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The image of the child in fiction. Immortalized heroes of children's literature Strong personalities in children's works

Virtual Journey Review

Renowned specialist in the development of reading skills in children Irina Ivanovna Tikhomirova, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Children's Literature of St. Petersburg State University culture and arts established the names of the characters - children and adolescents, the main heroes of children's literature included in its golden fund. She counted about 30 such heroes in the scientific publication "Encyclopedia of Literary Heroes" (M., Agraf, 1997) and the book "1000 Great Literary Heroes" (M., Veche, 2009). She unearthed about the same number of monuments to literary heroes-children. Who are these heroes, how to explain their immortality and the ability to help children become human beings?

The virtual journey will acquaint you with the literary heroes-children, who were made immortal by the classics and grateful readers erected monuments in their honor.

ALICE- smart, kind, funny and at the same time sad heroine of two fairy tales by Lewis Carroll "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" and "Alice Through the Looking-Glass" (1875). The author is a professor of mathematics from Oxford and a non-trivial thinker, and his fairy tales are deep works, outwardly filled with laughter and playing “nonsense”. They reflect the author's ability to look at the world with a fresh look of a child, moralizing, boring morality, school wisdom and colloquial cliches are parodied. Monuments to Alice are installed in the English city of Golford and in New York's Central Park.

BURATINO- the hero of the story by Alexei Nikolayevich Tolstoy "The Golden Key, or the Adventures of Pinocchio" (1936), a favorite wooden toy with a long nose, carved from a log by dad Carlo. He is a Russified version of the wooden man Pinocchio, created by the Italian writer Carlo Collodi. Pinocchio has gained great popularity in Russia: he is the hero of many songs, cartoons, films and performances. Children admire his curiosity, independence, kind heart, fidelity in friendship. People carry the image of this hero in their hearts throughout their lives. Pinocchio is an unusual positive character. He has many shortcomings: he often gets into trouble, he is easy to deceive, he does not obey the rules. But readers believe him and recognize themselves in him. Thanks to incredible adventure Pinocchio changes and begins to understand life better. The path he has traveled is the path of knowing the realities of life and overcoming selfishness. The monument to the hero was erected in the Russian city of Samara, Chisinau (Moldova), Gomel (Belarus).

THUMILE- the heroine of the fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen (1836). She was born from a beautiful flower. Everything that happens to her depends on the will of others. She is threatened with marriage to the son of a toad, with Maybug, mole and live in an alien environment. But it so happened that she saved the swallow from death, and then the swallow saved her. Thumbelina became the wife of an elf, the queen of flowers. This heroine is the embodiment of goodness, but she herself is defenseless and fragile, causing sympathy in the reader. A monument to her was erected in Denmark in the homeland of Andersen - in the city of Odense. There is a monument in Russia, in the city of Kaliningrad. And in Kyiv (Ukraine) a musical fountain "Thumbelina" was built.

UGLY DUCK- the hero of the fairy tale of the same name by Hans Christian Andersen (1843). The fate of the hero is close to the parable of the eternal clash of good and evil. Transformation of an ugly chick into beautiful swan- only the outer side of the plot. The essence of the image is in the original nobility of the chick, generously rewarded by nature with kindness and open love. Persecuted by everyone who tried to "remake" him, he did not become embittered. The reader is captivated by the original purity and humility of this image. A monument to the hero of the fairy tale and its author was erected in New York.

LITTLE RED RIDING HOOD- the heroine of the fairy tale of the same name by Charles Perrault (1697). Over the past centuries since its creation, the image of Little Red Riding Hood in criticism and among the people has noticeably transformed. From the original religious interpretation - the goddess of the sky - in the modern sense, he turned into the image of a positive character - a naive and helpful girl. Monuments to Little Red Riding Hood can be found in different countries: in Munich (Germany), in Barcelona (Spain), in Buenos Aires (Argentina). In Russia, a monument to Little Red Riding Hood is installed in Yalta in the Park of Fairy Tales.

A LITTLE PRINCE- the hero of the fairy tale of the same name by the French pilot Antoine de Saint-Exupery, created at the height of the Second World War. This is a symbol of honor, disinterestedness, naturalness and purity, the bearer of childhood, living according to the "dictation of the heart." The Little Prince has a kind heart and a reasonable outlook on the world. He is faithful to love and friendship. It is interpreted as an image of childhood in the soul of an adult. This also applies to the author of the story. Monument little prince installed in different cities - in the French city of Lyon, in Georgian Tbilisi. In Russia, there are monuments in Abakan, in the Kaluga region in the Etnomir park.

MALCHISH-KIBALCHISH- the hero of the epic tale created by Arkady Petrovich Gaidar in 1935 about a little boy with the soul of a real warrior, true to his ideals and heroically staunch in serving them. Natka tells this tale about the sacrificial feat of Malchish to children in a pioneer camp. A large red flag was placed over the grave of the deceased Malchish. The pathos of a fairy tale rises to epic generalizations, interpreting eternal theme struggle between good and evil. Evil in the fairy tale is personified by Plokhish - a coward and a traitor, through whose fault Malchish-Kibalchish dies. At the end of the tale, passing trains, passing steamships and flying planes salute in memory of Malchish. The monument to the hero was erected in Moscow, on Sparrow Hills, next to the Palace of Youth Creativity.

MOWGLI- a character in Rudyard Kipling's novels The Jungle Book and The Second Jungle Book (1894-95). This is a boy lost in the jungle, fed by a she-wolf and became a member of the pack. Mowgli is one of the characters who are called "the eternal companions of mankind." Such are the other heroes of Kipling - the brave mongoose Rikki-Tikki-Tavi, the curious Baby Elephant ... The path of growing up of a boy among the animal world makes the book related to the "novel of education": important moral lessons are presented here in an unobtrusive form. In the image of Mowgli, the writer convincingly showed that a person can live on planet Earth only in harmony with nature. The monument to Mowgli was erected in Ukraine in the city of Nikolaev, at the entrance to the zoo. In Russia, there is a monument to this hero in the city of Priozersk, Leningrad Region.

NAKHALYONOK- eight-year-old Mishka, the hero of a tragic and at the same time life-affirming story by Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov (1925). The story reflected the theme of the formation of Soviet power in the Kuban, in which Mishka also took part, following the example of his deceased father. It was said about the story: "Conciseness is full of life, tension and truth." His hero, a native of the common people, stands up for people, even if he cannot change anything. He cannot get past evil. Reading the story, the child forgets that Mishka is a figment of the writer's fantasy, he perceives him as real, like a living boy. The monument to Nakhalyonok was erected in the city of Rostov-on-Don, where the writer often visited.

DON'T KNOW- the hero of the fairy-tale trilogy by Nikolai Nikolaevich Nosov "The Adventures of Dunno and His Friends" (1954), "Dunno in Sunny city(1958), Dunno on the Moon (1965). This is the most famous shorty of the Flower City, who is said to know nothing. He fills his ignorance with imagination, creating fables and telling them to others. Dunno is a dreamer and a braggart, a fidget and a bully who loves to roam the streets. As a person, he is more attractive than the correct Znayka and other inhabitants of the city. He continues the traditions of the famous fairy tale characters - Chipollino, Murzilka, Pinocchio, but does not copy them. The monument to Dunno was created in the city of Prokopyevsk, Kemerovo Region.

NILS HOLGERSON- the hero of the fairy tale by the Swedish writer Selma Lagerlöf " Amazing Journey Nils Holgerson in Sweden" (1906). Nils is a fourteen-year-old boy, an ordinary child, placed by the author in extraordinary conditions. He, reduced by a gnome for laziness and rudeness, makes one of the most incredible journeys in the history of a fairy tale - on a domestic goose, together with a flock of wild geese, he circles all over Sweden. During the trip, Niels penetrates into closed to him earlier worlds: forests, fields, cities and villages, comes into contact with the world of myths and folklore. He learns the history and geography of his country. The fairy tale of wanderings turns into a fairy tale of education for Niels. By the end of the journey, he is internally transformed. A monument to Nils was erected in the city of Karlskrona (Sweden).

PETER PAN- the hero of the story-tale of James M. Barry "Peter Pan and Wendy" (1912). It is a symbol of unsurpassed childhood. Peter Pan was once a bird and turned into a boy. When he was 7 days old, he remembered that he could fly, fluttered out the window and flew to Bird Island in Kensington Park. This sad story about a white bird turning back into a boy. But Peter did not leave his beloved Park and began to prance on the goat in its most distant nooks and crannies and call the children who got lost there with the melody of his flute. Every night he patrols all the paths of the garden in search of lost babies and takes them to the Magic House, where it is warm and cozy. He is sure: real boys never leave the weak in trouble. James Barry himself erected a monument to his hero on the tenth anniversary of the book's release. It is in the same park.

THE STEADFAST TIN SOLDIER- the hero of the fairy tale of the same name by Hans Christian Andersen (1838). This small one-legged toy soldier made from a tin spoon is a symbol of unbending courage. He lives in the world of people, animals and toys. There were many wonderful things in the toy world where he and his brothers ended up, but what attracted the Soldier the most was the paper dancer, who also stood on one leg. The soldier decided that they were friends in misfortune. The fate of the Tin Soldier was extremely surprising, although he lived short life and died along with the dancer. A monument to him was erected in Andersen's homeland - in the Danish city of Odense.

TIMUR- the hero of the story by Arkady Petrovich Gaidar "Timur and his team" (1940). The work reflects Gaidar's ability to touch the hidden strings of the soul of a teenager, an amazing understanding of the spiritual needs and abilities of children. Gaidar was sure that any teenager, if treated kindly, strives to participate in a truly useful work. Timur became the personification of readiness for active romance. The concept of "Timurovites" has become firmly established in everyday life. Millions of boy readers began to imitate Timur, and millions of girls began to imitate Zhenya. The book marked the beginning of the Timurov movement in our country and abroad. Currently, it has grown into a movement of volunteers - volunteers. The writer himself was sure: "If there are few Timurs now, then there will be many of them." And so it happened. The best monument The hero is life itself.

TOM SAWYER and HUCKLEBERRY FINN- the heroes of the novels of Mark Twain (1876, 1884). These boys are dreamers, playmates and fun. Tom Sawyer is an orphan living with Aunt Polly, a master at playing pranks on friends, fooling around, inventing fables, playing Indians, pirates, robbers. The humor inherent in the writer gives the teenage reader warmth and joy. He is attracted by a true reflection of the inner world of a character who has not lost his spiritual purity and poetic charm. A somewhat different mood is inherent in the book about Huck Finn. The writer denounces evil and sings of the spiritual beauty of the hero who challenges injustice. Huck appears before the reader as a man who is ready to sacrifice himself in the name of the freedom of the oppressed Negro Jim. A monument to friends was erected in the city of Hannibal (Missouri, USA).

CHIK- the hero of a series of stories by Fazil Abdulovich Iskander. The stories about Chica were created by the writer in different time, and can be found in various collections of the author. Chick has long been loved by teen readers. This is a funny boy, and "everything funny has an undeniable dignity: it is always true," as F. Iskander himself said. Chick's adventures are mundane - for example, gaining and holding the lead in a yard fight and winning. The boy has a strong instinct for spiritual self-preservation, something that is higher than the mind. An ordinary fight appears as a jousting tournament, as a fitting for future tests of the soul. Amid the general disharmony, the writer established a school of happiness. He unobtrusively let the children-readers understand why a person is born and lives on Earth. A monument to Chik was erected in the writer's homeland - in Abkhazia, in the city of Sukhumi.

CIPOLLINO- the hero of the story-tale Gianni Rodari "The Adventures of Cipollino" (1951). This is a brave onion boy who knows how to make friends. He attracts the reader with his spontaneity, touching, good nature. He firmly keeps his word and always acts as a protector of the weak. He Chipollino is not afraid of the formidable Signor Tomato and boldly stands up for the offended godfather Pumpkin. The image of Cipollino, for all his fabulousness, is very truthful, all his actions are psychologically reliable, his ability to come to the aid of others is convincing and contagious. Before us is a living boy from a simple family, endowed with the best human qualities. At the same time, Chipollino is a symbol of friendship, courage and devotion. Monuments to him were erected in Italy and in Russia (Myachino, Kolomna, Voskresensk).

This concludes our review of child characters reflected in classical children's literature and immortalized in monuments. Of course, this list is not exhaustive.

It would be possible to tell in a similar way about other child characters from domestic literature- for example, about Artyomka from D. Vasilenko's story "The Magic Box", whose bronze monument adorns the city of Taganrog, or about Vanka Zhukov from the story of A.P. Chekhov (a monument to Vanka was erected in Perm). Vanya Solntsev from V. Kataev's story "The Son of the Regiment", whose monument was erected in Minsk (Belarus), also deserved to be immortalized.

There is a monument to Petya and Gavrik from the story of the same author "The lonely sail turns white." Together you can see two more in bronze - the demobilized soldier Andrei Sokolov and Vanyushka, adopted by him, a little ragamuffin "with little eyes like stars" from the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man", a monument to them was erected in the city of Uryupinsk, Volgograd Region.

And many other characters, no less significant for children's development, could be told. Who will join them, time will tell. It is known, for example, that Harry Potter, created by the writer JK Rowling quite recently, has already been erected a monument in London.

The task of the librarian is to suggest to young readers the titles of works. And then you can arrange Days of Good Heroes and Books in the library and watch how young readers become brighter and more humane from book to book. It is necessary to point to books, after reading which the child will want to become a real person - to the delight of himself and others. So that when asked how you became like that, he could say: “It means that I read the necessary books as a child.” And he did not just read, but put them into his heart forever, in order to pass them on to his children and grandchildren later.

SOURCE

Tikhomirova, I.I. About literary heroes humanizing childhood / I.I. Tikhomirov. - School library. - 2018. - No. 2. - P. 35-43.

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COURSE WORK

EDUCATION AND FORMATION OF THE CHILD'S PERSONALITY IN ART LITERATURE

Introduction

Conclusion

Introduction

Most of the children in modern times grow up with health problems, the number of children who use drugs and alcohol has increased, and juvenile delinquency is on the rise. One of the reasons for the emergence of all these negative manifestations is the decline in spirituality, the disappearance of moral guidelines. The child is deprived of the right to vote, he needs to protect his rights and interests.

The development of morality, intelligence, aesthetics in a child is directly related to the spiritual food he receives.

Especially significant place media and books play in the process of socialization of the child's personality. Children enter the book universe first of all with the help of fiction for children. Children's literature nourishes the mind and imagination of children, opens up new worlds, images and behaviors for the child, is the strongest means spiritual development personality.

Particular attention should be paid to the meeting of the child with the book already in early age, having access to books, supporting and encouraging reading.

One of the most important factors that affects a child's reading is access to a book. It is important that the child's interest in reading does not go out, so the reading process must be supported. Books should be accessible to children, and the reading repertoire should be wide and varied.

Children as readers have their own specifics: unlike adults, children cannot "postpone" reading, because during childhood, the child's interests change intensively. If the child does not receive the necessary books on time, then he either begins to read other books, or does not read at all.

The publishing activity of literature for children requires much more than other types of expenses, and children's literature begins to rise in price, becomes inaccessible to the population. Financial difficulties and the decline in the standard of living of the majority of the population led to a reduction in the ability to fulfill the purchasing needs of books. The only free source of introducing a child to reading is the library.

Small funding has led to a deterioration in the acquisition of literature for children in libraries. A situation of "book hunger" has arisen for the majority of children who are deprived of the opportunity to exercise their right to read.

The significance and importance of fiction in the development of a child's personality determines relevance our work.

Target term paper- to explore the issues of the influence of works of fiction on the formation and development of the child's personality.

In accordance with the goal, the tasks works:

To study the literature on the research topic;

Taking into account the psychological and pedagogical foundations, to study the features of the influence of fiction, including modern literature, on the child's personality.

Course work contains an introduction, four chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.

1. Book and reading in a child's life

The decline in children's interest in reading books in their free time is of great concern. There is an impoverishment of the emotional and intellectual spheres of the child's development, which affects the formation of the child's personality, relationships with other people. There is an increase in the imbalance of topics in the reading repertoire: children are practically not interested in books on "career guidance" and "art", they are dominated by books on fantasy, mysticism and "horror", detective stories. Most of such literature cannot provide positive influence on the formation of morality and ethics, correct aesthetic assessments and development vocabulary child.

The existence of a direct relationship between the skill of systematic reading in free time and intensive reading outside of school books has an indirect effect on the academic performance and the formation of a child's culture.

Most children do not like to read. Sociologists note a decrease in children's interest in reading and the transfer of reading to one of the last places in free time. The formation of attitudes towards reading, the formation of a child's reading culture largely depend on those patterns of reader behavior that are offered to the child by adults. fiction personality child

In general, we can talk about a reduction in the proportion of reading in their free time by the younger generation. Reading is not one of the favorite activities for most children of all ages. Namely, in our time, the development of a reading culture, information literacy, the ability to find and critically evaluate the information offered, becomes especially important (Dmitrieva, 2007).

A negative process that is currently taking place in children's reading is the rapid penetration into the child's repertoire of modern products. mass culture west of low artistic merit - "kitsch", "pulp fiction", "paraliterature". These are thrillers, detectives, science fiction, adventures, horrors and mysticism.

The child is characterized by the emergence of interest in everything unusual, mysterious. Therefore, this interest is satisfied by children to a greater extent not by scientific and educational, but by literature on astrology, magic, and religion. The child very often shows interest in adult literature, and most of this literature has dubious content.

In the process of socialization of the child's personality, the influence of the media increases. A culture called "visual", "video culture", "electronic culture" begins to develop. There is a change in the home environment in which children grow up, and a music library, a video library, a computer game library are added to the home library. In Russia, the “reading crisis” is rapidly gaining momentum.

The emergence of anxiety in the world community is associated with a decrease in children's reading and an increase in television watching. All this contributes to the emergence of a "mosaic culture", that is, an unsystematic set of fragments of knowledge about the surrounding world, to the generation of passive consciousness. The negative effect on the reading of children by the media is also increasing.

The leading motives for turning to television in children are cognitive and recreational and entertainment interests. Television causes a child's interest in the surrounding reality and this can stimulate the reading of fiction books by children. But television also causes the generation of superficial perception of information. In the process, this child's ability to concentrate for a long time while reading begins to be lost. The child does not divide programs into children's and adults, they watch everything. As a result, the specific film interests and preferences of children are leveled out, and there is a convergence and coincidence of them with adults. Schoolchildren begin to watch films containing erotica, violence and murders on an equal basis with adults. Children begin to subconsciously be imbued with the opinion that true values are not so much truth and goodness, but rather brutal violence, supernatural strength and weapons, and knowledge of martial arts (Golovanova, 2011).

Therefore, the reading of positive fiction by children is the main national problem, and the spiritual health and future of the nation will depend on its solution.

2. Perception of fiction as a factor in the development of the child's personality

The development of the problem of the influence of literary works on the development of a child's personality is of great importance within the framework of the triune task of teaching, educating and developing, which faces the modern general education school.

The development of the personality of children is one of the aspects of the educational process at school. Works of fiction are an important factor that has a developing character both for the whole personality of the child as a whole and for its individual aspects (in particular, the emotional sphere).

Broad coverage of theoretical issues of the role of fiction in the process of becoming a child's personality is reflected in the works of many psychologists, including L. S. Vygotsky, A. V. Zaporozhets, V. P. Zinchenko, R. A. Zobov, L. N. Rozhina, V. M. Rozin, B. S. Meilakh, A. M. Mostapenko, G. G. Shpet and many others. The possibilities of using works of fiction for the development of a child's personality are enormous.

Reading fiction performs informational, relaxation, aesthetic, meaning-forming and emotional functions.

Works of fiction appeal, first of all, to the emotional sphere of the child's personality. IN scientific literature to denote emotions arising from the perception of artistic literary work, the concepts of “aesthetic emotions”, “aesthetic experience”, “artistic experiences”, “catharsis”, “artistic emotions” are used (L. S. Vygotsky, S. L. Rubinshtein, N. B. Berkhin and others). This type of emotion enriches inner world personality of the child (Semanova, 1987).

Children's appeal to fiction, contributes to a more complete formation of an artistic picture of the world, subjective in its meaning, since it expresses in a figurative and emotional form the inner world of a person, the relationship of people to each other, to nature, to the world as a whole, the aesthetic properties of reality. Scientific picture of the world, giving a holistic image of the world based on scientific methods knowledge, misses the questions of figuratively - emotional, value, aesthetic development of reality.

Works of fiction as a tool of art are both a cognitive standard and a means for the formation of artistic emotion - empathy artistic image. Literary works are a source of knowledge about a person.

The idea of the psychological content inherent in literature originates in the works of L. S. Vygotsky, B. G. Ananiev, I. V. Strakhov, B. M. Teplov. Fiction acts as a carrier of psychological knowledge, thus being not only an object, but also a subject of psychology (Yakobson, 1971).

The impact of fiction books on a child is expressed in stimulating the manifestation of emotions and feelings; transformation of the core of the personality (semantic formations), familiarization with universal human meanings and values.

L. N. Rozhina introduces the concept of "artistic perception" to refer to the process of perception, understanding and evaluation of a person who is the object of fiction. Literary texts were used to study artistic perception and its influence on the development of a child's personality in the studies of L. N. Rozhina. L. N. Rozhina emphasizes that specially organized educational activity makes it possible to simultaneously diagnose and form in students the ability to distinguish the author's meanings and assessments expressed through the system of artistic means and the emotional atmosphere of the work. The deeper and more accurate the reader's artistic perception, the easier it is for him to enter into a dialogue with the writer.

In the study by LN Rozhina, it was experimentally proved that artistic perception is included in many connections and relationships with various phenomena of the development of a child's personality. The characteristics of a person, who is the main object of the image in books, reflected by the recipient, are added to a certain system of knowledge and ideas about a person whose artistic knowledge is a complex process of interpreting a literary text. The content and structure of the image of a person, formed in the process of artistic perception, are ambiguous. It includes an analysis of the description of his actions and non-verbal behavior, diverse attitudes towards himself, other people, nature, works of art, motives for behavior and activity, the determination of his character, the complexity of his inner world (Rozhina, 1976).

Artistic knowledge of a person ensures the development of the emotional and semantic sphere of the student's personality, the restructuring of such structural components of the personality as sensitivity and aesthetic impressionability, forms an aesthetic position when evaluating works of art, as well as phenomena and objects of the surrounding world.

A high level of psychological analysis of a literary character ensures the disclosure of the diversity, multivariance of its inherent sides and properties, complexity, ambiguity, and possible inconsistency of its inherent qualities and motives.

OI Leinova concludes that the enrichment of students' ideas about a person as a subject of labor has become possible through the active use of information contained in his artistic depiction in books.

In the work of A. M. Gadiliya, a close relationship is determined between the perception of fiction by schoolchildren and the development of their emotional sphere. In particular, there is a close relationship between the perception poetic work and expansion of the verbal representation of emotions in high school students.

The conducted research indicates that high school students do not have sufficient skills in the psychological analysis of a poetic text. The lack of formation of these skills is the reason for their insufficiently complete and comprehensive perception of the image-experience.

According to A. M. Gadiliya, specially oriented work aimed at mastering the skills of literary and psychological analysis of the image-experience by students ensures its perception in all its diversity and versatility.

Students form an idea of a wide range of feelings and experiences inherent in a person, which leads to the expansion of their verbal representation of emotions. This found its expression in the variety of terms used by the students of the experimental classes to describe the perceived image-experience, as well as their own emotional sphere; semantic content of these terms; seeing the diverse forms of manifestation of the described experience; variety of characteristics of the perceived experience; adequate understanding of one's own emotions; subtle differentiation and nuance of feelings and experiences inherent in the personality.

The perception of a literary text by schoolchildren depends on the ability to extract information from all the elements of a sentence and reunite it with their own life experience. As well as in the works of L. N. Rozhina, the necessity and importance of dialogue with the author, the text is emphasized. Real reading is co-creation as a dialogue between the text and the reader.

The ability to adequately express one's emotions and feelings verbally and non-verbally, to control and understand the causes of emotional states, to read the emotions and feelings of other people, the richness of the emotional vocabulary are necessary for a wide range of personal manifestations of a student as a subject of the educational process.

Diagnostics and development of the emotional sphere are necessary to stimulate the self-improvement of the child, to increase the effectiveness of his interaction with peers and adults. Especially important is the appeal to the older adolescence, which in the emotional sphere is considered the most controversial and complex.

The process of perception by a child of works of fiction is a complex creative activity mediated by all the vital, aesthetic, reading and emotional knowledge of the child.

The child's perception of fiction should not take place in isolation from the main tasks of education, the formation of the personality, the perception of the world, spiritual world.

The relationship between the initial perception of a literary work and its further deepening in the process of analysis is a particularly topical issue.

The perception of works of fiction has its own characteristics, which are characteristic of a person's perception of the surrounding reality in all its complexity, the perception of works of any kind of art. These features are integrity, activity and creativity (Neverov, 1983).

In the perception of works of fiction, the main thing is to understand that literature gives the reader a complete picture of the world, the writer's judgment about the surrounding reality. Knowing the picture contained in a literary work human life the reader knows himself. Expanding the scope of a child's spiritual life, fiction teaches independence of thought.

The perception of fiction is not simply the reception of information. It is an active activity in which positive motivation, need and interest play a huge role.

The purpose of this activity is to create an adequate picture of the reality surrounding a person, both given to him directly and refracted in the minds of the authors of the works. Knowledge of the surrounding world and mastery of the values of spiritual culture are necessary for each person not only in themselves, but also for practical use, for interaction with the environment and, finally, to satisfy their needs.

The child is interested in a person as a carrier of certain personality traits. From "inclusion" in the life of the work, he gradually moves to his objective perception, the circle of perceived moral properties of a person's personality grows among schoolchildren, there is an interest in the formation of his character, the motives of his behavior.

However, the child is not always able to assess the personality of a literary hero as a whole, to take into account and weigh the various circumstances and motives of his behavior. But at the same time, many children show interest in the complex inner world of the hero, seek to know the creative worldview of the author.

Most schoolchildren are able to assess the artistic significance of a work by using generalizations of an aesthetic nature in their assessments.

The question of the nature of the perception of the reader-student has another aspect related to the clarification of not only the age, but also the individual capabilities of the students.

A number of psychologists have come to the conclusion about 3 main types of perception of schoolchildren:

1) In the first type, there is a predominance of visual and figurative elements.

2) In the second - the predominance of verbal and logical moments of perception.

3) The third type is mixed.

Each of the three types of perception is characterized, in addition, by a greater or lesser ability of students to adequately perceive a work with minimal or constant guiding work by the teacher.

In all cases, it is important to preserve in the student's perception an element of pleasure that cannot be replaced by anything else, which is mediated by the amount of knowledge and erudition of the student, his emotionality, as well as his need to perceive works of art.

The perception of an individual work should be thought of as part of the whole, as an element of students' literary education, as an indicator of their mental development, social maturity, and emotional and aesthetic susceptibility.

The study of student perception in methodological science has the main goal of improving the school analysis of a literary work.

It is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the reader's perception of various types of literature, which will help to more clearly reveal the nature of the initial perception and its subsequent deepening.

The main feature of the perception of lyrics is the power of direct emotional impression. Students in grades 5-8 are more receptive to lyric poetry than students in grades 8-9, when many teenagers have a temporary "deafness" to lyric poetry. In grades 10-11, interest in lyrics returns, but in a new, higher quality. The greatest difficulty is the perception of not only the specific, but also the generalized meaning of poetic images, as well as the emotional and semantic role of poetic form.

The student reader most often and most of all communicates with the artistic world prose work. The experience of studying prose works in grades 7-9 is the basis of all subsequent work in high school (Marantsman, 1974).

The students' comprehension of love for man and nature should help to form the activity qualities of the individual, the desire to bring beauty into the attitude towards comrades, into the style of behavior, into relationships with family members, into the perception of nature, cultural monuments, and everyday life.

It is not only a matter of saturating schoolchildren with the most highly significant artistic and aesthetic information. The formation of the spiritual world of the individual involves the expansion various areas activities, including artistic and aesthetic. It is in independent activity that the reader's perception of schoolchildren is most revealed.

The world of the writer’s ideas, his aesthetic principles are not immediately revealed to the student reader, however, the lack of purposeful joint activity of the teacher and students in this direction gives rise to an inferior, fragmented perception, when students do not combine the meaning of individual scenes and episodes into a single picture, do not feel the meaningful function of the composition and genre, think means of poetic expression out of touch with the very essence of the work.

The choice of books for independent reading, the assimilation of moral potential the best works literature, the perception of the aesthetic diversity of world literature - these are the main issues that concern the language teacher and which can only be resolved in common system school literary education.

3. Features of modern fiction for children

Fiction is an integral part of a person's life, his kind of photograph, which perfectly describes all internal states, as well as social laws and rules of conduct.

Like history, as well as social groups, literature develops, changes, becomes qualitatively new. It makes no sense to say that modern children's fiction - poetry and prose, is better or worse than that, which was earlier. She's just different.

Literature for children is a relatively late phenomenon in our national culture and the culture of humanity as a whole.

Children's literature has remained a peripheral phenomenon, there is no attention to its problems, there are no attempts at a modern interpretation of its phenomenon.

The question of the specifics of literature for children is still reduced to the repetition of truths about dynamic plot, accessibility, clarity.

One of the functions of children's fiction is the entertaining function. Without it, all the rest are inconceivable: if a child is not interested, it is impossible to develop or educate him.

Fiction contains the “alphabet of morality”, from which the child learns in many respects “what is good and what is bad”.

The aesthetic function of children's fiction is very important: the book should instill a true artistic taste, the child should be introduced to the best examples of the art of the word. The role of an adult is enormous in the child's comprehension of the treasures of world and domestic fiction.

Childhood impressions are the strongest, the most important.

There is no doubt about the cognitive function of children's fiction. In relation to fiction, the cognitive function is divided into two aspects: firstly, there is a special genre of scientific and artistic prose, where certain knowledge is presented to children in literary form (for example, the natural history tale of V. Bianchi). Secondly, works that do not even have a cognitive orientation contribute to expanding the child's circle of knowledge about the world, nature and man.

The huge role of illustrations in the nursery fiction book. One of the leading types of memory is visual, and appearance books since childhood is firmly connected with its content. Even an adult reader, not to mention children, begins to get acquainted with a book precisely from its external design.

cannot be ignored and psychological characteristics child's perception of fiction:

1) Identification - identification of oneself with a literary hero. This is especially true for adolescence.

2) Escapism - withdrawal into the imaginary world of the book. Adding to your real world the world of books read by a child, he thereby enriches his life, his spiritual experience.

A huge role in the selection and perception of fiction is played by its compensatory function. By what kind of books a person prefers, it is perfectly clear what he lacks in reality.

Children, and then teenagers and youth, seeking to overcome the ordinary surrounding life, longing for a miracle, they choose first fairy tales, then fantasy and science fiction (Podrugina, 1994).

The main feature of adolescence is the formation of a unique personality, awareness of one's place in the world. A teenager is no longer just getting information about the world, he is trying to determine his attitude towards it.

Fiction for teenagers puts before the reader a number of global questions about the nature of man and the meaning of his life, and by answering these questions, he learns to live in the world of people. Human relations come to the fore in works for teenagers, the plot is based not only on travel and adventure, but also on conflicts. The images of heroes become more complex, psychological characteristics appear. The evaluative component, instructiveness and edification fades into the background: a teenager learns to think independently, he is not inclined to trust ready-made truths, preferring to check them on his own mistakes. Therefore, books and their characters at this age no longer become teachers and advisers, but interlocutors helping the grown reader to understand their own thoughts, feelings and experiences (Zagvyazinsky, 2011).

So, we can talk about the specifics of children's fiction on the basis that it deals with the emerging consciousness and accompanies the reader during his period of intensive spiritual growth.

Among the main features of children's fiction, one can note informational and emotional richness, entertaining form and a peculiar combination of instructive and artistic components.

4. Stylistic originality of modern fiction for children

At the end of the 20th century, as at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries, society is undergoing great upheavals, and the process of social transformation has not yet been completed. There are certain shifts in public consciousness which cannot but influence the course of the entire literary process.

Children's literature, like literature in general, is trying to master a new reality, which means that it inevitably turns to new topics and looks for new ones. artistic means to reflect the changing reality. But at the same time, modern fiction for children continues to develop in the direction that took shape throughout the twentieth century, and modern children's writers rely on the achievements of their predecessors.

As has been noted more than once, the main discovery of children's fiction of the twentieth century was the image inner life child in all its complexity and fullness. Throughout the century, the idea of the child as a full-fledged independent personality, thinking, feeling, evaluating the world. For modern authors, such an understanding of personality little man becomes a starting point and does not require proof, so psychologism is no longer innovative, but an integral feature of children's literature. At the same time, the didactic principle is weakened, the conversation with the reader goes on an equal footing (Borytko, 2009).

Like many generations of children's writers, modern authors also rely on folk traditions. As before, one of the most popular genres of children's fiction remains a literary fairy tale, in which folklore stories and images.

The main characters of children's books are still the children themselves. The themes that entered children's literature in the 20th century are also preserved, primarily the theme of the relationship of children with adults and with peers.

However, in our time, children's literature not only preserves the traditions of the twentieth century, but also acquires features that were not at all characteristic of works for children in the last century.

The changes in the life of society that have taken place in the last decade have significantly changed the situation in literature. It can be said without exaggeration that the 1990s became a crisis for literature in general, and for children's fiction in particular. The circulation of books for children has fallen significantly, some children's magazines have closed, and children's libraries have been emptied. Only in the last few years has the situation begun to change.

In addition, the tradition is being revived literary competitions, discovering more and more new names of authors writing for children.

However, another problem arises here - children stop reading books, the culture of reading, the level of reading is falling. This is facilitated by various factors, including the development of new information technologies, a revolution in telecommunications (Zhabitskaya, 1994).

A noticeable decrease in interest in reading could not but affect the literary process, and one of the trends in the development of children's fiction in our time is the predominance of entertainment over all other merits of the work.

It is no coincidence that such genres as detectives and thrillers are so widespread. In an effort to attract the attention of the reader at any cost, the authors use a variety of means, including those that are not at all childish.

However, there are also examples of a successful combination of entertainment and artistic merit, when writers are looking for new ways to convey to the child ideas about eternal values and moral standards.

On the whole, modern children's fiction is a mobile, contradictory phenomenon in the process of formation, and it will be possible to draw conclusions about which trends will prevail only after some time, when the situation stabilizes.

Conclusion

Fiction develops many abilities of children: it teaches them to seek, understand, love - all the qualities that a person should possess.

It is books that form the inner world of a child. Largely thanks to them, children dream, fantasize and invent.

Without interesting fascinating books it is impossible to imagine a real childhood. However, today the problems of children's reading, publishing books and periodicals for children and adolescents have become even more acute.

Introducing a child to the "world of beauty" expands the horizons of vision of the world around, creates new needs, improves taste.

The formation of a child's ability to fully perceive, deeply feel and understand beauty in art, in nature, in the actions of people, in everyday life is the most important task of education.

Initiation to the beautiful in any form is the upbringing of enthusiasm, the awakening of an active, creative attitude to the world.

The main means of familiarization with the “world of beauty” is the artistic activity of a person, acting both as an assimilation and as the creation of aesthetic values (Bordovskaya, 2011).

The artistic activity of a person is an active process that requires the creative forces of the individual, certain knowledge and skills, which are acquired and manifested in this activity.

The formation of a full-fledged personality of a child is unthinkable without the influence of fiction.

Instilling in a child a love of reading is especially important in adolescence, when there is a new level of development of self-awareness, brightness of feelings, a constant desire for new experiences, for communication and self-expression.

Fiction is incompatible with indifference, idleness, dullness and boredom, which are so dangerous at this age.

Satisfaction and development of the child's artistic interests creates favorable conditions for the formation of his personality, makes his leisure time, his favorite activities meaningful.

The formation of artistic interests depends on the individuality of the child, his abilities, the living conditions of the family.

The perception of fiction as the appropriation of artistic values is impossible without the ability to look and see, listen and hear. It is a complex process with its own specifics and subtleties.

Perceiving a work of fiction, children can limit themselves only to attention to the development of the plot, the dynamics of the action.

Deep moral ideas, relationships between literary characters, their experiences will remain beyond the perception of children. Such a limited, inferior perception is often determined by the influence of peers, their reaction.

In order for a work of fiction to fulfill its educational role, it must be appropriately perceived.

This implies an important psychological task - to understand how works of art are perceived by children of different ages, what is the specificity of this perception (Moldavskaya, 1976).

Therefore, the study of the problem of perception of fiction is of undoubted interest. The commercialization of the book market has had a negative impact on the production of children's fiction and the picture of children's reading in general: there has been a sharp decline in the publication of children's fiction; with the expansion of the subject of children's books, the improvement of their quality, the prices for children's books, which are inaccessible to the population, have increased significantly.

List of used literature

1. Analysis of a work of art: Works of art in the context of the writer's work / Ed. M.L. Semanova. M.: Publishing house "Enlightenment", 1987. - 175 p.

2. Bogdanova O.Yu. The development of thinking of high school students in literature lessons. M .: Publishing house "Pedagogy", 1979. - p. 2 - 24.

3. Bordovskaya N.V. Pedagogy. M.: Publishing house "Peter", 2011. -304 p.

4. Borytko N. M. Pedagogy. M.: Publishing house "Academy", 2009. - 496 p.

5. Education of a creative reader: Problems of extracurricular and extracurricular work in literature / Ed. S.V. Mikhalkova, T.D. Polozova. M.: Publishing house "Enlightenment", 1981. - 240 p.

6. Golovanova N. F. Pedagogy. M.: Publishing house "Academy", 2011. - 240 p.

7. Dmitrieva I.A. Pedagogy. Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix Publishing House, 2007. - 192 p.

8. Zagvyazinsky V. I. Pedagogy. M.: Publishing house "Academy", 2011. - 352 p.

9. Zhabitskaya L.G. Perception of fiction and personality. Chisinau: Publishing house "Shtiintsa" 1994. - 134 p.

10. Leontiev A.N. Activity, consciousness, personality. M .: Publishing house "Academy", 2005. - 352 p.

11. Marantsman V.G. Analysis of a literary work and reader's perception of schoolchildren. L .: Publishing house LGPI im. A.I. Herzen, 1974. - 154 p.

12. Marantsman V.G., Chirkovskaya T.V. Problematic study of a literary work at school. M.: Publishing house "Enlightenment", 1977. - 208 p.

13. Moldavskaya N.D. Literary development schoolchildren in the learning process. - M .: Publishing house "Pedagogy", 1976. - 224 p.

14. Moldavskaya N.D. Independent work students over the language of a work of art. M.: Publishing house "Enlightenment", 1964. - 144 p.

15. Neverov V.V. Conversations about fiction. L .: Publishing house "Enlightenment", 1983. - 162 p.

16. Nikiforova O.I. Psychology of perception of fiction. M .: Publishing house "Book", 1972. - 152 p.

17. Podrugina I.A. Review analysis of literary text in senior classes. M.: Publishing house "Enlightenment", 1994. - 78 p.

18. Rozhina L.N. Psychology of perception of fiction. M.: Publishing house "Enlightenment", 1977. - 176 p.

19. Tikhomirova I.I. Psychology of children's reading from A to Z: Methodical dictionary-reference book for librarians. M.: School Library Publishing House, 2004. - 248 p.

20. Ushinsky K.D. Selected pedagogical works. M.: Publishing house "Enlightenment", 1968. - 557 p.

21. Yakobson P.M. Psychology artistic perception. M .: Publishing house "Art", 1971. - 85 p.

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2. Archpriest Avvakum

"The Life of Archpriest Avvakum"

Hero. Archpriest Avvakum made his way from a village priest to the leader of the resistance to church reform, Patriarch Nikon, and became one of the leaders of the Old Believers, or schismatics. Avvakum is the first religious figure of this magnitude, who not only suffered for his beliefs, but also described it himself.

Years of creation. Approximately 1672–1675.

What is the point. A native of the Volga village, Avvakum from his youth was distinguished by both piety and violent temper. Having moved to Moscow, he took an active part in church and educational activities, was close to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, but sharply opposed the church reforms carried out by Patriarch Nikon. With his characteristic temperament, Avvakum waged a fierce struggle against Nikon, advocating the old order of church ritual. Avvakum, not at all embarrassed in expressions, conducted public and journalistic activities, for which he repeatedly went to prison, was cursed and defrocked, and was exiled to Tobolsk, Transbaikalia, Mezen and Pustozersk. From the place of the last exile, he continued to write appeals, for which he was imprisoned in an "earthen pit". Had many followers. Church hierarchs tried to persuade Avvakum to renounce his "delusions", but he remained adamant and was eventually burned.

What does it look like. One can only guess: Avvakum did not describe himself. Maybe this is how the priest looks like in Surikov’s painting “Boyar Morozova” - Feodosia Prokopyevna Morozova was a faithful follower of Avvakum.

What is he fighting for? For purity Orthodox faith for the preservation of tradition.

The way to fight. Word and deed. Avvakum wrote accusatory pamphlets, but he could personally beat the buffoons who entered the village and break them musical instruments. Considered self-immolation as a form of possible resistance.

With what result. Avvakum's passionate sermon against church reform made resistance to it massive, but he himself, along with three of his associates, was executed in 1682 in Pustozersk.

What is it fighting against? Against the desecration of Orthodoxy by "heretical novelties", against everything alien, "external wisdom", that is, scientific knowledge, against entertainment. He suspects the imminent coming of the Antichrist and the reign of the devil.

3. Taras Bulba

"Taras Bulba"

Hero.“Taras was one of the indigenous, old colonels: he was all created for abusive anxiety and was distinguished by the rude directness of his temper. Then the influence of Poland was already beginning to appear on the Russian nobility. Many already adopted Polish customs, started luxury, magnificent servants, falcons, hunters, dinners, courtyards. Taras didn't like it. He loved the simple life of the Cossacks and quarreled with those of his comrades who were inclined towards the Warsaw side, calling them serfs of the Polish lords. Eternally restless, he considered himself the legitimate defender of Orthodoxy. Arbitrarily entered the villages, where they only complained about the harassment of tenants and the increase in new duties on smoke. He himself carried out reprisals against his Cossacks and made it a rule for himself that in three cases one should always take up a saber, namely: when the commissars did not respect the foremen in anything and stood in front of them in hats, when they mocked Orthodoxy and did not honor the ancestral law, and, finally, when the enemies were the Busurmans and the Turks, against whom he considered it at least permissible to take up arms for the glory of Christianity.

Year of creation. The story was first published in 1835 in the collection Mirgorod. The edition of 1842, in which, in fact, we all read Taras Bulba, differs significantly from the original version.

What is the point. Throughout his life, the dashing Cossack Taras Bulba has been fighting for the liberation of Ukraine from oppressors. He, the glorious ataman, cannot bear the thought that his own children, flesh of his flesh, may not follow his example. Therefore, Taras kills Andriy's son, who betrayed the sacred cause, without hesitation. When another son, Ostap, is captured, our hero deliberately penetrates into the heart of the enemy camp - but not in order to try to save his son. His only goal is to make sure that Ostap, under torture, did not show cowardice and did not renounce high ideals. Taras himself dies like Joan of Arc, having previously presented Russian culture with the immortal phrase: “There are no bonds holier than camaraderie!”

What does it look like. Extremely heavy and fat (20 pounds, in terms of - 320 kg), gloomy eyes, black-white eyebrows, mustache and forelock.

What is he fighting for? For the liberation of the Zaporozhian Sich, for independence.

The way to fight. Hostilities.

With what result. With deplorable. All died.

What is it fighting against? Against oppressor Poles, foreign yoke, police despotism, old-world landowners and court satraps.

4. Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov

"A song about Tsar Ivan Vasilievich, a young guardsman and a daring merchant Kalashnikov"

Hero. Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov, merchant class. Trades in silks - with varying degrees of success. Moskvich. Orthodox. Has two younger brothers. He is married to the beautiful Alena Dmitrievna, because of whom the whole story came out.

Year of creation. 1838

What is the point. Lermontov was not fond of the theme of Russian heroism. He wrote romantic poems about nobles, officers, Chechens and Jews. But he was one of the first to find out that the 19th century is rich only in the heroes of his time, but heroes for all time should be sought in the deep past. There, in the Moscow of Ivan the Terrible, a hero was found (or rather, invented) with the now speaking surname Kalashnikov. The young oprichnik Kiribeevich falls in love with his wife and attacks her at night, persuading her to surrender. The next day, the offended husband challenges the oprichnik to a fistfight and kills him with one blow. For the murder of his beloved oprichnik and for the fact that Kalashnikov refuses to name the reason for his act, Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich orders the execution of a young merchant, but does not leave his widow and children with mercy and care. Such is royal justice.

What does it look like.

"His falcon eyes are burning,

He looks at the oprichnik intently.

Opposite him, he becomes

Pulls on combat gloves

Mighty shoulders straightens.

What is he fighting for? For the honor of his woman and family. Kiribeevich's attack on Alena Dmitrievna was seen by the neighbors, and now she cannot be seen honest people. Although, going out to fight with the guardsman, Kalashnikov solemnly declares that he is fighting "for the holy truth-mother." But heroes sometimes distort.

The way to fight. Fatal fistfight. In fact, a murder in broad daylight in front of thousands of witnesses.

With what result.

“And they executed Stepan Kalashnikov

Death is fierce, shameful;

And the untalented head

She rolled on the chopping block in blood.

But on the other hand, Kiribeevich was also buried.

What is it fighting against? Evil in the poem is personified by an oprichnik with a foreign patronymic Kiribeevich, and even a relative of Malyuta Skuratov, that is, an enemy squared. Kalashnikov calls him "basurman's son", alluding to his enemy's lack of Moscow registration. And the first (and also the last) blow this person of eastern nationality inflicts not on the face of a merchant, but on an Orthodox cross with relics from Kyiv, which hangs on a valiant chest. He says to Alena Dmitrievna: “I am not a thief, a forest murderer, / I am a servant of the king, the terrible king ...” - that is, he hides behind the highest mercy. So the heroic act of Kalashnikov is nothing but a deliberate murder on the basis of ethnic hatred. Lermontov, who himself participated in the Caucasian campaigns and wrote a lot about the wars with the Chechens, the theme of "Moscow for Muscovites" in its anti-Basurman section was close.

5. Danko "Old Woman Izergil"

Hero Danko. Biography unknown.

“In the old days, only people lived in the world, impenetrable forests surrounded the camps of these people on three sides, and on the fourth there was a steppe. They were cheerful, strong and courageous people ... Danko is one of those people ... "

Year of creation. The short story "Old Woman Izergil" was first published in Samarskaya Gazeta in 1895.

What is the point. Danko is the fruit of the irrepressible imagination of the very old woman Izergil, whose name is Gorky's short story. A sultry Bessarabian old woman with a rich past tells a beautiful legend: at the time of the ona, there was a redistribution of property - there were disassemblies between the two tribes. Not wishing to remain in the occupied territory, one of the tribes went into the forest, but there the people suffered a massive depression, because "nothing - neither work nor women exhaust the bodies and souls of people as exhausting dreary thoughts." At a critical moment, Danko did not allow his people to bow to the conquerors, but instead offered to follow him - in an unknown direction.

What does it look like.“Danko… a handsome young man. The beautiful are always bold.

What is he fighting for? Go know. For getting out of the forest and thereby ensuring freedom for your people. Where are the guarantees that freedom is exactly where the forest ends, it is not clear.

The way to fight. An unpleasant physiological operation, indicating a masochistic personality. Self-dismemberment.

With what result. With dual. He got out of the forest, but died immediately. Sophisticated mockery of one's own body does not go in vain. The hero did not receive gratitude for his feat: his heart, torn from his chest with his own hand, was trampled under someone's heartless heel.

What is it fighting against? Against collaborationism, conciliation and cringing before the conquerors.

6. Colonel Isaev (Stirlitz)

Corpus of texts, from "Diamonds for the Dictatorship of the Proletariat" to "Bomb for the Chairman", the most important of the novels - "Seventeen Moments of Spring"

Hero. Vsevolod Vladimirovich Vladimirov, aka Maxim Maksimovich Isaev, aka Max Otto von Stirlitz, aka Estilitz, Bolsen, Brunn. An employee of the press service of the Kolchak government, an underground Chekist, intelligence officer, professor of history, exposing the conspiracy of the followers of Nazism.

Years of creation. Novels about Colonel Isaev were created over 24 years - from 1965 to 1989.

What is the point. In 1921 Chekist Vladimirov liberates Far East from the remnants of the White Army. In 1927, they decided to send him to Europe - it was then that the legend of the German aristocrat Max Otto von Stirlitz was born. In 1944, he saved Krakow from destruction by helping the group of Major Whirlwind. At the very end of the war, he was entrusted with the most important mission - the disruption of separate negotiations between Germany and the West. In Berlin, the hero does his hard work, saving the radio operator Kat along the way, the end of the war is already close, and the Third Reich is collapsing to the song of Marika Rekk "Seventeen Moments of April". In 1945, Stirlitz was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

What does it look like. From the party characteristics of a member of the NSDAP since 1933 von Stirlitz, SS Standartenführer (VI department of the RSHA): “A true Aryan. Character - Nordic, seasoned. Maintains good relations with co-workers. Fulfills his duty without fail. Merciless to the enemies of the Reich. Excellent athlete: Berlin tennis champion. Single; he was not noticed in connections discrediting him. Marked with awards from the Fuhrer and thanks from the Reichsfuehrer SS ... "

What is he fighting for? For the victory of communism. It is unpleasant for oneself to admit this, but in some situations - for the motherland, for Stalin.

The way to fight. Intelligence and espionage, in some places the deductive method, ingenuity, skill-disguise.

With what result. On the one hand, he saves everyone who needs it and successfully carries out subversive activities; reveals covert intelligence networks and defeats the main enemy - Gestapo chief Muller. However, the Soviet country, for the honor and victory of which he is fighting, thanks his hero in his own way: in 1947, he, who had just arrived in the Union on a Soviet ship, was arrested, and by order of Stalin, his wife and son were shot. Stirlitz is released from prison only after the death of Beria.

What is it fighting against? Against whites, Spanish fascists, German Nazis and all enemies of the USSR.

7. Nikolai Stepanovich Gumilyov "Look into the eyes of monsters"

Hero Nikolai Stepanovich Gumilyov, symbolist poet, superman, conquistador, member of the Order of the Fifth Rome, executor Soviet history and fearless dragon slayer.

Year of creation. 1997

What is the point. Nikolai Gumilyov was not shot in 1921 in the dungeons of the Cheka. He was saved from execution by Yakov Wilhelmovich (or James William Bruce), a representative secret order Fifth Rome, created in the XIII century. Having acquired the gift of immortality and power, Gumilyov walks through the history of the 20th century, generously leaving his traces in it. He puts Marilyn Monroe to bed, along the way building chickens to Agatha Christie, gives valuable advice to Ian Fleming, out of absurdity of character starts a duel with Mayakovsky and, leaving his cold corpse in Lubyansky passage, runs, leaving the police and literary critics to compose a version of suicide. He takes part in the congress of writers and sits down on xerion - a magical dope based on dragon blood, which gives immortality to members of the order. Everything would be fine - the problems begin later, when the evil dragon forces begin to threaten not only the world in general, but the Gumilyov family: wife Annushka and son Stepa.

What is he fighting for? First, for goodness and beauty, then he is no longer up to high ideas - he simply saves his wife and son.

The way to fight. Gumilyov participates in an unthinkable number of battles and battles, owns hand-to-hand combat techniques and all kinds of firearms. True, in order to achieve special sleight of hand, fearlessness, omnipotence, invulnerability and even immortality, he has to throw xerion.

With what result. Nobody knows. The novel "Look into the eyes of monsters" ends without giving an answer to this burning question. All the continuations of the novel (both the Hyperborean Plague and the March of the Ecclesiastes), firstly, are much less recognized by Lazarchuk-Uspensky's fans, and secondly, and most importantly, they also do not offer the reader clues.

What is it fighting against? Learning about real reasons disasters that befell the world in the 20th century, he fights first of all with these misfortunes. In other words, with a civilization of evil lizards.

8. Vasily Terkin

"Vasily Terkin"

Hero. Vasily Terkin, reserve private, infantryman. A native of Smolensk. Single, no children. He has an award for the totality of feats.

Years of creation. 1941–1945

What is the point. Contrary to popular belief, the need for such a hero appeared even before the Great Patriotic War. Tvardovsky came up with Terkin during the Finnish campaign, where he, along with the Pulkins, Mushkins, Protirkins and other characters in newspaper feuilletons, fought with the White Finns for their homeland. So in 1941, Terkin entered an already experienced fighter. By 1943, Tvardovsky was tired of his unsinkable hero and wanted to send him into retirement due to injury, but letters from readers returned Terkin to the front, where he spent another two years, was shell-shocked and surrounded three times, conquered high and low heights, led fights in the swamps, liberated villages, took Berlin and even spoke with Death. His rustic but sparkling wit invariably saved him from enemies and censors, but he definitely did not attract girls. Tvardovsky even turned to readers with an appeal to love his hero - just like that, from the heart. Still do not have Soviet heroes the dexterity of James Bond.

What does it look like. Endowed with beauty He was not excellent, Not tall, not that small, But a hero - a hero.

What is he fighting for? For the cause of peace for the sake of life on earth, that is, his task, like that of any soldier-liberator, is global. Terkin himself is sure that he is fighting “for Russia, for the people / And for everything in the world”, but sometimes, just in case, he also mentions the Soviet government - no matter what happens.

The way to fight. In war, as you know, any means are good, so everything is used: a tank, a machine gun, a knife, a wooden spoon, fists, teeth, vodka, the power of persuasion, a joke, a song, an accordion ...

With what result. Several times he was on the verge of death. He was supposed to receive a medal, but due to a typo in the list, the award did not find the hero.

But imitators found him: by the end of the war, almost every company already had its own “Terkin”, and some even had two.

What is it fighting against? First against the Finns, then against the Nazis, and sometimes against Death. In fact, Terkin was called upon to fight depressive moods at the front, which he did with success.

9. Anastasia Kamenskaya

A series of detective stories about Anastasia Kamenskaya

Heroine. Nastya Kamenskaya, major of MUR, the best analyst of Petrovka, a brilliant operative, in the manner of Miss Marple and Hercule Poirot investigating serious crimes.

Years of creation. 1992–2006

What is the point. The work of an operative involves hard everyday life (the first evidence of this is the television series "Streets of Broken Lights"). But it is difficult for Nastya Kamenskaya to rush around the city and catch bandits in dark alleys: she is lazy, in poor health, and loves peace more than anything in the world. Because of this, she periodically has difficulties in relations with management. Only her first boss and teacher, nicknamed Kolobok, believed in her analytical abilities without limit; the rest have to prove that she is the best at investigating bloody crimes, sitting in the office, drinking coffee and analyzing, analyzing.

What does it look like. Tall, lean blonde, her features expressionless. She never wears make-up and prefers casual, comfortable clothes.

What is he fighting for? Definitely not for a modest police salary: knowing five foreign languages and having some connections, Nastya can leave Petrovka at any moment, but she does not. It turns out that he is fighting for the triumph of law and order.

The way to fight. First of all, analytics. But sometimes Nastya has to change her habits and go on the warpath on her own. In this case, acting skills, the art of reincarnation and female charm are used.

With what result. Most often - with brilliant: criminals are exposed, caught, punished. But in rare cases, some of them manage to hide, and then Nastya does not sleep at night, smokes one cigarette after another, goes crazy and tries to come to terms with the injustice of life. However, so far there are clearly more happy endings.

What is it fighting against? Against crime.

10. Erast Fandorin

A series of novels about Erast Fandorin

Hero. Erast Petrovich Fandorin, a nobleman, the son of a small landowner who lost his family fortune at cards. He began his career in the detective police as a collegiate registrar, managed to visit the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, serve in the diplomatic corps in Japan and incur the disfavor of Nicholas II. He rose to the rank of State Councilor and retired. Private detective and consultant to various influential people since 1892. Phenomenally lucky in everything, especially in gambling. Single. Has a number of children and other descendants.

Years of creation. 1998–2006

What is the point. The turn of the XX-XXI centuries again turned out to be an era that is looking for heroes in the past. Akunin found his protector of the weak and oppressed in the gallant XIX century, but in the professional field that is becoming especially popular right now - in the special services. Of all Akunin's stylistic undertakings, Fandorin is the most charming and therefore the most enduring. His biography begins in 1856, the action of the last novel dates back to 1905, and the end of the story has not yet been written, so you can always expect new achievements from Erast Petrovich. Although Akunin, like Tvardovsky earlier, since 2000 has been trying to end his hero and write his last novel about him. The Coronation is subtitled The Last of the Novels; the “Lover of Death” and “The Mistress of Death” written after her were published as a bonus, but then it became clear that Fandorin's readers would not let go so easily. The people need, need, an elegant detective who knows languages and is wildly popular with women. Not all the same "Cops", in fact!

What does it look like.“He was a very pretty young man, with black hair (which he was secretly proud of) and blue (alas, it would be better also black) eyes, rather tall, with white skin and a cursed, indestructible blush on his cheeks.” After the experience of misfortune, his appearance acquires an intriguing detail for ladies - gray temples.

What is he fighting for? For an enlightened monarchy, order and law. Fandorin dreams of new Russia- ennobled in the Japanese manner, with firmly and reasonably established laws and their scrupulous execution. About Russia, which did not go through the Russo-Japanese and First world war, revolution and civil war. That is, about Russia, which could be if we had enough luck and common sense to build it.

The way to fight. A combination of the deductive method, meditation techniques and Japanese martial arts with almost mystical luck. By the way, there is also female love, which Fandorin uses in every sense.

With what result. As we know, the Russia that Fandorin dreams about did not happen. So globally, he suffers a crushing defeat. Yes, and in small things too: those whom he tries to save most often die, and the criminals never go to jail (they die, or pay off the court, or simply disappear). However, Fandorin himself invariably remains alive, as does the hope for the final triumph of justice.

What is it fighting against? Against the unenlightened monarchy, revolutionary bombers, nihilists and socio-political chaos, which in Russia can come at any moment. Along the way, he has to fight bureaucracy, corruption in the highest echelons of power, fools, roads and ordinary criminals.

Illustrations: Maria Sosnina

Fiction tells about amazing things that may never happen to us in real life. Together with the heroes of the books, you can endlessly travel, fall in love, overcome difficulties and, of course, gain life experience. Books, like good friends, can suggest solutions to personal problems. For those who have lost solid ground under their feet, advises 7 works of art that can help you look at this world with different eyes.

"The Catcher in the Rye" (1951)

Jerome David Salinger

Holden Caulfield suffers from unmotivated aggression, pathological irritability and outright cynicism. Having lost the meaning of life and having lost the opportunity to influence the course of significant situations, he begins to deny reality. No, he's not weird. He's just 17.

The book does not have a twisted plot for 1000 pages. It has the soul of young generations, rebels and fighters against the system.

"It's good to be quiet" (1999)

Stephen Chbosky

Charlie is too naive for his fifteen years. Expressing a personal opinion, fighting for a place in the sun is not for him. Charlie understands books better than people. He is cosmically lonely, although there is always someone next to him. The hero keeps a terrible secret even from himself.

There are no difficult words in this work. It has a world shown through the eyes of an introvert.

"A Clockwork Orange" (1962)

Anthony Burgess

Alex combines within himself a love of violence and beauty. He is a victim of his time, who is also the executioner of the system. After a juvenile delinquent enters an experimental reform program, he loses the part of himself that was responsible for the will to live. Without inner impulses, Alex becomes subhuman. And Beethoven's favorite music now causes only nausea.

Happy ending is not to be expected here. This book is a reflection on the nature of human cruelty and the pursuit of beauty.

"Martin Eden" (1909)

Jack London

Simple sailor Martin Eden, blinded by his goals, is completely absorbed in reading books and writing his own works. Even sleep seems to a young man a waste of time. Diligence is good, but in excess it leads to completely unexpected results.

In this novel, Jack London does not reveal new truths, but once again reminds that the value of a person does not depend on the degree of its recognition.

"All Quiet on the Western Front" (1929)

Erich Maria Remarque

Paul Bäumer loved life, but the war had other plans for that. She threw the young German into a cold trench and doomed him to survival. His co-workers are just like him. People without a past and without a future.

There is little patriotism in this book. It contains many regrets about the lost generation.

"Teenager" (1875)

Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky

The protagonist, a young man with a sensitive but undeveloped soul, is experiencing the temptations of his time. Dostoevsky skillfully mixes romance and vulgarity, pain and vindictiveness, passion and clumsiness, love and rejection, self-confidence and all-consuming fear, banality and originality, pseudo-exclusivity and venality, youthful maximalism and dementia in his work.

This book is a cross-section of an era with a whole palette of moods that were characteristic of young people abandoned by the older generation.

"Two Captains" (1940)

Veniamin Kaverin

Sanya Grigoriev is stubborn, proud and contradictory. His life motto“Fight and seek, find and never give up.” The personality of Alexander for everyone, without exception, becomes a guideline that you want to follow. A bright and slightly idealized story about the romance of scientific research still attracts young seekers of the truth of life.

There is no tragedy in the book. It has a biography that you want to believe.