Monuments of Kuban history. Architectural and historical sights of the Krasnodar Territory Cossacks write a letter to the Turkish Sultan

How often in the bustle of days are parallels drawn between words, does the average person think about the origin and meaning of a particular lexeme? A monument is something that is meant to cherish memories. Moreover, it is not necessary for him to be man-made - enough thoughts and words. Almost daily we pass by monuments, sculptures, memorials, simply old or architecturally attractive buildings that are in any locality. They contain the history of generations, nations, states as a whole. For example, this is the monument to Catherine 2 in Krasnodar. Today, not everyone knows that this city is in the past. for a long time called Ekaterinodar.

Each settlement has a special appearance, its own charm and charm, alluring attractiveness and some often elusive features, thanks to which it is unmistakably recognizable among others. big city it is more difficult to maintain individuality, not to lose oneself in the crazy rhythm of life, becoming faceless. However, it can be noted with confidence that this does not threaten settlements where there are architectural monuments. Krasnodar, for example, boasts a considerable number of them.

Gift of the Empress and Autocrat of All Russia

The city of Krasnodar already in its very name contains a clear indication that a gift took place in its history. Indeed, these fertile lands with a mild climate and an extremely good location were a gift great empress Cossacks who decided to settle in the Kuban. Over time, this city has acquired great importance for Russia, and the monuments of Krasnodar emphasize this once again.

So, in two superfluous century existence on the territory of this settlement arose a very significant number of various sculptures. Monuments surprise, delight, bring a smile or tears, in a word, fill the city with life, and its streets with meaning.

In the footsteps of passing centuries

The architectural monuments of Krasnodar are not just certain buildings that have a certain cultural, aesthetic value, but also one of the faces of this settlement, which opens up to those who can see and read between the lines. There are many buildings here different nature, which were built in the XIX-beginning of the XX century. They survived the revolution and the German occupation, the difficult years of the formation and development of the USSR. There are also many sightseeing buildings of the Soviet period. Each era makes its mark in the form of buildings and monuments.

Religious buildings

Among the host of buildings of various denominations, a large temple in the city deserves special attention - St. Catherine's Cathedral, finally completed a century ago and retaining its domes sanctifying Krasnodar through all the hard times. It is also worth paying attention to the military cathedral of Alexander Nevsky, which was nicknamed the white temple for the purest stone walls, looking up to the gold of the spiers. The unusually rounded shape of the building attracts the eye of the recently built St. Liborius in Krasnodar.

Monuments of Krasnodar owned by the society

No less remarkable are the buildings of the women's diocesan school and the Kuban community of sisters of mercy. In the first case, at the turn of the century, a unique project arose with unusual patterned masonry, chic stucco on the facade and stunning stained-glass windows instead of the usual glass. The abode of the community was an example of the Art Nouveau style, embodied in red brick with a forged openwork staircase. The Mariinsky School for Noble Maidens, designed by the architect Kosyakin and becoming one of the most beautiful buildings in Krasnodar, was also a completely new architectural solution.

The hotel "Central" was a real decoration of the pre-revolutionary city, surprising everyone with its lightness, elegance, and special airy beauty. But the house of engineer Batyrbek Shardanov was considered a building with frills, but how can one look away from stucco and baroque elements, relief images of winged lionesses and a helmet-shaped dome? Such buildings delight with their attractiveness and attract the eyes of passers-by.

Some local architectural monuments can be called masterpieces. Krasnodar, thanks to them, remains in the minds of city guests and tourists for a long time. You can also note the post and telegraph office built before the revolution. Now this building houses the unique Postal Museum and its central branch. You can not pass by the complex of buildings and the military almshouse.

Another attraction is the Shukhov Tower. This is a unique water tower. It was built in Krasnodar in the late 30s. It was she who was able to inspire Alexei Tolstoy for a magnificent novel about the hyperboloid engineer Garin.

Natural beauty

The monuments of Krasnodar are not only sculptures and buildings, but also nature itself. After all, the city is located in a unique area. The abundance of greenery in all its manifestations makes it very attractive for those who love walking in silence and solitude, in harmony with nature. So, the oldest city park named after Gorky is famous for its oak trees dating back more than one hundred years, as well as rare plants, such as ginkgo.

Botanical gardens can also count on the title of "Natural Monuments of Krasnodar". For example, the botanical garden, owned by the Kuban State Agrarian University, has collected more than 1,700 plant species from various parts of the world on its almost 4-hectare territory, and some of them are included in the Red Book. This very quiet and peaceful place with almost tame squirrels and bird aviaries is always popular with those who know how to appreciate natural beauty flora and fauna.

The best time to visit the arboretum run by Kubansky State University, - the time of flowering of rare lotuses, yellow and nut-bearing. In addition, there is also a serious basis for scientific research. You can see how pale pink water lilies bloom on a small lake near a small temple located on the outskirts of Krasnodar.

In addition, more than a hundred-year-old Chistyakovskaya grove with a rope town is of interest - a real find for little fidgets, the Solnechny Ostrov park with a private zoo, and the Rozhdestvensky park opened several years ago with a barbecue area.

In memory of the Liberator

Both during the years of existence and directly already in Russian Federation the monuments of Krasnodar were replenished with new copies, designed to honor those who fell during the hostilities or became victims of terror.

The years of the Second World War are one of the most tragic in the history of the country. You can’t forget them, and reminders will be useful. The very first was the obelisk "To the Heroes of the Battle of the Kuban", which was erected in the last days of the war at the expense of the Cossacks of one of the villages. It is not surprising that the monument represents a rider with a saber flying on horseback. On the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the defeat of the Nazis, a monument was erected on Victory Square in honor of the liberators.

There was also a place for memorial complexes. So, for almost 40 years now, a sculptural composition has been located on the territory, embodying a collective image of all Krasnodar residents tortured by the invaders, whose number has exceeded 13 thousand.

The military fraternal opened in 1985 tells about those thousands of fallen soldiers of the Land of the Soviets who were buried in the city cemetery of Krasnodar.

white guard

The years of the Civil War swept through Russia like a bloody whirlwind. They did not pass by the Kuban either, which was also reflected in the monuments. So, in 1967, a monument was opened to the glory of the soldiers of the Red Army, who expelled the White Guard troops from the city.

In those years, the polarity was obvious: reds are good, whites are bad. However, the Kuban Cossacks never fully supported collectivization and other innovations of the Soviet government. Therefore, among the population there were quite a lot of dead people who fought on the side of the opponents of the revolution. Of course, they were all forgotten, and it was forbidden to mention their names. Only in modern Russia, in 1998, an obelisk was erected as a tribute to the memory of all the Kuban people who fell victim to the Civil War, regardless of their political beliefs.

Monuments of the city of Krasnodar dedicated to the soldiers who gave their lives away from their homeland

About three hundred residents of the Kuban did not return alive from Afghanistan. And in memory of them, a monument was erected in the city to the Sons of the Kuban, who fell in Afghanistan. The basis of his concept was the symbol of the aircraft, which returned the dead to their native land. This monument to this day is a gathering place for "Afghans" who come from all over Krasnodar Territory honor your comrades.

In addition, there is a memorial complex, consisting of a temple-chapel of the Holy Great Martyr and patron saint of soldiers Demetrius of Thessalonica, as well as a memorial arch. It is dedicated to the Kuban people who took part in the liquidation of the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster, in military operations in Chechnya, Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh, South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Transnistria. The victims of the terrorist attacks in Moscow, Budyonnovsk, Dagestan, Volgodonsk, and Buynaksk were not forgotten either.

Walk of Fame

The opening of the Alley of Glory, located in the Mariinsky Square, was timed to coincide with the bicentenary of the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812. It became a tribute to the memory, first of all, of those heroes who brought victory to Russia over France: Kutuzov and Bagration, Barclay de Tolly, Yermolov, Ushakov, Davydov, Vorontsov, Gudovich, Raevsky. The bust of His Serene Highness Prince Grigory Potemkin-Tauride organically fit in here. Although his lordship has nothing to do with the Patriotic War, he left an indelible mark on history. There is also a monument to Suvorov in Krasnodar - a bronze bust of the great generalissimo, installed back in 2004 on the site of one of the fortification lines. To some extent, it is this monument that symbolizes Krasnodar, since Suvorov is credited with the final annexation of the Kuban to Russia.

Separate personalities

Among the city's attractions there are many different monuments depicting this or that figure or fictional character. In particular, figures and busts of K. Marx, G. Dimitrov, V. Ulyanov-Lenin were inherited from the USSR. The latter was especially lucky, since the image of the leader of the world proletariat is in almost every locality of the Russian Federation. Krasnodar is no exception. The monument to Lenin, erected in the city in the 1920s, is the creation of the sculptor K. A. Dietrich. This monument is one of the very first sculptures dedicated to the leader of the proletariat, which were made in the USSR.

There is also a monument in the city - a tribute to the great poet. The monument to Pushkin in Krasnodar is located near the library of the same name. Its installation was timed to coincide with the bicentennial anniversary of the poet's birth, since folk love and respect for him does not weaken. Chased bronze profile, proud posture - this is exactly how Pushkin appears before the guests and residents of the capital of the Kuban.

The first monument to Catherine 2 in Krasnodar was erected back in 1907 and became a kind of gratitude from the Cossacks for the donated lands. However, the life of the monument was short-lived: with the advent of new government already in 1920, the figure of the empress was sent for melting down and safely forgotten about its existence. The long road to restoration began at the beginning of the 2000s, and in 2006 the monument to Catherine the Great was solemnly opened again. Cast according to old drawings, it depicts a wise and truly majestic ruler, surrounded by the faithful Potemkin and, of course, the chieftains of the Black Sea Cossack army: Anton Golovaty, Zakhary Chepega and Sidor Bely.

Based on films and paintings

One of the most curious specimens is the monument in Krasnodar to Shurik and Lidochka. These are the heroes of the popular Soviet-era comedy. "Eternal Students" is nothing but designed to remind students now within the walls of the nearby Kuban Technological University of the importance of education. Found its embodiment in bronze and grand schemer- the Krasnodar version of Ostap Bender is located next to the Golden Calf.

Monuments of the city of Krasnodar include another attraction - sculptural composition Cossacks, writing a letter Turkish sultan. It was created based on the painting by I. E. Repin. By the way, there is a free place next to the Cossacks, and every guest of the city can sit down and take a picture with the Cossacks.

You can tell and write about the sights of the capital of the Kuban, if not an endless story, then a very long one. However, the best solution would be not just to read the lines written by someone, but to see their embodiment in real time. Visit Krasnodar, stroll along its green streets, enjoy the beauties of the city. And be sure to go to local museums, do not disregard the picturesque squares, parks and alleys. And, of course, the monuments of the city deserve to close attention. No one will be bored in Krasnodar, there are always places to go and things to see.

RESEARCHERS
5th grade

MBOUSOSH No. 8

Teacher of fine arts, Cuban studies Panchenko V.L.

Cultural and historical monuments of the Kuban of world importance and their researchers

5th grade

Target: expand children's knowledge about the monuments of the ancient Kuban; to summarize previously obtained information about researchers of historical monuments; cultivate an attentive attitude towards the environment.
Tasks:

Facilitate search and research activities students;

Develop interest in the history of their small homeland;

Cultivate a sense of beauty, respect for cultural heritage.
Equipment: computer with multimedia projector, presentation, map of the Krasnodar Territory.
During the classes

Introductory speech of the teacher:

slide number 1

What is included in the concept of "small homeland"? Of course, this is the place where he was born, grew up, learned the beauty of nature, got acquainted with life. But, in addition to memories of one's own childhood, this concept also includes knowledge of a kind of "childhood", the history of one's native land, knowledge of the names of people who devoted their lives to researching the past.
The most famous historical monuments are dolmens, burial mounds and settlements.
In the course of the story, the presentation is viewed and the geography of the presented objects is tracked on the map.
Thousands of monuments are scattered on the territory of the Krasnodar Territory, which, in terms of historical and cultural significance, are on a par with the famous Stonehenge and are the same age as the Egyptian pyramids.

Slide number 2-5

These are dolmens. For 200 years, historians and archaeologists have been trying to unravel the mysteries surrounding these structures. Dolmens are ancient megalithic (that is, built of large stones or stone slabs) man-made structures of a certain shape. In our region, dolmens are mainly concentrated on the coast. The Circassians have an ancient legend about dolmens. According to him, giants (narts) and weak, helpless dwarfs once lived on the site of their buildings. Out of pity for them, the Narts erected houses of stone slabs for this people, leaving only a small opening so that a very small man could pass through it. Therefore, in translation from the Adyghe, the name of these structures means "dwarf houses".

At present, work on the study of dolmens is carried out no less actively, more and more new expeditions are being undertaken.
Question to the class: What are dolmens? What legends are associated with them? What monuments of world culture do they resemble?

slide number 6

Along with dolmens, burial mounds are vivid evidence of past cultures. Burial mounds are burial mounds of great historical importance. The kurgan method of burial is inherent in almost all nomadic and sedentary tribes that lived on the territory of the Kuban in the Early Iron Age.

One of the most famous researchers who made an invaluable contribution to the development of the history of the Kuban is Nikolai Ivanovich Veselovsky.

Immediately upon arrival in the Kuban in 1895, N. I. Veselovsky visited Yekaterinodar on July 18, examined the sights and antiquities of the museum, created on the initiative of the historian E. D. Felitsyn at the Kuban Regional Statistical Committee back in 1879. The scientist produced photographs from some rare historical objects. And then he left for the excavation site in the yurt of the village of Varenikovskaya. July-August next year the archaeologist studied burials in the area of ​​the village of Belorechenskaya, and in 1897 he conducted excavations between the villages of Yaroslavskaya and Kostroma and at the same time in the city of Maykop.

In 1898, Nikolai Ivanovich explored one of the ten Ulsky mounds (in the present village of Ulyap) with a rich burial of the leader of the tribe.

In 1906, Professor N. I. Veselovsky explored the barrows of the villages of Kaluzhskaya and Afipskaya, in 1908-1909 he continued to work in the village of Ulsky, in 1911 in Bryukhovetskaya and Novodzhereliyevskaya, and in 1912 in Rogovskaya, Maryanskaya and in the yurt of the village of Tulskaya.

It should be said that all the long-term and selfless work of Nikolai Ivanovich Veselovsky was only the threshold for multifaceted and large-scale archaeological research, which is now systematically and annually conducted in the Kuban...

Question to the class: What is a mound? Who is one of the famous researchers of the Kurgan culture? What mounds did he study?

Slide number 7-10

Fortified settlements are also classified as cultural and historical monuments. An ancient settlement is a place where in ancient times there was a city or a fortified settlement.

There are many such historical objects on the territory of the Krasnodar Territory. In particular, the Ilyichevsk settlement is located in the Otradnensky district.

Its first researcher was Mikhail Nikolaevich Lozhkin. He personally discovered and excavated, together with scientists and students of the Kuban State University, the Ilyichevsk settlement, on which he discovered the remains of the medieval urban center of the western outskirts of the famous Alania, valuable for science. The settlement was explored in the 1960s by N.V. Anfimov and in the early 1990s by V.N. Kaminsky. Excavations made it possible to classify the ancient settlement as an urban-type settlement and date it to the 9th-13th centuries. The city stood on the Darinskaya branch of the Great silk road and was one of the largest trade, craft and military centers of the Alanian state in the North-Western Caucasus. There are other nearby archaeological sites various eras.

Question to the class: What is a settlement? What city is located in our area? Which of the archaeologists was engaged in research of this historical monument?

Student performances based on pre-prepared materials.

slide number 11

1st student: Dolmens as monuments of art. By placing the slabs with precise construction calculations, the creators of the dolmens also showed themselves as architects. Almost everywhere, the side plates and the roof protrude somewhat above the front wall. It turns out a U-shaped portal. The back wall is usually lower than the front, and the roof lies sloping. All this made it possible to single out the structural elements in the building - the arch-bearing supports and to express a sense of the strength, inviolability of the dolmen. It was the desire for strength that required the construction of dolmens from five large slabs, and not from paving stones or torn stone. Solidity, invincibility makes the Caucasian tombs related to the Egyptian pyramids. The similarity is natural. Both were supposed to serve as eternal dwellings for people who considered this life a temporary haven and embodied faith in another life in monumental stone tombs. Outside, the dolmens were not decorated in any way, although their walls are an ideal plane for an ornamental frieze. But such a frieze will inevitably destroy the plane of everything architectural structure. Therefore, in those rare cases when there is an ornament on the dolmens, it is reduced to narrow belts of the pattern: for example, in the valley of the river. Zhane - zigzags on the portal of the side plates protruding in front of the entrance to the dolmen. The solidity of the walls is not broken by this.
slide number 12

2nd student: Big Maykop mound - monument of the Bronze Age. Having world fame, served as a standard for highlighting the Maikop culture. Investigated in Maikop (now it is Kurgannaya Street) in 1897 on the instructions of Professor N.I. Veselovsky. Under the embankment, over 10 m high, there was a burial pit, divided by wooden partitions into three parts. In the cells, a man and two women lay in a crouched position, on their right side; the man was covered with a veil richly embroidered with gold plaques in the form of walking bulls and lions. Next to it were 8 silver rods, tools made of bronze and stone, weapons, ceramics, 14 silver and 2 gold vessels. Near the women were also jewelry. Finds from the burial mound date back to the 3rd millennium BC. and still surpass in richness other complexes of the Maykop culture.
slide number 13

3rd student: Elizabethan settlement - located on the southern edge of St. Elizabethan, stretched along the root terrace of the Kuban River. The area of ​​the posad is built up with estates of the village. It is original in that it has two mound-shaped citadels surrounded by a common moat. This part of the settlement was not built up and is available for inspection. In the cliff of the terrace, cultural layers are exposed, and fragments of ceramics, bones and other objects are crumbling to its foot. It has been studied since 1934 by V.L. Gorodtsov, V.P. Shilov, M.V. Pokrovsky, N.V. Anfimov. It has been established that the settlement has existed since the 5th century BC as a fortified settlement of the Meotian tribe and a trading post of the Bosporan Greeks. A center of crafts, primarily of ceramic production. The area of ​​the settlement was up to 200 x 500 m. In addition, a separate ditch and rampart cut off several more hectares from the steppe (the latter has not been preserved). The cemeteries of the settlement are known.

Teacher's word:

slide 14-15

Time changes, old cultures disappear, new ones come in their place. But we, the descendants, are obliged to preserve and increase knowledge about them. Without the past, there would never be a present or a future.

Summary of the lesson.

Grading.

Homework:

slide number 16

prepare mini-messages about various cultural monuments.

Plan

1. 
   Name
2. 
   Location
3. 
   Who researched

List of used literature

1. 
   Trekhbratov B.A. "Who is who in Kuban studies". Bibliographic dictionary-reference book. Publishing house "Tradition", 2007.
2. 
   Bardadym V.P. "Guardians of the land of the Kuban". Krasnodar: "Soviet Kuban", 1998.
3. 
   Dolmens. Tourist guide.

The Kuban is one of those regions of Russia where the most fierce battles took place during the Great Patriotic War. IN military history our region a huge number of tragic and at the same time glorious pages associated with the exploits of the defenders of the Fatherland. And it is very gratifying that they are worthily immortalized in metal and stone. According to the Department of State Protection of Objects cultural heritage Krasnodar Territory, we have almost one and a half thousand monuments of military history, which are included in the relevant state register and are protected by law. Among them are mass graves and single burials, memorial complexes and obelisks. But there are still a significant number of small memorial signs of local significance that are not included in the state register and are not considered objects of cultural heritage, but also help to preserve memory.

Monuments of the war in our region were created over several decades, but perhaps the most significant number of them were opened on the thirtieth anniversary of the Victory. For example, in 1975, a memorial to the soldiers-liberators of Krasnodar was solemnly opened, depicting an armed soldier advancing on the banner of the Third Reich. Many monuments, in fact, were created in stages over several years. For example, the famous memorial complex "Hill of Heroes" in the Krymsky region acquired its current appearance more than once. Part of the Victory monuments appeared on the site of modest signs and obelisks that were installed immediately after the war. At the same time, in some places in our region, statues erected back in the forties have been preserved almost unchanged.

Of course, both large-scale monuments and small obelisks are equally important. All of them are needed so that we do not forget about the war and the fallen defenders of the Fatherland. But, just as the memory itself cannot be preserved by “inertia” and requires refreshment, so the statues need regular care and maintenance. This work has its own nuances.

- The vast majority of our war monuments have the status of regional significance, - says Vera Fedyun, Leading Consultant of the Department of Architectural Monuments of the Department of State Protection of Cultural Heritage Objects of the Krasnodar Territory.

- According to the law, the burden of their maintenance is assigned to the owners, which are rural settlements and urban districts. At the same time, it should be noted that the state of such facilities in our region is supported by the joint efforts of state authorities, local governments and public figures. The works are financed by the regional and municipal budgets, sponsors and patronage organizations.

Behind Lately many monuments of military history were put in order thanks to the long-term regional target program"Kuban and the great victories of Russia". For example, last year the repair of a military memorial in the Beysuzhek farm in the Vyselkovsky district was completed. At about the same time, a monument was repaired on a mass grave in the village of Vostochnaya, Ust-Labinsk district, for which a subsidy of one hundred thousand was allocated. Last year, within the framework of the same program, 600,000 rubles were allocated for the renovation of four monuments in the Mostovsky district, another 270,000 went to repair the monument at a mass grave in the farm Belikov, Slavyansk district.

One of the indispensable conditions for obtaining such subsidies is that the local government has the property rights to the monument. But, unfortunately, they are far from being properly decorated everywhere in the region, which is why problems arise. For example, for this reason, almost three million rubles were not used, which were originally provided for the repair of the monument in Nizhnebakansky rural settlement Crimean region. This object was simply excluded from the program "Kuban and the great victories of Russia." The same fate befell one monument in the Leningrad region, for the renovation of which it was planned to allocate 250 thousand rubles. Of course, such consequences make it necessary to conduct an “offensive” on the problem of ownerlessness on all fronts. Often it even comes to lawsuits by the prosecutor's office against local authorities - this extreme measure is applied to the most sluggish.

By the way, about problems. More recently, there was an acute issue with the installation of information plates, which, according to the law, should be on all cultural heritage sites. A couple of years ago, only the Belorechensky district had no complaints in this regard. Behind Last year most municipalities have pulled themselves up, although there are still outsiders. For example, Krasnodar is now only coordinating the texts of information labels with the regional department of the state protection of cultural heritage sites.

Of course, the repair and reconstruction of monuments will continue, especially since the 70th anniversary of the Victory is just around the corner. The need to carry out relevant work by the anniversary date is clearly indicated in the concept of the Kuban and Russia's Great Victories program for 2013-2016. According to the information of the department, the repair of several objects in Kushchevsky, Krylovsky, Beloglinsky and Slavyansky districts is currently planned, the most famous of which is the monument to the Cossacks of the 4th Guards Cavalry Cossack Corps in Kushchevskaya. In addition, recently the governor of the Kuban, Alexander Tkachev, announced that a large-scale reconstruction is waiting for the Sopka Geroev memorial.

“If we approach the assessment of the state of monuments in accordance with modern requirements and criteria, then many of them need major repairs,” says Vera Fedyun. – It has already been held at memorial complexes in almost all regional centers. In a well-groomed condition there are monuments in small settlements, but their overhauls were not carried out. Problematic are monuments located in remote areas, for example, on Mount Lysaya in the Crimean region.

One way or another, local authorities are full responsibility for the maintenance of monuments, especially since it is not always necessary to spend a lot of money to maintain them in a decent condition. Sometimes a lot depends on the presence of desire and initiative, but it is obvious that “interruptions” happen with this. For example, such a conclusion follows from last year's resolution of the ZSK, adopted as a result of on-site inspections. It noted that in a number of settlements insufficient attention is paid to the issues of improvement, landscaping of territories, carrying out current repairs and maintaining the sanitary order of objects of military history. By the way, special emphasis was also placed on the already mentioned problem of ownerlessness. But at the same time, the resolution noted that, compared with the start of such inspections in 2010, there is a positive trend in the work of many local governments. In the positive direction, Beloglinsky, Belorechensky, Bryukhovetsky, Dinskoy, Korenovsky, Krylovsky, Krymsky, Timashevsky and Tuapse districts were noted.

Be that as it may, the most important thing is that there are no neglected monuments of the war in the Kuban today. All experts agree on this.

“I have been dealing with monuments for nearly thirty years and I can compare,” says Lyudmila Selivanova, consultant of the regional council of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments. – In the 1990s, there was a failure in this area, but now we are returning to those values ​​that were lost for some time. Perhaps now everything is as good as it once was. I see this, among other things, by comparing old and new photographs from our file cabinet. I am very pleased that patronage is being resumed and young people are actively involved. Children who have cleaned up around the monument will no longer be vandals.

But how else can you perpetuate the memory of the Victory, the feat of the defenders of the Fatherland, and is it necessary to create something new and large-scale at all? For example, according to Lyudmila Selivanova, now it is better to focus on preserving and popularizing what we have. At the same time, she believes that something new may be needed as it is revealed. unknown pages wars, of which there are many more. But, in any case, small monuments now and then appear in different corners edge thanks to the efforts of caring people. For example, on Victory Day, employees of the Akula special forces detachment of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia for the Krasnodar Territory, together with like-minded people, installed a small obelisk at the foot of Mount Pshau in the Seversky District. It is dedicated to the soldiers of the Red Army who fought in fierce battles for the liberation of the Kuban.

Fortunately, the creation of expensive monuments is far from the only way to perpetuate the memory of the events of the Great Patriotic War. It can be easily turned into a kind of monument and whole city, if you assign him the appropriate title. In the Kuban there is the hero city of Novorossiysk and the hospital city of Sochi. Tuapse and Anapa are cities of military glory, and now many people are calling for Krasnodar to receive the same honorary title. I want to believe that it will.

Human memory is a rather strange and subtle thing. It is well known that we perfectly remember everything pleasant, but sometimes we completely forget about difficult events. But here are the people who survived the Great Patriotic War, she was not forgotten, although, perhaps, they would like to. We, unlike them, have such an opportunity, but we do not have the right to do so. Whatever one may say, after some time only history books and monuments will remind of the war, and therefore taking care of them is a task of particular importance.

About the monument to the Kuban Cossacks On April 7, 2005, on one of the most revered holidays of the Orthodox Church, the Annunciation, a truly historic event took place in the capital of Kuban - Grand opening Monument to the Kuban Cossacks. Hundreds of Kuban people gathered on the square in front of the administration building of the Krasnodar Territory. To thunderous applause, the veil that had hitherto concealed the monument descended. The guard of honor illuminated this solemn moment with a triple salvo, and then the majestic and strict Russian and Kuban national anthems sounded over the square.

How a masterpiece was created… Work on the creation of the monument began on June 2, 2003. A competition was organized and held best project. It was attended by seven author's teams of leading Kuban masters. Months of creative searches, disputes, agreements, and then "jewelry" painstaking work over the casting of sculpture in the Rostov art studio. From Rostov to Krasnodar, more than one hundred kilometers of road with bridges, settlements, power lines, where a massive sculpture simply cannot be made. And then the pilots of the Black Sea Fleet came to the rescue. The Ka-32 helicopter, putting aside missiles and torpedoes, helped a comrade-in-arms to get to his last line.

Gazes of the audience saw a magnificent sculpture of a Kuban Cossack - a symbol of all previous generations, to which, as Alexander Nikolayevich Tkachev quite rightly noted: "We owe the development of our fertile land and today's life." Metropolitan Isidor solemnly illuminated the monument, asking the Lord God for many years, well-being and peace of mind for the inhabitants of Kuban. The Orthodox Church and the Cossacks have always been inextricably linked with each other, granting Great Russia new lands, protecting it from enemies and preserving the ancient traditions of culture. Slavic peoples and Christian morality.

Monument to signalers of the Kuban In Japan there is a monument to dogs-communicators: a large dog with a mail bag. In England there is a monument to a dove who saved the crew of a submarine with her message. In Russia, there is a monument to a military signalman squeezing wires with his teeth. In Kaluga there is a bust of Pavel Golubitsky, the founder of domestic telephony. There is also something in Krymsk now. It turned out to be an interesting instance.

Three meters high. Width - a meter and a half. At the base is a pedestal-shaped pedestal, made, as in the best crypts of Paris, of marble chips. Ends protrude from the sides of the pedestal handset. Huge, designed to perpetuate analog communications. The composition is crowned by a real satellite dish. According to the data sheet, this picks up even weak signals from distant galaxies. "Where are you fellow aliens? Where?" - it seems that this is how the new object of culture asks the sky.

A bit about the master Levon Khachatryan sculpted a wonderful figure from a nugget. This is not his first experience in art. At the entrance to Krymsk there is an eight-meter stele dedicated to the 140th anniversary of the city - the pride of the author. Traces of his innate talent can also be found in Sweden and England. There are Armenian symbolic crosses with ornaments - khachkars. So that's where the life-affirming outlines of the monument to the signalers of the Kuban came from! The sculptor simply remained true to himself. An enviable quality for an artist.

"Pchelinsky" creations Krasnodar sculptor Valery Pchelin became famous thanks to the monument to dogs. Bee dogs, thanks to their noses and paws worn to a shine, can be seen from afar. The people, quick to invent, immediately composed that a tailed pair brings good luck and wealth, one has only to rub them and throw a coin on a pedestal. How successful the experiments are is unknown. But the fact that these dogs will not bite on the leg, that's for sure))).

Until the end Caucasian War in the Kuban region there were no architecturally interesting buildings, which was due to wartime conditions and the class isolation of the region, in which there were significant restrictions on the acquisition of land in private ownership by persons of non-Cossack origin. A typical example in this regard was Yekaterinodar, which in the early 1950s looked like a large village. "Now in this lagging behind contemporary meaning city, - the historian I. D. Popko wrote in his book "The Black Sea Cossacks in their Civil and Military Life", - there are up to 2000 houses, that is, huts, sculpted from clay and covered with reeds and straw. There are not a single private stone building, there are several wooden ones under an iron roof. The huts stand in such positions, as if they were commanded: "At ease, guys."

For Yekaterinodar, changes became possible after the publication of the imperial decree of 1867, which gave the city "a common urban structure throughout the empire", the right to self-government and the conversion of all townspeople to the class of philistines. In the second half of the XIX - early XX century. there is a noticeable increase in the urban area - three times.
In the 70s, an average of 100 buildings were erected in Yekaterinodar per year, in the 80s - 250, in the 90s -300, and in the first decade of the 20th century. - 400 buildings per year.
Since 1867, civil objects (mainly private mansions), buildings of an administrative nature, commercial and industrial enterprises and buildings of a social and cultural purpose have become priorities in construction. Clay as a building material is being replaced by brick, which was made by 19 brick factories in Yekaterinodar already in the mid-1970s.

A noticeable trace in the architecture of Yekaterinodar in the late XIX-early XX centuries. left I. K. Malgerb (1862-1938), who since 1896 held the position of city architect. According to his projects, the city public bank, the Trinity Church (1899) were erected. Catherine's Cathedral (1900), a three-story building of the Armenian Charitable Society (1911), a four-story building of a commercial school (1913), etc.

Since 1905, A.P. Kosyakin (1875-1919), a native of the family of a Kuban Cossack officer, successfully held the position of Yekaterinodar city architect. He became the author of projects for many Yekaterinodar buildings: the Kuban Mariinsky Institute, the post office, the Kuban Agricultural Experimental Station. According to his designs, churches were built in the villages of Pashkovskaya, Kazanskaya and Slavyanskaya.

A famous architect at the beginning of the 20th century. was A. A. Kozlov (born in 1880), who, under an agreement with the military administration, supervised the construction of the Winter Theater in Yekaterinodar. He also designed the building of the Metropol Hotel, reconstructed the Centralnaya Hotel, designed and supervised the construction in 1916 of the SL Babych spa and a large number of residential and commercial buildings.

One of the most active Kuban architects was V. A. Filippov (1843-1907), who from 1868 first occupied the position of an assistant, and from 1870 - a military architect. He owns the projects of such buildings as the Kuban military gymnasium, the summer theater, the Nicholas Church (1881-1883), the Church of St. Alexander Nevsky in the village of Fontalovskaya (1884), the Intercession Church (1888), the Royal Gates (Triumphal arch 1888), a women's gymnasium (1886-1888), a chapel over the grave of the Black Sea ataman Ya. F. Bursak (1895), a diocesan women's school (1898-1901), the building of the Mutual Credit Society, Akulov's mansions and Kolosova (1894) and others.

The architect N. G. Petin (1875-1913) owns the projects of the Ilyinsky Church, the gymnasium, the new building of the Yekaterinodar Theological School for Men, etc.

A native of the village of Pshekhskaya, architect Z.P. Korshevets (1873-1943) designed the building of the Kuban Alexander Nevsky Religious and Educational Brotherhood ("People's Audience"). By order of the Committee for the Care of Homeless Children, he builds the "Shelter", then rebuilds the summer theater, to one degree or another participates in the construction of many houses in Yekaterinodar. Since 1908 he has been the city architect of Yekaterinodar.

On the territory of the Kuban, monuments were also erected dedicated to important historical events. So, not far from the village of Neberdzhaevskaya, near the village of Lipki, a monument was erected from the period of the Caucasian War "in remembrance of the forever glorious feat of fearlessness, selflessness and precise performance of military duty, rendered by a team of 35 people of the 6th foot Kuban battalion, which was in the garrison of the Lipsky post during the reflection three thousand highlanders on September 4, 1862."

On the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the Kuban Cossack army, a monument dedicated to this date was erected in the village of Beskorbnaya at the expense of the inhabitants. A monument dedicated to this significant date in the life of the Kuban Cossacks.

In 1907, in Yekaterinodar on Fortress Square (now the square between the streets of Krasnaya, Krasnoarmeyskaya, Postovaya and Pushkin), according to the project of the Russian architect and sculptor M. O. Mikeshin, the construction of a monument to Catherine II was completed. Mikeshin himself did not live to see this day (he died in 1896), so the construction of the monument was completed by the sculptor of the Academy of Arts B. V. Eduarde. Unfortunately, this magnificent creation of Russian architects was first dismantled by the "combat order" of the Kuban-Black Sea Revolutionary Committee dated September 19, 1920, and then, eleven years later, handed over for remelting.
Four years later, a monument to the first Black Sea Cossacks, who landed in this place on August 25, 1792, was opened in the village of Taman.

The architecture of each city is a reflection of its history - I think no one will argue with this statement. Here is the architecture of the capital of the Kuban, Ekaterinodar-Krasnodar, which has gone through several qualitatively different stages in its development, reflected the features historical character cities.

Yekaterinodar was founded on the border Russian Empire in a strategically advantageous place as the military-administrative center of the land, the troops of the Black Sea Cossacks. The initial development of the city - very rare - had a purely utilitarian character: typical state-owned, residential buildings, defensive structures. Of course, no style artistic idea such a building did not exist. Even the first cult building of Yekaterinodar, the marching Trinity Church, was an ordinary canvas tent lined with reeds. The monumental architecture of the city began with the military cathedral in the name of the Resurrection of the Lord, built in the fortress in 1802. It was an impressive wooden temple, echoing in its artistic solution the traditions of temple architecture in Ukraine and the Don.
Already in residential buildings early XIX centuries, classic features can be traced. An example is the reconstructed houses of chieftains Bursak and Kukharenko. Bursak has a four-column Doric order wooden portico, a triangular pediment. Kukharenko has a triangular wooden pediment carved in tympanum, pilasters, imitation of rustication. But the full manifestation of classicism in Yekaterinodar architecture can only be spoken of in relation to the 30-60s. of the last century, when in both capitals and large cities of the empire this style had already lost ground to eclecticism.

Examples of classicism in Ekaterinodar are the building of the military archive (1834) with the main entrance accentuated by four Doric columns and two side risalits with triangular pediments, as well as the complex of the military almshouse with the Sorrowful Church (1837-1872, the latter has survived without the use of warrants). ) and a church in the name of St. Dmitry of Rostov (1848).
The architecture of the Alexander Nevsky military cathedral, which was under construction for more than 20 years and consecrated in 1872 (architects I.D. Chernik, E.D. Chernik), had the features of classicism (emphasized the smoothness of the facades, centricity, monumentality, a clear articulation of volumes ), and the "Russian-Byzantine" style, which manifested itself in keeled zakomaras, a reinforcing belt, and helmet-shaped domes. Such projects were very close to the "exemplary" ones used in many cities of the country - there is a similarity between the Yekaterinodar military cathedral and the Moscow Cathedral of Christ the Savior, the Kyiv Church of the Tithes and others.

Since the 70s. 19th century eclecticism became the defining style for Yekaterinodar architecture, which then spread almost everywhere in Russia. This style, which arose from the denial of the rigor and normativity of classicism, proclaimed the principle of using motifs of various artistic styles in the decoration of buildings.
The retrospective essence of eclecticism was expressed in decorative imitation of the architectural motifs of past eras. For example, Gothic forms are clearly visible in the solution of the southern and western facades of the Central Hotel (1910, architect Kozlov), Baroque and Renaissance - in the solution of the main facades of the Grand Hotel ( late XIX c.), Romanesque - buildings of a commercial school (1912-1914, architect Malgerb), the house of Rymarevich-Altmansky (beginning of the 20th century) is designed in the motives of the "Turkeri" ("Turkish" or "Eastern") style.
At the end of the first decade present century in the civil architecture of Ekaterinodar penetrates a new style - Art Nouveau. As examples of Ekaterinodar Art Nouveau, we will point out the buildings of the Winter Theater (1909, architect Shekhtep), the hydropathic clinic and the houses of Fotiadi and Kaplan (1915, 1910, 1911, architect Kozlov).
The development of architectural thought led to the emergence in the pre-revolutionary years of the beginnings of a new style - constructivism, which had developed in large cities of Russia already in Soviet time. In Yekaterinodar, in 1916, a building of a postal and telegraph office (architect Kosyakin) was built, close to the constructivist solution (combined with elements of modern and neoclassicism). This is the only building of its kind: in the 20-30s. now Krasnodar architecture has returned to eclectic forms (for example, a residential building built in 1926 on Pushkin St., 53), and in isolated cases - to neoclassicism (an apartment building on Ordzhonikidze St., 69, architect Kpyunkov, 1940 .). In the 60s-70s. neoclassicism turns into pseudoclassicism, copying only the decorative elements of the classics (mainly the Corinthian and composite orders). A striking example of pseudoclassicism in Krasnodar is the building of the central department store (1955).
Mass housing construction in the 60-80s. gave rise to architectural rationalism (denying the decor and highlighting the main facade), the widespread introduction of standard projects for apartment buildings began. In the same direction of unification, the architecture of school buildings, children's institutions, shops, etc. has developed. Complexes of such structures formed the spatial appearance of the new housing estates of the city.
Along with rationalist architecture in the development of Krasnodar in the 60-80s. there are separate buildings, designed in the style of a la "neoconstructivism". The most notable building of this kind is undoubtedly the building of the cinema "Aurora" (1967, architect Serdyukov) with a clearly expressed architectonic idea based on unconventional geometrization of volumes. The cubic building of the House of Life (1965) was solved much more simply.
In the late 80s - early 90s. An interesting phenomenon was the intensive individual housing construction. Combining both frank rationalism, and new, "functional" eclecticism, and modernism, such buildings now determine the spatial, architectural and artistic appearance of the city outskirts.
In Soviet times, artistic stylistic ideas in Krasnodar architecture can be traced indistinctly, "stylish" buildings are rare, and development is overly rationalistic.