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All rules of ethics. Ethical norms and rules of conduct

Human communication is based on some ethical principles, norms and rules. Without their observance, communication will slide to the satisfaction of one's own needs, which will lead to the destruction of relationships between people.

The task of all ethical norms and rules of conduct is to unite and unite all members of society.

The most important rule of communication with strong people: one cannot publicly doubt their infallibility.
Jennifer Egan. Citadel

Every person has a need to communicate with others. Some are more sociable, some are less, but for the main two forms of human interaction - friendship and love - communication is necessary. Any human actions always have some kind of framework, boundaries and rules. What norms and rules govern our communication and determine the culture of speech?

The problem of communication ethics

The ethics of speech communication is determined by the culture of speech. Ethics prescribes rules to people moral conduct, etiquette determines the manners of behavior in certain situations and specific formulas of politeness. A person who observes etiquette, but violates the ethical standards of communication, is hypocritical and deceptive. Ethical and highly moral behavior with non-compliance with the rules of etiquette from the outside also looks rather strange and does not inspire confidence.

Thus, the concepts of ethics of speech communication and speech etiquette must be considered together. The basic ethical principles and moral norms of communication are always considered along with specific rules for conducting a conversation: a greeting, a request, a question, gratitude, farewell, etc. And if almost everyone is familiar with speech etiquette (the ways of greeting, gratitude, congratulations, expressing gratitude and sympathy, etc. are familiar to many), then we often forget about ethical principles and norms.

Ethical principles of communication

There is a so-called Golden Rule communication, the essence of which is that others should be treated the way you would like others to treat you. This rule can be extended to any situation. Thus, the following basic ethical principles of communication are considered:

altruism (willingness to sacrifice something for the sake of another),
virtue (establishing relationships with others from the standpoint of good and good),
exactingness (making demands on oneself and others to fulfill a moral duty, responsibility),
justice,
parity (equality between people), etc.
Thanks to benevolence, sincerity and openness, trust arises between people, without which communication is impossible. In communication, the following moral qualities of a person are also manifested: honesty, truthfulness, kindness, respectful attitude to others, caring for others, courtesy, etc.

The ethical principles of communication also affect the content of the speech itself. It should be logical, understandable to both parties, polite, meaningful, truthful and expedient. The question of brevity as the sister of talent, everyone decides for himself. To some, a short speech seems unnatural (it depends only on the personal characteristics of a person).
Types of ethics
Ethical norms of communication can be conditionally divided into mandatory and recommended. Obligatory ethical norm is observance of the principle "Do no harm". In order not to harm a person through communication, it is important to restrain negative emotions, do not insult another, do not humiliate, do not be rude and do not envy.

Ethical norms are also determined by the motives of communication:

The appearance of a person is of great importance, but his behavior is more important. Your success in this or that business, as well as the ability to achieve your goals, will depend on how courteous and polite you are with others. In this article, we will look at the ethical standards that should be followed.

Peculiarities

Ethical norms are a certain set of rules that determines behavior when interacting with other people. The main goal is to make contacts pleasant and more effective for everyone. If you do not follow etiquette, this will not lead to any penalties in the form of criminal or administrative liability. However, such behavior will be condemned by others. It is important to remember that all our actions characterize us as a person.

The science of morality is now not taught in all educational institutions. That is why many young people are rude and tactless, do not know how to behave in various situations. It is important to educate modern youth in accordance with ethical standards.

Compliance with the rules of ethics can be achieved when everyone submits good example. Remember that interacting with a polite person is a pleasure. Dialogue with a rude person, on the contrary, is a feeling of rejection, and even discomfort.

There are not so many rules related to the ethical principles of communication: do not raise your tone, do not be rude to your interlocutor, show attention and listen to the speaker, do not interrupt the person and others.

The prerequisites for the emergence can be found in the writings of Aristotle, who first used the term ethics, and also defined morality as a system of values for the regulation of social relations. Already in those days, people understood the importance and significance of ethical norms and rules of conduct for effective life.

Basic principles:

the ability to sacrifice something for the sake of another;
to establish interaction with others in good traditions;
self-criticism to oneself: this refers to responsibility and the fulfillment of a moral duty;
fair attitude towards your interlocutor and any situation;
equality between people: a person who observes ethical standards will not put himself above his interlocutor.

Only with the help of sincerity and openness can trust arise between people, and then communication will already move to another higher quality level.

Building your dialogue morally, you can not only look attractive in the eyes of other people, but also earn respect and trust in yourself, as well as establish the necessary contacts.

Important Ingredients

We have already figured out that ethical standards are impossible without such important components as morality, ethics, code of ethics (in relation to different professions).

Here you can also note the golden rule: treat others the way you want to be treated. This concept is the basis of all principles of morality.

There are other types of ethical communication depending on the field: medicine, journalism, office work and others. All of them have their content. However, the golden rule is a single system that goes through all norms and principles.

One of the components of ethics is business etiquette. The success of any enterprise will depend on it. Effective and correct interaction of people in business will make it easier to establish business contacts, negotiate correctly and, as a result, conclude important contracts. The main thing is to follow the basic rules.

In any situation, always be polite. Regardless of the feelings and emotions experienced, it is important to maintain composure so as not to get into an awkward situation and subsequently regret your behavior. Business Etiquette implies the observance of certain rules in clothing, as well as the creation of a stylish appearance.

Ethical norms are also important in various professions, for example, in medicine. For nursing behavior, one can single out such principles as humanity, compassion, benevolence, disinterestedness, diligence and others. Only guided by these components, it is possible to conduct effective work activities.

Moral standards of relationships

The moral norms of our relationship are not legal. However, this does not mean that they can be easily violated. If everyone starts with himself, with awareness and improvement of his behavior, then the process of building a harmonious society will become possible.

The main purpose of such norms is the manifestation of kindness in a person. One must accept the fact that the soul needs to maintain an inner good climate. Such rules are relevant for any activity of people, violation of them leads to negative consequences. For example, with an active information component modern world When there is access to the World Wide Web, you can find and get any information. Some unfriendly action seen by a teenager can be misinterpreted and taken as the basis of behavior.

As a therapeutic measure, you should have regular conversations with your children. In addition, it will be useful to introduce subjects in schools that will help guide the child in the right way, how to function effectively in society and at the same time observe ethical standards of behavior.

Ethical norms are a system of common values and rules of ethics that people follow. The main base should be politeness, correctness, tact, modesty in communication, accuracy and courtesy.

By expressing respect for your interlocutor, you express respect for yourself. It is worth remembering that every person is a person who deserves attention, understanding, proper treatment.

Ethics rules

You can win over others with the help of good manners and responsible behavior. Compliance with the norms and rules of ethics will help not only create the right impression when meeting, but also earn a reputation as a well-mannered and cultured person. Next, we will analyze the basic rules of ethics.

Tact or sense of proportion. You need to know what to say or do in a given situation and what is prohibited by the code of conduct. In this case, your modesty will play an important role. It's no secret that self-centered people want to always attract attention, to participate in all conversations. It is worth noting that tact is not learned, but this feeling can be developed. The main thing is desire and training.
It is worth noting the tact in clothes. You don't have to follow the latest fashion trends. It is important to simply dress tastefully and be neat. This will mean your attention to the interlocutor. People usually limit communication with a sloppy person.
Assess your way of speaking. It is worth being attentive and sensitive to the interlocutor, so as not to evoke difficult memories in a conversation, not to offend him with inappropriate jokes. Also, don't insult people. It will be considered indecent and a whisper in the ear of a neighbor. During an active discussion, one should not gesticulate too much, spray saliva.

It is important to be accurate at all times, to avoid negligence. You should not fawn and be too curious. Remember that it will be bad form if you look into other people's documents or eavesdrop on other people's conversations. It is not necessary for a person to point out his shortcomings in clothing or behavior. If something worries you, then you need to express it to him in private. If you have been helped or rendered a service, then you should thank the person.
It is important to be in control of yourself. Proper behavior involves remaining calm in any situation. You should not clearly show your delight or dissatisfaction at a certain moment. No need to defiantly leave if an unsympathetic person for you has approached. Also show concern for other people and remember that women have an advantage over men, the elderly over the young, the sick over healthy people.

Society encourages those types of good manners that establish options for constructive communication as opposed to negative behavior. This refers to the way you communicate, sit, move, etc.

Such rules governing behavior are quite effective. Society is interested in every person following them. It is thanks to the rules of behavior that effective management in production, optimal interaction in the team of employees, students, high-quality performance of all tasks is ensured.

Thus, ethical norms regulate the behavior that allows each person to accept another person, to exist effectively in society, to achieve goals.

Behavior examples

Denying the norms of decency is a common behavior among young people. Of course, such a model of behavior does not contain an illegal violation, which means that it is not punished criminally or with the help of administrative fines. At the same time, more and more often in educational institutions begin to pay attention to the issue of ethical standards.

Young people should imbibe the values that adults pass on to them by their example. That is why it is important to behave in accordance with the norms for both adults and children. Examples of behavior are characterized by great diversity.

It is worth remembering that if you are to blame for a person, then you should apologize briefly by saying the word “sorry” or “forgive me, please.” If you need to ask for a favor, then you need to do it politely and courteously. You can say "sorry to bother" or "be kind."
As for movements, let them be as natural as possible. Walk firmly, measuredly and evenly. Make sure your hands don't dangle lifelessly. Move them freely and easily. Do not prop them up on your sides or keep them in your pockets. This behavior is unacceptable.
By the way a person sits, one can speak about his upbringing. Do not do it imposingly, casually leaning back in a chair. Never put your feet on the table, do not swing on a chair, do not sit on it astride. If you want to cross your legs - this is permissible, but it is impossible for the ankle to reach the knee of the other leg.

Man is a social being, therefore, willy-nilly, he has to constantly communicate with other people. And given the fact that all people are different, certain rules were formed that govern our relationship. These rules are nothing but the concepts of good and evil, the rightness and wrongness of actions, the justice and injustice of actions that have developed over the centuries. And each person spontaneously or consciously tries to adhere to them. Depending on what concepts will be embedded in the norms of morality and ethics, whether they will be taken into account at all, each of us can make it difficult or easier to communicate with our own kind. And, therefore, the speed of achieving the set goals, the quality of communication and life will depend on this. Therefore, every citizen needs to know at least the basics of ethics. The rules of good manners have never harmed anyone.

What is ethics

The word "ethics" was first used by Aristotle. Translated from Greek, it means "concerning morality" or "expressing certain moral convictions." Ethics is the doctrine of the rules of communication between people, the norms of human behavior, as well as the duties of each in relation to other people. And most of us, even those who have not specifically studied the code of etiquette, are aware of the main rule on a subconscious level interpersonal relationships: "Treat others the way you would like to be treated." One of the main aspects of ethics is morality. What is morality? It is nothing but a system of values recognized by man. This is the most important way to regulate relations in different areas our life: in everyday life, family, work, science, etc. In addition to the moral foundations, ethics also studies the rules of ethics - etiquette.

Etiquette - a system of signs

Our actions carry some information: when we meet, we can pat a comrade on the shoulder, nod our heads, kiss, put our arms around our shoulders, or throw ourselves into hugs. A pat on the shoulder indicates familiarity; when a man gets up, if a woman enters the room, then this indicates his respect for her. poses, accepted by man, head movement - all this also has an etiquette value. In phraseological units, one can also observe forms of etiquette: beat with a brow, bow your head, kneel, turn your back, throw a glove, hand on heart, stroke your head, beat bows, a beautiful gesture, etc.

Etiquette is not only a historical but also a geographical phenomenon: not all signs of etiquette, perceived positively in the West, will be approved in the East. And some gestures that are acceptable today were categorically condemned in the old days.

Good manners rules

What is ethics, and what rules does it include, every person should know. Below are the basic concepts of good manners.

The communication that we allow ourselves at home with loved ones is not always acceptable in society. And remembering the statement that you will not get a second chance to make a first impression, we try to adhere to the generally accepted rules of behavior in society when meeting strangers. Here are some of them:

in a company or at an official meeting, it is necessary to introduce strangers to each other;
try to remember the names of the people introduced to you;
when meeting a man and a woman, the representative of the weaker sex is never presented first, the exception is the situation if the man is the president or the meeting is purely business in nature;
the younger ones are presented as the older ones;
when presenting, you must stand up if you are sitting;
after meeting, the conversation begins with a senior in position or age, with the exception of the case when an awkward pause occurs;
being with strangers at the same table, before starting a meal, you need to get to know your neighbors;
shaking hands, look into the face of the one you greet;
the palm should be stretched strictly vertically, edge down - this means "communication on an equal footing";
remember that any non-verbal gesture means no less than the spoken word;
when shaking hands on the street, be sure to remove the glove, with the exception of women;
when meeting, the first question after greeting should be “How are you?” or "How are you?";
during the conversation, do not touch on issues that may be unpleasant to the interlocutor;
do not discuss what concerns opinions and tastes;
do not praise yourself;
watch the tone of the conversation, remember that neither work, nor family relationships, nor your mood give you the right to be impolite with others;
it is not customary to whisper in the company;
if, when saying goodbye, you know that you will meet soon, you should say: “Goodbye!”, “See you!”;
saying goodbye forever or for a long time, say: "Goodbye!";
at an official event, you must say: “Let me say goodbye!”, “Let me say goodbye!”.

Teaching children about secular ethics

In order for a child to grow into a worthy member of society, he must know what ethics is. The child needs not only to talk about the rules of behavior in society, at the table, at school, but also to demonstrate and confirm these rules by his own example. No matter how much you tell your child that it is necessary to give way to older people in transport, without setting an example for him on your own, you will never teach him to do this. Not every child is taught the basics at home secular ethics. Therefore, this gap is trying to fill the school. Recently, the subject "Fundamentals of secular ethics" has been included in the school curriculum. At the lessons, children are told about the rules and norms of behavior in various places, they are taught culinary etiquette, proper table setting, and much more. Also, teachers talk about the principles of morality, discuss what is good and bad. This item is essential for a child. After all, knowing how to behave in society, it will be easier and more interesting for him to live.

What's happened

There is such a thing as a code of professional ethics. These are the rules governing professional activity. Every profession has its own code. So, doctors have a rule of non-disclosure of medical secrets, lawyers, businessmen - all adhere to a code of ethics. Every self-respecting company has its own corporate code. Such enterprises value their reputation more than finances.

Conclusion

A man without etiquette is a savage, a barbarian. It is the rules of morality that give a person the right to consider himself the crown of creation. By teaching your child what ethics is from an early age, you increase his chances of growing up as a full-fledged member of society.

Normativity is a property of morality and law that allows regulating people's behavior, and at the same time, the result of the operation of traditions and norms of relationships between people and the social environment.

For a correct understanding, one should distinguish between traditions and norms, not identify them social functions. Traditions are a specific, creative way of functioning of norms and stereotypes of behavior. Stereotypes help to remove uncertainty, eliminate ambiguity and thereby facilitate the process of organizing one's own behavior for a person.

Any social and legal norms (from lat. norma - a rule, an example) are generally intended to influence the volitional behavior of people, and the relationship between the individual and society is the subject of this regulation.

Codes of conduct are generally accepted patterns of behavior. Depending on the type of social control, norms of behavior are habitual cultural patterns of activity and customs accepted in society or a social group and not valid outside it. The content side of the norms of behavior is to keep the individual from committing actions and deeds that are incompatible with accepted laws and moral customs, through the threat of punishment or the expression of public contempt.

The ethical norm of behavior is one of the simplest forms of moral requirements for a person, acting, on the one hand, as an element of moral relations (custom), constantly reproduced by the power of mass habit, example, supported public opinion, and on the other - as a form of moral consciousness, formulated as a command to oneself, requiring strict implementation based on one's own ideas about good and evil, duty, conscience, justice.

Ethical norms of behavior are formed in the process of the evolutionary development of mankind, taking the form of universal moral values, developed by each society in its concrete historical originality, as well as by individual social groups and each individual separately.

By belonging to the carriers of value, one can distinguish general, general, group and personal ethical norms.

Universal Ethics express the universal moral requirements of the hostel. They are formulated in the "golden" rule of ethics: act towards others as you would like them to act towards you.

General ethics morality prevailing in a society extend their requirements to all members of a given society without exception, acting as a means of regulating and evaluating relations and interactions between people. In the process of expansion; social experience, each person is included in various social groups, being, as a rule, simultaneously a member of several groups.

Group ethics ensure the inclusion of the individual in the group, in the processes and mechanisms of group interaction and influence all types of behavior, including when he becomes a member of another group. Occupying a certain position in the team, a person assimilates the given and develops personal norms, prescribes his own position and forms of behavior in which the process of his existence as a person is realized.

Personal ethics act as a characteristic of the subjective "inner" world of man. They are related to his idea of himself and for this reason do not need to be "assimilated" and "accepted". Following personal ethical standards is primarily associated with a sense of self-respect, high self-esteem, confidence in one's actions. Departure from these norms is always associated with a sense of guilt (conscience) - self-condemnation and even a violation of the integrity of the individual.

Thus, the behavior of a person carrying out professional service activities is difficult to determine. It is controlled by both external ethical regulators (universal values, morality prevailing in society, group norms) and internal mechanisms of self-regulation (self-consciousness, self-esteem, motivational sphere, attitudes on the basis of which personal norms are formed). External and internal regulators are in a complex dynamic contradictory interaction.

At every moment they grant a person the right to moral
choice based on external requirements.

Professional ethics and culture of behavior of a lawyer

Lecture plan

1. Professional ethics of a lawyer. professional moral standards.

2. Service etiquette, professional tact, manners.

3. Culture of speech and appearance of a lawyer.

Basic concepts

Professional ethics, courtesy, professional tact, modesty, honesty, exactingness.

Lecture content

Professional ethics due to the peculiarities of certain professions in which people perform the same professional functions, develop special traditions, unite on the basis of professional solidarity, maintain the reputation of their professional group.

Professional ethics matters, first of all, for professions, the object of which is a person. Representatives of these professions are in constant communication with other people, are associated with moral relationships, there are "moral codes" of people. Such are the ethics of a teacher, a doctor, a judge.

The ethics of a doctor is to do everything for the sake of the patient's health, to keep medical secrets.

Pedagogical ethics - obliges to respect the personality of the student and show due exactingness to him, maintain his own reputation, take care of the moral trust of society in the teacher.

The ethics of a scientist is the requirement of disinterested service to the truth, tolerance for other opinions.

The ethics of an officer obliges him to wholeheartedly serve the Fatherland. Take care of subordinates, protect the honor of an officer.

Professional ethics is a set of rules of people's behavior, constituting a specific moral code for people of a certain profession.

Legal ethics is determined by the specifics of the profession of a lawyer, the peculiarities of his moral and social status.

The activity of a judge, prosecutor, investigator is of a state nature, since they are officials, representatives of power, exercise power, and their actions and decisions affect the rights and interests of citizens. Consequently, lawyers must have a heightened sense of duty, a developed sense of responsibility for their actions, actions and decisions. Lawyers must abide by the law and are themselves examples of the rule of law. A feature of the professional activity of a lawyer is the publicity of its implementation or results. The investigator conducts an investigation under conditions of non-disclosure of the investigation data, but everything that he has collected in a criminal case becomes the property of a public court.

All the requirements of morality apply to the behavior of a lawyer both in the sphere of service and in everyday extracurricular activities.

Adopted in 1993, the Code of Honor of a Judge of the Russian Federation definitely extends the requirements of the ethics of a judge to his non-professional activities.

For example, a judge may not, in any form, disclose the secrets of a conference of judges; a lawyer who learns from the defendant that it was he who committed the crime in conditions where the defendant falsely insists on his innocence in court is not entitled to testify against the defendant.

legal ethics can be called a moral code of lawyers of various specialties: a judge, a prosecutor, a lawyer, an investigator, a legal adviser, an arbitrator, a notary, police officers, justice bailiffs, scientists - jurists. At the same time, it is quite legitimate to talk about the ethics of a judge, prosecutorial ethics, investigative ethics, the ethics of a lawyer, the ethics of an arbitrator, a legal adviser, a notary. (

For some types professional activity society makes high moral demands, requires highly qualified employees in the performance of their professional duties. This is the legal profession.

Professional ethics - a set of moral norms that determine a person's attitude to his professional duty. basis professional ethics lawyers are the principles of respect for the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, legality, humanism, publicity.

Consider the basic norms of official and informal relations of lawyers.

The generally accepted norms and rules of behavior of a lawyer include: courtesy and tact, simplicity and modesty, honesty and truthfulness, frankness and directness, generosity and generosity, responsiveness and sensitivity, moral purity, mutual assistance, mutual respect and other norms of the community, without which a normal existence is impossible. society.

Politeness - this is an external manifestation of internal culture, namely, a respectful attitude towards a person.

Politeness includes: respectful attitude towards people, kindness, attentiveness and showing interest in a person, readiness to help in time and provide a service to everyone who needs it; give way, way, skip ahead, etc.; the desire not to disturb a person with their actions, the habit of apologizing for the inconvenience caused to a person, etc. The opposite of politeness is rudeness, rudeness, a manifestation of arrogance and a dismissive attitude towards people.

Sensitivity to people associated with polite treatment breeds delicacy. A delicate person by his behavior can prevent any rudeness. Having assessed the situation, he chooses such words and acts in such a way that the conflict that has arisen is exhausted.

Courtesy expresses exact and at the same time restrained observance external forms respect. Correctness is a politely strict, cold, officially respectful attitude towards a person.

Professional tact- this is a manifestation in relation to other people of a sense of proportion, restraint, foresight and decency. A sense of proportion, tact is necessary in the official relations of a lawyer (the relationship of the boss to subordinates and subordinates to the boss, in the relationship of employees among themselves); in behavior in public places (on the street, transport, theater, cinema, etc.); in everyday life - when receiving guests, etc. The main purpose of tact in all respects is to create optimal, most favorable conditions for communication between people, eliminate the causes leading to conflict situations, and maintain mutual respect and goodwill between people.

Developing a sustainable internal measure of behavior is one of the most important tasks moral education lawyer. It is true that tact is not learned by heart, but is developed by mastering the entire system moral values, self vigorous activity and moral education.

Dignity, along with conscience and honor, is one of the ways a person realizes his responsibility to himself as a person and to society. High self-esteem, based on the correct assessment of one's capabilities and abilities, knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses of one's character, is a necessary property of the culture of communication, the style of behavior of each person.

Modesty- a moral quality that manifests itself in the fact that a lawyer does not recognize and does not flaunt his special merits, virtues and special rights, voluntarily submits to the requirements of discipline, treats all people with respect and at the same time is critical of his own merits and shortcomings.

Honesty- a moral quality, including truthfulness, adherence to principles, fidelity to the obligations assumed, conviction in the rightness of the cause, sincerity to others and to oneself. This is directness of actions and behavior, firmness, adherence to principles, fidelity to one's word, arising from a person's deep ideological conviction. The antipodes of honesty are deceit, lies, theft, squabbling, hypocrisy.

Truthfulness- a moral quality that characterizes a person who has made it a rule for himself to tell only the truth, not to hide from other people and himself the actual state of affairs.

integrity– moral quality, meaning fidelity to a certain idea in beliefs and its consistent manifestation in behavior. Principle is closely connected with exactingness and sensitivity.

Demanding b - to people and to oneself - the presentation of high moral requirements for a person and the recognition of his responsibility for their implementation. Demanding must be combined with genuine respect for human dignity.

All these norms are organically connected and condition each other. In an ill-bred person, boldness becomes rudeness, learning becomes pedantry, wit becomes buffoonery, simplicity becomes uncouthness, good nature becomes flattery.

A person's culture is judged not only by his appearance and demeanor, but also by his ability to speak competently and express his thoughts.

A culture of speech – component the general culture of a person, the ability to accurately, expressively convey their thoughts. The culture of speech implies knowledge of the norms of the language, its expressive possibilities. Language is a way of expressing thoughts, a means of communication between people, a form of expressing the nature of the relationship of people to each other.

The culture of language is ultimately the culture of thought. In order to write and speak well, one must first of all think correctly. Always try to express your thoughts briefly and clearly. To get rid of unnecessary words - control yourself. To learn good, calm, intelligent speech is necessary for a long time and carefully, listening, remembering, noticing, reading and studying.

A lawyer should remember that his speech, whether it is a speech from a podium, a conversation at a desk, an appeal to subordinates or colleagues in a casual conversation, in a public place, fully reveals his personality, intellect, and psychological state.

The speech must meet the following requirements:

be grammatically and literary literate;

be accurate, clear, concise and understandable;

be expressive, emotional, figurative;

In a conversation, a lawyer must carefully select words, take into account their psychological impact. It is better to use those words whose meaning you understand;

facial expressions and gestures should be restrained, clear, stingy, unobtrusive and correspond to the content of the speech.

The most attractive manner of speech in communication is distinguished by smoothness, regularity, relaxation and, of course, the absence of a cry. When a person easily falls into a scream - this is a sure sign that he does not know how to control himself.

The culture of speech obliges a lawyer to adhere to certain mandatory norms and rules, among which are:

2. Logic (in speech, all provisions are interconnected and subject to a single thought);

3. Evidence (arguments must be reliable and reasonable);

4. Persuasiveness (the purpose of the conversation is not only to convince the interlocutor of the correctness of the information being reported, but also to ensure that this belief is firmly rooted in his mind).

5. Clarity (speak clearly, calmly, restrainedly, in a moderate tone);

6. Understandability (you should use terms and words that are understandable to the interlocutor);

Thus, the speech of a lawyer, being the most important means of interaction between people, plays a significant role in the process of communication and is largely determined by the level of education, culture and intelligence of a person.

The culture of appearance is integral part behavior culture.

business person image

Appearance makes a certain impression on others. If you look attractive, fit, if you are in good shape, then you will achieve universal respect primarily by giving the impression of a person who is self-confident.

Bad manner of dressing physical form, untidy appearance - all this can lead to self-doubt, and in some cases to a depressive state.

A successful image will emphasize the maximum of what is positive in you and give you more confidence in yourself, in your abilities.

Communication skills (the ability to speak well, write a business letter, negotiate by phone) are considered the most important means of a positive image. Neatness and good manners follow in order of importance. By the way a person is dressed, shod, combed, one can judge his intellectual, business and professional qualities.

The work environment imposes certain requirements on appearance business person. In the world of fashion, a certain concept has long been formed - a business suit. When choosing a suit, a business person should be guided by the following general rules: unity of style; match the style of a particular situation; reasonable minimization of colors: "rule of three colors"; color matching in color scheme(inappropriately bright red, bright green); material texture compatibility (wool, silk, summer trousers, heavy winter jacket or jacket); comparability of the nature of the pattern in various components of clothing; compliance with the quality level of accessories (shoes, folders for papers, briefcase) with the quality of a business suit.

The main rule in all its components is the general impression of neatness, accuracy and even some pedantry in clothes. This should make your partner think that you will be so careful in business.

Questions for self-control

1. What is professional ethics for a lawyer?

2. Basic principles underlying the professional ethics of lawyers.

3. What is the etiquette and culture of behavior of a lawyer?

4. What are the features of the behavior of lawyers in official and out-of-service activities.

Tasks for independent work

1. Analyze state of the art society. What are the responsibilities in it?

2. Study the Lawyer's Code of Honor (a list of regulations is attached).

3. What are legal laws and moral laws. What is the difference? What moral laws do you agree with, and which ones would you improve, and why.

4. Look carefully at the people around you and note someone whose behavior, in your opinion, is contrary to the moral standards accepted in society?

5. How would you explain to this person what society is and why it has established rules.

Seminar plan

Problematic issues

1. What moral requirements are guided by lawyers in their professional activities?

2. "Responsibility", "justice", "duty" - categories of the last century?

3. Why is the expression "Meet by clothes ..." important for the formation of a professional culture of a lawyer?

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4. Psychology. Pedagogy. Ethics: a textbook for universities / I.I. Aminov, O.V. Afanasiev, A.T. Vaskov, A.M. Voronov and others; ed. prof. Yu.V. Naumkin. 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: UNITY-DANA, Law and Law, 2002. - 551 p.

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The rules and norms of ethics adopted in the organization act as a regulator of relations, which will either contribute to the successful operation of the organization to achieve its goals, or will create obstacles and lead to the disintegration of the organization. If the administration does not regulate ethical relations, then the regulation process may take shape spontaneously.

The system for regulating the behavior of workers in the labor collective is rather complicated. The employer, having hired employees, must take into account the entire system of regulators operating in the organization. The most important of them are the following: orders of the employer, labor legislation, moral norms, traditions, beliefs of employees, religious values shared by employees, universal human values, group values and much more.

The employer provides the employee with the opportunity to perform certain actions, encourages, motivates him, and if necessary, forces him to refrain from certain actions, types of behavior, evaluating the behavior, tries to correct it by various methods.

Each leader uses a specific regulatory mechanism - a set of means and methods by which he directs and coordinates the behavior of employees. An important role in the mechanism of regulation of behavior belongs to normative regulation, which consists of a number of elements representing a certain process. First determine the goals that need to be achieved, then create a normative legal act in order to achieve the set goals. Further, conditions are created for the implementation of the norms, including control over their observance. It is very important at the same time to choose effective measures that do not excessively burden the employee, do not constrain his initiative.

Ethical norms occupy a special position in the system of social rules. On the one hand, they do not provide for such a rigid system of social control as, for example, the judicial one for legislatively approved norms. On the other hand, ethical norms can significantly limit the personal freedom of a person, more or less strictly regulating his thoughts, feelings, and actions. The "engine" of this system of internal self-control are such motives as self-affirmation, self-identification, superstition, social approval, and so on.

The effectiveness of the implementation of ethical standards in the directive is extremely low. In order for them to become individual life rules, they must be deeply inscribed in the daily practice of a person's relationship with the outside world. The voluntary adoption of these standards is based on actual human needs.

An organization introducing the concept of ethics rules into an organization needs to be aware of the possible motivations for its compliance:

1. Fear of punishment. This is one of the simplest and most ancient motives, which is aimed at satisfying the need for security. It is common in codes of universal ethics that are the essence or elements of religious teachings.
2. Another possible driver of ethical behavior is the fear of condemnation (moral censure) by other members of the group, that is, the one with which the person relates himself and whose values he is guided by.
3. For a person, belonging to a community (professional, social) is often significant. Compliance with professional precepts emphasizes the inner belonging to the community. The fear of exclusion from the ranks of the community for failure to comply with professional ethical standards, which in some cases means the loss of the opportunity to work in the profession, is a strong lever for the fulfillment of these commandments and norms.
4. The motive of the next level is the observance of ethical norms according to a person's personal ideas about morality, confirmation of the correctness of one's life in the implementation of these laws. Here, ethical norms play a wider, existential role, the fulfillment of the moral law becomes one of the conditions for the harmonious existence of the individual. Only at this level, the fulfillment of moral norms is a self-sufficient value, while the opinion of the group ceases to be the leading incentive for their implementation.

The most popular set of ethical rules in an organization is the Organization's Code of Ethics (corporate code of ethics), which is created to make decisions that comply with ethical standards, which defines the values and principles of behavior necessary to guide the decision-making process. Quite a lot of attention is paid to the process of its development and implementation.

The structure of the ethical system in an organization consists of the following elements:

1. Promoting ethical standards of conduct.
2. Training.
3. Informing, collecting and analyzing information.
4. Responding to existing ethical problems and violations of ethical norms, encouraging positive ethical behavior.

Promotion and learning provide knowledge and understanding of ethical standards by the employees of the organization, and information and response provide support for the application of these standards in daily activities.

The goal of all ethics implementation activities is to make the Code an understandable tool.

Since the code is a management tool, albeit a relatively new one, employees need to be taught how to use it. It is important not just to get acquainted with a book called "Code of Corporate Ethics", but to learn how to use it to resolve difficult ethical situations. An explanation of the expediency of introducing an ethical code in an organization, the significance of these norms, both for the organization and for the employee, takes place in the form of a preliminary and accompanying internal PR campaign. This is a way to draw attention to it and launch it into a lively discussion.

Discussing the content of the code is best done in the form of a company-wide dialogue. In the process of discussion, there is a correlation and coordination of individual and corporate moral standards, positions of the employee and the organization. At the same time, it is important to take into account the proposals of employees that do not contradict the interests of the organization.

Thus, the optimal forms of implementation are:

1. Interactive seminars (informing about the code and its implementation).
2. PR-support (designed to explain what the code is, what it is for, how it works, examples of its application, ways to resolve complex ethical situations).
3. Transmission through management, especially the first persons (demonstrating that management not only talks about the importance of implementing the code, but also executes it exemplarily).

Then the managers of the organization become "conductors of ethics", demonstrating behavioral models of ethical behavior.

One can once again note the need for “publicity” of the process of creating the Code. In the implementation phase, this will avoid the resistance of employees to the inclusion of "alien" ethical norms in their value system.

A key element for ensuring the implementation of the ethical norms of the Code is the ability to identify and respond to facts of ethical violations.

To do this, a division is created or responsible persons are appointed, in functional responsibilities which includes receiving questions from employees, analyzing ethical situations, responding to such situations. This role can be performed, for example, by HR specialists, ethics commissioners, an ethics committee, and so on. The specific configuration of the execution system depends on the size of the company. The implementation of the functions of consulting and control can be different - from including as one of the functions in the duties of already working specialists (for example, a specialist in organizational culture) prior to the allocation of a staff unit (for example, ethical commissioner). It doesn't take that long to complete these tasks against the wait.

Maintaining the relevance of the topic in the company contributes to the constant information support of this activity - from publicly bringing to the attention of employees the consequences of unethical behavior to maintaining a permanent column in the printed (electronic) means of communication of the company. In such a section, it is possible to publish both a discussion of specific situations and philosophical essays on moral and ethical topics that contribute to a deeper understanding of the role of ethics in professional life.

Also, the promotion of the Code is facilitated by non-material incentives for its implementation: an increase in the overall score when evaluating employees for the absence of ethical violations, the introduction of an informal nomination "ethical employee".

Although codes of ethics vary widely in detail across companies, most of these codes include four main philosophical approaches:

1. Utilitarian.
2. Individual.
3. Moral and legal.
4. Fair.

The essence of his utilitarian approach is that ethical behavior brings the greatest benefit, creates the maximum social result for the greatest number of people. This approach assumes that the one who makes the decision considers, calculates each alternative with the involvement of all interested parties, but also chooses a solution that satisfies largest number of people.

The concept of utilitarianism is often viewed as a cost-benefit analysis because it balances the costs and benefits of making a decision. One of the disadvantages of the method is the difficulty of accurately calculating profits and costs taken separately. Many factors can be measured in monetary terms (goods produced, sales, fund wages, profit and so on.). However, the moral qualities of employees, psychological satisfaction, value human life cannot be measured in this way. The human and social costs remain the most difficult to quantify. Without such measurements, cost-benefit analysis remains incomplete, and an accurate answer to whether a given activity is ethical or not cannot be obtained. Another shortcoming of the concept of utilitarianism is that the majority can often override the rights of the minority.

Despite these shortcomings, the concept of utilitarianism in determining the ethical activity is widely used in organizations.

The individual approach proceeds from the fact that actions are moral if they contribute to the realization of long-term individual interests and goals of a person. Individuals calculate the best long-term benefits for themselves as a decision criterion High Quality. But in the end, a common good is achieved, as people try to reconcile their long-term interests with each other, sometimes making concessions in the short term. Individualism forms behavior that takes into account the interests of other people.

The moral-legal approach is based on the premise that a person or a group of people have a right to something or have a right to be treated properly. A decision is considered unethical when it violates human rights. This principle prioritizes mutual respect, even if we disagree with someone or do not like someone. Such an ethical concept makes one appreciate the individual. The following moral rights can be taken into account in the decision-making process:

1. The right of free consent. A person can be subjected to some kind of influence only with his full and free consent.
2. Right to privacy, secret, secret. Outside of work, a person can do whatever he wants. He can control information about his private life.
3. The right to freedom of conscience. A person is free to refrain from executing those orders, instructions that contradict his moral or religious standards.
4. The right to freedom of speech. A person can criticize the correctness, validity and legality of the actions of other people, their compliance with ethics.
5. The right to a proper reception. A person has the right to be impartially heard and the right to be treated fairly.
6. Right to life and security. A person has the right to protection of life, health and safety.

The main drawback of this approach is the dilemma that arises when opposing interests are reconciled. A classic example of this tension is the conflict between the employee's right to privacy and the employer's right to protect his firm's property by testing the employee's integrity.

The fair approach is that ethically the right decision should be based on the principles of equity, fairness and impartiality, in other words, the benefits and costs should be fairly distributed among different groups of people. There are three types of fairness that matter to managers. Distributive justice requires that differences in people's remuneration should not be based on arbitrary characteristics and on gender, age, nationality, and other differences. Procedural justice requires that people's rights be controlled and protected. To do this, rights must be clearly defined and consistently and consistently enforced. Compensatory justice means that people should be compensated for the wrongs and insults. In addition, people should not be held responsible for events that are beyond their control.

As prerequisites for the formation of cooperative (ethical) interdependence and compliance with the foundations of the Code, the following stand out:

1. Freedom and openness of information exchange.
2. Mutual support for actions, conviction that they are justified.
3. Trust, friendliness in relations between the parties.

In turn, the mutual trust of the parties is facilitated by: the presence of neutral persons that facilitate mutual success; the opportunity to obtain preliminary information about the actions of another; personal characteristics of the participants in the interaction and their role in the team.

Currently, much attention is paid to raising the level of culture not only outside, but also in the organization itself. There is a complex of reasons that caused the emergence of interest in business ethics and management ethics in particular. Chief among them is the cumulative harm of unethical, dishonest business conduct felt not only by consumers, but also by manufacturers, business partners, employees, and society as a whole.

Ethics business relations deals with the analysis of the relationship of business partners from the standpoint of interpreting moral assessments of the reasons for success or failure in any activity, in particular, in commercial and managerial.

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