIX century.

Class: 10 "B"

Head: Shulman Nina Nikolaevna

Moscow 2003

Issues of honor and morality are always a fundamental problem in the relationship of people in society. One of the important places is given to this topic in Russian literature of the 19th century. Russian writers of this significant period in development national history created works that not only fully reflected life, but also had great moral and educational significance, revealing the best that is in the people, on which this people should rely.

Honor is that high spiritual force that keeps a person from meanness, betrayal, lies and cowardice. This is the core that strengthens in the choice of an act, when conscience is the judge. Life often tests people, putting them before a choice - to act honorably and take a blow, or to be cowardly and go against their conscience in order to gain benefits and get away from trouble or even death. A person always has a choice and from his moral principles depends on how he does it. The path of honor is difficult, but the retreat from it, the loss of honor, is even more painful. Disgrace is always punished. So, apparently, higher powers dispose of.

Moral decay, the fall of moral principles leads to the collapse of both the individual and the whole nation. Therefore, the importance of the great Russian classical literature, which is the moral foundation and helper for many generations of people, is so enormous. Vivid images created by writers with love and life force as if they acquire materiality. They live among us and are an example of morality and honor.

The concept of honor is brought up in a person from childhood. So in the story of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin " Captain's daughter We see how this happens and what results it leads to.

Main character story Petr Andreevich Grinev from childhood was brought up in an atmosphere of high worldly morality. His father had a negative view of the easy but dishonest ways to make a career at court. He did not want to send to serve in St. Petersburg, in the guards of his young son Petrush: “What will he learn by serving in St. Petersburg? To wind and hang out? - Andrey Petrovich says to his wife. - “No, let him serve in the army, yes, pull the strap, sniff gunpowder, yes

There will be a soldier, not a shamaton.” In parting words to his son, the father especially emphasizes the need to observe honor: “Serve faithfully to whom you swear allegiance, obey your superiors; do not chase after their affection; do not ask for service; do not dissuade from the service and remember the proverb: take care of the dress again, and honor from youth. This parting word from his father remains with Grinev for life and helps him not to stray from the right path. Petrusha Grinev did not receive a good education, since his tutor was only the serf Savelich, who, however, considered it his duty to faithfully serve the master. His devotion to his master is far from slavish dependence. Savelich not only taught Petrush to read and write, but also gave him important life advice, which was dictated by his sincere love for the boy.

So in his family, Pyotr Grinev was brought up as a nobleman, true to his word and not considering it possible to change the oath for his own good.

Breaking away from home and parents, Pyotr Grinev becomes involved in card game and is played. Although Savelich persuaded him to evade the calculation, Grinev acted honorably and returned the gambling debt.

Grinev is kind and responsive. Despite Savelich's dissatisfaction, he did not regret giving his hare sheepskin coat to a tramp who showed him the way into the blizzard. Grinev could not help thanking the person who had rendered him a service. This act saved his life in the future. Good reciprocates good.

Moral trials awaited Grinev in his new military life. In the Belogorodsk fortress, he became friends with the commandant's daughter Masha Mironova. Because of Masha, Pyotr Grinev quarreled with his comrade Shvabrin, who laughed at Grinev's tender feelings poured out in his poems. Grinev entrusted Shvabrin with his poems, and the vile Shvabrin, guessing that they were addressed to Masha, began to speak obscenities about her. Later it turned out that he himself wooed Masha and, having received a refusal, wanted to discredit her name. Grinev challenged the offender to a duel, as he considered it his duty to protect the honor of the girl. Shvabrin's shamelessness was intolerable to him.

Shvabrin is mercenary and cowardly. His image, as it were, sets off the nobility of Grinev, for whom there is no other way but to act honorably, without thinking about his own benefit. Shvabrin is his complete opposite.

Even during the duel, having felt Grinev's strength, he took advantage of the fact that Grinev turned away, distracted by Savelich, who was hurrying to help, and struck him with a treacherous blow with a sword.

Then Grinev finds out that Shvabrin wrote a denunciation of him to his father.

Thus, the dishonest behavior of Shvabrin arouses antipathy in the reader and thereby enhances the charm and attractiveness of the character of Pyotr Andreevich Grinev.

The characters of Shvabrin and Grinev were especially evident during the Pugachev rebellion, when the issue of their life and death was being decided. At the same time, the behavior of the family of the commandant of the fortress is also remarkable. The concepts of honor and duty, loyalty to the oath were sacred to Masha's parents. They preferred death, but did not surrender to the rebels. Ivan Kuzmich Mironov was incapable of betrayal for the sake of his own well-being. His wife Vasilisa Egorovna was ready to share the fate of her husband so as not to surrender to the enemy.

Shvabrin is appreciative and indifferent to the suffering of these people. He treated ordinary people with contempt and thought only of how to save his own life at any cost. Feelings of duty and honor were not developed in him. He broke the oath and went over to the side of the rebels, but not because he sympathized with them and shared their views, but only to save his life. And he also had a plan, having dealt with Grinev, to force Masha to marry him.

As for Grinev, it is quite clear that he preferred death. He could not change his oath and become an ally of Pugachev, the killer of Masha's parents.

Grinev would have been hanged if not for the desperate behavior of Savelich, who asked for his pardon and was ready to die instead of his master. Savelich saved Grinev, showing devotion and fulfillment of his duty to protect Petrusha entrusted to him.

Pugachev appreciated Grinev as a man of honor. He himself set himself the noble goal of giving freedom and happiness to the serfs, and therefore he liked the nobility of the young officer. Grinev's morality influenced Pugachev. He released Masha and offered to be planted by their father at their wedding. Having received Grinev's polite refusal, Pugachev managed to understand him, since he also had mercy and honor.

Pugachev also understands that Shvabrin is dishonest and treats him with disdain.

Being arrested on a denunciation for his connection with the rebellious ataman, Grinev, for reasons of honor, does not name his beloved. But justice prevailed and the story had a happy ending.

So Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin showed an understanding of honor and duty from the standpoint of an absolutely different people at different levels of society. Moral qualities are brought up in a person, regardless of his education and social status.

An interesting remark by V. Belinsky, who said about Pushkin, that "by reading his works, one can educate a person in oneself in an excellent way."

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin himself was a "slave of honor", as another wrote about him in his poem "The Death of a Poet". brilliant poet M.Yu.Lermontov. He fell victim to dishonest and vicious envious people. Defending the honor of his wife and his own honor, Pushkin challenged Dantes to a duel, who, with dubious behavior, could discredit the good name of the Pushkin couple. Alexander Sergeevich could not live “slandered by rumors” and put an end to dishonor at the cost of his own life.

The poet's soul could not bear

The shame of petty insults,

He rebelled against the opinions of the world

Alone, as before ... and killed!

But the "wonderful genius" of Pushkin illuminates with his radiant light the lives of many and many generations of descendants, and the "empty heart" of Dantes did not find happiness on earth and good memory after death. And as Lermontov said, “The executioners of Freedom, Genius and Glory” will not be able to wash away the righteous blood with their “black blood of the Poet!”

Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov also fought a duel, defending his honor. He was killed by Martynov. Still quite a young genius poet, who created immortal works, caused irritation and anger of idle worthless envious people and, like Pushkin, accepted death for his honor.

The history of the Russian duel of the 19th century is the history of human tragedies, high impulses and passions. The dueling tradition is associated with the concept of honor in noble society that time. The readiness to pay with life for the inviolability of one's personal dignity implied a keen awareness of this dignity, a highly developed sense of honor. In addition, the underlying consciousness prompted duels, that the highest justice must be done and the right must win.

Often duels arose for the slightest provocation. So in Pushkin's poem "Eugene Onegin" Lensky challenged his friend Onegin to a duel because of unreasonable jealousy. Having "an ardent and rather strange spirit," "he was ignorant at heart." In love with the stupid and windy Olga, Lensky did not see her shortcomings. Onegin, not being a romantic, like Lensky, wanted to play a trick on him out of boredom. No bloodshed was inflicted. It was clear to everyone that it was a misunderstanding. However, Lensky did not want to give in.

Onegin reacted with annoyance and even contempt for the duel, in which he was involved against his own will. He was sincerely upset by the bloody outcome of the duel. Lensky died “in the bloom of joyful hopes”, offended by a friend, paying with his life for the insult: “A poet, a pensive dreamer, was killed by a friendly hand!”

Breters were not uncommon among the duelists. Breter is a man who flaunted his readiness and ability to fight anywhere and with anyone. The risk of the breter was ostentatious, and the killing of the enemy was part of his calculations. It was a mixture of posturing and cruelty.

Negative options for a duel are also depicted by Pushkin in the story "The Shot". The hero of the story, Silvio, is looking for a pretext for a fight in order to assert his superiority in the hussar regiment; Bretersky habits are felt in it.

Talking about himself to Ivan Petrovich Belkin, he says: “I was the first brawler in the army ... Duels in our regiment happened every minute: I was either a witness or a protagonist for everyone.”

His opponent is a rich count, "the favorite of happiness", who irritated Silvio with his superiority and luck. The count showed contempt for death: he ate cherries at gunpoint. Both opponents acted for the sake of their pride. Silvio's goal is not murder, but the desire to prove to himself and others that he is stronger and can rule over people. He was possessed by morbid pride and selfishness.

The murder did not happen, but Silvio left behind his shot. He devoted several years of his life to achieve triumph over the enemy and to avenge wounded pride. Limiting himself in everything, he practiced shooting every day and waited for the moment convenient to carry out his revenge.

Arriving at last to the count to fire back, Silvio did not kill him, but contented himself with making him tremble and witnessed his fright.

Pushkin describes the morals of young officers, “who usually see the upper hand in courage. human dignity and an apology for all sorts of vices."

In M.Yu. Lermontov’s story “A Hero of Our Time”, Pechorin kills Grushnitsky in a duel. Standing up for the honor of the lady, lowly slandered by Grushnitsky because of her inattention to him, Pechorin challenges the offender to a duel. The cowardly Grushnitsky secretly agrees with his seconds to load only his pistol, leaving Pechorin a blank shot. Grushnitsky's immorality and cowardice are expressed in his dishonorable behavior towards the girl and towards his comrade, whom he envies.

Upon learning of the conspiracy, Pechorin offers Grushnitsky cruel conditions for a duel, or publicly renounce his slander and ask for his apology. Grushnitsky, in a fit of impotent hatred for the enemy, chooses to shoot himself without a chance for life and falls into the abyss, hit by a bullet from Pechorin.

The duel between Pierre Bezukhov and Dolokhov, described by L.N. Tolstoy in the epic novel "War and Peace", also deserves attention.

Pierre Bezukhov is a purely civilian person, prone to philosophical reflection, far from worldly fuss and strife. He didn't know how to handle weapons at all. But he wounds Dolokhov, a fearless warrior, in a duel. Here Tolstoy, as it were, confirms the idea that justice is done and vice must be punished. At first, Pierre sincerely trusted Dolokhov, because, being an honest man, he could not assume dishonor in others. He brought him into his house, helped him with money in memory of an old friendship, and Dolokhov disgraced Bezukhov by seducing his wife. Pierre Bezukhov stood up for his honor, but, realizing that the stupid and cruel Helen does not deserve to be killed because of her, he repents of what happened. He thanks God for not killing the man. He is ready to repent before the duel, but not out of fear, but because he is sure of Helen's guilt.

In Lermontov's drama "Masquerade", Arbenin, defending his honor, kills his beloved wife, believing in a skillfully woven intrigue. Arbenin here acts as an egoist and a villain who ruined an innocent soul for the sake of his ambitions. Painful pride and a false idea of ​​honor made him a toy in the hands of crafty ill-wishers and pushed him to villainy. Having poisoned his wife and learned that she was innocent before him, Arbenin repents terribly, but his life has already been broken.

In the grandiose in its scale work "War and Peace" Leo Tolstoy pays the main attention to the problem of the moral purity of the soul.

A sense of honor and duty, sincere generosity and purity are the guarantee of peace and happiness of people on earth. Showing what troubles the war brings to the world, Tolstoy concludes that only self-improvement, the desire of each person individually to become better, kinder will save peoples from destruction and death.

Tolstoy's favorite heroes Andrei Bolkonsky and his family, Pierre Bezukhov, the Rostov family are sincere and noble people who understand their duty to their parents and the Fatherland, who live by honor and conscience.

Andrei Bolkonsky is a strong-willed and principled person. At the beginning of the novel, he dreams of military glory, waiting for a happy moment when "he will finally have to show everything that he can do", prove himself in battle. “For this alone I live,” thought Prince Andrei.

Brought up by his father as General-in-Chief of Catherine's reign, who occupied a prominent position precisely because of his talents, and not because of his desire for a career, Prince Andrei learned the concepts of honor and duty to people and the fatherland. Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky honestly served his fatherland and never served, as evidenced by his resignation and even exile under Paul.

The Bolkonskys are an old aristocratic family. They are rightfully proud of their services to the Fatherland. high concept about honor, pride, independence, nobility and sharpness of mind old prince passed on to his son. Both despise upstarts and careerists like Kuragin, for whom there is no concept of honor.

Prince Andrei dreams of a feat. He performs a feat at the battle of Austerlitz, picking up a fallen banner and thereby inspiring the army that turned to flight.

The image of Prince Andrei is given by Tolstoy in development. As a result of spiritual quest, he changes his idea of ​​the meaning of life. At the end of the book, having been mortally wounded in the battle of Borodino, the "divine love" for people became available to him - the love that should save the world from evil.

Prince Andrei never betrayed his duty and conscience. After breaking up with Natasha Rostova, despite heartache caused to him, he does not challenge Kuragin to a duel, being above this. IN this case his nobility and sense of honor do not allow him to take offense at his own expense. He leaves Natasha's betrayal on her conscience, because of which she suffers greatly. Ultimately, Andrei Bolkonsky forgives Natasha her passion, understanding her inexperience and also realizing that he loves only her.

Andrei Bolkonsky is connected by friendship with Pierre Bezukhov. These two people distinguished each other among secular empty hypocrites, feeling the unity of views and guessing in each other a man of honor.

Pierre Bezukhov, like Prince Andrei, being in constant search the meaning of life, never betrayed his honor and always acted like a decent person. He is infinitely kind and able to feel someone else's pain. Pierre's intense inner spiritual activity, his desire for self-improvement led him to an understanding of the infinity and beauty of being. He found his soul, which cannot be killed.

Pierre's observations on behavior ordinary people, their wisdom and naturalness taught him a lot. The moral purity of the people, the ability to sacrifice, spiritual nobility were a discovery for Pierre Bezukhov, and he joyfully felt himself a part of this people, part of their spiritual strength.

On the example of the war of 1812, L.N. Tolstoy shows how the people heroically create history. The war of 1812 appears in the image of Tolstoy as a people's war. In a period of severe trials for the Fatherland, the defense of the Motherland becomes a “people's business”. The novel contains many images of ordinary men and soldiers. All of them are ready to die for their Motherland and are sure of victory. "They want to attack with all the people." The whole world is ready to defend the honor of their Fatherland and are unanimous in their decision not to give up their capital to the enemy. So that the "devils" did not get anything, it was decided to set fire to Moscow.

Tolstoy shows honor and dishonor, drawing images of two commanders, Kutuzov and Napoleon - the defender of the Fatherland and the invader.

An invading enemy cannot be honest. The essence of his act is the seizure of someone else's, which does not belong to him, as well as murder. Napoleon is depicted in the novel as selfish and narcissistic, haughty and arrogant. He wanted to enslave the Russian people and claimed world domination.

The figure of Kutuzov is opposite to Napoleon. He is depicted as the leader of the just people's war connected with the people by close spiritual ties. This was his strength as a commander. Kutuzov's deep patriotic feelings, his love for the Russian people and hatred for the enemy, his closeness to the soldier distinguished him as a man of honor and high morality.

Tolstoy sees in the people a source of spirituality and morality, necessary for the whole society. According to Tolstoy, those nobles who stand closer to the people are moral and honest. They have a stronger patriotic feeling. Conversely, those nobles who distance themselves from their people and abhor them are callous and soulless.

In love for the Motherland, Prince Andrei Bolkonsky and the soldiers of his regiment are equal. In the regiment they called him "our prince", they were proud of him and loved him. Platon Karataev, a man from the people, became the spiritual teacher of Pierre Bezukhov. The soldiers called Pierre "our master."

Tolstoy opposes the false patriotism of the secular nobility to popular patriotism. The main goal of these people is to catch "crosses, rubles, ranks." The upper world was characterized by traits of duplicity and hypocrisy. Life in carefree luxury dulled the sense of honor and duty.

IN Patriotic War 1812, a tremendous moral force was concluded, which cleansed and reborn Tolstoy's heroes. Their destinies followed the same path as the fate of the people. They came to the understanding that by defending the honor of their Fatherland, they preserve their honor.

List of used literature.

1. A. S. Pushkin:

"Captain's daughter"

"Eugene Onegin"

"Shot"

2. M. Yu. Lermontov

"Death of poet"

"Hero of our time"

"Masquerade"

3. L. N. Tolstoy.

The Russian language is a rather difficult subject, but one cannot do without studying it. At the end of school education, each student must pass a unified state exam.

The most difficult part of the exam is the essay. You need to prepare for the exam daily, for ease of writing creative work it is necessary to learn the cliche, then the work will be minimal. As you know, in the essay it is necessary to give an argument, the problem of honor is very common. It is for this reason that we will analyze this topic in detail.

"Captain's daughter"

This is the famous work of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, where an argument is found on a given topic. The issue of honor in The Captain's Daughter comes to the fore. Even if we recall the epigraph of this story, we will remember these words: "Take care of honor from a young age."

To begin with, let's clarify the decency of the heroes of the work, their moral qualities. Who personifies it? Grinev, and the parents of this hero, and the Mironov family can serve as an example. From what other side can this problem be considered? Let us give an argument (the problem of honor) from the point of view of love for one's Motherland: Grinev in the story is a man of his word and honor. This is reflected both in relation to Masha and in relation to loyalty to her homeland.

In addition, in the work "The Captain's Daughter" the opposition of the heroes (Grinev and Shvabrin) is given, these are complete antipodes. The first is a man of honor, but the second has neither honor nor conscience. This is very rude and it doesn’t cost anything to be rude to a girl or go over to the side of the enemy. Shvabrin has such a quality as selfishness, which is incompatible with the concept of "honor".

How is such the highest moral quality of a person, as honor, formed? Bringing the argument "the problem of honor", it is necessary to emphasize that such a quality has been formed since childhood. We see this on the example of the Grinevs, honor is the basis of the character of this family.

"Taras Bulba"

Where else is the issue of honor found? Arguments can also be found in famous work Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol.

The main character has two sons who are completely opposite in their moral qualities. Ostap was honest and brave. He was not afraid to take the blame, such as a ragged garden. Betrayal is not characteristic of him, Ostap died in terrible agony, but remained a hero.

Another thing is Andriy. He is gentle and romantic by nature. Always thinks of himself first. Without a twinge of conscience, he can deceive or betray. Andriy's biggest betrayal is going over to the side of the enemy because of love. He betrayed all his loved ones, he died in disgrace at the hands of his father, who could not survive and forgive his son for his deed.

What is instructive work? It is very easy to give in to your feelings, but do not forget about those people who care about you. Betrayal in war is the most terrible act, and there is no forgiveness and mercy for the person who committed it.

"War and Peace"

The problem of the arguments we will now give is found in the novel by Leo Tolstoy. The novel is dedicated to terrible war when Russia fought against Napoleon. Who is the personification of honor here? Heroes such as:

• Andrei Bolkonsky.
• Pierre Bezukhov.
• Natasha Rostov.

This quality was shown by all these heroes in certain cases. The first distinguished himself in the Battle of Borodino, the second - with his desire to kill the enemy, and Natasha Rostova helped the wounded. All were in the same position, each was given his own special tests. But people of honor, patriots of their country were able to defeat the enemy.

"Two captains"

The problem, the arguments of which we will now give, occurs to us on the pages of V. Kaverin's story. It is worth immediately paying attention to the fact that the work was written in 1944, during the war with the Nazis.

In these difficult times for all, such concepts as dignity and honor are valued in people, first of all. Why is the story called that? The captains in question are: Sanya Grigoriev and Tatarinov. Their decency unites them. The essence of the work is as follows: Sanya became interested in the missing expedition of Tatarinov and defended his good name. He did this, despite the fact that he pushed Katya away from him, whom he managed to fall in love with very much.

The work teaches the reader that one must always go to the end and not stop halfway, especially if we are talking about the honor and dignity of man. People who live dishonestly will always be punished, it just takes a little time, justice will always prevail.

Secondary school No. 141

Topic: The theme of honor in the works of Russian writers

Class: 10 "B"

Head: Shulman Nina Nikolaevna

Moscow 2003

Issues of honor and morality are always a fundamental problem in the relationship of people in society. One of the important places is given to this topic in Russian literature of the 19th century. Russian writers of this significant period in the development of national history created works that not only fully reflected life, but also had great moral and educational significance, revealing the best that the people have, on which this people should rely.

Honor is that high spiritual force that keeps a person from meanness, betrayal, lies and cowardice. This is the core that strengthens in the choice of an act, when conscience is the judge. Life often tests people, putting them before a choice - to act honorably and take a blow, or to be cowardly and go against their conscience in order to gain benefits and get away from trouble or even death. A person always has a choice, and how he will act depends on his moral principles. The path of honor is difficult, but the retreat from it, the loss of honor, is even more painful. Disgrace is always punished. So, apparently, higher powers dispose of.

Moral decay, the fall of moral principles leads to the collapse of both the individual and the whole nation. Therefore, the importance of the great Russian classical literature, which is the moral foundation and helper for many generations of people, is so enormous. Bright images created by writers with love and vitality seem to acquire materiality. They live among us and are an example of morality and honor.

The concept of honor is brought up in a person from childhood. So in the story of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" we see how this happens and what results it leads to.

The protagonist of the story, Pyotr Andreevich Grinev, was brought up from childhood in an atmosphere of high worldly morality. His father had a negative view of the easy but dishonest ways to make a career at court. He did not want to send his young son Petrusha to serve in St. Petersburg, to the guards: “What will he learn by serving in St. Petersburg? To wind and hang out? - Andrey Petrovich says to his wife. - “No, let him serve in the army, yes, pull the strap, sniff gunpowder, yes

There will be a soldier, not a shamaton.” In parting words to his son, the father especially emphasizes the need to observe honor: “Serve faithfully to whom you swear allegiance, obey your superiors; do not chase after their affection; do not ask for service; do not dissuade from the service and remember the proverb: take care of the dress again, and honor from youth. This parting word from his father remains with Grinev for life and helps him not to stray from the right path. Petrusha Grinev did not receive a good education, since his tutor was only the serf Savelich, who, however, considered it his duty to faithfully serve the master. His devotion to his master is far from slavish dependence. Savelich not only taught Petrush to read and write, but also gave him important life advice, which was dictated by his sincere love for the boy.

So in his family, Pyotr Grinev was brought up as a nobleman, true to his word and not considering it possible to change the oath for his own good.

Breaking away from home and parents, Pyotr Grinev gets involved in a card game and loses. Although Savelich persuaded him to evade the calculation, Grinev acted honorably and returned the gambling debt.

Grinev is kind and responsive. Despite Savelich's dissatisfaction, he did not regret giving his hare sheepskin coat to a tramp who showed him the way into the blizzard. Grinev could not help thanking the person who had rendered him a service. This act saved his life in the future. Good reciprocates good.

Moral trials awaited Grinev in his new military life. In the Belogorodsk fortress, he became friends with the commandant's daughter Masha Mironova. Because of Masha, Pyotr Grinev quarreled with his comrade Shvabrin, who laughed at Grinev's tender feelings poured out in his poems. Grinev entrusted Shvabrin with his poems, and the vile Shvabrin, guessing that they were addressed to Masha, began to speak obscenities about her. Later it turned out that he himself wooed Masha and, having received a refusal, wanted to discredit her name. Grinev challenged the offender to a duel, as he considered it his duty to protect the honor of the girl. Shvabrin's shamelessness was intolerable to him.

Shvabrin is mercenary and cowardly. His image, as it were, sets off the nobility of Grinev, for whom there is no other way but to act honorably, without thinking about his own benefit. Shvabrin is his complete opposite.

Even during the duel, having felt Grinev's strength, he took advantage of the fact that Grinev turned away, distracted by Savelich, who was hurrying to help, and struck him with a treacherous blow with a sword.

Then Grinev finds out that Shvabrin wrote a denunciation of him to his father.

Thus, the dishonest behavior of Shvabrin arouses antipathy in the reader and thereby enhances the charm and attractiveness of the character of Pyotr Andreevich Grinev.

The characters of Shvabrin and Grinev were especially evident during the Pugachev rebellion, when the issue of their life and death was being decided. At the same time, the behavior of the family of the commandant of the fortress is also remarkable. The concepts of honor and duty, loyalty to the oath were sacred to Masha's parents. They preferred death, but did not surrender to the rebels. Ivan Kuzmich Mironov was incapable of betrayal for the sake of his own well-being. His wife Vasilisa Egorovna was ready to share the fate of her husband so as not to surrender to the enemy.

Shvabrin is appreciative and indifferent to the suffering of these people. He treated ordinary people with contempt and thought only of how to save his own life at any cost. Feelings of duty and honor were not developed in him. He broke the oath and went over to the side of the rebels, but not because he sympathized with them and shared their views, but only to save his life. And he also had a plan, having dealt with Grinev, to force Masha to marry him.

As for Grinev, it is quite clear that he preferred death. He could not change his oath and become an ally of Pugachev, the killer of Masha's parents.

Grinev would have been hanged if not for the desperate behavior of Savelich, who asked for his pardon and was ready to die instead of his master. Savelich saved Grinev, showing devotion and fulfillment of his duty to protect Petrusha entrusted to him.

Pugachev appreciated Grinev as a man of honor. He himself set himself the noble goal of giving freedom and happiness to the serfs, and therefore he liked the nobility of the young officer. Grinev's morality influenced Pugachev. He released Masha and offered to be planted by their father at their wedding. Having received Grinev's polite refusal, Pugachev managed to understand him, since he also had mercy and honor.

Pugachev also understands that Shvabrin is dishonest and treats him with disdain.

Being arrested on a denunciation for his connection with the rebellious ataman, Grinev, for reasons of honor, does not name his beloved. But justice prevailed and the story had a happy ending.

So Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin showed an understanding of honor and duty from the standpoint of completely different people standing at different levels of society. Moral qualities are brought up in a person, regardless of his education and social status.

An interesting remark by V. Belinsky, who said about Pushkin, that "by reading his works, one can educate a person in oneself in an excellent way."

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin himself was a "slave of honor", as another brilliant poet M.Yu. Lermontov wrote about him in his poem "The Death of a Poet". He fell victim to dishonest and vicious envious people. Defending the honor of his wife and his own honor, Pushkin challenged Dantes to a duel, who, with dubious behavior, could discredit the good name of the Pushkin couple. Alexander Sergeevich could not live “slandered by rumors” and put an end to dishonor at the cost of his own life.

The poet's soul could not bear

The shame of petty insults,

He rebelled against the opinions of the world

Alone, as before ... and killed!

But the "wonderful genius" of Pushkin illuminates with his radiant light the lives of many and many generations of descendants, and the "empty heart" of Dantes did not find happiness on earth and good memory after death. And as Lermontov said, “The executioners of Freedom, Genius and Glory” will not be able to wash away the righteous blood with their “black blood of the Poet!”

Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov also fought a duel, defending his honor. He was killed by Martynov. Still quite a young genius poet, who created immortal works, caused irritation and anger of idle worthless envious people and, like Pushkin, accepted death for his honor.

The history of the Russian duel of the 19th century is the history of human tragedies, high impulses and passions. The concept of honor in the noble society of that time is connected with the dueling tradition. The readiness to pay with life for the inviolability of one's personal dignity implied a keen awareness of this dignity, a highly developed sense of honor. In addition, the underlying consciousness prompted duels, that the highest justice must be done and the right must win.

Often duels arose for the slightest provocation. So in Pushkin's poem "Eugene Onegin" Lensky challenged his friend Onegin to a duel because of unreasonable jealousy. Having "an ardent and rather strange spirit," "he was ignorant at heart." In love with the stupid and windy Olga, Lensky did not see her shortcomings. Onegin, not being a romantic, like Lensky, wanted to play a trick on him out of boredom. No bloodshed was inflicted. It was clear to everyone that it was a misunderstanding. However, Lensky did not want to give in.

Onegin reacted with annoyance and even contempt for the duel, in which he was involved against his own will. He was sincerely upset by the bloody outcome of the duel. Lensky died “in the bloom of joyful hopes”, offended by a friend, paying with his life for the insult: “A poet, a pensive dreamer, was killed by a friendly hand!”

Breters were not uncommon among the duelists. Breter is a man who flaunted his readiness and ability to fight anywhere and with anyone. The risk of the breter was ostentatious, and the killing of the enemy was part of his calculations. It was a mixture of posturing and cruelty.

Negative options for a duel are also depicted by Pushkin in the story "The Shot". The hero of the story, Silvio, is looking for a pretext for a fight in order to assert his superiority in the hussar regiment; Bretersky habits are felt in it.

Talking about himself to Ivan Petrovich Belkin, he says: “I was the first brawler in the army ... Duels in our regiment happened every minute: I was either a witness or a protagonist for everyone.”

His opponent is a rich count, "the favorite of happiness", who irritated Silvio with his superiority and luck. The count showed contempt for death: he ate cherries at gunpoint. Both opponents acted for the sake of their pride. Silvio's goal is not murder, but the desire to prove to himself and others that he is stronger and can rule over people. He was possessed by morbid pride and selfishness.

The murder did not happen, but Silvio left behind his shot. He devoted several years of his life to achieve triumph over the enemy and to avenge wounded pride. Limiting himself in everything, he practiced shooting every day and waited for the moment convenient to carry out his revenge.

Arriving at last to the count to fire back, Silvio did not kill him, but contented himself with making him tremble and witnessed his fright.

Pushkin describes the morals of young officers, "who usually see in courage the height of human virtues and an apology for all sorts of vices."

In M.Yu. Lermontov’s story “A Hero of Our Time”, Pechorin kills Grushnitsky in a duel. Standing up for the honor of the lady, lowly slandered by Grushnitsky because of her inattention to him, Pechorin challenges the offender to a duel. The cowardly Grushnitsky secretly agrees with his seconds to load only his pistol, leaving Pechorin a blank shot. Grushnitsky's immorality and cowardice are expressed in his dishonorable behavior towards the girl and towards his comrade, whom he envies.

Upon learning of the conspiracy, Pechorin offers Grushnitsky cruel conditions for a duel, or publicly renounce his slander and ask for his apology. Grushnitsky, in a fit of impotent hatred for the enemy, chooses to shoot himself without a chance for life and falls into the abyss, hit by a bullet from Pechorin.

The duel between Pierre Bezukhov and Dolokhov, described by L.N. Tolstoy in the epic novel "War and Peace", also deserves attention.

Pierre Bezukhov is a purely civilian man, prone to philosophical reflections, far from worldly vanity and strife. He didn't know how to handle weapons at all. But he wounds Dolokhov, a fearless warrior, in a duel. Here Tolstoy, as it were, confirms the idea that justice is done and vice must be punished. At first, Pierre sincerely trusted Dolokhov, since, being honest man, could not assume dishonor in others. He brought him into his house, helped him with money in memory of an old friendship, and Dolokhov disgraced Bezukhov by seducing his wife. Pierre Bezukhov stood up for his honor, but, realizing that the stupid and cruel Helen does not deserve to be killed because of her, he repents of what happened. He thanks God for not killing the man. He is ready to repent before the duel, but not out of fear, but because he is sure of Helen's guilt.

In Lermontov's drama "Masquerade", Arbenin, defending his honor, kills his beloved wife, believing in a skillfully woven intrigue. Arbenin here acts as an egoist and a villain who ruined an innocent soul for the sake of his ambitions. Painful pride and a false idea of ​​honor made him a toy in the hands of crafty ill-wishers and pushed him to villainy. Having poisoned his wife and learned that she was innocent before him, Arbenin repents terribly, but his life has already been broken.

So, literary heroes of that era, they called offenders to the barrier and sometimes went to desperate acts, defending their honor, the price of which was life itself.

In the grandiose in its scale work "War and Peace" Leo Tolstoy pays the main attention to the problem of the moral purity of the soul.

A sense of honor and duty, sincere generosity and purity are the guarantee of peace and happiness of people on earth. Showing what troubles the war brings to the world, Tolstoy concludes that only self-improvement, the desire of each person individually to become better, kinder will save peoples from destruction and death.

Tolstoy's favorite heroes Andrei Bolkonsky and his relatives, Pierre Bezukhov, the Rostov family are sincere and noble people who understand their duty to their parents and the Fatherland, who live by honor and conscience.

Andrei Bolkonsky is a strong-willed and principled person. At the beginning of the novel, he dreams of military glory, waiting for a happy moment when "he will finally have to show everything that he can do", prove himself in battle. “For this alone I live,” thought Prince Andrei.

Brought up by his father as General-in-Chief of Catherine's reign, who occupied a prominent position precisely because of his talents, and not because of his desire for a career, Prince Andrei learned the concepts of honor and duty to people and the fatherland. Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky honestly served his fatherland and never served, as evidenced by his resignation and even exile under Paul.

The Bolkonskys are an old aristocratic family. They are rightfully proud of their services to the Fatherland. The high concept of honor, pride, independence, nobility and sharpness of mind, the old prince passed on to his son. Both despise upstarts and careerists like Kuragin, for whom there is no concept of honor.

Prince Andrei dreams of a feat. He performs a feat at the battle of Austerlitz, picking up a fallen banner and thereby inspiring the army that turned to flight.

The image of Prince Andrei is given by Tolstoy in development. As a result of spiritual quest, he changes his idea of ​​the meaning of life. At the end of the book, having been mortally wounded in the battle of Borodino, the "divine love" for people became available to him - the love that should save the world from evil.

Prince Andrei never betrayed his duty and conscience. After breaking up with Natasha Rostova, despite the mental pain inflicted on him, he does not challenge Kuragin to a duel, being above this. In this case, his nobility and sense of honor do not allow him to take offense at his own expense. He leaves Natasha's betrayal on her conscience, because of which she suffers greatly. Ultimately, Andrei Bolkonsky forgives Natasha her passion, understanding her inexperience and also realizing that he loves only her.

Andrei Bolkonsky is connected by friendship with Pierre Bezukhov. These two people distinguished each other among secular empty hypocrites, feeling the unity of views and guessing in each other a man of honor.

Pierre Bezukhov, like Prince Andrei, being in constant search for the meaning of life, never betrayed his honor and always acted like a decent person. He is infinitely kind and able to feel someone else's pain. Pierre's intense inner spiritual activity, his desire for self-improvement led him to an understanding of the infinity and beauty of being. He found his soul, which cannot be killed.

Pierre's observations of the behavior of ordinary people, their wisdom and naturalness taught him a lot. The moral purity of the people, the ability to sacrifice, spiritual nobility were a discovery for Pierre Bezukhov, and he joyfully felt himself a part of this people, part of their spiritual strength.

On the example of the war of 1812, L.N. Tolstoy shows how the people heroically create history. The war of 1812 appears in the image of Tolstoy as a people's war. In a period of severe trials for the Fatherland, the defense of the Motherland becomes a “people's business”. The novel contains many images of ordinary men and soldiers. All of them are ready to die for their Motherland and are sure of victory. "They want to attack with all the people." The whole world is ready to defend the honor of their Fatherland and are unanimous in their decision not to give up their capital to the enemy. So that the "devils" did not get anything, it was decided to set fire to Moscow.

Tolstoy shows honor and dishonor, drawing images of two commanders, Kutuzov and Napoleon - the defender of the Fatherland and the invader.

An invading enemy cannot be honest. The essence of his act is the seizure of someone else's, which does not belong to him, as well as murder. Napoleon is depicted in the novel as selfish and narcissistic, haughty and arrogant. He wanted to enslave the Russian people and claimed world domination.

The figure of Kutuzov is opposite to Napoleon. He is depicted as the leader of a just people's war, connected with the people by close spiritual ties. This was his strength as a commander. Kutuzov's deep patriotic feelings, his love for the Russian people and hatred for the enemy, his closeness to the soldier distinguished him as a man of honor and high morality.

Tolstoy sees in the people a source of spirituality and morality, necessary for the whole society. According to Tolstoy, those nobles who stand closer to the people are moral and honest. They have a stronger patriotic feeling. Conversely, those nobles who distance themselves from their people and abhor them are callous and soulless.

In love for the Motherland, Prince Andrei Bolkonsky and the soldiers of his regiment are equal. In the regiment they called him "our prince", they were proud of him and loved him. Platon Karataev, a man from the people, became the spiritual teacher of Pierre Bezukhov. The soldiers called Pierre "our master."

Tolstoy opposes the false patriotism of the secular nobility to popular patriotism. The main goal of these people is to catch "crosses, rubles, ranks." The upper world was characterized by traits of duplicity and hypocrisy. Life in carefree luxury dulled the sense of honor and duty.

In the Patriotic War of 1812, a huge moral force was concluded, which cleansed and reborn Tolstoy's heroes. Their destinies followed the same path as the fate of the people. They came to the understanding that by defending the honor of their Fatherland, they preserve their honor.

List of used literature.

1. A. S. Pushkin:

"Captain's daughter"

"Eugene Onegin"

"Shot"

2. M. Yu. Lermontov

"Death of poet"

"Hero of our time"

"Masquerade"

3. L. N. Tolstoy.

There are many concepts of honor. For example, military honor, knightly honor, officer honor, noble honor, merchant's word of honor, working honor, maiden honor, professional honor. And then there is the honor of the school, the honor of the city, the honor of the country.

Some private problematic issues that can be found in texts:

What is the essence of these types of honor?

What does it take to preserve honor from a young age?

Honor: a burden or a boon?

Is it possible to tarnish the "honor of the uniform"?

What is a "field of honor"? What is protected in this field?

What is a court of "cadet honor"? What could be his verdict?

Is the word "honor" modern today?

Peter Grinev. The story of A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

Nikolay Rostov. Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace"

Andrei Bolkonsky. Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace"

Nikolay Pluzhnikov. The story of B.L. Vasiliev “I was not on the lists”