Presentation on Chinese painting. Presentation on the MHK on the topic "painting of ancient China"
参观中国画展览 Chinese language teacher MBOU Secondary School No.９ Sevostyanenko A。G。 To write traditional Chinese paintings, the so-called “four treasures” of the artist are used: a Chinese brush, paint, an ink pot for grinding ink and mineral paints, and paper. Before the invention of paper, people painted on silk, but even after the advent of paper, silk often continued to serve as a canvas for the artist right up to the present day. The painter's tool was a brush made from animal hair. The main pictorial element was a line drawn in ink with a brush. Lines are the most common pictorial element in a painting, especially in paintings of the early period. Chinese artists were distinguished by their virtuoso mastery of the brush. The lines emerging from under their brush varied in thickness, density of ink color, they could strike with power, or they could look like a barely noticeable hair. With the help of lines and their diversity, the artist created full of life, highly artistic images that embodied all the diversity of the objective world. 水墨画 In China, first-class ink tiles are always used, with a black lacquer sheen. Rubbing the tiles with water to a thick or liquid consistency, ink is obtained and, with the help of an artist's skillful brush, it acquires a variety of shades. Its blurs convey either the thinnest haze of fog, or the shaggy paws of pine trees hanging over a dizzying abyss. Chinese painters never painted directly from nature, they reproduced landscapes from memory. They constantly trained their visual memory, peering intently into nature, studying it. The blow of their brush is always accurate, because on porous thin paper or silk, no corrections are already possible。 水墨画是用墨画的. Zhao Bosu. Return from hunting. Album sheet. Painting on silk, 12th century 水墨画只有两种颜色: 白色和黑色. Naughty village schoolchildren. Painting on silk. 12th c. Ai Dee. A man leading a buffalo across a snowy plain. Painting on silk. 12th c. 画上面的山，水，树，草，花，动物等等都是黑色的。 Bamboo on Chinese paintings- a symbol of inflexibility and stamina, a person of high moral qualities. Bamboo represents summer and symbolizes strength and flexibility. It is so strong and flexible that it bends but does not break under strong wind pressure. Chinese artist Xu Xinqi is famous for his drawings of cats。 The works on display are made in the Guohua technique, a traditional Chinese painting that uses ink and water colors on silk or paper. "It's as if nature has gathered her art to divide north and south here into dusk and dawn." Li Bo. A new technique called "ink lifting" (揭墨), when the ink applied to the paper spreads in the right direction with the help of a special effect, forming soft overflows. This achieves an effect that cannot be obtained using a brush. Such a picture cannot be copied or faked, because a unique pattern is formed. This technique was recognized as an invention in 1997 and patented. 水彩画水彩画跟水墨画不一样。 Chinese art based on a delicate balance of delicate mineral colors that harmonize with each other. The foreground was usually separated from the rear by a group of rocks or trees, with which all parts of the landscape corresponded. 水彩画是用各种各样的颜色画的. The compositional structure of the painting and the features of the perspective were designed to make a person feel not the center of the universe, but a small part of it. The compositional structure of the picture and the features of the perspective were designed to make a person feel not the center of the universe, but a small part of it 你觉得水墨画比水彩 画好看？ Thank you for your attention! 再见!
"Chinese art"
Presentation for the lesson
By fine arts
for 3 years of education for children aged 12 to 15 years.
in the system of additional education.
Presentation for a lesson in fine arts for 3 years of education for children aged 12 to 15 years.
Developed by: Baukina O. V.,
additional education teacher.
Chinese painting
Chinese painting - an important part traditional Chinese culture and priceless treasure of the Chinese nation, it has a long history and glorious traditions in the world arts.
dates back to the Neolithic period, about eight thousand years ago.
Colored pottery excavated with painted animals, fish, deer, and frogs shows that during this period, the Chinese had already begun to use brushes for painting.
Chinese art
Features of Chinese Painting
Chinese art And chinese calligraphy
are closely related because both art forms use lines. The Chinese transformed simple lines into highly developed art forms. Lines are used not only to draw outlines, but also to express the feelings of the artist.
A wide variety of lines are used.
They may be straight or curved, hard or soft, thick or thin, pale or dark, and the paint may be dry or runny.
The use of lines and strokes is one of the elements that endow Chinese painting with its unique qualities.
traditional chinese painting
is a combination in one picture of several arts - poetry, calligraphy, painting, engraving and printing. In ancient times, most artists were poets and calligraphers.
For the Chinese "Painting in poetry and poetry in painting" was one of the criteria beautiful works art.
Inscriptions and seal impressions helped to explain the artist's ideas and moods, as well as add decorative beauty to the painting. China .
In the painting of ancient China
artists often depicted pine trees, bamboo, and plum trees.
When inscriptions were made to such drawings - “exemplary behavior and nobility of character”, then the qualities of people were attributed to these plants and they were called upon to embody them.
All Chinese arts - poetry, calligraphy, painting, engraving and printing - complement and enrich each other.
Chinese painting styles
Affordable artistic expressiveness, traditional Chinese painting can be divided into
complex style of painting, liberal style of painting,
and complex-liberal.
Complex style- the picture is drawn and painted in a neat and orderly manner, the complex style of painting uses an extremely exquisite brushwork to write objects
Combination of poetry, calligraphy and printing
in Chinese painting
Chinese painting shows perfect union poetry, calligraphy, painting and printing. As a rule, many Chinese artists are also poets and calligraphers. They often add a poem to their painting and stamp various seals upon completion.
The combination of these four arts in Chinese painting makes the paintings more perfect and beautiful, and a true connoisseur will get real pleasure from contemplating Chinese painting.
Masters of Chinese Painting
Qi Baishi (1864 - 1957)
is one of the most famous Chinese contemporary artists. He was a versatile artist, he wrote poetry, carved stone, was a calligrapher, and also painted.
During for long years practice, Qi found his own special, personal style. He was able to portray the same subject in any style. His works are distinguished by the fact that in one picture he could combine several styles and methods of writing.
Through many years of practice, Qi Baishi I found my own personal style.
He was able to portray the same subject in any style. His works are distinguished by the fact that in one picture he could combine several styles and methods of writing.
Chinese art. What is necessary?
Chinese painting is different from Western painting .
Chinese painters use to paint a picture: a brush, an ink stick, rice paper and an inkstone - all this is necessary in Chinese painting.
Rice paper (Xuan paper) It has a beautiful texture so that the ink brush moves freely over it, so that the strokes fluctuate from shadow to light.
Genres of Chinese Painting
In Chinese painting, the following genres and styles are distinguished:
genre landscape (“mountains-waters”)
portrait genre(there are several categories)
the image of birds, insects and plants (“bird-flowers”)
animalistic genre .
It should also be added that symbols such as the phoenix bird and the dragon are very popular in Chinese traditional painting.
Styles of Chinese painting: Wu Xing and Guohua.
Wu-sin painting
One of the most efficient technician learning to draw.
A person who begins to engage in this art truly enjoys the awareness of his inner capabilities.
This is a system of 5 primary elements:
wood, fire, earth, water and metal.
Each element corresponds to 5 strokes, with their help the artist paints his paintings conveying the essence of the subject, and not the form.
This feature allows everyone to learn how to draw from scratch. as there is a liberation from the stereotyped perception of the world, a creative vision appears.
Guohua painting .
In Guohua painting ink and water colors are used, the painting is done on paper or silk. Guohua is close in spirit to calligraphy. For applying paints, brushes are used, made of bamboo and wool of domestic or wild animals (rabbit, goat, squirrel, deer, etc.)
Practical part phased work
Exercise: Try to draw these funny chickens.
Literature
Chinese Painting - China Painting http://azialand.ru/kitajskaya-zhivopis/
Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0 %B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C
chinese painting, pictures https://www.google.ru/webhp?tab=Xw&ei=VLOhV8a2B-Tp6AS-zrCYAw&ved=0EKkuCAQoAQ#newwindow=1&q=%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1 %81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C
Chinese paintingChina painting -
an important part
traditional
Chinese culture and
priceless treasure
Chinese nation, she
has a long history and
glorious traditions in
world
arts.
Chinese
painting is also called
traditional Chinese
painting. Traditional
Chinese art
dates back to the Neolithic period
about eight thousand years
back. Found on
excavated colored pottery
with drawn
animals, fish,
deer and frogs
shows that during
Neolithic Chinese already
started using brushes
for drawing.
Han develops
fresco painting. Her
used in burials
also in temples and palaces. WITH
development of Buddhism from 3
by the 6th century, the temple
painting, for example,
buddha images in the mountains
caves.
ancient chinese
painting is very different from
European painting. In Europe
widely used
possibilities of color, shadows, and in
China painters created
amazing pictures of the game
lines. The main thing that distinguishes
Chinese painting from
European is the desire
convey the "spirit of the picture", or, as
say the Chinese "with the help of
forms to express mood. ancient chinese
painting, as in other
modern, knew two
main style: "gun bi"
(diligent brush) and "se and"
(expression of an idea).
Chinese principles
painting are
admiring nature as
perfect creation.
The genres of Chinese painting are quite diverse: - animalistic genres, - everyday genres, - ceremonial portrait, - miniature on fans and others.
household items,- Chinese landscape painting.
did not exist in China
still life in the usual
meaning for us
immovable objects with
Chinese point of view
dead without dynamics
movement of life and
time.
Chinese painting gravitates towards certain stable images: one of the most favorite objects of aesthetic embodiment in painting is
Chinese arttends to certain
sustainable images:
one of the most
favorite objects
aesthetic
incarnation in painting
is bamboo
in Chinese
pictures bamboo is
not just a plant, but
human symbol
character.
Chinese painting and calligraphy
In China, useone tool and
for painting and
calligraphy - brushes
- linked these two species
art.
Calligraphy (from the Greek words
κάλλος kallos "beauty" + γραφή
graphẽ "to write") - view
visual arts,
aesthetic design
handwritten font.
The total number of Chinese characters reaches 80,000. But in reality, no more than 10,000 characters are used in all types of texts. Chinese
hieroglyphs are difficult tospelling: each
consists of several
traits (from 1 to 52).
Calligraphy is like
painting, and process
hieroglyph creation
brush and ink akin
the process of creating
paintings.
"Painting of China" - Chinese artists conveyed not so much the outlines of mountains. Many symbols, often incomprehensible to a European. Li Qingzhao. landscape painting. Famous poet and painter of the 8th century. Wang Way. Nature. The portrait of Li Bo is a generalized image-symbol. Chinese art. Ma Yuan. Medieval Chinese painting reached a brilliant flowering.
"The Artistic Culture of Ancient China" - Celestial Empire. Masters. Confucius. Artistic culture of ancient China. Which, according to Confucius, is a means of education. The longest cemetery It was believed that everything that a person had during his life, he must have after death. Ancient Chinese traditional orchestra. Chinese word. Path.
"The Great Theater of China" - The Great Theater of China (Pearl on the Water). Opinions. The smallest of the three theater Hall completely sheathed on the inside with silk: stripes of red, purple and orange flowers. Theater dome. The huge dome is paneled on the inside with Brazilian mahogany, and the floor is tiled with white, yellow and gray marble quarried in 22 Chinese provinces.
"Architecture of Ancient China" - Yangtze. Ancient China. every Chinese city. Pagodas. River nutrition. forbidden city. Cogs and road. Territory. A building that has always stood alone. Yellow River. The great Wall of China. Round terraces of the altar. Architecture. Landscape art. Temples in Beijing. Ancient Chinese. Huanghe. Dayant.
"Chinese theater" - Yiyang theater. Formation theatrical art China. Peking Opera. Traditional Chinese theater. Booths. Tang performances. Yuju. Shadow play. The heyday of the zaju drama. Kunshan theatre. Chuanju. Theater of China. Puppet Theatre.
"Myths of China" - in Chinese mythology, the ancestor, the product of the life-giving forces of the universe of yin and yang. Nuwa. 2. God of war and wealth? Guandi. Questions: Pangu. Huangdi. 3. How many Basyans achieved immortality? god of war, god of wealth, and patron of officials. Yu became the first emperor of the mythical Xia Dynasty. Chan E.
There are 10 presentations in total in the topic
From ancient times to the invasion of the colonialists in mid-nineteenth V. on Far East Consistently, continuously and almost exclusively on its own basis, one of the brightest and most distinctive civilizations of China developed. The development of this closed external influences and the impact of civilization due to the vast size of the territory and long-term isolation from other ancient societies. The ancient Chinese civilization developed in such an isolated way, as if it were on another planet. Only in the II century. BC. first contact with another high culture was made through Zhang Qian's journey to Central Asia. And another 300 years had to pass before the Chinese became seriously interested in the cultural phenomenon of Buddhism that came from abroad.
The stability of the ancient Chinese civilization was also given by the ethnically homogeneous population, which called itself the Han people. The viability and development potential of the Han society was supported by a strong centralized state, the trend towards the creation and strengthening of which was leading throughout the ancient Chinese civilization. A real oriental despotism was created with an exceptionally high centralization of power in the hands of the ruler, with a clear administrative-territorial division and a huge staff of learned officials. This model of statehood, reinforced by the ideology of Confucianism, existed in China until the fall of the Manchu dynasty at the beginning of the 20th century. The example of affirmation in China since ancient times of the advantages of state property, its dominant role in the development of civilization, is also unique. The private owner was under strict control of the authorities in order to maintain conservative stability in society.
Ancient China is a unique example of a class hierarchy. In Chinese society, farmers, artisans, merchants, officials, priests, warriors and slaves stood out. They were, as a rule, closed hereditary corporations in which each person knew his place. Vertical corporate ties prevailed over horizontal ones. The basis of Chinese statehood is a large family, consisting of several generations of relatives. Society from top to bottom was bound by mutual responsibility. The experience of total control, suspicion and denunciation is also one of the achievements of the civilization of Ancient China.
Ancient Chinese civilization, in terms of its breakthrough in the development of man, society and the state, in terms of its achievements and influence on the world comparable to antiquity. China's closest neighbors, countries East Asia(Korea, Vietnam, Japan) used, adapting to the needs of their languages, Chinese hieroglyphic writing, the ancient Chinese language became the language of diplomats, state structure and the system of law were built according to Chinese models, the formation of the official ideology was significantly influenced by Confucianism or Buddhism in a Sinicized form.
ancient tribes, who populated the fertile valleys of the large rivers of China in the Neolithic era (VIII millennium BC), created settlements from small adobe huts deepened into the ground. They cultivated the fields, raised domestic animals, and knew many crafts. At present, a large number of Neolithic sites have been discovered in China. The ceramics of that time found at these sites belong to several cultures, the oldest of which is the Yangshao culture, which got its name from the site of the first excavations carried out in the 1920s. 20th century in the province of Henan. Yangshao vessels were made from pale yellow or reddish-brown fired clay, first by hand, then using a potter's wheel.
Those that were made on the potter's wheel were distinguished by their extraordinary regularity of form. Ceramics were fired at a temperature of about one and a half thousand degrees Celsius, and then polished with a boar's tooth, due to which it became smooth and shiny. The upper part of the vessels was covered with complex geometric patterns triangles, spirals, rhombuses and circles, as well as images of birds and animals. Especially popular were fish stylized as geometric painting. Ornament had magical meaning and, apparently, was associated with the ideas of the ancient Chinese about the forces of nature. Thus, zigzag lines and crescent-shaped signs were probably conventional images of lightning and the moon, which later turned into Chinese characters.
The next period of Chinese history was called Shang-Yin (XVIXI centuries BC) after the tribe that settled in the Yellow River valley in the 2nd millennium BC. It was then that the first Chinese state was formed, headed by the ruler Wang, who was also the high priest. At that time, significant changes took place in all spheres of life of the inhabitants of China: silk spinning, bronze casting, hieroglyphic writing were invented, the foundations of urban planning were born. The capital of the state, the great city of Shan, located not far from the modern city of Anyang, unlike the ancient settlements, had a distinct plan.
When a state was formed in China, the idea arose of Heaven as a powerful supreme deity Universe. The ancient Chinese believed that their country is located in the center of the Earth, the latter being square and flat. The sky over China has the shape of a circle. Therefore, they called their country Zhongguo (Middle Kingdom) or Tianxia (Celestial). IN different times Years of Heaven and Earth brought plentiful sacrifices. For this purpose, special altars were erected outside the city: round for Heaven, square for Earth.
Many handicrafts have survived to this day, which were intended for ritual ceremonies in honor of the spirits of ancestors and deities that control the forces of nature. The ritual bronze vessels used for sacrifices are distinguished by the mastery of execution. In these heavy monolithic products, all the ideas about the world that had developed by that time were combined. The outer surfaces of the vessels are covered with relief. The main place in it was given to images of birds and dragons, embodying the elements of sky and water, cicadas, foreshadowing a good harvest, bulls and rams, promising people satiety and prosperity. ritual bronze vessels
Tall, slender, widening at the top and bottom, the goblet (“gu”) was intended for sacrificial wine. Usually, on the surface of these vessels, a thin spiral “thunder pattern” (“lei-wen”) was depicted, against which the main images were made. Volumetric animal muzzles seem to grow out of bronze. The vessels themselves often had the shape of animals and birds (a ritual bronze vessel), for they were supposed to protect a person and protect crops from evil forces. The surface of such vessels was completely filled with protrusions and engravings. The whimsical and fantastic shape of the ancient Chinese bronze vessels with dragons was ordered by four vertical convex ribs located on the sides. These ribs oriented the vessels to the cardinal points, emphasizing their ritual character. Ritual bronze vessel
The underground burials of the nobility in the Shang-Yin era consisted of two deep underground chambers of a cruciform or rectangular shape located one above the other. Their area sometimes reached four hundred square meters, the walls and ceiling were painted with red, black and white paints or inlaid with pieces of stone, metal, etc. The entrances to the burials were guarded by stone figures of fantastic animals. So that the souls of the ancestors did not need anything, various handicrafts, weapons, bronze vessels, carved stones, jewelry, as well as magical objects (a bronze figure on a pedestal) were placed in the graves. All items that were placed in burials, as well as patterns decorating statues and bronze utensils, had a magical meaning and were connected by a single symbolism. A bronze figure on a pedestal
In the XI century. BC. The state of Shang-Yin was conquered by the Zhou tribe. The winners who founded the Zhou Dynasty (13th century BC) quickly adopted many of the technical and cultural achievements defeated. The state of Zhou existed for many centuries, but its prosperity was short-lived. Many new states appeared on the political arena, and China already by the 8th century. BC. entered into internecine wars. Period from the 5th to the 3rd century. BC. was called Zhangguo ("the fighting kingdoms").
The newly formed kingdoms drew vast areas into the orbit of Chinese civilization. Trade between remote areas of China began to actively develop, which was facilitated by the construction of canals. Iron deposits were discovered, which made it possible to switch to iron tools and improve farming techniques. Round coins of the same shape came into circulation, replacing money made in the form of a spade (tapering spade), sword or shell. The range of crafts that came into use expanded significantly. Science developed in the cities. So, in the capital of the Qi kingdom, the first higher education institution in China was created. educational institution Jixia Academy. a huge role in all subsequent artistic life China was played by those that emerged in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. two teachings are Confucianism and Taoism.
Confucianism, seeking to maintain order and balance in the state, turned to the traditions of the past. The founder of the teachings, Confucius (circa BC), considered the eternal order of relations established by Heaven in the family and society, between the sovereign and subjects, between father and son. Considering himself the custodian and interpreter of the wisdom of the ancients, who served as a role model, he developed a whole system of rules and norms of human behavior Ritual. According to the Ritual, it is necessary to honor the ancestors, respect the elders, and strive for internal perfection. He also created rules for all spiritual manifestations of life, approved strict laws in music, literature and painting. Unlike Confucianism, Taoism focused on the fundamental laws of the universe. The main place in this teaching was occupied by the theory of the Tao Way of the Universe, or the eternal variability of the world, subject to the natural necessity of nature itself, the balance of which is possible due to the interaction of the feminine and masculine principles of yin and yang. The founder of the teachings of Laozi believed that human behavior should be guided by the natural laws of the universe, which cannot be violated otherwise harmony will be broken in the world, chaos and death will come. The contemplative, poetic approach to the world, laid down in the teachings of Laozi, manifested itself in all areas of the artistic life of ancient China.
During the Zhou and Zhangguo periods, many objects appeared decorative and applied arts that served ritual purposes: bronze mirrors, bells, various objects made from the sacred jade stone. Translucent, always cold jade symbolized purity and was always considered a protector from poison and spoilage (Jade figurine). bellsJade figurine
Painted lacquer utensils, tables, trays, caskets, musical instruments, richly decorated with ornaments, found in the burials, also served ritual purposes. The production of lacquer, as well as silk weaving, was then known only in China. Painted in different colors natural lacquer tree juice was repeatedly applied to the surface of the product, which gave it shine, strength and protected it from moisture. In the burials of the Hunan province in Central China, archaeologists found many items of lacquer utensils (Wooden figurine of the guard).Wooden figurine of the guard
In the III century. BC. after long wars and civil strife, small kingdoms united into a single, powerful empire, headed by the Qin dynasty (BC), and then the Han (206 BC - 220 AD) . The ruler and absolute ruler of the Qin Empire, Qin Shi-Huangdi (BC) was the Chinese emperor for a short time, but managed to strengthen the central power. He destroyed the borders of independent kingdoms and divided the country into thirty-six provinces, in each of which he appointed a capital official. Under Shi-Huangdi, new well-maintained roads were laid, channels were dug that connected the provincial centers with the capital Xianyang (Shaanxi Province). A single script was created, which allowed residents of different regions to communicate with each other, despite the difference in local dialects.
Its length was seven hundred and fifty kilometers. The thickness of the wall ranged from five to eight meters, the height of the wall reached ten meters. The upper edge was crowned with teeth. Signal towers were located along the entire length of the wall, on which, in case of the slightest danger, fires were lit. From the Great Chinese wall a road was laid to the capital itself.
The tomb of Emperor Qin Shi-Huangdi was built on a no lesser scale. It was erected (fifty kilometers from Xianyang) within ten years after the emperor's accession to the throne. More than seven hundred thousand people participated in the construction. The tomb was surrounded by two rows of high walls, which formed a square (a symbol of the Earth) in plan. In the center was a high cone-shaped burial mound. Round in plan, it symbolized the sky. The walls of the underground tomb are faced with polished marble slabs and jade, the floor is covered with huge polished stones with a map of nine regions of the Chinese Empire drawn on them. On the floor were sculptural images of the five sacred mountains, and the ceiling looked like a firmament with shining luminaries. After the sarcophagus with the body of Emperor Qin Shi-Huangdi was transferred to the underground palace, a huge number of precious items that accompanied him during his lifetime were placed around him: vessels, jewelry, musical instruments.
But underworld was not limited to the burial itself. In 1974, at a distance of one and a half kilometers from it, archaeologists discovered eleven deep underground tunnels lined with ceramic tiles. Located parallel to each other, the tunnels served as a haven for a giant clay army, guarding the rest of their master. Clay army
The army, divided into several ranks, is lined up in battle order. There are also horses and chariots, also sculpted from clay. All figures are made in life size and painted; each of the warriors has individual features (Terracotta figure of an archer from the tomb of Qin Shi Huang). Terracotta figure of an archer from the tomb of Qin Shi Huang
Traces of change in the country were felt everywhere, but it should be noted that Qin Shi Huangdi's power was based on total control, denunciation and terror. Order and prosperity were achieved by too drastic measures, causing despair of the people of Qin. Traditions, morals and virtues were neglected, which forced the bulk of the population to experience spiritual discomfort. In 213 BC the emperor ordered the Songs and Traditions to be banished and all private bamboo books to be burned, except for divinatory texts, books on medicine, pharmacology, agriculture and mathematics. The monuments that were in the archives survived, but most of the ancient sources on the history and literature of China perished in the fire of this madness. A decree was issued prohibiting private teaching, criticism of the government, and the once flourishing philosophical teachings. After the death of Qin Shi-Huangdi in 210 BC. against the backdrop of general political instability and discontent, uprisings began, which led the empire to death.
In 207 BC power was seized by the leader of the rebels, Liu Bang, the future founder of the Han Dynasty, which ruled for four centuries. In the II century. BC. The Han Empire recognized Confucianism and, in its person, acquired an official ideology with a distinct religious connotation. Violation of the Confucian precepts was punishable by death as the gravest crime. On the basis of Confucianism, an all-encompassing system of lifestyle and management organization was developed. The emperor in his reign had to be based on the principles of philanthropy and justice, and learned officials were supposed to help him pursue the right policy.
Relations in society were regulated on the basis of the Ritual, which determined the duties and rights of each group of the population. All people were to build relationships in the family on the basis of the principles of filial piety and brotherly love. This meant that each person had to unquestioningly fulfill the will of his father, obey his older brothers, take care of his parents in old age. Thus, Chinese society became class-based not only in the state, but also in moral sense this concept. The obedience of the younger to the elder, the lower to the higher, and all together to the emperor, is the basis for the development of Chinese civilization with its universal strict regulation of life down to the smallest detail.
The Han era in Chinese history was marked by a new flourishing of culture and art, the development of science. Is born historical science. Its founder, Sima Qian, created a five-volume treatise, which outlined in detail the history of China from ancient times. Chinese scholars have made great efforts to transcribe ancient writings from dilapidated bamboo plates that served as books into silk scrolls. The most important discovery was the invention in the I century. AD paper. Caravan routes connected China with other countries. For example, according to the Great Silk Road the Chinese brought silk and the finest hand-made embroidery to the west, which were famous throughout the world. Written sources contain information about the lively trade of the Han Empire with India and distant Rome, in which China has long been called the Country of Silk.
The main centers of the Han Empire, Luoyang and Chang'an, were erected according to the rules set out in ancient treatises according to a plan with a clear division into quarters. The palaces of the rulers were located on the main thoroughfare of the city and consisted of residential and ceremonial chambers, gardens and parks. Noble people were buried in spacious tombs, the walls of which were lined with ceramic or stone slabs, and the ceilings were supported by stone columns, which, as a rule, ended with a pair of dragons. Outside, the Alley of the Spirits of the guardians of the graves, framed by statues of animals, led to the burial hill.
In the burials, objects were found that give an idea of the daily life of the Han era: painted ceramic models of houses, painted clay jugs, bronze mirrors, painted figures of dancers, musicians, domestic animals. Bronze mirrors of musicians
In the design of the burial leading role reliefs played. The reliefs in the burials of the Shandong and Sichuan provinces are the richest in content. The reliefs depict scenes of harvesting, hunting for wild ducks, racing light chariots harnessed by thin-legged hot horses (“Procession with a chariot and riders”). All images are very realistic. Procession with chariot and riders
The presentation was created based on the materials of the electronic editions of the Schoolchild Encyclopedia - “Mysteries and Secrets of Architecture”, “Wonders of the World. Ancient World", and Collections of the World artistic culture Russian educational portal (www. school. edu. ru). And also: N.A. Dmitrieva, N.A. Vinogradova "The Art of the Ancient World", Moscow; "Children's Literature", 1986 Encyclopedia for Children. (Vol. 7) Art. Part 1, "The World of Avanta+ Encyclopedias", Astrel, 2007; "The Big Illustrated Encyclopedia of Art History", Moscow, "Makhaon", 2008 Bronze lamp in the shape of a tapir, 4th century. BC.
