What is the meaning of life in a bitter miniature. Romantic stories by M. Gorky
Maxim Gorky's story "Old Woman Izergil" was written in 1894. This is one of the early works of the writer, but it is already imbued with deep philosophical ideas and reflections on the meaning of life, kindness, love, freedom and self-sacrifice.
The story consists of three chapters, each of which tells one complete story. The first and third chapters are legends about Larra and Danko, and the second is Izergil's honest story about his interesting, "greedy", but difficult life.
We find reflections on the meaning of human existence in all three chapters of the work. The idea of the first chapter, which tells about Larr, the son of a woman and an eagle, is that life has no meaning without people. The very name Larra means "outcast". People rejected this young man because he was proud and believed that "there are no more like him." To top it all off, Larra was cruel and killed an innocent girl in front of his fellow tribesmen.
For a long time people tried to "invent a punishment worthy of a crime" and in the end they decided that Larre's punishment was "in himself", and released the young man. Since then, under the “invisible cover of the highest punishment,” he is doomed to wander the world forever, not knowing peace.
The antipode of Larra in the story is the young man Danko, who sacrificed himself to save his fellow tribesmen: Danko tore out his heart, and, like a torch, lit the way from the impenetrable forest to the saving steppes. The meaning of life for this young man was selfless service to people whom he loved very much, despite their "animal" nature.
Both of these legends (both about Danko and Larra) come from the lips of the heroine Izergil. It is by no means accidental that the author gives her the right to judge these heroes, since this elderly woman lived long life also full of meaning. All her experience suggests that you can live with people and at the same time - only for yourself.
Izergil is close to the image of Danko, and she admires the selflessness of this young man, but the woman herself cannot do this, since Danko is a romantic hero, and she a real man. But in her life there was also a place for feats for the sake of people, and she also performed them in the name of love. So, at the risk of being captured and killed, she ventured to rescue her beloved Arkadek from captivity.
It was in love that Izergil saw main point her existence, and the love in her life was enough. This woman herself loved many men, and many loved her. But now, at the age of forty, faced with the unrequited love of Arkadek and discerned the unsightly essence of this man ("That's what a lying dog it was"), Izergil was able to find for herself new meaning: She decided to "make a nest" and get married.
At the time of communication with the author, this woman is already about seventy years old. Izergil’s husband died, “time bent her in half”, her black eyes looked dull, her hair turned gray, and her skin became wrinkled, but despite this, the old woman finds the strength to enjoy life, the meaning of which she now sees in communication with young Moldavians working with her at the grape harvest. A woman feels that they need her and that they love her. Now Izergil, thanks to the experience accumulated over the years, can serve people almost the same way as Danko, telling them cautionary tales and illuminating their path with the light of his calm wisdom.
Danko (Fig. 2) became a symbol of heroism, a hero ready for self-sacrifice. Thus, the story is built on the antithesis, and the heroes of the work are antipodes.
Antipode(from other Greek “opposite” or “opposing”) - in a general sense, something opposite to something else. IN figuratively can be applied to people with opposing views.
The term "antipode" was introduced by Plato in his Timaeus to combine the relativity of the concepts "up" and "down".
In the story "Old Woman Izergil", in addition to ancient legends, the author included a story about the life of the old woman Izergil herself. Consider the composition of the story. Memories of the old woman Izergil are compositionally placed between two legends. Heroes of legends real people, and symbols: Larra - a symbol of selfishness, Danko - altruism. As for the image of the old woman Izergil (Fig. 3), her life and fate are quite realistic. Let's talk about this in more detail.
Rice. 3. Old woman Izergil ()
Izergil is very old: “Time bent her in half, her once black eyes were dull and watery. Her dry voice sounded strange, it crunched like an old woman spoke with her bones. The old woman Izergil talks about herself, about her life, about the men whom she first loved and then abandoned, and only for the sake of one of them was she ready to give her life. Her lovers didn't have to be beautiful. She loved those who were capable of a real act.
“... He loved exploits. And when a person loves feats, he always knows how to do them and finds where it is possible. In life, you know, there is always a place for exploits. And those who do not find them for themselves are simply lazy, or cowards, or do not understand life, because if people understood life, everyone would want to leave behind their shadow in it. And then life would not devour people without a trace ... "
In her life, Izergil often acted selfishly. Suffice it to recall the case when she fled from the Sultan's harem with his son. The son of the Sultan soon died, which the old woman recalls as follows: “I cried over him, maybe it was I who killed him? ..”. But other moments of her life, when she truly loved, she was ready for a feat. For example, for the sake of saving a loved one from captivity, she risked her life.
The old woman Izergil measures people with such concepts as honesty, directness, courage, and the ability to act. These are the people she considers beautiful. Izergil despises boring, weak, cowardly people. She is proud that she has lived a bright and interesting life, and believes that her life experience must pass on to the young.
That is why she tells us two legends, as if giving us the right to choose which path to follow: the path of pride, like Larra, or the path of pride, like Danko. Because there is only one step difference between pride and pride. It may be a carelessly spoken word or an act dictated by our egoism. We must remember that we live among people and take their feelings, moods, and opinions into account. We must remember that for each of our words, each of our deeds, we are responsible to others as well as to our own conscience. This is what Gorky wanted to make the reader think about (Fig. 4) in the story "Old Woman Izergil".
Rice. 4. M. Gorky ()
Pathos(from the Greek. "suffering, inspiration, passion") - emotional content artwork, feelings and emotions that the author puts into the text, expecting the reader's empathy.
In the history of literature, the term "pathos" has been used in different meanings. So, for example, in the era of Antiquity, pathos was the state of the human soul, the passions experienced by the hero. In Russian literature, the critic V.G. Belinsky (Fig. 5) suggested using the term "pathos" to characterize the work and the writer's work as a whole.
Rice. 5. V.G. Belinsky ()
Bibliography
- Korovina V.Ya. Literature textbook. 7th grade. Part 1. - 2012.
- Korovina V.Ya. Literature textbook. 7th grade. Part 2. - 2009.
- Ladygin M.B., Zaitseva O.N. Textbook-reader on literature. 7th grade. - 2012.
- Nado5.ru ().
- Litra.ru ().
- Goldlit.ru ().
- Tell us what the antipode and pathos are.
- Give a detailed description of the image of the old woman Izergil and think about what features of Larra and Danko the image of the old woman embodies.
- Write an essay on the topic: "Larra and Danko in our time."
Aquilam volare doces*
Larra walked for the third day. The scorching sun, hunger and thirst exhausted his body, his bare feet were worn to the blood, his eyes doubled. The rustle of the grass was not heard, and she herself, like Larra, bent over the earth, as if she were able to save her from the heat. The heat did not give rest even at night. The young man walked, overcoming himself. He desperately looked for food, but nothing grew nearby and there was not a single tribe from which anything could be stolen. Larra couldn't ask. The legs were bleeding. It seemed to him that the grass should serve as a pillow for them, but its dried and hardened roots stuck out, tearing the skin like a knife. Now he was unlike the birds that proudly flew over him. When his father became weak, he rushed to the rocks: what should Larre do? He had no weapons, no wings, no nothing. But he didn't need it before. He felt that his mind was being lost. His legs buckled, and everything went dark before his eyes.
Life-giving moisture is the first thing Larra felt after waking up. It covered his throat, and he spat it out, afraid to choke. But someone very close said "Hush, hush," and the young man realized that this was not a dream. He greedily took a sip of water from the stranger, and sighed in disappointment when it was taken away. - It's hard, isn't it? - said the invisible. He couldn't make out the intonation with which the man said those words, but he didn't care. Larra is used to humiliation. What else could you expect from people? Perhaps he got the young man drunk precisely in order to continue his torment, to mock at his unfortunate fate. And Larra was seized by a feeling of hatred, he wanted to look into the eyes of this man, and then tear him apart. He opened his eyes with difficulty, and when his eyes cleared, he looked angrily at the speaker. Larra froze in amazement. Before him stood a young man of his age, blond hair framing him Beautiful face, A blue eyes radiated ... kindness. Larra was embarrassed that he wanted to kill him. - You are alone? Larra croaked out of habit. - No, there behind is my tribe. I was sent to reconnaissance as young and sighted. And I found you in the middle of the steppe. - the young man smiled at him, as if he had found a treasure. A thought flashed through his mind whether he would have time to rob this young man and run away, but for the first time Larra could not bring himself to do this - his hand did not rise. - Do you want to eat? - As if hearing Larra's thoughts, the young man asked. Larry nodded slightly. The young man opened the knapsack and took out food. Having a snack, Larra gained strength. - Can you get up? the stranger asked again. Larra pushed off the ground with his hands and quickly jumped to his feet, but his legs responded with monstrous pain, and he collapsed back. It seemed that after the break they would not be able to go at all. "Lie down here, I'll be right back," he heard the retreating cry of a stranger. Turning around, Larra saw that he was rushing in the direction from which his tribe was supposed to come.
People. There are a lot of people, and everyone looks at him strangely. He didn't want to be among people he despised them. Larra's legs were still aching, and therefore he was now riding in a wagon that was intended for the old and the poor. The cart was dragged by the stranger who found it in the steppe. Larra didn't even bother to ask his name. The people who followed the wagon laughed at him, and a fire of indignation lit up in Larra's soul. What funny thing did they see? And the answer was immediate: even the elders and women go, but he cannot. - Stop. - Larra said to the young man. He glanced over his shoulder as if he wanted to say something, but stopped anyway. - I wanna go. said the son of the eagle. Have the wounds on your legs healed? - asked the young man. - No, but ... - he was interrupted by the rumble of wheels spinning again. - But it's humiliating! Larra said with feeling. - Help is not humiliating, - the young man answered, - but this is yes. - And with these words, he lifted up the handrails of the cart, which he held on to, so that Larra flew off it like a sack of potatoes. It was unpleasant for him, and the stranger was already standing on him, and a question flashed in his eyes: “ Got the difference?". And Larra really understood, so he lowered his gaze, unable to look any longer into the blue eyes of the young man, like the sky above them. He looked down and noticed his savior's feet. They were hurt just like his own, but he never complained about it. Larra would not have noticed if he had not seen it with his own eyes. “Your legs…” Larra said after they set off again. Why didn't you tell me, why didn't you ask me for anything? - Help should be disinterested. And if I asked you for something in return, what kind of help would it be? - answered the young man. Larra thought about what had been said for a long time, but firmly decided that someday he himself would help this young man for dragging him, despite the pain, as if not noticing it. For the first time, he wanted to help a person. He was calm with this young man, there was a firm conviction that he would not do him anything bad. They were completely different, and although Larra did not want to admit it, he began to like this strange young man with eternally shining eyes.
The sun rolled towards the horizon. Having bypassed all the old and infirm, Danko stopped at the young man he had found, clutching a coverlet in his hands. He slept, occasionally shuddering in drowsiness. Chest heaved evenly, jet-black hair blowing in an almost weightless wind. Despite all their differences, Danko seemed to have something in common. He approached the young man and covered him with a veil. He was glad that he found him then, in the steppe. No one deserves to die forgotten by everyone. He walked away and stopped, still looking at the young man. - When he recovers, he will have to leave. - I heard the voice of one of the elders nearby. Let him survive on his own, we did everything we could for him. Hard times are coming, and an extra mouth will be a problem for us. - Is it extra hands will we be disturbed? He can help us. Danko answered. - He's an outcast. How can he help those he despises? He only talks to you. - He's a man just like us. Why should we chase him? “Forsworn are cursed by the Gods, and that is not to be trifled with. It will affect the entire tribe if we adopt him. - The elder fell silent, and then, looking at Danko, he muttered, - Do not sacrifice yourself, he will destroy you. Think about what your parents would say about it. - You know they would have done the same. - Depressed Danko said muffledly, leaving. Approaching the young man sleeping in the wagon, he sat down next to him, leaning his back against the wall of the wagon. Danko was overcome with sadness that he would have to be kicked out. It seemed unthinkable to him to save a person in order to quit again. He could not even imagine how the young man would react to this news.
Noon is a time of strong sunshine. The tribe settled down near a high forest, in its shadow. Danko was returning from the council of elders. No matter how he tried to dissuade them, nothing came of it. They decided to expel the young man and ordered Danko to inform him about it. Some of the people slandered him, saying that he saw how he steals supplies at night. But Danko knew that at night he slept next to him. And he told the elders about it, but they did not want to believe him. They asked if he knew why the young man was expelled, and Danko did not have an answer to this question. Therefore, the elders decided to abandon the young man, saying at the same time that they were doing him a favor, because they were in dense forest awaits where terrible to take into account, and any tribe will be afraid to touch an outcast. Danko was jarred by such an attitude towards the young man he had saved: it’s not his fault that the tribe expelled him, he shouldn’t have to pay for it all his life, everyone has a second chance. But no one listened to him. The young man sat cross-legged, far away from all other people. Danko slowly approached, forced smile. - Tell me, what did you do then in the steppe alone? Why did the tribe leave you? he asked quietly. - What's the difference to you? Human? - the young man said rudely, drilling Danko with the eyes of an eagle driven into a corner. He seemed to sense danger. Danko was touched by rudeness, from the lips of a young man a word Human sounded so insignificant. - I see a person like me in front of me. Whatever you think you are, you don't have wings behind your back, just like me. he said. The young man stopped burning it and, looking down, stared at the grass. And Danko thought that perhaps he called him a man simply because he did not know his name. - I'm Danko. he suddenly blurted out. The young man raised his black eyes to him and, after thinking for a second, said: - They called me Larra. And after these words, it became even more difficult for Danko to inform about the decision of the elders. He sat down next to Larra and, looking at him, said: - You must leave, your legs are already in order, and you cannot stay here any longer. - He wanted to say this, looking into his eyes, but faced with the look of Larra, full of pain, in impotence discarded this idea, feeling so insignificant and pathetic. How difficult it was for him to say these words and how he did not want to let him go. Danko managed to become attached to Larra. But right now, his biggest fear was that the young man would think he wanted him to leave too. Danko expected anything - that Larra would refuse to leave, that he would massacre, that he would try to convince the elders to leave him. But none of this followed. - Well, I'll leave, - Larra said indifferently, - If You you ask me about it, I'll leave. Larra was hurt, people rejected him again. And it was painful because it was Danko who was sent to him with this decision, the person who cared about him, the person who did not leave him. Larra easily got to his feet and wandered away. - What about supplies? Danko called after him. I came here with nothing and I'm leaving with nothing. I don't need anything from you. Larra said. And Danko watched as the silhouette of a person whom he did not want to lose moved away towards the horizon, and tears welled up in his eyes.
A few days in the forest knocked down dozens of people. They fell dead right before Danko's eyes, and he could not help them in any way. The young man concentrated on finding a way out of the forest. He woke up and went to bed with this thought. Danko knew that there must be a way out, but how long it would take to get to it and how many people would have to be sacrificed, he did not know. They stopped for the night. People cowered in fear of the shadows that danced from the fire. The foliage suddenly rustled near Danko, and he decided to check what was there. Taking the torch, he walked past the spreading roots, which seemed alive and ready to grab at any moment, skirted the trees, the trunk of which it was impossible to grasp with his hands. And among the trees it seemed to him that he saw someone's silhouette. Moving away from his tribe, he shouted: - Come out! The leaves rustled again. Danko could not believe his luck. He only smiled madly when he saw the man who came out to meet him. - You said you were leaving. he said. - I could not. - Larra admitted smiling, approaching Danko. It seemed to the latter that this was the first time he saw his smile. - I came for you. - Behind me? Danko asked. - I realized that my freedom is not sweet to me. My freedom is now yours. And I would be the biggest fool in the world if I missed you. - Blue eyes opposite black. Lit only by a torch, Larra looked truly magical and magical. Pale skin contrasted with black eyes and hair. - I had a lot of girls, but they came and went, as if they were not there at all. No one lingered in my heart ... Except you. And obeying the impulse, Larra kissed Danko's parted lips, burying his hands in his blond hair. But soon he pulled away, whispering: - Come with me. Don't sacrifice yourself for people, they don't deserve it. - They touched foreheads. - I'll go with you wherever you want, just let me save these people. They will die without me, I am their only hope. - Noticing the incredulous look of Larra, Danko added - and then you and I will go even to the ends of the earth. But Larra seemed to be looking at someone standing behind him, and turning around, Danko saw the elder. He glared at them with undisguised malice. Larra was still allowed to stay, which made the rest of the people unhappy. And that night the eagle's son slept, cuddled up to the person you loved listening to Danko's heartbeat and feeling his warmth.
They wandered through the forest, and it seemed to everyone except Danko that their days were numbered. Danko walked ahead of everyone, showing the way. Larra heard the displeasure of the people following them. And then one day the elders blamed them for everything. - I was initially opposed to you, Danko, bringing this outcast. He is cursed, and so are you. That's why the Gods punish us, that's why they kill us one by one. Therefore, we cannot leave this forest, because you are leading us. - said the elder who saw them in the forest. Enraged people began to pull up to them and began to surround the young men. - You said: "Lead!" - and I led! shouted Danko. - I have the courage to lead, that's why I led you! And you? What have you done to help yourself? You just walked and did not know how to save strength for a longer path! You just walked, walked like a flock of sheep! The ranks of people around them began to close. People screamed that they would die. And it flashed through Larra's head that if they even touched Danko, he would tear them to shreds. He looked at the young man and saw how he was tearing his chest and pulling out a burning heart from there. Something broke in Larry. Danko rushed forward, and the astonished crowd that ran after him pushed Larra back. He knew that these were his last moments in life, he understood that he was losing the most important thing. Because of the people, he practically did not see Danko, he saw only his heart, illuminating the path. He ran faster, pushing people aside, and did not immediately realize that the light was no longer coming from Danko's heart, but from the sun shining over the steppe where they had gone. Danko stood in front, admiring the view. When Larra caught up with him, Danko turned to him and smiled warmly, and then his eyes glazed over and he fell dead. Larra knelt before the lifeless body. It became unbearable for him to hear the joyful exclamations of people. He held back his tears no matter what. They will not see his weakness. And then he noticed how the elder stepped on Danko's heart, and it shattered into pieces. In desperation, Larra rushed to the fragments, collecting them with his hands, as if the heart could be assembled from them again, but a strong gust of wind blew them from his palms, scattering them on the ground.
He walked towards the tribe. Seeing him, people became alert, preparing for battle. " My freedom is now his, he repeated to himself, but now it is gone, which means there is no freedom. I must die to be free again and be reunited with him.» People put spears in front of him, but he continued to walk, wanting to run into them. But people understood his intention, and removed the weapons. They stood and laughed, and Larra trembled with despair. He thought that he could tear his flesh, like Danko, and began to tear the skin with his nails, but the skin was like stone and did not give in at all, no matter how hard he tried. Then Larra rushed at people in the hope that they would accidentally kill him, then they dodged him. He saw someone dropped a knife, grabbed and stabbed himself in the chest, but the knife did not harm him. And then he understood. This is his curse. The gods laugh at him. As soon as he found happiness, they took him away and there is no way to get him back. Now that much time has passed since then, and the sun has withered his body, he no longer remembers anything but one name. He searches and searches all over the earth for fragments of Danko's heart, hoping to collect them together, as if this could return his love to life. * - You teach an eagle to fly (lat.)
Homework for the lesson
1. Write out from the dictionary literary terms definition of the term romanticism.
2. Read the story of Maxim Gorky "Old Woman Izergil"
3. Answer the questions:
1) How many legends did the Old Woman Izergil tell?
2) What happened to the girl from the “big river country”?
3) What was the name of the son of the eagle by the elders?
4) Why, having come close to people, did Larra not defend himself?
5) What feeling gripped people lost in the forest, why?
6) What did Danko do for people?
7) Compare the characters of Danko and Larra.
8) Was Danko's sacrifice justified?
The purpose of the lesson
To acquaint students with Maxim Gorky's story "Old Woman Izergil" as a romantic work; improve the skills and abilities of analysis prose text; give an idea of the romantic aesthetics of early Gorky.
teacher's word
M. Gorky's story "Old Woman Izergil" was written in 1894 and first published in 1895 in Samara Newspaper. This work, like the story "Makar Chudra", belongs to the early period of the writer's work. From that moment on, Gorky declared himself as the spokesman for a special way of understanding the world and the bearer of a very specific aesthetic - romantic. Since by the time the story was written, romanticism in art had already experienced its heyday, early work Gorky in literary criticism is usually called neo-romantic.
At home, you had to write out the definition of romanticism from the dictionary of literary terms.
Romanticism- in the broad sense of the word artistic method, in which the subjective position of the writer in relation to the depicted phenomena of life is dominant, his attraction is not so much to reproduce, but to re-create reality, which leads to the development of especially conditional forms of creativity (fantasy, grotesque, symbolism, etc.), to the promotion to the forefront of exceptional characters and plots, to the strengthening of subjective-evaluative elements in the author's speech, to the arbitrariness of compositional connections, etc.
teacher's word
Traditionally, a romantic work is characterized by the cult of an extraordinary personality. Moral qualities hero is irrelevant. Villains, robbers, generals, kings, beautiful ladies, noble knights, murderers are at the center of the story - anyone, as long as their life is exciting, special and full of adventures. romantic hero always recognizable. He despises the miserable life of the townsfolk, challenges the world, often foreseeing that he will not be the winner in this battle. A romantic work is characterized by a romantic dual world, a clear division of the world into real and ideal. In some works perfect world realized as otherworldly, in others - as a world untouched by civilization. Throughout the work, plot development which is concentrated on the brightest milestones in the life of the hero, the character of an exceptional personality remains unchanged. The storytelling style is bright and emotional.
Writing in a notebook
Features of a romantic piece:
1. The cult of an extraordinary personality.
2. Romantic portrait.
3. Romantic duality.
4. Static romantic nature.
5. Romantic plot.
6. Romantic landscape.
7. Romantic style.
Question
Which of the books you have read before can you call romantic? Why?
Answer
Romantic works of Pushkin, Lermontov.
teacher's word
Distinctive features of Gorky's romantic images are proud disobedience to fate and impudent love of freedom, integrity of nature and heroism of character. The romantic hero strives for unrestricted freedom, without which there is no true happiness and which is often dearer to him than life itself. Romantic stories embody the writer's observations of contradictions human soul and the dream of beauty. Makar Chudra says: “They are funny, those your people. They huddled together and crush each other, and there are so many places on earth ... " The old woman Izergil almost echoes him: “And I see that people do not live, but everyone tries on”.
Analytical conversation
Question
What is the composition of the story "Old Woman Izergil"?
Answer
The story is in 3 parts:
1) the legend of Larra;
2) a story about the life of Izergil;
3) the legend of Danko.
Question
What is the basis for the construction of the story?
Answer
The story is based on the opposition of two characters who are carriers of opposite life values. Selfless love Danko to people and Larra's unrestrained egoism are manifestations of the same feeling - love.
Question
Prove (according to the plan in your notebook) that the story is romantic. Compare the portraits of Larra and Danko.
Answer
Larra is a young man “handsome and strong”, “his eyes were cold and proud, like those of the king of birds”. Not in the story detailed portrait Larra, the author pays attention only to the eyes and the proud, arrogant speech of the “son of the eagle”.
Danko is also very difficult to visualize. Izergil says that he was a "handsome young man", one of those who always dared because he was handsome. Again, the reader's special attention is drawn to the eyes of the hero, which are called eyes: "... a lot of strength and living fire shone in his eyes".
Question
Are they extraordinary personalities?
Answer
Undoubtedly, Danko and Larra are exceptional personalities. Larra does not obey the clan and does not honor the elders, goes where he pleases, does what he wants, not recognizing the right of choice for others. Talking about Larr, Izergil uses epithets that are more suitable for describing the animal: dexterous, strong, predatory, cruel.
Question
Answer
In the story “Old Woman Izergil”, the ideal world is realized as the distant past of the earth, a time that has now become a myth, and the memory of which has remained only in the legends of the youth of mankind. Only a young earth could, according to the author, give birth to the heroic characters of people obsessed with strong passions. Izergil emphasizes several times that modern " miserable" such a power of feeling and greed for life are not available to people.
Question
Do the characters of Larra, Danko and Izergil develop over the course of the story, or are they initially set and unchanged?
Answer
The characters of Larra, Danko and Izergil do not change throughout the story and are interpreted unambiguously: the main and only trait of Larra's character is selfishness, the denial of any law other than will. Danko is a manifestation of love for people, while Izergil subordinated her entire existence to her own thirst for pleasure.
Question
Which of the events described by the old woman can be considered unusual?
Answer
Both stories told by Izergil contain a description of extraordinary events. The genre of the legend determined their original fantastic plot basis (the birth of a child from an eagle, the inevitability of a completed curse, the light of sparks from Danko's burning heart, etc.).
Work with text
Match the heroes (Danko and Larra) according to the following parameters:
1) portrait;
2) the impression made on others;
3) understanding of pride;
4) attitude towards people;
5) conduct at the time of the trial;
6) the fate of the heroes.
| Stats/Heroes | Danko | Larra |
| Portrait | Young handsome man. The beautiful are always bold; in his eyes shone a lot of power and living fire |
A young man, handsome and strong; his eyes were cold and proud, like those of the king of birds |
| The impression made on others | We looked at him and saw that he is the best of all | Everyone looked with surprise at the son of an eagle; It offended them; Then they got really angry. |
| Understanding Pride | I have the courage to lead, that's why I led you! | He answered that there were no others like him; He stood alone against all; We talked with him for a long time and finally saw that he considers himself the first on earth and sees nothing but himself. |
| Attitude towards people | Danko looked at those for whom he endured labor, and saw that they were like animals; Then indignation boiled up in his heart, but from pity for people it went out; He loved people thought that maybe without him they would die |
She pushed him away and walked away, and he hit her and, when she fell, stood with his foot on her chest; He had no tribe, no mother, no livestock, no wife, and he did not want any of this; I killed her because, it seems to me, she pushed me away ... And I needed her; And he replied that he wanted to keep himself whole |
| Behavior at the time of judgment | What have you done to help yourself? You just walked and did not know how to save strength for a longer path! You just walked, walked like a flock of sheep! | - Untie me! I won't say bound! |
| The fate of the heroes | He rushed forward to his place, holding high his burning heart and lighting the way for people with it; But Danko was still ahead, and his heart was burning, burning! |
He cannot die! - people said with joy; - He was left alone, free, waiting for death; He has no life and death does not smile at him |
Analytical conversation
Question
What is the source of Larra's tragedy?
Answer
Larra could not and did not want to compromise between his desires and the laws of society. Egoism is understood by him as a manifestation of personal freedom, and his right is the right of the strong from birth.
Question
How was Larra punished?
Answer
As a punishment, the elders doomed Larra to immortality and the inability to decide for himself whether he should live or die, they limited his freedom. People deprived Larra of what, in his opinion, it was worth living for - the right to live by his own law.
Question
What is the main feeling in Larra's attitude towards people? Support your answer with an example from the text.
Answer
In relation to people, Larra does not have any feelings. He wants "keep yourself whole" that is, to get a lot out of life without giving anything in return.
Question
What feeling is experienced by Danko, looking into the crowd of people judging him? Support your answer with an example from the text.
Answer
Looking at those for whom he, risking his life, went to the swamps, Danko is indignant, “But out of pity for the people, it went out. Danko's heart flared with the desire to save people and lead them "to the easy path".
Question
What is the function of the "cautious man" episode?
Answer
The mention of the "cautious man" is introduced into the legend of Danko in order to emphasize the exclusivity of the hero. "Cautious Man" is perceived as one of many, thus the author will determine the essence ordinary people, "not heroes" who are not capable of sacrificial impulses and are always afraid of something.
Question
What is common in the characters of Larra and Danko and what is the difference between them?
Answer
This question can lead to ambiguous answers. Students can perceive Larra and Danko as opposite characters (egoist and altruist), or interpret them as romantic characters who oppose themselves to people (for various reasons).
Question
What place does society occupy in the inner reflections of both characters? Is it possible to say that heroes exist in isolation from society?
Answer
Heroes think of themselves outside of society: Larra - without people, Danko - at the head of people. Larra “He came to the tribe, he stole cattle, girls - everything he wanted”, He "hovering around people". Danko was walking "ahead of them and was cheerful and clear".
Question
What moral law determines the actions of both characters?
Answer
The actions of the characters are determined by their own value system. Larra and Danko are their own law, they make decisions without asking the elders for advice. Proud, triumphant laughter is their answer to the world of ordinary people.
Question
What is the function of the image of the old woman Izergil in the story? How do the images of Larra and Danko relate to each other with the help of the image of the old woman Izergil?
Answer
Despite the brightness, completeness and artistic integrity of both legends, they are only illustrations necessary for the author to understand the image of the old woman Izergil. It "cements" the composition of the story both at the substantive and at the formal level. In the general narrative system, Izergil acts as a narrator, it is from her mouth that the I-character learns the story of the "son of the eagle" and the burning heart of Danko. At the level of content in the portrait of the old woman, one can find features of both Larra and Danko; in how insatiably she loved, Danko's character was reflected, and in how thoughtlessly she threw her loved ones - the seal of the image of Larra. The figure of Izergil links both legends together and makes the reader think about the problem of human freedom and his right to dispose of his life force at his own discretion.
Question
Do you agree with the saying that “in life there is always a place for a feat”? How do you understand it?
Question
Is achievement possible in every life? Does every person use this right of achievement in life?
Question
Did the old woman Izergil accomplish the feat she is talking about?
These questions do not require an unambiguous answer and are designed for independent answers.
conclusions write them down in their own notebooks.
In early romantic works Gorky reflected some of the philosophical and aesthetic ideas of Nietzsche. Central image early Gorky has a proud and strong personality, embodying the idea of freedom. "Strength is virtue", Nietzsche argued, and for Gorky, the beauty of a person lies in strength and achievement, even aimless: « strong man has the right to be “beyond good and evil”, to be outside of ethical principles, and a feat, from this point of view, is resistance to the general flow of life.
Literature
D.N. Murin, E.D. Kononova, E.V. Minenko. Russian literature of the twentieth century. Grade 11 program. Thematic lesson planning. St. Petersburg: SMIO Press, 2001
E.S. Rogover. Russian literature of the XX century / St. Petersburg: Paritet, 2002
N.V. Egorova. Lesson developments in Russian literature of the twentieth century. Grade 11. I semester. M.: VAKO, 2005
Omukchanova Raisa Petrovna
Job title: deputy director for death
Educational institution: MBOU KHSOSH
Locality: Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), village of Krest-Khaldzhai
Material name: report
Subject: Danko and Moses, Larra and Cain (biblical origins of A.M. Gorky's story "Old Woman Izergil"
Publication date: 16.03.2018
Chapter: complete education
Danko and Moses, Larra and Cain
(biblical origins of A.M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil"
Introduction ________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 1. Gorky and Religion ____________________________________________________
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4. Larra and Cain
Conclusion ______________________________________________________________________
References ____________________________________________________
Application _________________________________________________________________
Introduction
This work is devoted to the study of the moral origins of the creation of images
Danko and Larra, heroes of the story by A.M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil"
Relevance research topic is that there is now a reassessment of creativity
Gorky,
whom
Soviet
"proletarian
writer
"petrel of the revolution" and from this angle all his works were considered. WITH
reeled:
started
discoveries
revelations,
attempts were made to "throw Gorky off the ship of modernity", but to do this
turned out to be impossible, especially since, in parallel with a noticeable drop in interest in
this writer in Russia, attention to him in the West only increased. How to explain
Gorky's "unsinkability"? Time has shown that his works are always modern and
are always of great interest to readers. This can be proven by the example of the story
"Old Isergil"
The heroes of Gorky's early works are people who are proud, strong, courageous,
who single-handedly enter the fight against the dark forces. One of these works is
story "Old Woman Izergil". The plot is based on the memories of the old woman Izergil about her
life and the legends she told about Larra and Danko. The legend tells of a brave
young Danko, who loves people more than himself - wholeheartedly, with all his heart. Danko -
a real hero, courageous and fearless, in the name of a noble goal - help
his people - he is capable of a feat.
positive
sublime
opposes
"negative"
elected,
he looks at the people around him as if they were miserable slaves, and kills one girl.
Arrogant, selfish Larra and brave, sacrificing himself for the sake of life
inspired
Gorky
Creation
literary critics explain this by the revolutionary mood of the writer, but we, having studied
life and work of the writer, came to a completely different solution to this problem.
Object of study: Gorky's story "Old Woman Izergil"
Subject of study: creating images of Danko and Larra
Purpose of the study:
prove that the reason for creating the legend of Larra and Danko
bible stories served.
Research hypothesis: images of Larra and Danko are created on the basis of Christian morality.
The purpose and hypothesis of the study determined the following tasks:
1. To study the facts of the life of A.M. Gorky associated with Christianity;
2. Study in detail the pages from the Bible dedicated to Moses and Cain;
3. Make comparative analysis legends about Danko and biblical history about Moses;
4. Compare the images of Larra and the biblical sinner Cain;
5. Summarize what has been studied and researched, draw a conclusion.
Chapter 1. Gorky and religion.
“Maxim Gorky” - a pseudonym that Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov took for himself,
Says a lot about the writer. The name “Maxim”, taken by the writer in memory of his father, at the same time
time expresses his declared maximalism. "Bitter" - because it tells
the bitter truth about a bitter life. Does this mean that the writer sees his task in
to tell the bitter truth to the reader with uncompromising maximalism? Opinions
in this regard may be different. The truth is always bitter for Gorky. Usually this look
explained
biographically:
Indeed, from childhood, life did not indulge him. But
Gorky's "bitterness" is explained not only by the external circumstances of life, but also
natural character, perhaps even heredity.
Contemporaries were struck by the life experience acquired by Gorky already in the early
years of his life. In the early 1900s - the time of mass worship
before him, even the book “Maxim Gorky in cartoons and anecdotes” was published.
The material presented in it, although it presents the writer in a caricatured form,
sharpens the features that caused bewilderment of some and delight of others. Book opens
a short "track record" of a popular writer:
1878 year. Entered the "boy" in a shoe store.
1879 - Was a draftsman's apprentice.
1880s -Served as a cook on a steamboat.
1883 - Worked in a pretzel establishment.
1884 - He was a woodcutter.
1884 - Moved to the lessons of a loader.
1885 - Worked as a baker in a bakery.
1886 - Was a chorister in a small opera troupe.
1887 - Traded in apples.
1888 - Attempted suicide.
1889 - He took the position of a railway watchman.
1890 - Acted as the head of the brooms and tarpaulins of the railway
1890 - Entered as a clerk to a sworn attorney.
1891 - He began to wander around Russia and worked in the salt mines.
1892 - Served as workers in railway workshops.
1892 - Wrote the first story.
1903 - Worldwide famous writer, whose name and works have become
popular among intelligent readers of all countries.
“In general, the fate of this man is fabulous,” Bunin wrote many years later.
repeats: "Tramp, rose from the bottom of the sea of the people ... "
And in the Brockhaus dictionary is different:
Gorky - Peshkov, Alexei Maksimovich. Born in the sixty-ninth year on Wednesday
quite bourgeois: the father is the manager of a large shipping office, the mother is the daughter
rich merchant - dyer ... "All this is so - and not so.
Savvateevich,
demoted
officers
cabinetmaker,
manager
steamboat
office
Astrakhan, lived away from his family and in 1871 died of cholera. Gorky did not know his father, but that's all
everything connected with him was surrounded by a special halo for him, in honor of him he and his son
named Maxim. Perhaps, on the paternal line - from his grandfather - a certain
dissatisfaction,
protest.
Interesting:
Gorky,
showed
capabilities
drawing,
professional
painter.
The talent of this cheerful and witty young man was satirical, but
a-priory
acquaintances, he painted "in the style of Bosch" - and this is not just satire, it is
a kind of pathology. Unlike his father, Maxim grew up in an atmosphere of love and understanding, -
but a certain heredity of "bitterness" manifested itself in him.
Gorky's mother, Varvara Vasilievna, remarried soon after her husband's death.
In 1897 she died of fulminant consumption. Thus, at the age of 11, the future writer
remained an orphan. He inherited weak lungs from his mother. So
Over time, he developed tuberculosis, from which he never completely recovered.
This disease also leaves an imprint on the character of a person: difficulty breathing,
fever and weakness all contribute to a gloomy, pessimistic
outlook on life.
Gorky considered himself an atheist. But that means he grew up outside of the religious
education
autobiographical
trilogy
Childhood"
universities” is replete with details of church piety, and at the same time it
guide for the educator: how not to teach faith.
Vasilyevich
Kashirina,
owner
dye establishment. Grandfather's character was difficult, like many people in his environment, he
was churchly pious, every day before going to bed he read the Psalter and the Book of Hours, but
his piety was formal, outward.
“Grandfather’s house was filled with a hot fog of mutual enmity,” Gorky recalled in
story "Childhood" - it poisoned adults and even children took part in it. God,
whom the grandfather bowed to, the grandson seemed cruel, punishing.
Psalter,
he mastered the Church Slavonic literacy earlier than the Russian one, knew the Holy Scripture well and,
already being a conscious atheist, he often flaunted quotations from the Bible and the ability to
stylize
biblical
education
remembered
quiet, timid aunt Natalya.
Well, please say: "Our Father, who art..."
And if I asked: “What is it like,” she, looking around fearfully, advised:
Don't ask, it's worse! Just say after me: "Our Father ..." Well?
I was worried: why is it worse to ask? The word "like" took on a hidden meaning
and I deliberately distorted it: “Jakov is in the same”, “I am in the skin.” The unlearned prayers were followed by
indispensable order of the grandfather: "carve". Naturally, this technique
rooted in Orthodoxy.
However, Gorky never denied the moral preaching of Christ, but His
he perceived himself more according to Renan than according to the Gospel - as a historical figure,
whose true story subsequently overgrown with legends and fiction. He believed that
God - God is a man-made embodiment of all the best that is in man.
“There is no God, Leonidushka,” he wrote in a letter to Leonid Andreev. - There is a dream about him ...
God is a convenient explanation for everything that happens around and nothing more.” But to his son
donated New Testament with the inscription: "I give you, my dear, one of the best books in the world",
And in one of the letters he wrote to him: “You read the Gospel, good book, and it is necessary
know". In a letter to Ekaterina Pavlovna in December 1910. remarks: "Good book,
agree, you need to know it ”; and Maxim: “You read the Gospel, a good book, and
need to know." Gorky also knew well the prayers, the lives of the saints, the church service,
but he did not recognize the holiness of the Church - in this, obviously, a significant role was played by the fact that he
I had to see too soon without embellishment "salt that has ceased to be salty", and
there was no positive antithesis—or Gorky could not see it. concepts of kindness
mercy, compassion, he learned from his grandmother, Akulina Ivanovna. Grandma like this
shown
"Childhood"
Gorky
recalls
the righteous
Nikiforova
exclaims
steamer
showing
opening
panorama
Novgorod, - Here it is, father, Nizhny - that! Here he is, Gods! "long prayers
always complete the days of grief, quarrels and fights; it is very interesting to listen to them; grandmother
tells God in detail about everything that happened in the house.
You, dear, know everything, everything is known to You, Father.
I really liked my grandmother's god, so close to her, and I often asked her: Tell me
About God!
The Lord sits on a hill, in the middle of a paradise meadow, on the throne of a blue yacht, under
silver lindens, and those lindens bloom all year round, there is neither winter nor autumn in paradise, and
flowers do not wither at all, and bloom tirelessly, to the joy of the saints of God ... ".
“I realized very early that my grandfather had one god, and my grandmother had another,” he recalled.
writer. But cruelty and indifference lived
and in grandmother's paradise:
"Here is your angel
Brings to the Lord: "Lexey stuck out his tongue to grandfather." And the Lord will order: “Well,
let the old man flog him!” And so everything, about everyone, and he rewards everyone according to their deeds, to whom we are grief,
who is happy." The boy did not accept such a paradise and such a judgment.
Watching his grandmother, Alyosha Peshkov came to the conclusion that religiosity in Russian
the people has grown together with prejudices, passivity, inertia, its active nature is such
outlook was different.
In 1877, Alexei Peshkov entered the school, studied very well, after two years
commendable
formal
education ended: by this time the Kashirins had gone bankrupt and soon the future
the writer was "in the people." “Well, Lexey, you are not a medal, on my neck there is no place for you,
and you go to people, ”the“ pious ”grandfather told him, and the short grandmother didn’t say anything
objected.
Indeed, as was mentioned in the humorous " track record» Gorky,
he happened to be both a “boy” at a fashion shoe store and a student (and
simultaneously
servant)
draftsman,
crockery
steamships
"Kind"
"Perm".Some
student
iconographic
workshop,
I didn’t like the icon-painting skill: “I didn’t like the ugly painted icons;
sell
stories
represented
Mother of God
beautiful,
pictures
magazines,
portrayed her old, strict, with a long, crooked nose and wooden handles<…>
Iconography does not captivate anyone: some evil sage divided the work into a long row
actions devoid of beauty, incapable of arousing love for the cause, interest in it.
The cross-eyed carpenter Panfil, wicked and caustic, brings his planed and glued
cypress and linden boards different sizes; the consumptive fellow Davidov primes them;
"levkas",
pencil
the original, they paint the landscape and the attire of the icon, then she, without a face and pens, stands against the wall,
waiting for personal work. It is very unpleasant to see large icons for iconostases and
altar doors, when they stand against the wall without a face, arms, legs - only robes or armor
and short shirts of archangels. From these colorfully painted boards breathes the dead,
what should revive from is not there, but it seems that it already was and miraculously disappeared,
leaving only their heavy vestments…”.
Facts from the life of A.M. Gorky
autobiographical
trilogy
"Childhood"
universities"
replete with details of church piety.
Psalter,
Church Slavonic
earlier than Russian, he knew the Holy Scripture well;
3. While working on a steamer, I read the lives of the saints with the cook Smury;
4. He learned the concepts of kindness, mercy, compassion from his grandmother Akulina Ivanovna:
"I really liked my grandmother's god, so close to her, and I often asked her:" Tell me about
5. For some time he was a student in an icon-painting workshop.
6. Gorky knew prayers, the lives of saints, and church services well.
7. He gave his son a New Testament with the inscription: I give you, my dear, one of
the best books in the world!"
Conclusion: Gorky considered himself an atheist, but the moral preaching of Christ never
denied, he believed that God is a man-made embodiment of all the best that
is in man.
Chapter 2. About the story of A.M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil"
The heroes of Gorky's early works are people who are proud, strong, courageous,
who single-handedly enter the fight against the dark forces. One of these works is
story "Old Woman Izergil".
The plot is based on the memoirs of the old woman Izergil about her life and the stories told by her.
legends about Larra and Danko. The legend tells about the brave and handsome young man Danko,
who loves people more than himself - selflessly and with all his heart. Danko is real
a hero - courageous and fearless, in the name of a noble goal - helping his people
- he is capable of a feat. When seized by fear, exhausted by a long journey through
the impenetrable forest, the tribe already wanted to go to the enemy and bring him a gift of their freedom,
Danko appeared. Energy and living fire shone in his eyes, the people believed in him and
followed him. But tired by the hard way, people again lost heart and stopped believing
Danko, and at this turning point, when the embittered crowd began to surround him more densely,
to kill, Danko tore the heart out of his chest, illuminating the path to salvation.
The image of Danko embodies a high ideal - a humanist, a personality of great spiritual
beauty, capable of self-sacrifice for the sake of saving other people. This hero
despite his painful death, does not evoke a feeling of pity in the reader, because
that his feat is higher than this kind of feeling. Respect, admiration, admiration - that's what
feels
reader,
representing
imagination
fiery
holding in his hand a heart sparkling with love.
positive
sublime
opposes
"negative" image of Larra - proud and selfish Larra considers himself elected and on
he looks at the people around him as if they were pitiful slaves. When asked why he killed
girl, Larra replies: “Do you only use your own? I see that everyone
man has only speech, hands and feet, and he owns animals, women, the earth ... and
many more."
His logic is simple and terrible, if everyone began to follow it, then on earth soon
time would have left a pitiful handful of people fighting for survival and hunting each other
on a friend. Understanding the depth of Larra's wrong, unable to forgive and forget
perfect
crime,
condemns
loneliness.
society creates in Larr a feeling of inexpressible anguish. “In his eyes, - Izergil, -
there was so much anguish that one could send all the people of the world with it.
Pride,
wonderful
character.
free, weak - strong, insignificance turns into a person. Pride can't stand
nothing philistine and "common". But hypertrophied pride breeds
absolute
society,
moral
principles, which ultimately leads to dire consequences.
It is this idea of Gorky that is the key in the story of the old woman Isegril about Larra,
who, being just such an absolutely free individual, dies spiritually
for everyone (and above all for himself), remaining to live forever in his physical
shell. The hero has gained in immortality and be free from it. Larra was doomed to
loneliness and true happiness considered death for himself. True happiness,
According to Gorky, is to give yourself to people, as Danko did.
A distinctive feature of this story is a sharp contrast, the opposition of good
and bad, good and evil, light and dark.
The ideological meaning of the story is complemented by the depiction of the image of the narrator - the old woman
Izergil. Her memories of her life path- also a kind of legend about
Izergil
proudly declares that she has never been a slave. Izergil with
admiration
talking about
love for a feat: “When a person loves feats, he always knows how to do them and finds where
it's possible".
story
"Old woman
Izergil"
exceptional
characters,
exalts the proud and strong in spirit people for whom freedom is above all. For
him Izergil, Danko and Larra, despite the extreme, contradictory nature of the first,
the seeming futility of the feat of the second infinite remoteness from all living things
third,
real heroes, people who bring the idea of freedom to the world in its various
manifestations.
However, in order to truly live life, it is not enough to “burn”,
it is not enough to be free and proud, feeling and restless. Must have
the main thing is the goal. An end that would justify the existence of man, because "the price
man is his business." There is always room for achievement in life. "Forward! - higher! everything - go ahead!
and - above - this is the creed of the present.
Chapter 3. Danko and Moses
1. The life of the prophet Moses
The book of Exodus tells that Moses' parents belonged to
reign
Joseph." Hard labor did not reduce the number of Jews, and Pharaoh ordered to drown in
Nile of all newborn babies - male Israelites. At that time in the family
Amram's son Moses was born. Moses' mother Yohoved managed to hide the baby at home
home for three months. No longer able to hide the child, she left
him in a basket among the reeds on the banks of the Nile, where Pharaoh's daughter found him. she,
baby,
agreed
an Israeli nurse.
Johobed, and Moses was given to his mother, who nursed him. "And the child grew up, and
she brought him to Pharaoh's daughter, and she had him instead of her son."
matured,
got interested
enslaved
tribesmen and "went out to his brothers." Seeing once how one of the overseers
beating a Jew at construction work, Moses killed the Egyptian offender and hid him
body in the sand. After this, Moses witnessed a quarrel between two Jews,
came to a fight. One of them said: "Do you want to kill me like Moses?"
Moses was frightened, he realized that his case was already known. Escaping the wrath of the pharaoh
Moses fled to the land of the Midialists, where he married the daughter of a local priest, who
bore him sons Gershon and Enitzer. Long years Moses was tending sheep.
And one day God calls out to Moses from the burning bush - burning, but
unburned bush - and opens his Yakve to him. the Lord told him to bring
his people out of cruel oppression. He went to save the children of Israel with his brother
Aaron. Then the people believed him. He led them across the sea, gave them food, and made them
whatever they wish.
At this stage of the wandering, the first military clash with
Amalenites - the people who blocked the Israelites from the road to Mount Sinai. In battle
the Israelites are victorious because of Moses.
Having overcome all obstacles, the people come to Mount Sinai. Moses in
publicly announces the Ten Commandments, in which God declares himself to be the only God
Israel. The Sinai Revelation, the Giving of the Law, and the Making of the Covenant - Climax
Exodus and apogee of the stormy and impetuous activity of Moses. spends forty days
make
material god. Aaron makes a golden calf, which the people God brought forth
him from Egypt. Moses, outraged gross violation second of the ten commandments
breaks
awarded
tablets,
commandments
written down. The Lord wanted to destroy this apostate people. Moses rejects
this offer intercedes for the Israelites, and God reverses his decision.
Alienation begins between Moses and the people he liberated from
slavery. "Moses pitched himself a tent... away from the camp, and called it the tabernacle of meeting."
Moses again ascends the mountain, where, at the command of God, he writes the words of the Covenant on new
tablets. After talking with God, Moses' face lights up with light. Since then, appearing
before the people after each conversation with God, Moses covers his face with a veil.
The crisis caused by the worship of the golden calf was a shock to
Moses. He leads the people in a roundabout way. But even more bitter disappointment befalls
Moses, when the spies sent to Canaan return. angry god again
decides to exterminate the people of Israel, but this time Moses manages to get God
forgiveness.
forty-year-old
stay
approaching
Canaan. Moses, despite his age (one hundred and twenty years), is still full of strength.
Moses dies in the land of Moab after God himself shows
him from Mount Nebo all the land of Israel, "no one knows the place of his burial even to this
days... And the children of Israel mourned for him... thirty days."
2. comparison table lines taken from the legend of Danko and from the book of Exodus in
Bible.
1. And then one day a hard time came:
other tribes came from somewhere and drove
former in the depths of the forest. there were swamps
there was such a stench that people died alone
after another.
Pharaoh set over the people of Israel
chiefs,
exhausted
r a b o t a m i.
E g and p t i n a m and
o s o b o d
cruelty
forced
Israelis
tried
unbearably cruel.
2. But then Danko appeared and saved them all alone.
suffering
hopeful
deliverer in the person of Moses.
3. His heart burned brighter to save
burning
thorn bush.
4. Danko led them. Everyone went together
him - believed in him.
Israelis
The people believed the Lord and Moses.
those weary of them lost heart. In malice and anger
collapsed
human,
walked ahead of them. And they began to accuse him of
inability to manage them.
When they came to the desert, they all became
grumble against Moses and Aaron.
6. And suddenly he tore his chest and
ripped his heart out of her.
went down
tablets,
written 10 commandments.
parted
stayed behind. All people immediately plunged into
a sea of sunlight and clean air.
Moses went up from the plains and showed him
The Lord all the earth and said: Here is the earth, oh
glad
free
laughed
then he fell and died.
God said: "I let you see her through the eyes
yours, but you will not enter it." And he died
there Moses was buried in the valley.
3. What do the stories about Danko and Moses have in common?
1. Reason: the people, ardently loved by these heroes, found themselves in a difficult situation, because
for the love of their people, Danko and Moses ventured to save them.
2. The trials that fell to their lot: Danko and Moses led their people through thorns,
their path was hard. Unable to bear the difficulties, the people grumbled against them. But our heroes are not
angry, they were able to forgive them.
3. The ability to sacrifice: in order to be able to continue to lead the people,
Danko and Moses decided on an act that inspired people and gave them hope.
4. Finale: Danko and Moses saved their people, but they themselves died, and so they stepped on
promised land.
Chapter 4. Larra and Cain
The story of Cain
Cain and Abel are the children of Adam and Eve. One of them, Abel, looked after the sheep, and his brother, Cain,
was a farmer. One day Cain brought a gift to the Lord from the fruits of the earth. And Abel
He also brought of his firstborn sheep and of their fat. And the Lord looked upon Abel
and his gift, but he did not regard Cain and his gift. Cain was very upset, and drooped
his face. Then the Lord said to Cain: “Why are you upset and why your face drooped
your? If you do good, do you not raise your face? And if you do not do good,
sin lies at the door; he draws you to himself, he you rule over him.
However, Cain did not overcome sin and continued to envy his brother. One day,
when both brothers were in the field, Cain attacked Abel and killed him. Blood of the first
of a person who died on earth stained the earth.
The Lord punished Cain for sin and made him an exile and a wanderer in
earth. What a terrible sin can envy lurking in the heart lead to!
Therefore, in order to avoid sin, one must watch, pray, and overcome sin.
by the power of the Lord.
(Children's Bible, Genesis 4:2-12)
Larra and Cain
1. A mighty tribe lived there, they grazed their flocks
and on hunting for animals they spent their strength and
courage, feasted after the hunt, sang
songs and played with the girls.
1. Abel was tending the sheep, but Cain was
farmer.
2. Everyone looked with surprise at the son of an eagle
and saw that they were no better than them, only
his eyes were cold and proud, like a king
2. And the Lord looked upon Abel and upon his gift,
but he did not regard Cain and his gift. Cain
he was very upset, and his face drooped.
3. When the elders came, he
spoke to them as if they were equals.
This offended them and they told him that they
honor, they obey thousands of people like him,
and thousands twice his age.
3. Then the Lord said to Cain: “How much are you
grieved, and why did your face droop?
If you do good, do you not raise
faces? And if you do not do good,
sin lies at the door; he attracts you to himself, he
you rule over him."
4. The girl pushed him away and went
4. However, Cain did not overcome sin and
away, and he hit her and when she fell,
stood on her chest, the girl, sighing,
coiled like a snake and died.
continued to envy his brother. One day,
when both brothers were in the field, Cain attacked
Abel and killed him.
5. And the wisest one said: “There is a punishment.
This is a terrible punishment, you can't imagine
like that for a thousand years. His punishment is in him
himself. Let him go, let him be
free! Here is his punishment!
5. And the Lord said: “When will you
cultivate the land, it will no longer
to give strength to you; you will
exile and wanderer on earth.
The punishment is more than you can bear"
6. He fell to the ground and beat his head for a long time
about her. But the earth moved away from him,
deepening from the gifts of his head. "He is not
can die,” the people said happily.
6. And the Lord said: “For this to everyone who
kill Cain, take revenge on everyone." And did
The Lord is a sign that no one,
met with him, did not kill him.
7. He has no life, and death does not smile
to him. And he has no place among people. That's how
the man was struck for pride!
7. And Cain departed from the presence of the Lord,
settled in the land of Nod, east of Eden.
The main idea of these works.
Larra and Cain committed a terrible sin, they both violated the same commandments of God:
don't kill! What punishment awaits them? In the Bible, God Decided to Punish Cain
immortality, he banished him with native land, made a wanderer and ordered not to beat
his. Gorky also decided to punish Larra with loneliness, gave him freedom, but this
freedom was without people. It turns out that a person cannot live without communication. Larra
looking for death, but cannot find it. Such a terrible punishment Gorky took from
Conclusion
In the biography of Gorky, we found facts confirming that the writer did not
denied Christian morality.
The story of Moses is similar to the legend of Danko both in plot and character of the characters,
who are united by a fiery love for their people.
In the legend of Lara and in the biblical story of Cain, the red line is
the idea that rejection of one's own people is the most terrible punishment.
What has been studied and followed leads to the conclusion that A.M. Bitter at creation
story "Old Woman Izergil" used biblical stories.
References
Gorky A.M. Favorites. M, "Children's Literature", 1982.
Bible. Ed. "Light in the East", 2000.
Children's bible. Ed. Russian Bible Society, M, 1994.
Zalomov P. My meetings with Maxim Gorky. "Literary newspaper, No. 51, 1937
Zhigalov M.P., great writer Russia. Ed. "Children's literature"
