The Arc de Triomphe in Paris is a mirror of French history. Triumphal Gates on Tverskaya Zastava

The triumphal gates were first built in Ancient Rome and were intended for solemn ceremonies on the occasion of the entry into the city of the victorious army. Foreign experience was the first in Russia to adopt Peter the Great, and later arches were erected on the occasion of each major victory of Russian weapons or simply on a significant date.

Triumphal Gates in Moscow

With the idea of ​​building a triumphal gate in Moscow, dedicated to the victory over the army Napoleon, spoke Nicholas I. The arch was designed by one of the largest architects of the time Osip Bove. During the ceremonial laying of the gates on August 30, 1829 (according to the new style) at the Tverskaya Zastava, a bronze slab and a handful of silver coins minted in 1829, "for good luck", were laid in the foundation. The construction of the gate was carried out for quite a long time due to lack of Money: the opening took place only on September 20, 1834. The inscription on the attic was approved by Nicholas I and read: “Blessed memory Alexander I, erected from the ashes and adorned with many monuments of paternal care, this first city, during the invasion of the Gauls and with them twenty languages, in the summer of 1812 devoted to fire, 1826.

In 1936, during the implementation of the Stalinist General Plan, the arch was dismantled. Some of the sculptures were transferred to the Museum of Architecture on the territory of the former Donskoy Monastery. Moscow owes much to the restoration of the gate Yuri Gagarin, who at the VIII Congress of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League of 1965 stated: “In Moscow, the Triumphal Arch of 1812 was removed and not restored, the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, built with money collected throughout the country in honor of the victory over Napoleon, was destroyed. Has the name of this monument overshadowed its patriotic essence? I could continue the list of victims of the barbaric attitude towards the monuments of the past. Unfortunately, there are many such examples. To this he answered Nikita Khrushchev: “Gagarin is Gagarin. Therefore, the first thing we will do is to restore the Arc de Triomphe.” The arch was restored in 1966-1968 on Kutuzovsky Prospekt, next to the Battle of Borodino museum. The text on the attic has been changed: "These triumphal gate laid as a sign of remembrance of the triumph of Russian soldiers in 1814 and the resumption of the construction of magnificent monuments and buildings of the capital city of Moscow, destroyed in 1812 by the invasion of the Gauls and with them twelve languages.

Moscow Triumphal Gates. Photo: RIA Novosti / Sergey Guneev

Red Gate in Moscow

Red gate. Photo: commons.wikimedia.org

The Red Gate existed in Moscow from the beginning of the 18th century until June 3, 1927. The first arch that appeared on this site in Russia was created in 1709, in honor of the victory Peter I over the Swedes, and later rebuilt many times. So, Catherine I rebuilt them in 1724 in honor of her coronation, but 8 years later this wooden structure burned down.

Already in 1742 Elizaveta Petrovna built a new gate on this site, but after 6 years they were again destroyed by fire. The first stone arch was built to replace the burnt gate in 1753. architect D. Ukhtomsky. It was made in the Baroque style, with red walls, snow-white relief, and golden capitals. 50 bright drawings personified "Majesty Russian Empire”, and the golden figure of an angel crowned the arch. The arch was demolished along with the nearby Church of the Three Hierarchs in connection with the expansion of the Garden Ring. Today, only the square of the same name and the metro station that opened in 1935 reminds of it.

Narva triumphal gates in St. Petersburg

The Narva triumphal gates, like the Moscow triumphal arch, were dedicated to the victory in the war of 1812. Initially, the triumphal arch was built to meet the troops who were returning home from Europe in 1814, at the Narva outpost. These gates were made of alabaster and wood in one month and quickly fell into disrepair. Nicholas ordered the construction of new stone gates in a new place, next to the Tarakanovka River. In general, the new gates retained the appearance of the first arch, but there were some peculiarities. The construction of the gate was brick, sheathed with copper sheets, and the sculptures of Roman soldiers were replaced with copper Russian heroes. On the arch there are inscriptions about the places of decisive battles. The gates took on their usual appearance later, when copper began to rust in the harsh northern conditions. During the blockade of Leningrad, the gates were badly damaged by bombing (they received more than two thousand bombs, parts of the decor were repulsed, the cornice was destroyed). It was through the Narva Gates that units of the Leningrad garrison were sent to the front. After the war, the gates were restored. Now in the premises of the gate there is a museum-monument "Narva Triumphal Gates".

Narva triumphal gates in St. Petersburg. Photo: RIA Novosti / D. Chernov

Moscow Triumphal Gates in St. Petersburg

These gates were built in 1834-1832 in honor of the victory of Russian arms in Russian-Turkish war. Created by project V. Stasova, they were located at the intersection of Moskovsky and Ligovsky avenues, on the square of the same name. In 1936, the gates were dismantled in connection with the planned relocation of the city center. However, the authorities did not plan to destroy the architectural monument: they were going to decorate the park. However, the project was never implemented, and in 1959-1960 the gate was restored in its original place.

Moscow Triumphal Gates. 1834-1838 years. Architect Vasily Stasov. Photo: RIA Novosti / B. Manushin

Alexander triumphal arch in Krasnodar

Monument to Empress Catherine II and the Alexander Triumphal Arch in Krasnodar. Photo: RIA Novosti / Mikhail Mokrushin

triumphal arches were built not only in Moscow and St. Petersburg, but also in other cities, and they were dedicated not only to military victories. The Alexander Arch in Krasnodar was built in honor of the arrival of the emperor Alexander III to the capital of Kuban in 1888.

Having stood at the intersection of Sedin and Mira streets for half a century, it was demolished by the new authorities in 1928. It was decided by the residents of Krasnodar in 2006 to restore the arch. The difficulty of restoring the arch was that the drawings of the original arch were not preserved, and therefore the reconstruction was delayed for 2 years. The arch was installed in a new place, near the reconstructed fountain at the intersection of Krasnaya and Babushkina streets. A public garden was laid out next to the arch, and the arch itself soon became a new landmark of the city.

Brandenburg Gate in Kaliningrad

The first wooden gates in Kaliningrad (then - Koenigsberg) were built on this site in 1657, and 100 years later, at the direction of Frederick II were replaced by stone ones. Initially, these gates were not triumphal, but had a practical function: they protected the city from enemy raids. Outside the walls, a garrison of guards was always on duty, there were also utility rooms here. In the middle of the century, the gates ceased to have a fortification function. In 1843 they were rebuilt and decorated with decorative pediments, cruciform flowers, leaves on finials, coats of arms and medallions. Also, portraits of famous Prussian military men were installed on them. The gates were preserved by the Soviet authorities and have survived to this day. Today they continue to perform a transport function, remaining travel.

The Brandenburg Gate in Kaliningrad was part of the city's defense system and served as a shelter at the entrance to it. These are the only city gates in Kaliningrad that are still in use today. intended purpose. Photo: RIA Novosti / Vladimir Fedorenko

Amur Gate in Irkutsk

These gates were built to meet Governor General Nikolai Muravyov-Amursky, who signed an agreement with the Chinese Empire on the Amur and returned to Irkutsk. Under this treaty, Russia received the left bank of the Amur and vast territories. In addition, it was this document that determined the border between states. In 1891, the gates were reconstructed, but after 29 years they again dilapidated and were demolished. During the celebration in 2009 of the 350th anniversary of Irkutsk, the gates were proposed to be restored, but the work was never started.

Amur Gate on a 19th century postcard. Photo: commons.wikimedia.org

Moscow triumphal gates in Irkutsk

There are other triumphal gates in Irkutsk, built in 1813 in honor of the accession to the throne of Emperor Alexander I. The arch was located at the exit from Irkutsk towards the European part of Russia, on the Moscow tract, and therefore it got its name. There were several rooms in the arch, which were occupied by the caretakers of the Moscow outpost and the station of the Water Rescue Society. In 1890, the archive was located here. The dilapidated gate was demolished in 1928, but before that, a large-scale work was carried out to photograph and measure the monument. This made it possible to restore the arch to its original form. The reconstruction was carried out with private funds and was completed in 2011. After the restoration of the Moscow Gates, it is planned to create a museum dedicated to the history of this architectural monument.

Sergei Petrov and Tatyana Ermakova near the Moscow Triumphal Gates in Irkutsk during the Olympic torch relay. year 2013. Photo: RIA Novosti / Ramil Sitdikov

Nicholas triumphal gates in Vladivostok

Nicholas Triumphal Gate in Vladivostok was built in honor of the arrival of Tsarevich Nicholas. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org / Russian.dissident

Nicholas Triumphal Gate in Vladivostok was built in honor of the arrival of Tsarevich Nicholas (later crowned as Nicholas II) in 1891, during his journey to the Far East.

The construction was carried out with private funds: industrialists, merchants and other wealthy residents of the city took part in it.

The arch did not last long: with the advent of Soviet power, it was demolished. It was decided to restore it in the year of the 135th anniversary of the birth and the 85th anniversary of the death of the last Russian emperor. In May 2003, its grand opening took place.

This arch is also dedicated to the visit of Tsarevich Nicholas and was built in the same year as in Vladivostok.

The 20-meter stone arch was decorated with double-headed eagles and icons. In 1936 it was destroyed by a flood. The reconstruction of the arch began in 2003 at the expense of entrepreneurs, the diocese and ordinary residents of Blagoveshchensk. The arch was opened in 2005.

Triumphal Arch in Blagoveshchensk. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org / Student of the AmSU

Triumphal Arch "Kursk Bulge" in Kursk, Russia

In Kursk, the triumphal arch was built in 2000, in honor of the victory Soviet troops on Kursk Bulge. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org / George Dolgopsky

In Kursk, the triumphal arch was built in 2000, in honor of the victory of the Soviet troops on the Kursk salient. The project was developed and approved in the shortest possible time. Work began in 1998 and lasted two years. A monument to the Soviet commander was erected near the northern facade of the arch Georgy Zhukov. Decorated the arch sculptural composition George the Victorious, smashing a dragon with a spear.

Triumphal arch "Grozny"

Another triumphal gate built recently was the Grozny arch in Chechnya. This building was opened on October 5, 2006 on Khankalskaya Street in Grozny and is dedicated to the 30th anniversary of Head of Chechnya Ramzan Kadyrov. The arch is located above the highway and is decorated on the sides with seventeen-meter-high Chechen combat towers, as well as two portraits - Russian President Vladimir Putin and the first President of the Chechen Republic Akhmat Kadyrov. The arch is the main gate to the city of Grozny.

^ IV. Working with the text "Arc de Triomphe" (exercise 57).

1. Answering questions and completing tasks for the text.

Teacher's comments

The theme of the text is the history of the Arc de Triomphe and its description. The title is relevant to the topic. The type of speech is a description with narrative elements. The following sentences of the last paragraph are connected by a chain link: 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 5 and 6. The means of communication are pronouns. "Gauls" is an outdated name for the French (from the name of the ancient Celtic tribes that inhabited the territory modern France in the 6th-5th centuries BC). “Twelve languages” - twenty languages, in this case means “many languages”, that is, “many peoples, states”.

2. vocabulary work.

Write out the words within: apotheosis, high relief, allegory, monument. Make sentences with them.

^ V. Retelling the text according to the plan of exercise. 58.

The retelling can be built “in a chain”: each student tells one point of the plan.

VI. Oral description illustration.

1. An example of the description of the Arc de Triomphe according to the illustration.

Triumphal Arch

The triumphal arch looks like a majestic building towering on Victory Square. The vast space of the square highlights the monument, emphasizes its grandeur and grandeur. The arch gives the impression of solemnity and power. Its top is decorated with a cast-iron chariot of Glory, which is harnessed by six horses. The goddess of Victory drives the chariot, holding a laurel wreath on her outstretched hand, symbolizing victory. The white stone cladding contrasts with the black cast-iron columns, sculptures of warriors and high reliefs in the niches. The cornice is decorated with forty-eight coats of arms of Russian provinces. allegorical female figures symbolize the power, strength, courage, glory of Russian weapons.

The triumphal arch, despite the fact that Victory Square is bordered by tall buildings, does not lose its majesty and dominates the surrounding space.

2. Commentary on the comparison of the description with the text of the exercise.

The text of the exercise not only contains a description of the Arc de Triomphe, but tells in detail about its history, about the authors of the structure, conveys the impression that the arch makes on the viewer.

^ Homework. Ex. 52.

Date __________

Lesson 10

The purpose of the lesson: show students the structure of phrases, teach them to highlight phrases in the text, construct them, determine the grammatical meaning, make diagrams.

Methodical methods: repetition of the past, explanation of the teacher, work with dictionaries, construction of phrases, vocabulary work, work on speech norms.

During the classes

^ I. Linguistic warm-up .

Task: decline proper names: Anastasia, Vasily.

(I. Anastasia, Vasily

R. Anastasia, Vasily

D. Anastasia, Vasily

V. Anastasia, Vasily

T. Anastasia, Vasily

P. about Anastasia, about Vasily.)

Repeat the features of the declension of nouns into -i, -i, -i.

^ II. Examination homework .

Mutual check ex. 52, defining the style of texts (journalistic).

III. Learning new material.

1. introduction teachers.

(You may want to use the introductory article to the Syntax and Punctuation section.)

The topic "Syntax and Punctuation" is designed to be studied not only in the 8th, but also in the 9th grade. This year we will be doing word combinations and simple sentence, in the next complex sentence.

Let's start with phrases - syntactic units from which a sentence is built. A phrase is formed by combining two or more words, this is the smallest context in which it appears lexical meaning words and their grammatical properties.

What does "context" mean? Suppose given a word written on the blackboard ( organ). Read it. Out of context, that is, outside the environment, it is not clear what is meant: the meaning of the word, firstly, depends on the stress ( `body And organ Homographs are words that are spelled the same but pronounced differently. In addition, the word "organ ambiguous. We form phrases that clarify the lexical meaning of the word, write them in a notebook:

organ of the press (newspaper), organ of vision (eye), serve in the organs (for example, in the police), health authorities, listen to the organ.

At home, check the origin and meaning of these words by explanatory dictionary, find single-root words.

Note. If you have time, you can do this work in class.

Interestingly, both words come from the same Greek word- orqanon - a tool, a tool. Word "organ has several meanings: 1) a part of the body that performs a specific function: speech organ, circulatory system; 2) an institution that performs certain functions in the company: guardianship and guardianship authorities, public authorities; 3) periodical(usually belonging to some public entity and reflecting its views and activities): organ of the Democratic Party.

Organ- wind keyboard musical instrument large sizes, consisting of a set of pipes into which air is pumped by bellows.

Single-root words for a word `body – organization, organize, organized, organizational, organizational, organizer, organism,

organized, organization, organic, organic, organic, plexiglass etc .

By the way organ – organist, organist, organist, organist.

So, we see that the lexical meaning of the word is manifested in the context, i.e. surrounded by other words related to it in meaning and grammatically.

2. Definition of a phrase, its structure.

1) Try to define the phrase. ( ^ A phrase is two or more independent words that are related in meaning and grammatically. .)

The phrase names objects, actions, signs more specifically. It consists of a main and a dependent word. The dependent word(s) clarifies the meaning of the main word. For example: good weather, bad weather in april. The main word (weather) is specified by dependents, to which a question is posed from the main one.

2) Ex. 60 - orally.

3. Signs of a phrase.

1) A phrase can only be composed of independent parts of speech. Yes, "near the house" is not a phrase, it is a noun: with a preposition, and a preposition - service unit speech.

2) One of the constituent words depends on the other. For example, "flying and spinning"- two independent words connected by a coordinating link, not a phrase.

3) The phrase has a system of forms formed by the forms of the main word, and hence the initial form. "Wind subsided" is not a phrase, it is the basis of the sentence, subject and predicate.

4. Grammatical form and grammatical structure of phrases

The grammatical form of a phrase is its structure, scheme. The scheme can be conditional, contain only the names of parts of speech. For example: Olympic movement- "adj. + noun", overcome an obstacle- "Vb. + noun", to get involved in sport- "Vb. + noun", too fast- "adv. + adv. etc. A more specific scheme indicates the forms of the dependent word: confident- "adj. + preposition + pronoun. in dates P.". The pronoun expresses dependence on the main case form, which does not change when the main word changes: self-confident, self-confident etc.

By morphological affiliation, phrases are divided into nominal (the main word is a noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun), verbal (the main word is a verb or its forms) and adverbial (the main word is an adverb).

^ IV. Consolidation of the studied .

1. Types of phrases by morphological features. Ex. 61 - parse orally.

2. The structure of phrases. Ex. 62: disassemble the first part orally, write it down on the board, the second part - in writing in notebooks.

3. Construction of phrases. Ex. 63 - orally.

4. Work on speech norms. Ex. 64 - comment "along the chain", complete in notebooks. Difficult cases write on the board.

^ V. Vocabulary work .

Write out the words in the framework, make phrases with them, determine the main and dependent word: true, genuine, talented, brilliant, director, secretary, tradition, ideal, scholarship, fellow.

Homework.§7 (p. 28-29), ex. 65, 67.

Date ________

^ Lesson 11

The purpose of the lesson: to teach to determine the ways of communication in phrases: to construct them, to consolidate the concepts of the structure and meaning of phrases, to give the concept of synonymous phrases, to consolidate the ability to make diagrams.

^ Methodical methods: repetition of the past, explanation of the teacher, construction of phrases, work with diagrams, vocabulary work, work on speech norms.

During the classes

^ I. Linguistic warm-up.

Complicated vocabulary dictation. Think of and write down phrases with words, mark the main words: Veteran, regulate, personify, landscape, color, composition, architecture, architecture architect, ornament, apotheosis, high relief, allegory.

^ II. Checking homework.

1. Theoretical questions:

What is a phrase?

Which common types phrases are divided according to their

Morphological features?

What does the phrase scheme show?

2. Exerc. 65 and 67 we check orally, "along the chain." At this time, on the board, several people make phrase schemes (selectively).

^ III. Practical tasks to consolidate the material.

1. Selective dictation.

Write only word combinations (words can be written on the board):

Near the forest, coniferous forest, the forest is noisy, the forest and the field, for an hour, table clock, reception hours, the clock stopped, dry summer, from drought and heat, due to drought, the investigation is over, masterfully play, playing on the computer, while playing . ( Coniferous forest, table clock, reception hours, dry summer, masterfully play, play on the computer.)

2. Explain why other words are not phrases. (Nouns with a preposition: near the forest, within an hour, due to drought, during the game. The main members (basis) of the proposal: the forest is noisy, the clock has stopped, the investigation is over. There is no relationship between words except writing connection: forest and field, from drought and heat.)

3. Exerc. 66 - we disassemble orally.

^ IV. Explanation of the teacher with elements of conversation.

1. Connection of words in a phrase.

Independent parts of speech are combined as part of a phrase using three types of communication: agreement, control, adjunction. The type of connection is determined by the grammatical properties of dependent words.

1) If the dependent word answers the questions which one? which? whose?, then the type of connection is agreement. The dependent word agrees with the main word in gender, number and case. (Write on the board the type of communication and questions.)

Questions:

What parts of speech can answer these questions? (adjectives, possessive pronouns, ordinal numbers, participles.)

Give examples of agreement. ( ^ Early autumn - early autumn, your game - your game, the fifth element - the fifth element, the attending physician - the attending physician. )

2) If the dependent word is a noun

Or words with signs of a noun, this is management. The main word governs the dependent. When controlled, the form of the dependent word does not change when the form of the main word changes: study at school - I study at school, a schoolmate - a schoolmate, to meet you - I met you, to support a stumbled one - supported the stumbled.

3) If the dependent word is an adverb, gerund or the initial form of the verb, this is an adjunction. The dependent word is adjacent to the main one in meaning: think quickly; pretty fast; naval pasta; walked singing; I'm going to leave.

2. The meanings of phrases.

There are three types of meanings in a phrase: attributive,

circumstantial and additional.

1) The attributive meaning is expressed in phrases, where the dependent word means a sign of an object and answers the questions of definitions (what? which? whose?): seventh seal, mother's gloves, girl with blue eyes, My friend.

2) The circumstantial meaning is expressed in phrases, where the main word means an action or sign, and the dependent word means a sign. The dependent answers questions of circumstances (where? when? how? why? for what purpose? etc.): fishing on the lake, getting up early, shivering from the cold, called to protect etc.

3) An additional meaning is manifested in phrases, where the main word also means an action or a sign, and the dependent word means an object in relation to which this action is performed or this sign is manifested. The dependent answers questions of additions (questions of indirect cases): read a chapter, hug grandma, talk to you, talk about anything, away from the shore etc.

^ V. Fixing the topic .

1. Exerc. 68 - parse orally.

Note to the conclusion: Adjectives, numerals, pronouns, participles can be used as dependent words in agreement; in management - nouns, adjectives and participles as nouns, numerals, pronouns; adjoining - adverbs, gerunds and an indefinite form of the verb.

2. Exerc. 71 - in writing, with commentary "along the chain". Teacher's comment: the first two phrases ( checkered balloon and checkered scarf) are close in lexical and grammatical meanings. Such phrases are called synonymous.

3. Exerc. 77 - orally (synonymous phrases).

4. Independent work: ex. 70 (construction of phrases).

5. Parsing phrases: 1) orally parse one phrase from ex. 81 (according to the model on p. 39), 2) make a written analysis of 2-3 phrases on your own.

^ VI. vocabulary work .

Write out the words in the framework, make phrases with them, make their schemes: devotion, rally, candidate, delegate, deputy, monument, obelisk, diploma, certificate, certificate.

Homework.§7 (p. 32-39), ex. 72, 74, 80.

Date __________

^ Lesson 12

The purpose of the lesson: to consolidate what has been learned about the phrase, to expand students' knowledge of the structure and grammatical meaning of the sentence, to teach to highlight the grammatical basis (difficult cases), to determine the purpose of the statement.

^ Methodical methods: repetition of the past, explanation of the teacher, conversation on questions, exercises, vocabulary work (synonyms).

During the classes

^ I. Linguistic warm-up.

Decline phrases with numerals:

Two hundred and eighty-four rubles, four hundred and ninety-six.

^ II. Checking homework. Consolidation of the theme "Phrase".

1. Theoretical questions:

Tell us about the structure of the phrase.

What are the main features of the phrase?

Name the types of phrases according to their morphological properties. Give examples.

What phrases are indivisible? ( ^ Those in which the main meaning is a grammatically dependent word .)

Teacher's comment

Let's compare the direct and figurative meaning of the phrases "give back". The first names the action and the object (change received in the store). The meaning of the action in the second case is called a grammatically dependent word ( hit back- to respond to a blow or insult), which is the main one in meaning. Thus, the figurative meaning of this phrase is indivisible. Such phrases are one member of the sentence, and the grammatical meaning is not established in them.

It is most often possible to isolate such phrases only in context.

Examples: ^ Pansies - small bright flowers. (The indivisible phrase is the subject). Want to congratulate you heartily. (The first indivisible phrase is a predicate, the second is a circumstance.) The rally gathered many people. (An indivisible phrase is an addition.) Many people gathered in the square. (The indivisible phrase is the subject.)

2. Mutual verification exercise. 72, 74. Oral answers to the questions of these exercises.

3. Syntactic analysis of phrases (exercise 80): selectively perform 3-4 people on the board.

III. The study of the topic "Offer".

1. Conversation on the questions:

What distinguishes a sentence from a phrase?

On what basis are sentences divided into simple and complex?

What is the grammatical basis of a sentence?

On what grounds can a grammatical basis be distinguished if one of the main members is missing in the sentence?

Teacher's comment

The signs of highlighting the grammatical basis are as follows:

1) the grammatical basis necessarily includes a verb in some mood;

2) one of the members of the grammatical basis occupies an independent position: it does not depend in its forms on the other members of the sentence;

3) auxiliary or a linking verb in the form of some mood forms one member of the sentence with an independent word.

For example: ^ I can help you . The subject is absent, but implied (I). The base is one piece. The verb in the form of inclination - Can. This verb has an auxiliary, modal (expresses the meaning of possibility) meaning, does not depend on other members of the sentence. The verb in the initial form is associated with it help. With this syntactically independent word, the verb Can forms one member of the grammatical basis - the predicate ( I can help).

What if there is no verb in the sentence? For example: ^ Light in summer and night . Adverb light does not depend on other members of the sentence, which means that it is included in the grammatical basis. The linking verb is missing, which indicates the present tense, but the linking appears in the future or past tense: In summer and at night it will be light. It was light during the summer and at night. That is, in our example, the linking verb is zero. To reveal it, you need to change the duration of the action: Easy on the heart ( was, will be).

2. Exercise.

1) Ex. 82 (classification of sentences according to the purpose of the statement) - orally.

2) Ex. 83, 84 - orally (pre-read the material of the paragraph on p. 41).

3) Ex. 85 (I) - in writing, with commenting on each sentence "in a chain" (the role of the verb in the sentence).

4) Ex. 85 (II) - orally (classification of sentences according to the purpose of the statement).

5) Ex. 87 - disassemble orally, then perform in notebooks.

Speech development lesson in grade 8.

Preparation for writing a description of an architectural monument.

Teacher of Russian language and literature

MOU secondary school in the village of Berdyuzhye, Tyumen region

Shukalovich Ekaterina Petrovna

Purpose: to improve oral speech skills; extension vocabulary students, teaching the description of an architectural monument.

Equipment: m/m presentation.

During the classes.

Working with phrases. Read. Determine the meaning of the highlighted words. Where can these phrases be used?

Russian architecture, erect temple, author sculptures, intricate details, ancient monument, modern monument, chariot of glory, bronze high relief, intricate ornament, great architect, Old Russian architecture.

Vocabulary work. Read the words below

Architecture is the art of construction, the erection of buildings.

Erect - build, construct.

Sculpture - View visual arts, whose products have a volumetric, three-dimensional form.

Intricate - complex, intricate, original.

High relief - a sculptural image protruding above the background plane by more than half of its volume, a convex wall sculptural image.

Ornament - a pattern consisting of rhythmically ordered elements.

An architect is an architect, a builder.

Architecture is the art of architecture and construction.

Apotheosis - glorification, exaltation of someone or something.

Allegory is an allegory.

A monument is a big monument.

Monumental - majestic, impressing with its size, power.

A pedestal is the basis of a monument, a column, a statue.

A pedestal is the foot of a statue.

Landmark - a place or object that deserves special attention due to some of its qualities.

Art - 1. creative reflection, reproduction of reality in artistic images; 2. Skill, skill, knowledge of the matter.

Skilled - skillful, well knowing his job.

With 2-3 words, make and write sentences.

Working with the text "Arc de Triomphe". Read. Determine the subject of the text and the correspondence between subject and heading. Determine the type of speech in this text. Which sentences in the last paragraph are linked by a chain link? Write them out. What means of communication are used in these proposals? Explain the meaning of the wordsGaul, "twelve languages".

Triumphal Arch.

A row of tall houses on Kutuzovsky Prospekt ends, a wide square suddenly appears around the corner, and in the center of the square - the Triumphal Arch ...

This solemnly majestic arch, 28 meters high, was built according to the project of the famous Russian architect Osip Bove in 1827-1834 in honor of the victory of the Russian people in the Patriotic War of 1812. The authors of the sculptures are Ivan Vitali and Ivan Timofeev.

Creating the project of the Triumphal arches, Beauvais dreamed of installing them at Poklonnaya Hill, from where Napoleon looked at the city spread out before him. Then the emperor did not yet know that the capture of Moscow was not the apotheosis of his glory, but the beginning of the complete defeat of his army of many thousands ...

But the "fathers of the city" decided to install the arch not on the old Smolenskaya road, but near the Tverskaya Zastava, and there it stood for almost a hundred years, more and more interfering with traffic.

And in 1968, the beautiful creation of Osip Bove was restored and transferred to Kutuzovsky Prospekt, to Victory Square, as if specially created for him, where the Borodino Battle panorama had already been built.

The triumphal arch opens to your eyes unexpectedly. At its top is a cast-iron chariot of Glory, in which the goddess of Victory proudly stands. The facades of the arch are lined with white stone; 12-meter-high cast-iron columns effectively stand out against its background. Along the perimeter of the cornice there are 48 coats of arms of the Russian provinces, the population of which fought with the Napoleonic army. The monument is decorated with bronze high reliefs “The Expulsion of the Gauls from Moscow”, “The Beating of “Twelve Languages”, “Liberated Moscow”. Between them are figures of severe warriors in armor, allegorical female figures, symbolizing firmness, courage and glory. (According to Ya. Biletsky).

Retelling the text according to the plan, “along the chain”: each student tells one point of the plan.

Detailed plan.

Where is the Arc de Triomphe located in Moscow?

In honor of what event was it built?

Where did the author plan to place his work and why?

Where was the arch originally installed?

What is on top of it?

What else is the monument decorated with?

Oral description illustration.

An example of a description of the Arc de Triomphe from an illustration.

Triumphal Arch.

The triumphal arch looks like a majestic building towering on Victory Square. The vast space of the square highlights the monument, emphasizes its grandeur and grandeur. The arch gives the impression of solemnity and power. Its top is decorated with a cast-iron chariot of Glory, which is harnessed by six horses. The goddess of Victory drives the chariot, holding a laurel wreath on her outstretched hand, symbolizing victory. White stone cladding contrasts with black cast-iron columns, sculptures of warriors and high reliefs located in niches. The cornice is decorated with forty-eight coats of arms of Russian provinces. Allegorical female figures symbolize the power, strength, courage, glory of Russian weapons.

The triumphal arch, despite the fact that Victory Square is bordered by tall buildings, does not lose its majesty and dominates the surrounding space.

Commentary on the comparison of the description with the text of the exercise.

Models of descriptions of monuments of architecture.

Read and orally answer the questions: 1) Where and when was the monument to A.S. Pushkin erected in the city on the Neva? 2) Who is its author? 3) How is the poet depicted? 4) What style does this text belong to?

In 1935 The great city on the Neva solemnly celebrated its 250th anniversary. On the eve of the holiday, a monument to Alexander Pushkin was unveiled on the Arts Square.

The author of this wonderful work is the famous Russian architect M.K. Anikushin. The artist showed Pushkin enthusiastically and passionately reading his poems. We see a lively sharp look, a high forehead, a clearly defined line of lips. The slenderness of the lines of the figure, the slightly raised head, especially the gesture of the right hand, the turn of the hand, the fingers - all emphasize the inspiration of the poet.

The sculpture is set on a red granite pedestal. The monument stands in greenery, majestic buildings are located around it. Pushkin era: Russian Museum, Museum of Ethnography, Maly Opera House, Philharmonic.

(According to L. Simonenko.)

Temple-monument Basil the Blessed in Moscow. Read the text. Title the text. Determine the style and type of speech of the text. Make a plan, reflecting micro-themes in each paragraph.

In October 1552, Moscow witnessed an unprecedented nationwide celebration. Troops led by Ivan the Terrible returned from under the walls of Kazan, taken by storm. In commemoration of this great victory The tsar decided to build a memorial church in Moscow. Two years later, the construction of the stone Cathedral of the Intercession began. Later it was named St. Basil's Cathedral, named after the holy fool who was buried near its walls.

This amazing building is striking in its originality. An unusual flower of its bizarre forms, united by a central tent, not only resembles a multi-domed group of Kremlin cathedrals, but also hovers over the wide expanse of the square. The cathedral consists of nine pillars surrounding the ninth. Pillars-temples stand on a wide basement of a complex star-shaped outline. This unusually elegant, festive building looks like a giant plant or a flowering bush.

The central temple is crowned with a tent, the chapels, located on the cardinal points, are tower-shaped, somewhat reminiscent of the bell tower of Ivan the Great. When walking around the temple, a slender grandiose pyramid of the temple, crowned with a tent, along the edges of which gilded spirals run upwards, sometimes grows in front of the viewer, then its tower-like volumes growing upwards become more distinct. Intricate details give the temple an elegant and fabulous look. Undoubtedly, this temple embodies folk ideas about the great poetic beauty of architecture.

The names of the creators of St. Basil the Blessed were forgotten over time, and only at the end of the 19th century were old manuscripts discovered with a story about many details of the construction of the temple, including its builders - Barma and Postnik, talented Russian architects. Legend has it that after the construction was completed, Ivan the Terrible asked the architects if they could build another one exactly like the temple. They replied that they could. And then the king ordered them to be blinded, so that no rival to his temple could arise.

Read a fragment of D. Kedrin's poem "Architects". Compare two texts describing the same monument. Find words in the text that are architectural terms. Name synonyms for the word architect.

Paperwork. Description of the architectural monument of the native village.

Base your description on the following questions:

On what occasion was the monument erected?

Where it is located?

What is special about it? What attracts?

What impression does it make on the beholder? Do you like this monument?

Speech development lesson in grade 8. Preparation for writing a description of an architectural monument.

During the classes

Working with phrases. Read. Determine the meaning of the highlighted words. Where can these phrases be used?Russianarchitecture, erect temple, authorsculptures , intricate details, ancient monument, modern monument, chariot of glory, bronzehigh relief, intricateornament, greatarchitect , Old Russianarchitecture .

Vocabulary work. Read the words below Architecture is the art of construction, the erection of buildings.Erect - build, construct.Sculpture is a type of fine art, the works of which have a volumetric, three-dimensional form.Intricate - complex, intricate, original.High relief - a sculptural image protruding above the background plane by more than half of its volume, a convex wall sculptural image.Ornament - a pattern consisting of rhythmically ordered elements.An architect is an architect, a builder.Architecture is the art of architecture and construction.Apotheosis - glorification, exaltation of someone or something.Allegory is an allegory.A monument is a big monument.Monumental - majestic, impressing with its size, power.A pedestal is the basis of a monument, a column, a statue.A pedestal is the foot of a statue.Landmark - a place or object that deserves special attention due to some of its qualities.Art - 1. creative reflection, reproduction of reality in artistic images; 2. Skill, skill, knowledge of the matter.Skilled - skillful, well knowing his job.

With 2-3 words, make and write sentences.

Working with the text "Arc de Triomphe". Read. Determine the subject of the text and the correspondence between the subject and heading.

Determine the type of speech in this text. Which sentences in the last paragraph are linked by a chain link? Write them out. What means of communication are used in these proposals? Explain the meaning of the words Gaul, "twelve languages".

Triumphal Arch .

A row of tall houses on Kutuzovsky Prospekt ends, a wide square suddenly appears around the corner, and in the center of the square - the Triumphal Arch ...This solemnly majestic arch, 28 meters high, was built according to the project of the famous Russian architect Osip Bove in 1827-1834 in honor of the victory of the Russian people in the Patriotic War of 1812. The authors of the sculptures are Ivan Vitali and Ivan Timofeev.Creating the project of the Triumphal arches, Beauvais dreamed of installing them at Poklonnaya Hill, from where Napoleon looked at the city spread out before him. Then the emperor did not yet know that the capture of Moscow was not the apotheosis of his glory, but the beginning of the complete defeat of his army of many thousands ...But the "fathers of the city" decided to install the arch not on the old Smolenskaya road, but near the Tverskaya Zastava, and there it stood for almost a hundred years, more and more interfering with traffic.And in 1968, the beautiful creation of Osip Bove was restored and transferred to Kutuzovsky Prospekt, to Victory Square, as if specially created for him, where the Borodino Battle panorama had already been built.The triumphal arch opens to your eyes unexpectedly. At its top is a cast-iron chariot of Glory, in which the goddess of Victory proudly stands. The facades of the arch are lined with white stone; 12-meter-high cast-iron columns effectively stand out against its background. Along the perimeter of the cornice there are 48 coats of arms of the Russian provinces, the population of which fought with the Napoleonic army. The monument is decorated with bronze high reliefs “The Expulsion of the Gauls from Moscow”, “The Beating of “Twelve Languages”, “Liberated Moscow”. Between them are figures of severe warriors in armor, allegorical female figures, symbolizing firmness, courage and glory. (According to Ya. Biletsky).

Retelling the text according to the plan, “along the chain”: each student tells one point of the plan. Detailed plan.

Where is the Arc de Triomphe located in Moscow?

In honor of what event was it built?

Where did the author plan to place his work and why?

Where was the arch originally installed?

What is on top of it?

What else is the monument decorated with?

Oral description illustration.

An example of a description of the Arc de Triomphe from an illustration. Triumphal Arch.

The triumphal arch looks like a majestic building towering on Victory Square. The vast space of the square highlights the monument, emphasizes its grandeur and grandeur. The arch gives the impression of solemnity and power. Its top is decorated with a cast-iron chariot of Glory, which is harnessed by six horses. The goddess of Victory drives the chariot, holding a laurel wreath on her outstretched hand, symbolizing victory. White stone cladding contrasts with black cast-iron columns, sculptures of warriors and high reliefs located in niches. The cornice is decorated with forty-eight coats of arms of Russian provinces. Allegorical female figures symbolize the power, strength, courage, glory of Russian weapons.The triumphal arch, despite the fact that Victory Square is bordered by tall buildings, does not lose its majesty and dominates the surrounding space.

Paperwork. Description of the architectural monument of native land.

Base your description on the following questions:

On what occasion was the monument erected?

Where it is located?

When was it created?

What is special about it? What attracts?

What impression does it make on the beholder? Do you like this monument?

Triumphal Arch on Kutuzovsky Prospekt. Author I.S. Burov. Moscow. 1984Photo: Main Archival Administration of the City of Moscow

The Triumphal Gate on Victory Square is one of the most recognizable sights of the capital. It is also a reminder of an important page in Russian history - the Patriotic War of 1812. And there were few old-timers who saw the majestic building in a completely different place ...

Triumphal Gates on Tverskaya Zastava

In the summer of 1814, a wooden Triumphal Arch appeared on Tverskaya Zastava Square - it honored the Russian army, which was returning from Europe after the defeat of Napoleon. The place was not chosen by chance: usually it was here, at the entrance to the city, that Moscow mayors, nobles and honorary citizens met the emperor arriving from the Northern capital. This road later became known as the Petersburg (now Leningrad) highway - it was opened in 1822.

The arch itself was also made in the best traditions - many similar structures were built on the path of Russian soldiers.

In 1826, Nicholas I decided that the memory of the victory deserved something more durable and ordered that the wooden gates be replaced with stone ones. They were commissioned to create them by the famous architect Osip Bove. Construction began three years later, and ended after another five: according to some sources, the treasury did not have enough funds - the city continued to revive after the grandiose fire of 1812, according to others, Moscow officials who for some reason disliked the project slowed down the work.

In September 1834, the grand opening of the monument finally took place. Alas, the author did not live several months before this moment, and his younger brother Mikhail Bove completed the construction of the gate. The construction at the intersection of architecture and sculpture turned out to be truly majestic: six pairs of columns framed high pedestals with powerful figures of ancient warriors in peaked helmets and plate armor. Emblems of 36 Russian provinces, whose inhabitants participated in the Patriotic War of 1812, and medallions with the monogram of Nicholas I were placed on the decorated frieze. The chariot of Glory crowned the arch, standing in which Nika, the winged goddess of victory, ruled six horses. The pediment on both sides was decorated with an inscription (facing inside the city - in Russian, outside - in Latin), glorifying Alexander I as the savior of the Fatherland.

The restless fate of the monument

In 1872, a horse-drawn line from Tverskaya Zastava to Voskresenskaya Square (now Revolution Square) passed under the gate. In 1899, it was replaced by the first electric tram in the city, launched from Strastnaya Square (now Pushkinskaya) to Petrovsky Park. Intense traffic could not but affect the state of the monument, and by the centenary of the Battle of Borodino, the gates survived the first restoration - so far only cosmetic. The next repair took place already under Soviet rule, in the mid-1920s.

In 1936, the Tverskaya Zastava began to be remodeled in accordance with the General Plan for the Reconstruction of Moscow, accepted year previously. The triumphal gates were dismantled, planning to return to their original place later after a thorough restoration. During dismantling, specialists of the Museum of Architecture named after A.V. Shchuseva measured the parameters of the structure, made detailed drawings of the tiers and photographed the arch from all sides. Most of the elements were cleaned and updated, and then sent for storage to the museum branch on the territory of the Donskoy Monastery. They quite organically fit into the overall composition: the figures of warriors lined up along the central alley, high reliefs were placed in wall niches, and the chariot of Glory was installed on a special pedestal.

The restoration of the gate was not postponed indefinitely - it was pushed back by the Great Patriotic War, after which the capital, like the whole country, was essentially rebuilt. The elements in the Donskoy Monastery were patiently waiting in the wings. Much less fortunate, for example, cast-iron columns: they lay on the Miusskaya Square for several years, and then they were melted down for military needs - only one of the twelve survived. It seemed that the monument was destined to oblivion as one of the many "remnants of the past"...

Arches and gates: a look into history

The triumphal gates have come to us from time immemorial: classic patterns- the arches of the emperors Titus, Septimius Severus and Constantine in ancient Rome. They served as a model for the construction of triumphal arches in Paris under Napoleon, and the gates on the Tverskaya Zastava, like the Narva Gates in St. Petersburg (also opened in 1834), became a kind of “symmetrical response” to Russia.

It is believed that Peter I brought the ancient tradition to Russia: in 1696 he built a triumphal gate in honor of the capture of Azov, and in 1709, on his orders, seven arches were erected at once in honor of the celebration of the victory near Poltava. All of them, although skillfully decorated with paintings, statues and allegorical figures, were temporary, mostly wooden. Usually they were taken apart at the end of the celebrations or later, when they fell into disrepair; often the arches burned down in a fire.

The first capital structure in this series was the Red Gate, built in 1753 under Elizabeth Petrovna in place of a wooden arch. They tried to demolish them mid-nineteenth century, and in 1927 it was destroyed to expand the Garden Ring. The name of the monument was preserved in the toponym of the square, and in 1935 the metro station of the same name was opened here.

However, the triumphal arches also have another “relative”, which is not necessarily associated with victories, but designates the central, front entrance to the city and most often speaks of its metropolitan status - we are talking about the Golden Gate. In Rus', they first appeared in Kyiv under Yaroslav the Wise (XI century); they were modeled after the Byzantine arch of Emperor Constantine. Later, the Golden Gate was erected in other cities to show their greatness, for example, in Vladimir (XII century).

Another analogue of triumphal arches is the Royal Doors in Christian churches. They also inherit the ancient tradition: in ancient Rome, the two-faced Janus was responsible for any gates and doors - a deity that looks simultaneously forward and backward, into the future and past, and binds different worlds. It was in his honor that the month that begins the year was named January. In the temple, the Royal Doors symbolize the transition from the earthly city to the heavenly city, in other words, the entrance to paradise. In addition, according to some studies, in the era of classicism (the end of the 18th - the beginning of the 19th century), iconostases in the form of triumphal arches spread.

In general, the Soviet authorities had reason to be skeptical about the bright symbol of imperial greatness, which was also indirectly connected with religion.

Recreation of the Triumphal Gate: a new place, a new meaning

The victory in the Great Patriotic War made it possible to reconsider ideological positions. In May 1947, a wide carved arch with traditional Russian patterns grew on Pushkinskaya Square; In the evenings, it was illuminated by colorful lights. It was not just an entrance to the first post-war Spring Bazaar fair, but a symbolic transition from a time of famine and devastation to an era of abundance and prosperity.

In the early 1950s, large-scale, truly triumphal gates appeared at the main entrance Central Park culture and recreation named after Gorky and VDNKh, which was then the main platform for mass folk festivals.

And in 1965, the Council of Ministers of the USSR finally recognized the great artistic value and socio-historical significance of the Triumphal Gate and ordered its restoration. But they no longer fit into the ensemble of the square near the Belorussky railway station, and they found a new suitable place for them - on Kutuzovsky Prospekt, opposite the Borodino Battle panorama.

Strictly speaking, the building was not restored, but recreated: in the 30 years after the dismantling, many parts were lost or fell into disrepair. Apparently, therefore, the restorers decided not to touch the reliefs and statues preserved on the territory of the Donskoy Monastery. Using the drawings and photographs of 1936, as well as the author's copy of the arch, which was kept in the Museum of Architecture, all the elements were made anew. For example, cast-iron columns were made at the Stankolit plant, and sculptures, coats of arms and high reliefs were made at the Mytishchi Art Casting Plant.

Not without transformations: the basis of the structure became reinforced concrete, and not brick, as in the original; instead of white facing stone, granite and gray Crimean limestone were used. And the inscriptions on the memorial plaques also changed: the mention of Alexander I was removed, but they quoted lines from Kutuzov's appeal to the army. This is clearly a key moment - the people, and not the emperor, were recognized as the savior of the Fatherland. In addition, the Triumphal Gate was no longer a travel gate: they were installed on an island in the middle of the avenue, leveling a small hill with the ground, and underground pedestrian crossings were arranged on both sides of the highway.

The grand opening was timed, as expected, to the revolutionary holiday: the ceremony took place on November 6, 1968. And eight years later, on the 30th anniversary of the end of the Great Patriotic War, the area around the Triumphal Gates was called Victory Square. Military memorial complex and Victory Park, which subsequently grew up on Poklonnaya Gora, helped the recreated monument, sharing with it a heavy double burden.

New Age Arches: Restoration and Reconstruction

Time flies quickly and does not spare even stone and cast iron. IN early XXI century, experts noted that the Triumphal Gate needed restoration, and it was carried out in 2012, on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the Patriotic War of 1812. They ennobled not only the arch itself, but also the area around it: landscapers planted new flower beds, and engineers redesigned the artistic lighting system. The renovated monument has become one of the gifts to Muscovites.

The jury of the Moscow Restoration competition awarded several prizes for the renovation of the monument. Awards were given in seven categories at once, including best project and for high quality executed works.

In addition, on the 18th International exhibition for the restoration, protection of monuments and urban renewal, carried out under the auspices of UNESCO in Germany, the award was received by the stand of the Moscow Government, where, first of all, the restoration of the Arc de Triomphe was presented.

Used sources

1. Kraevsky B.P. triumphal gates. - M .: Moskovsky worker, 1984.
2. Kharitonova E.V. Triumphal Gates of the Capital // Moscow Journal. - 2012. - No. 5 (257). - S. 91-96.
3. Mikhailov K.P. Moscow, which we have lost. — M.: Eksmo, 2010.
4. Posternak K.V. Non-Orthodox borrowings in Russian church interiors of the time of Peter the Great // Vestnik PSTGU. Series V. Questions of history and theory of Christian art. - 2015. - Issue. 3 (19). — S. 102-119.