Lyric genres examples. Lyrics as a kind of literature: lyrical genres

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See lyrical genres... Terminological dictionary-thesaurus on literary criticism

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Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich- - was born on May 26, 1799 in Moscow, on Nemetskaya Street in the house of Skvortsov; died January 29, 1837 in St. Petersburg. On his father's side, Pushkin belonged to an old noble family, descended, according to the genealogy, from a native "from ... ... Big biographical encyclopedia

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Folk art- artistic, folk art, folklore, art creative activity working people; created by the people and the poetry, music, theater, dance, architecture, fine and decorative applied among the masses ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Books

• Lyrical Expressions, Jules Massenet. This book will be produced in accordance with your order using Print-on-Demand technology. Reprinted music edition of Massenet, Jules "Expressions lyriques". Genres: Melodies; Songs; For… Buy for 483 rubles
• Lyrical genres of small forms in the poetry of Zahiraddin Muhammad Babur (XVI century), I. V. Steblev. The book is devoted to defining the genre characteristics of small lyrical forms and the place they occupy in creativity. outstanding poet beginning of the 16th century Babur is one of the brightest…

The originality of the lyrics is that it brings to the fore the inner world of the lyrical hero, his experiences. This is clearly seen not only in works that lack any visual images of the outside world (“And boring and sad ...” by Lermontov), ​​but also in descriptive, narrative lyrics; here the experience is conveyed through the emotional expression of speech, the nature of the tropes, etc. (“Cliff”, “Three Palm Trees” by Lermontov). Therefore, the basis of meaningful genre division in lyrics is the very nature of experiences (pathos).

From ancient literature there is a tradition according to which lyrical genres express various feelings, often reaching the strength of pathos. These are ode, satire, elegy. Initially, they expressed the feeling of the poet, caused by some external object, event, life circumstances. Hence the descriptive-meditative composition and the relatively large amount of text in many works. To genres small form include an epigram, an epitaph and a madrigal (the latter originated in Italian poetry).

The following genres of lyrics are traditionally performed:

Oh yeah- a genre of lyrics, which is a solemn poem dedicated to some event, hero or individual work such a genre.

Initially in Ancient Greece an ode was any form of poetic lyrics intended to accompany music. It was called an ode, including choral singing. Since the time of Pindar, an ode has been a choral epinic song with emphasized solemnity and grandiloquence, as a rule, in honor of the winner of sports:

Let Herodotus now
Will be lifted up
On wondrous wings
Muses Pierides sweet-voiced!
Let him from the Pythian games,
From the Olympic beaches Alfea
Honor will bring the seven gates of Thebes!

In Roman literature, the most famous are the odes of Horace, who used the meters of the Aeolian lyric poetry, primarily the Alcaean stanza, adapting them to the Latin language. The collection of these works in Latin is called Carmina - "songs" (they began to be called odes later).

Since the Renaissance and in the Baroque era (XVI-XVII centuries), odes began to be called lyrical works in a pathetically high style, focusing on antique samples. In classicism, the ode became the canonical genre of high lyrics. Famous odes of this period: Elegy - a lyrical genre containing in free poetic form any complaint, expression of sadness, or emotional result philosophical meditation over the complex problems of life.

Initially, in ancient Greek poetry, elegy meant a poem written in a stanza of a certain size, namely, a couplet - hexameter-pentameter. The Greek word λεγος meant a sad song to the accompaniment of a flute. The elegy was formed from the epic about the beginning of the Olympiad of the Ionian tribe in Asia Minor, from which the epic also arose and flourished.

Subsequently, there was perhaps only one period in the development European literature when the word Elegy began to mean poems with a more or less stable form. And it began under the influence of the famous elegy of the English poet Thomas Gray, written in 1750 and caused numerous imitations and translations in almost all European languages. The upheaval produced by this elegy is defined as the onset in literature of the period of sentimentalism, which replaced false classicism. In essence, this was the inclination of poetry from rational mastery in once established forms to the true sources of inner artistic experiences.

Before Zhukovsky, attempts to write elegies in Russia were made by such authors as Pavel Fonvizin, Bogdanovich, Ablesimov, Naryshkin, Nartov, Davydov and others. new era, which finally went beyond rhetoric and turned to sincerity, intimacy and depth. This inner change was also reflected in the new methods of versification introduced by Zhukovsky, who is thus the founder of the new Russian sentimental poetry and one of its great representatives. In the general spirit and form of Gray's elegy, that is, in the form of large poems filled with mournful reflection, Zhukovsky wrote such poems, which he himself called elegies, such as "Evening", "Slavyanka", "On the death of Kor. Wirtembergskaya". His “Theon and Aeschines” are also considered elegies (more precisely, this is an elegy-ballad). Zhukovsky called his poem “The Sea” an elegy. In the first half of the 19th century, it was common to give the names of elegies to your poems, especially Batyushkov, Baratynsky, Yazykov, and others called their works elegies; subsequently, however, it fell out of fashion. Nevertheless, many poems of Russian poets are imbued with an elegiac tone.

Elegies were written by: Friedrich Schiller: Ode to Joy, G. R. Derzhavin: “Felitsa” (1782), “To Rulers and Judges” (1780), “Nobleman” (November 1794), “God” (1784), “Vision of Murza "(1783-1784), "On the death of Prince Meshchersky" (1779), "Waterfall" (1791-1794), M. Lomonosov: "Ode on the capture of Khotin", "Ode on the day of accession to the All-Russian throne of Her Majesty the Empress Empress Elizabeth Petrovna" 1742/1747.

Message - literary genre, which uses the form of "letters" or "messages" (epistol).

The oldest letters mentioned in classical and oriental literature include the letter of the Indian king Stratobat to Semiramis, David to Joab (letter of Uriah), King Praet of Argos to the king of Lycian. Classical antiquity is already distinguished by a significant development of correspondence. The Greek letters that have come down to us are mostly falsifications attributed to prominent historical figures rhetorical reasoning (cf. Westermann, "Deepistolarum scriptoribus graecis", 1853-1858, 9 hours; complete collection of Greek letters - Hercher, "Epistolographi graeci", 1873). From the Romans, mainly those letters have come down to us that were obviously intended for a wide circle of readers. Only in Cicero do we find real private letters; on the contrary, the famous letters of Pliny and Seneca have only an epistolary form. From the 2nd century, the letter becomes a special literary type among the Romans (Fronto, Symmachus, Sidonius, later Salvian, Ruricius (bishop of Limoges), Ennodius). The stylistic forms of writing were similar among the Greeks and Romans. There was no signature; The name of the writer was placed at the head of the letter before the name of the recipient. Since the time of the empire, especially at the Byzantine court, the former classical simplicity has disappeared; a private letter came close, in importance of style, to an official message. The designation where and when the letter was written (datum) also remained common: hence the word date. Christian Latin writers used letters mainly for preaching purposes (Cyprian of Carthage, Ambrose of Milan, Lactantius, Jerome of Stridon, Blessed Augustine).

Epigram- a small satirical poem ridiculing a person or social phenomenon.

In ancient times, an epigram was a dedicatory inscription on sculptures, altars and other objects dedicated to the gods, and on tombstones (see epitaph). Gradually, thematic varieties of sententious-didactic, descriptive, love, drinking, satirical, solemn epigrams were formed. From epic forms epigram poetry was distinguished by brevity and a pronounced subjective attitude to an event or fact. The epigram was written in elegiac distich, later in iambic and in other sizes.

In Russian poetry, epigrams were already written by Simeon Polotsky and Feofan Prokopovich; satirical epigrams, original and transcribed, belong to A. D. Kantemir, in the second half of the 18th century - V. K. Trediakovsky, M. V. Lomonosov, A. P. Sumarokov and other poets. With N. M. Karamzin and his followers (V. A. Zhukovsky, V. L. Pushkin), the epigram acquired a salon character and became closer to varieties of album poems.

Song- can act both as an epic and as a lyrical genre. The epic song has a plot ( a prime example- "The Song of the Prophetic Oleg" by A. S. Pushkin). At the core lyric song lie the experiences of the protagonist or the author (for example, Mary's song from "A Feast in the Time of Plague" by A. S. Pushkin).

The genre goes back to the traditions of oral folk art. For example, "song of the Western Slavs."

Romance- a small epic poem, which in a few lines outlines an event, although ordinary, but exciting fantasy and feeling. Appearing first in the southern countries, the romance is distinguished by its lively presentation and bright colors, while the ballad, belonging to the northern countries, depicts mainly the gloomy, serious, mysterious in nature and in the human soul. The name (Spanish romance) comes from Spanish. romanzo - in Romanesque: in Romance countries it meant vernacular as opposed to Latin, as well as poems written in this language.

Sonnet- a poetic genre of the so-called rigid form: a poem consisting of 14 lines, organized in a special way into stanzas, with strict principles of rhyme and stylistic laws. There are several types of sonnet in form:

Italian: consists of two quatrains (quatrains), in which the lines rhyme according to the ABAB or ABBA scheme, and two three-verses (tercetes) with the rhyming CDС DСD or CDE CDE;

English: consists of three quatrains and one couplet; general rhyming scheme - ABAB CDCD EFEF GG;

sometimes French is singled out: the stanza is similar to Italian, but in tercetes there is a different rhyming scheme: CCD EED or CCD EDE; he had a significant influence on the development of the next type of sonnet -

Russian: created by Anton Delvig: the stanza is also similar to Italian, but the rhyming scheme in tercetes is CDD CCD.

This lyrical genre was born in Italy in the 13th century. Its creator was the lawyer Jacopo da Lentini; a hundred years later Petrarch's sonnet masterpieces appeared. The sonnet came to Russia in the 18th century; a little later, he received a serious development in the work of Anton Delvig, Ivan Kozlov, Alexander Pushkin. The poets of the "Silver Age" showed particular interest in the sonnet: K. Balmont, V. Bryusov, I. Annensky, V. Ivanov, I. Bunin, N. Gumilyov, A. Blok, O. Mandelstam and others.
In the art of versification, the sonnet is considered one of the most difficult genres.

In the last 2 centuries, poets rarely adhered to any strict rhyme, often offering a mixture of various schemes.

vocabulary and intonation should be sublime;

rhymes - accurate and, if possible, unusual, rare;

significant words should not be repeated in the same meaning, etc.

A special difficulty - and therefore the pinnacle of poetic technique - is wreath of sonnets: a cycle of 15 poems, the initial line of each being the last line of the previous one, and the last line of the 14th poem being the first line of the first. The fifteenth sonnet consists of the first lines of all 14 sonnets in the cycle. In Russian lyrics, the wreaths of sonnets by V. Ivanov, M. Voloshin, K. Balmont became the most famous.

The change in the number of lines and stanzas in the poem also led to the emergence of new varieties of the sonnet. The poet could add a "tail" to the work in the form of a tercet or a graphically isolated line - and the result was a "tailed" sonnet or a sonnet with a coda. So, it is no coincidence that V.Ya. Bryusov defined the form of the poetic message "To Igor Severyanin" as "an acrostic sonnet with a code": the poet wanted the initial letters of each line to form the sequence that forms the name of the addressee in the title of the poem; but in the sequence "Igor Severyanin" - 15 letters, and in the standard sonnet - 14 lines; so another line of code has been added.

Satire as a lyrical genre- a poem expressing indignation, indignation of the poet negative sides the life of society. Satire is descriptive genre issues; the poet in it is, as it were, the mouthpiece of the advanced part of society, preoccupied with its negative state. So, Cantemir in his satires acts as a defender of Peter's transformations; he stigmatizes the ignorant, "blaspheming the teaching", "evil-tempered noblemen", boasting of their origin - all who want to live in the old way. Belinsky considered the Kantemirovskaya tradition in Russian literature of the 18th century. most closely associated with life.

Although many ancient Greek “iambs” (Archilochus, Hipponakt) are filled with caustic mockery, as a genre of satire, it takes shape in Roman literature, in the poems of Horace, Persia, Juvenal, written in hexameter; in the minds of subsequent eras, the “muse of fiery satire” (Pushkin) is, first of all, the muse of Juvenal.

Lyrics are characterized by subjectivism, self-disclosure of the author, a sincere representation of his inner world, his impulses and desires.

The main character of a lyrical work - the bearer of experience - is usually called a lyrical hero.

Most lyrical works are written in verse, although lyrics can also be prose. Lyrics are more characteristic of small forms.

Usually the following lyric types are distinguished:

- hymn,

- Oh yeah,

- a message

- epitaph,

- sonnet

- lyric poem

- elegy

- an epigram

- song,

- romance

- madrigal.

Hymn

A hymn (from the Greek ὕμνος - praise) is a solemn, glorifying song in honor of the gods, winners, heroes, important events. Initially, the elements of the anthem were: epiclesis (sacred name), request, aretalogia (epic part).

One of the most famous hymns is "Gaudeamus" (lat. gaudeamus - rejoice) - a student anthem.

"So let's have some fun.

While we are young!

After a happy youth

After a bitter old age

The earth will take us...

Long live the Academy!

Long live professors!

Long live all its members!

Long live every member!

May they prosper forever!”

(From the hymn "Gaudeamus", translated by S.I. Sobolevsky)

Oh yeah

Ode is a poetic, as well as musical and poetic work, which is characterized by the solemnity of style and sublimity of content. The ode is also spoken of as glorification in verse.

The odes of Horace, M. Lomonosov, A. Pushkin, etc. are widely known.

"Self-ruling Villain!

I hate you, your throne

Your death, the death of children

With cruel joy I see ... "

(From the ode to "Liberty", A. Pushkin)

Message

A message is a poetic letter addressed to a person or group of people. According to the content of the message, there are: friendly, lyrical, satirical, etc.

"You, who loved me falsely

Truth - and the truth of lies,

Nowhere! - Outside!

You who loved me longer

Time. - Hands swing! -

You don't love me anymore

Truth in five words.

(M. Tsvetaeva)

Epitaph

Epitaph (from the Greek epitaphios - “tombstone”) - a saying composed in case of someone's death and used as a tombstone inscription. Usually the epitaph is presented in poetic form.

“Lay a crown of laurels and roses here:

Under the sim stone is hidden the favorite of the Muses and Graces,

Felice is a glorious singer,

Derzhavin, our Pindar, Anacreon, Horace.

(A. E. Izmailov, “Epitaph to G. R. Derzhavin”)”

Sonnet

A sonnet is a poetic work that has a certain rhyming system and strict stylistic laws. The Italian sonnet consists of 14 verses (lines): 2 quatrains-quatrains (for 2 rhymes) and 2 three-line tercetes. English - from 3 quatrains and the final couplet.

As a rule, the content of a sonnet corresponds exactly to the distribution of thoughts: in the first quatrain - the thesis, in the second - the antithesis, in two tertiary lines - the conclusion.

A wreath of sonnets is fifteen sonnets, which are interconnected in a special order. Moreover, the last sonnet of the wreath consists of the first lines of all the sonnets.

“I sigh, as if rustling leaves

Sad wind, tears flow like hail,

When I look at you with a sad look,

Because of which I am a stranger in the world.

Your smile seeing the good light,

I do not yearn for other delights,

And life no longer seems like hell to me,

When I admire your beauty.

But the blood runs cold as soon as you leave,

When, leave your beams,

I don't see a fatal smile.

And, opening the chest with love keys,

The soul is freed from the whip,

To follow you, my life."

(“On the Life of the Madonna Laura (XVII)”, F. Petrarch)

lyric poem

A lyrical poem is a small poetic work written on behalf of the author or a fictional lyrical hero. The lyrical poem describes the inner world, feelings, emotions of the author or the hero of the work.

"A golden cloud spent the night

On the chest of a giant cliff;

She left early in the morning,

Playing merrily across the azure;

But there was a wet mark in the wrinkle

Old cliff. Alone

He stands deep in thought

And he weeps softly in the desert.

("Rock", M. Lermontov)

Elegy

An elegy is a poetic work dedicated to sad thoughts, imbued with sadness. The content of elegies is usually philosophical reflections, sad thoughts, grief, disappointment, doom, etc.

“Hello, my mountain with a reddish shining height,

Hail, sun, whose light gently illuminated her!

I greet you, fields, you, rustling linden,

And on the elastic branches a sonorous and joyful choir;

Hello and you, azure, embraced immeasurably

Brown slopes of the mountain, dark green forests

And - at the same time - me, who fled from the dungeon at home

And from hackneyed speeches he seeks salvation in you ... "

(“Walk”, F. Schiller)

Epigram

An epigram (from the Greek ἐπίγραμμα - inscription) is a small satirical poetic work in which a specific person is ridiculed. Character traits epigrams are wit and brevity.

“There are much fewer Armenians in the land,

Than films where Dzhigarkhanyan played.

(V. Gaft)

Song

The song is a small poetic work, which is the basis for subsequent musical arrangements. It usually consists of several verses and a chorus.

"Would you like me to sing a love song

And do not invent new genre

Pops motif and poems

And all my life to receive a fee ... "

(“About love”, O. Tarasov)

Romance

A romance is a small melodious piece of poetry that can be set to music. Usually, the romance reflects the experiences, moods, feelings of the lyrical hero.

"And in the end I will tell:

goodbye, do not commit to love.

I'm going crazy. I'm ascending

to a high degree of insanity.

How did you love? - you sipped

death. Not in this case.

How did you love? - you ruined

but he ruined it so clumsily ... "

(“And in the end I will say”, B. Akhmadulina)

Madrigal

Madrigal (Italian madrigale, from lat. matricale - a song on mother tongue This is a short piece of music and poetry. Usually has a love-lyrical or playful-complimentary content.

"And as in the Mohammedan paradise

A host of houris in roses and silk,

So you are the Life Guards in Lancers

Her Majesty's regiment.

(“Madrigal to the Regimental Lady”, N. S. Gumilyov)

More detailed information on this topic can be found in the books of A. Nazaikin

Laikina Elizabeth

Lyrics are the kind of literature that forms the spiritual world, subtly and deeply influencing a person. Rika is the kind of literature that forms the spiritual world, subtly and deeply influencing a person.

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Research work Lyrics and its genres Completed by the student of the 8th "b" class Laikina Elizaveta Lecturer Tkachenko l.s.

LYRICS AND ITS GENRES Lyrics are the kind of literature that forms the spiritual world, subtly and deeply influencing a person. When studying lyrics, the logical and emotional principles are combined. To study the lyrics, you need to find out artistic image, the most characteristic of the lyrics - the lyrical hero.

A lyrical image is an image of experience, a direct reflection of thoughts and feelings. In lyrics, experience becomes an independent object of observation. In the lyrics, the feeling of the poet is expressed directly, directly. The artistic image in lyrics, just like the image in epic and drama, has a generalized, technical character. A huge role in the lyrics, much greater than in the drama and even in the epic, is played by the personality of the poet. “THE LYRICAL POEM EXPRESSES THE DIRECT FEELING EXCITED IN THE POET BY A KNOWN PHENOMENON OF NATURE OR LIFE. The main thing here is not in the feeling itself, not in passive perception, but in the internal reaction to the impression that is received from the outside.

Perception of a lyrical work is difficult creative process. Not one of the types literary creativity is not perceived as specifically, individually, as lyrics, since lyrics are the most subjective kind of creativity. Features of the power of the impact of lyrics is that it always expresses a living direct feeling, experience. Lyrical works are multi-dark, since various motives can be reflected in one experience of the poet: love, friendship, civic feelings. The artistic image of any work, including a lyrical one, generalizes the phenomena of life through an individual personal experience, expresses thoughts and feelings. The subject of literary lyrics is the most diverse. Poetic feelings can cause various phenomena of the surrounding life, memories, dreams, objects, reflections. Although it is very difficult to divide poems by rank, types can be distinguished in the lyrics.

Types of lyrics Philosophical (meditative). Philosophy is the love of wisdom. Reflections about life and death, about the destiny of man, the meaning of life, about good and evil, immortality, peace and war, about creativity, about the trace that a person will leave on earth - a person thinks about a lot, and these reflections cause certain emotions that the poet, together with his thoughts, expresses in a poem. For example, Pushkin's poem "Bird" In a foreign land, I sacredly observe Native custom of antiquity: I release a bird into the wild On a bright holiday of spring. I became available for consolation; Why should I grumble at God, When I could grant freedom to at least one creature!

Civil (political). A person is connected by feelings not only with loved ones, friends, enemies, but he is also a citizen, a member of society, a unit of the state. Attitude towards society, homeland, country, attitude towards political events are reflected in civil lyrics. Poem by N.A. Nekrasov is a vivid example of civil lyrics. Yesterday, at six o'clock, I went to the Sennaya; There they beat a woman with a whip, a young peasant woman. Not a sound from her chest, Only the whip whistled, playing ... And I said to the muse: “Look! Your own sister!"

Intimate (friendly and loving). Intimate is an indifferent, close relationship of one person to another, first of all, a feeling of love. Love distinguishes a person, it has many shades and expressions. This is one of the main feelings in the life of every person. It determines the degree of his happiness. Everyone wants to love and be loved. At all times, poets created poems about love, but there is no end to this topic. In addition to love, two people can be connected by relations of friendship, respect, gratitude. All this is told by intimate lyrics. Pushkin's poem I loved you can serve as an example of intimate lyrics: love, perhaps, has not completely died out in my soul; But don't let it bother you anymore; I don't want to sadden you with anything. I loved you silently, hopelessly, Now with timidity, now with jealousy; I loved you so sincerely, so tenderly, How God forbid you be loved by others.

Landscape. Each person has his own special relationship with nature. Her perception depends on the mood, on the state. And sometimes nature itself changes a person, gives him a new idea of ​​the laws of life, fills him with new forces and feelings. Poets are especially receptive to pictures of nature, so landscape lyrics occupy a large place in their work. Poems by A.A. Feta often capture extraordinary pictures of nature. This morning, this joy, This power and day and light, This blue vault, This cry and strings, These flocks, these birds, This dialect of waters, These willows and birches, These drops are tears, This fluff is not a leaf, These mountains These valleys, These midges, these bees, This tongue and whistle, These dawns without eclipse, This sigh of the nocturnal village, This night without sleep, This haze and heat of the bed, This fraction and these trills, This is all - spring.

Lyric genres. According to their genres, the lyrics are divided: 1. Lyric poem 11. Ode 2. Song or song 12. Pastoral 3. Elegy 13. Message 4. Ballad 14. Romance 5. Burime 15. Rondo 6. Burlesque 16. Ruban 7. Verses 17. Sonnet 8. Free verse 18. Stanzas 9. Dithyramb 19. Eclogue 10. Madrigal 20. Elegy

Features of the lyrics The peculiarity of the lyrics is that the main thing in it is the lyrical hero. A lyrical hero is an image of that hero in a lyrical work whose experiences, thoughts and feelings are reflected in it. It is by no means identical to the image of the author, although it reflects his personal experiences associated with certain events in his life, this attitude to nature, social life, and people. The peculiarity of the poet's worldview, worldview, his interests, character traits find a corresponding expression in the form, in the style of his works.

Lyrics are distinguished from prose by rhythm and rhyme. Versification is based on the correct alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables, common for all lines-verses. Rhythm is the repetition in poetic speech of homogeneous sound features. Rhyme is a coincidence, a repetition of sounds that connect separate words or lines. Each combination of stressed and unstressed syllables that are repeated in certain order is called the foot. When several poetic lines are combined, a poetic meter arises. The feet are two-component and three-complex. Disyllabic: trochee (ro-za), iambic (re-ka). Wa-nya I-van. Tresyllabic: dactyl), amphibrach, anapaest (de-re-vo (be-re-za) (bi-ryu-za) Va-nech-ka Va-nu-sha I-va-nov

By the number of feet, there are two-foot (three-, four-, five-, six-foot) trochaic or iambic, two-foot (three-, four-foot) dactyl, amphibrach, anapaest. The foot helps to catch the rhythm. The combination of two or more poetic lines, united either by a system of rhymes or intonation, is called a stanza. The stanzas range from simple to complex.

One verse: Oh, cover your pale feet! (V. Bryusov) Couplet (distich): Poetry is in you. You know how to elevate simple feelings to art (W. Shakespeare) Three lines (tertsina): They are in you yourself. You are your own highest court; You will be able to appreciate your work more strictly. Are you satisfied with it, demanding artist? Satisfied? So let the crowd scold him And spit on the altar, where your fire burns, And your tripod sway in childish playfulness? (A.S. Pushkin.)

Quatrain (quatrain) Even in the fields the snow is whitening, And the waters are already rustling in the spring - They run and wake up the sleepy shore, They run and shine and say ... F.I. Tyutchev Pentistish (quintet) The fragrant bliss of spring has not had time to descend To us, The ravines are still full of snow, The cart still rumbles at dawn On the frozen path. A.A. Fet Shestistishie (sextina) Mom, look out the window - It was not for nothing that the cat washed its nose yesterday: There is no dirt, the whole yard is dressed, It has brightened, turned white - It can be seen that there is a frost. A.A. Fet

Semitishie (sentima) - Tell me, uncle, it's not for nothing that Moscow, burnt by fire, was given to the Frenchman? After all, there were combat fights, Yes, they say, some more! No wonder the whole of Russia remembers About the day of Borodin! M. Lermontov Eight lines (octave) The Terek howls, wild and vicious, Among the rocky masses, Its cry is like a storm, Tears fly in sprays, But, scattering across the steppe, He assumed the sly form And, caressing affably, Murmurs to the Caspian Sea ...

The Nine Lines (nona) are used less frequently. Give once in a lifetime and freedom, As to a share alien to me, To look closer to me. Decathlete (decima) The sciences nourish young men, They give joy to the young, happy life Decorate, Protect in an accident, In domestic difficulties, joy And in distant wanderings is not a hindrance. Science is used everywhere, Among peoples and in the desert, In city noise and alone, Sweet in peace and work. M. Lomonosov

Eleven lines Both twelve lines and thirteen lines are allowed. Special forms: triolet (an octet line in which the lines are repeated in a certain order), rondo (two five-line lines and three lines between them), sonnet (two quatrains, two tertets) and Onegin stanza (fourteen lines, specially organized). The stanza is organized by rhyme. There are rhymes: cross (ab ab), adjacent or paired (aa bb), ring or encircling (ab ba).

Rhymes are masculine - with an accent on the last syllable of the line (window - for a long time), feminine - with an emphasis on the second syllable from the end of the line (for nothing - by fire), dactylic - with an emphasis on the third syllable from the end of the line (spreads - spills), hyperdactylic with stress on the fourth and subsequent syllables from the end (hanging - mixing). Exact rhymes differ (repeating sounds are the same: mountains - rubbish, he is a dream), inaccurate (with mismatched sounds: story - longing, crucified - passport)

The main thing in the lyrics is the artistic image, which is created with the help of a variety of figurative and expressive means. The most common tropes are metaphors, epithets, personifications, comparisons. Metaphor is the use of a word in figurative meaning based on the similarity in any respect of two objects or phenomena: diamond dew (sparkles like a diamond), the dawn of a new life (beginning, awakening). Personification is a figurative means that consists in attributing the properties of living beings to inanimate objects: What are you howling about, night wind, what are you so madly complaining about. An epithet is a poetic, figurative definition, usually expressed by adjective, sometimes a noun, an adverb, a participle: velvet eyes, a tramp-wind, looking greedily, rushing sparkling. Comparison - a figurative comparison of two phenomena: Below, like a steel mirror, the lakes of the jet turn blue.

EXPANDED METAPHOR - a combination of several metaphors, when the connecting link between them is not named and exists in an open form. The forest overturned in the water, It drowned in water with jagged peaks, Between two curving skies. Mentally drawing a picture, we will restore the missing image in the text: a mirror of water. Restoring the missing image creates an extended metaphor. In versification, various other tropes and figures of speech are also used.

Conclusion. I managed to consider only some features of the lyrics and its genres. It can be concluded that the lyrics are a whole huge world literature, which lives according to its own laws, knowing which, we can not only understand poems, but also enrich our spiritual world and develop your creativity.

Lyrics are one of the three (along with epic and drama) main literary genera, the subject of which is the inner world, the poet's own "I". Unlike the epic, lyrics are most often plotless (not eventful), unlike drama, they are subjective. In lyrics, any phenomenon and event of life that can affect the spiritual world of a person is reproduced in the form of a subjective, direct experience, that is, a holistic individual manifestation of the poet's personality, a certain state of his character.

"Self-expression" ("self-disclosure") of the poet, without losing its individuality and autobiography, acquires in the lyrics due to the scale and depth of the author's personality a universal meaning; this kind of literature has access to the fullness of expression the toughest problems being. A. S. Pushkin's poem "... Again I visited ..." is not limited to a description of rural nature. It is based on a generalized artistic idea, deep philosophical thought about the continuous process of renewal of life, in which the new comes to replace the departed, continuing it.

Each time develops its own poetic formulas, specific socio-historical conditions create their own forms of expression. lyrical image, and for a historically correct reading of a lyrical work, knowledge of a particular era, its cultural and historical originality is necessary.

The forms of expression of experiences, thoughts of the lyrical subject are different. It can be an internal monologue, thinking alone with yourself (“I remember wonderful moment... "A. S. Pushkin," About valor, about exploits, about glory ... "A. A. Blok); monologue on behalf of the character introduced into the text (“Borodino” by M. Yu. Lermontov); an appeal to a certain person (in a different style), which allows you to create the impression of a direct response to some kind of life phenomenon (“Winter Morning” by A. S. Pushkin, “The Sitting Ones” by V. V. Mayakovsky); appeal to nature, helping to reveal the unity peace of mind lyrical hero and the world of nature (“To the Sea” by A. S. Pushkin, “Forest” by A. V. Koltsov, “In the Garden” by A. A. Fet).

In lyrical works, which are based on acute conflicts, the poet expresses himself in a passionate dispute with time, friends and enemies, with himself (“The Poet and the Citizen” by N. A. Nekrasov). From the point of view of the subject, lyrics can be civil, philosophical, love, landscape, etc. For the most part, lyrical works are multi-dark, various motives can be reflected in one experience of the poet: love, friendship, patriotic feelings, etc. (“In Memory of Dobrolyubov” by N. A. Nekrasov, “Letter to a Woman” by S. A. Yesenin, “Bribed” by R. I. Rozhdestvensky).

There are various genres of lyrical works. The predominant form of lyric poetry of the 19th-20th centuries is a poem: a work written in verses of a small volume, compared to a poem, that makes it possible to embody in a word inner life soul in its changeable and many-sided manifestations (sometimes in the literature there are small works lyrical nature in prose, which use the means of expressiveness characteristic of poetic speech: “Poems in prose” by I. S. Turgenev).

Message - a lyrical genre in poetic form in the form of a letter or appeal to a specific person or group of people of a friendly, loving, panegyric or satirical nature (“To Chaadaev”, “Message to Siberia” by A. S. Pushkin, “Letter to a Mother” by S. A Yesenin).

Elegy - a poem of sad content, which expresses the motives of personal experiences: loneliness, disappointment, suffering, the frailty of earthly existence ("Confession" by E. A. Baratynsky, "The flying ridge is thinning clouds ..." A. S. Pushkin, "Elegy" N. A. Nekrasova, “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry ...” S. A. Yesenin).

A sonnet is a poem of 14 lines, consisting of two quatrains and two tertiary lines. Each stanza is a kind of step in the development of a single dialectical thought (“To the Poet”, “Madonna” by A. S. Pushkin, sonnets by A. A. Fet, V. Ya. Bryusov, I. V. Severyanin, O. E. Mandelstam, I. A. Bunin, A. A. Akhmatova, N. S. Gumilyov, S. Ya. Marshak, A. A. Tarkovsky, L. N. Martynov, M. A. Dudin, V. A. Soloukhin, N. N. Matveeva, L. N. Vysheslavsky, R. G. Gamzatov).

An epigram is a short poem that maliciously ridicules a person or social phenomenon (epigrams by A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, I. I. Dmitriev, E. A. Baratynsky, S. A. Sobolevsky,

B. S. Solovyova, D. D. Minaeva). In Soviet poetry, the epigram genre was developed by V. V. Mayakovsky, D. Bedny, A. G. Arkhangelsky, A. I. Bezymensky, S. Ya. Marshak, S. A. Vasiliev.

A romance is a lyrical poem intended for musical arrangement. Genre features (without strict observance): melodious intonation, syntactic simplicity, completeness of a sentence within a stanza (poems by A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, A. V. Koltsov, F. I. Tyutchev, A. A. Fet , N. A. Nekrasov, A. K. Tolstoy, S. A. Yesenin).

An epitaph is a tombstone inscription (usually in verse) of a commendable, parodic or satirical nature (the epitaphs of R. Burns translated by S. Ya. Marshak, the epitaphs of A. P. Sumarokov, N. F. Shcherbina).

Stanzas - a small elegiac poem in a few stanzas, more often meditative (in-depth reflection) than love content. Genre attributes are indefinite. For example, “Do I wander along the noisy streets ...”, “Stans” (“In the hope of glory and goodness ...”) by A. S. Pushkin, “Stans” (“Look how calm my eyes are ...” ) M. Yu. Lermontov, "Stans" ("I know a lot about my talent") S. A. Yesenin and others.

An eclogue is a lyrical poem in a narrative or dialogic form, depicting everyday rural scenes against the backdrop of nature (eclogues by A. P. Sumarokov, V. I. Panaev).

Madrigal is a small poem-compliment, often of a love-lyrical content (found in N. M. Karamzin, K. N. Batyushkov, A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov).

Each lyrical work, which is always unique, carries a holistic worldview of the poet, is considered not in isolation, but in the context of the entire work of the artist.

A lyrical work can be analyzed either holistically - in the unity of form and content - observing the movement of the author's experience, the poet's lyrical thoughts from the beginning to the end of the poem, or combine a number of works thematically, dwelling on the core ideas, experiences revealed in them (A. S. Pushkin, the theme of the poet and poetry in the work of M. Yu. Lermontov, N. A. Nekrasov, V. V. Mayakovsky, the image of the Motherland in the works of S. A. Yesenin).

It is necessary to abandon the analysis of the poem in parts and from the so-called questions on content. It is also impossible to reduce the work to a formal list visual means language taken out of context.

It is necessary to penetrate into the complex system of linking all the elements of the poetic text, to try to reveal the main feeling-experience that permeates the poem, to comprehend the functions language tools, ideological and emotional richness of poetic speech.

Even V. G. Belinsky in the article “Division of poetry into genera and types” noted that a lyric work “can neither be retold nor interpreted, but it can only be made to feel, and then only by reading it the way it came out of under the pen of a poet; being retold in words or translated into prose, it turns into an ugly and dead larva, from which a butterfly shining with iridescent colors has just fluttered out.

Lyrics are subjective fiction, unlike epic and drama. The poet shares his thoughts and feelings with readers, talks about his joys and sorrows, delights and sorrows caused by certain events of his personal or social life. And at the same time, no other kind of literature evokes such a reciprocal feeling, empathy in the reader - both a contemporary and in subsequent generations.

If the basis of the composition of an epic or dramatic work is a plot that can be retold “in your own words”, a lyric poem cannot be retold, everything in it is “content”: the sequence of depicting feelings and thoughts, the choice and arrangement of words, repetitions of words, phrases, syntactic constructions, style of speech, division into stanzas or their absence, the ratio of the division of the flow of speech into verses and syntactic articulation, poetic size, sound instrumentation, rhyming methods, the nature of the rhyme.

The main means of creating a lyrical image is language, the poetic word. The use of various tropes in the poem (metaphor, personification, synecdoche, parallelism, hyperbole, epithet) expands the meaning of the lyrical statement. The word in the verse has many meanings.

In a poetic context, the word acquires, as it were, additional semantic and emotional shades. Thanks to its internal connections (rhythmic, syntactic, sound, intonation), the word in poetic speech becomes capacious, compacted, emotionally colored, and as expressive as possible. It tends to generalization, symbolism.

Highlighting a word, especially significant in revealing the figurative content of a poem, in poetic text carried out different ways(inversion, transfer, repetitions, anaphora, contrast). For example, in the poem “I loved you: love is still, perhaps ...” by A. S. Pushkin, the leitmotif of the work is created keywords"loved" (repeated three times), "love", "beloved".

Many lyrical statements tend to be aphoristic, which makes them winged like proverbs. Such lyrical phrases become walking, memorized, used in relation to a certain mood of thought and state of mind of a person.

In the winged lines of Russian poetry, the most acute, polemical problems of our reality are focused, as it were, on different historical stages. The winged line is one of the primary elements of true poetry. Here are some examples: “Yes, only things are still there!” (I. A. Krylov. "Swan, Pike and Cancer"); "Listen! lie, but know the measure ”(A. S. Griboedov. “Woe from Wit”); "Where are we going to sail?" (A. S. Pushkin. "Autumn"); “I look at the future with fear, I look at the past with longing ...” (M. Yu. Lermontov); “Here comes the master - the master will judge us” (N. A. Nekrasov. “The Forgotten Village”); “It is not given to us to predict how our word will respond” (F. I. Tyutchev); “So that words are cramped, thoughts are spacious” (N. A. Nekrasov. “Imitation of Schiller”); And eternal battle! We only dream of peace ”(A. A. Blok.“ On the Kulikovo field ”); “You can’t see faces face to face. Great things are seen at a distance "(S. A. Yesenin. "Letter to a Woman"); "... Not for the sake of glory, for the sake of life on earth" (A. T. Tvardovsky. "Vasily Terkin").

Introduction to Literary Studies (N.L. Vershinina, E.V. Volkova, A.A. Ilyushin and others) / Ed. L.M. Krupchanov. - M, 2005