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Anatoly Naumovich Rybakov. Curriculum vitae

Anatoly Naumovich Rybakov

Biography

Born in the family of engineer Naum Borisovich Aronov and his wife Dina Abramovna Rybakova in Chernigov. From 1919 he lived in Moscow, on the Arbat, d. 51. He studied at the former Hvorostov gymnasium in Krivoarbatsky lane. He graduated from the eighth and ninth grades at the Moscow Experimental Commune School (abbreviated as MOPSHK) in 2nd Obydensky Lane on Ostozhenka. The school arose as a commune of Komsomol members who returned from the fronts of the civil war.

After leaving school, he worked at the Dorogomilovsky chemical plant, as a loader, then as a driver.

In 1930 he entered the Moscow Institute of Transport Engineers.

On November 5, 1933, he was arrested and by a special meeting of the OGPU collegium was sentenced to three years of exile under Article 58-10 (Counter-revolutionary agitation and propaganda). At the end of the exile, not having the right to live in cities with a passport regime, he wandered around Russia. Worked where it is not necessary to fill out questionnaires.

Since 1941 in the army. Participated in battles on various fronts, from the defense of Moscow to the storming of Berlin. The last position was the head of the auto service of the 4th Guards Rifle Corps, the rank was Major Engineer. "For distinction in battles with the Nazi invaders" recognized as having no criminal record. In 1960 he was completely rehabilitated.

Awarded with orders Patriotic War I and II degrees, the Red Banner of Labor, Friendship of Peoples.

Creation

After the war, A. Rybakov turns to literary activity, starting to write adventure stories for youth - the story "Dagger" (1948) and its continuation - the story "The Bronze Bird" (1956). The following stories were also addressed to the youth - "The Adventures of Krosh" (1960) with the continuation of "Krosh's Vacation" (1966). Both stories were filmed - the film "Kortik" in 1954, "The Adventures of Krosh" in 1961.

The first novel written by Rybakov was dedicated to people he knew well - Drivers (1950; Stalin Prize, 1951). The novel "Ekaterina Voronina" (1955), filmed in 1957, was a great success. In 1964 he published the novel Summer in the Sosnyaki.

In 1975, the continuation of the stories "Dirk" and "Bronze Bird" - the story "Shot" and a film based on it - " last summer childhood."

In 1978, the novel "Heavy Sand" was published. The novel tells about the life of a Jewish family in the 1910s-1940s in one of the multinational towns in the east of Ukraine, about a bright and all-overcoming love carried through decades, about the tragedy of the Holocaust and the courage of civil resistance. This pinnacle work of the writer combined all the colors of his artistic palette, adding to them philosophy, craving for historical analysis and mystical symbolism (image main character, beautiful sweetheart, then wife and mother Rachel on the last pages is as a semi-real personification of the wrath and revenge of the Jewish people).

The novel "Children of the Arbat", written back in the 60s and published only in 1987, was one of the first about the fate younger generation of the thirties, a time of great losses and tragedies, the novel recreates the fate of this generation, seeking to reveal the mechanism of totalitarian power, to understand the "phenomenon" of Stalin and Stalinism.

In 1989, his sequel "Thirty-fifth and other years" was released. In 1990 - the novel "Fear", in 1994 - "Ashes and Ashes". The novel "Ashes and Ashes" uses elements of autobiography (Sasha Pankratov).

In 1995 the Collected Works were published in seven volumes. Later - the autobiographical "Roman-Memories" (1997).

Books published in 52 countries, with a total circulation of more than 20 million copies. In 2005, the television series "Children of the Arbat" was released.

Anatoly Rybakov - Laureate State Prizes USSR and the RSFSR, was president of the Soviet PEN Center (1989-1991), secretary of the board of the Union of Writers of the USSR (since 1991). PhD from Tel Aviv University.

Rybakov A.N. died in 1998 in New York.

Rybakov Anatoly Naumovich (1911-1998) - Russian writer. Anatoly Aronov (Rybakov - pseudonym) was born on January 1 (14), 1911 in the village of Derzhanovka, Chernihiv region, in the family of an engineer. My father worked for the landowner Harkun at the distillery.

In 1919 he moved to Moscow. After graduating from the 7th grade at the Khvostovskaya gymnasium, the next 2 years he studied at an experimental demonstration school-commune. Upon completion of his education, he got a job as a loader, and later as a driver, at the Dorogomilovsky chemical plant.

In 1930 he began to study at the Moscow Institute of Transport Engineers, but could not finish it. After 3 years, he is arrested for illegal campaigning and sent into exile for a 3-year exile. At the end of the line, Rybakov was forbidden to live in cities in which the passport regime was introduced, so he constantly moved. In 1938-1941. worked as a chief engineer in the Ryazan Regional Department of Motor Transport. During the Second World War, he left to serve in the automotive parts. He took part in the storming of Berlin with the rank of engineer-major of the 4th Guards Rifle. He was awarded the orders of "Patriotic War I and II degree", "Friendship of Peoples" and "Red Banner of Labor", as well as Rybakov's conviction for distinction in the fight against the Nazi invaders was canceled.

This one is very interesting person- writer and public figure - lived in difficult times. We can say that he repeated the fate of the idol of more than one generation, Alexander Solzhenitsyn. His books have become a symbol of an entire era, and even now, with the passage of time, they have not lost either their novelty or literary value.

Family and childhood of Anatoly Rybakov

The biography of the future writer began in the village of Derzhanovka, Chernihiv province (now it is the territory of Ukraine). He was born on January 11, 1911 in the family of an engineer. The surname of Anatoly's father was Aronov, and the mother's surname was Rybakov. In his autobiography, he always indicated the city of Chernihiv. Perhaps Rybakov was embarrassed by his rural origin.

In adulthood, having already become a writer, Anatoly Naumovich took as creative pseudonym, and then, and already forever, the name of the mother. Rybakov's father worked at a distillery, and his grandfather was a headman in the synagogue. After the abolition of the Pale of Settlement, the boy's parents moved to Moscow. It happened in 1919. They lived on the Arbat, in the same house that would later be described in the writer's works. He studied at the Hvorostov gymnasium, and completed his education at a special experimental school-commune in Moscow, where the best teachers of that time taught.

Youth

After graduation, the boy went to work at the Dorogomilovsky chemical plant. And in 1930 he entered the Moscow Transport and Economic Institute. But the biography of Anatoly Rybakov changed suddenly and terribly three years later. As a student, he was arrested for counter-revolutionary agitation and propaganda. True, at that time he received not such a long term - three years of exile. Freed, Anatoly could not work in big cities where the passport regime existed. Therefore, he had to be hired either as a locksmith, or as a driver, or as a loader in the provinces of Russia - Ryazan, Tver, as well as in Tatarstan and Bashkiria. Perhaps that is why he did not expect further arrests. He never filled out questionnaires and seemed to become invisible to the state security agencies.

War and the beginning of creative activity

The biography of Anatoly Rybakov also has army pages. With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, he was called up. He served mainly in automotive units and saw the most famous battles - from the defense of Moscow to the storming of Berlin. He received the rank of Major Engineer Guards, and his criminal record was expunged for military merit.

During the Khrushchev thaw in 1960, Anatoly Rybakov was fully rehabilitated. But back in 1946, after demobilization, he returned to Moscow and began to try himself in literary genre. The first literary successes were stories written for young people.

Official creativity in the USSR

The biography of the writer Anatoly Rybakov began in 1948. Then his first story "Kortik" was published. It was her that he signed with a pseudonym - the name of his mother. Since then, the writer has gone down in history not like Aronov. From now on, he became Anatoly Naumovich Rybakov. His biography in the field of literature had, as it were, a double bottom. He can be considered an official writer, because, for example, he received the State Prize Soviet Union back in 1951 for the not very artistically remarkable, but ideologically correct novel "The Drivers". Although there was some personal experience Anatolia.

Interestingly, according to rumors, Stalin recommended him for the award, who liked the novel. True, the author was either included in the list of applicants, or thrown out as a counter-revolutionary. But in the end, they left. But his adventurous stories, such as the continuation of "Dagger" "The Bronze Bird" or a series about the adventures and holidays of Krosh, were very popular among the youth of the sixties. Mysteries, romance with a boyish pioneer flavor, old artifacts - all this was new and beckoned with freshness.

In 1970, the writer's landmark novel The Unknown Soldier was published, and in 1978 Heavy Sand. He already looked dissonant, because he talked about hard fate Jewish family, and even against the backdrop of the then Soviet anti-Semitism.

What was written on the table

But it turned out that the biography of Anatoly Naumovich Rybakov is not so simple. Since the sixties of the twentieth century, he secretly wrote a novel based on the memories of life ordinary people in a Moscow communal apartment at the very beginning of the Stalinist repressions. Tvardovsky wanted to publish it as soon as he read it. But censorship did not miss the novel. As soon as perestroika began, in 1987 Rybakov published this book under the already worldwide famous name"Children of the Arbat". The work had the effect of an exploding bomb. Together with Abuladze's film "Repentance", it became a symbol of perestroika. The confrontation between Sasha Pankratov, the alter ego of the writer, and Joseph Stalin, the ruler, for whom only power matters, but not human lives- probably the best of what has been written on the subject.

The continuation of the novel was the trilogy "Thirty-fifth and other years", which tells about what happened later with the children of the Arbat - the heroes of the first book. The trilogy includes the novel "Fear", published in 1990, and "Ashes and Ashes", published in 1994. It is believed that the cycle of novels about the children of the Arbat is the peak of Anatoly Rybakov's work. After that, in 1997, he published only memoirs - autobiographical novel with documentary memoirs.

last years of life

With books about Stalin's repressions and the period of the Great Terror to Anatoly Rybakov, short biography which is set out above, worldwide fame came. His works began to be translated into other languages and were published in 52 countries around the world. The writer becomes active public figure and even - until 1991 - headed the Soviet PEN Center. Rybakov's identity was the feeling of a Russian Soviet Jew. He was a free and independent person.

But at the same time, I felt like a part of the Jewish people. In the mid-nineties, after the collapse of the USSR, Rybakov fell seriously ill. To have the operation, he leaves for the United States. But it's too late. December 23, 1998 Anatoly Rybakov dies in a New York hospital. He was buried in Moscow at the Kuntsevo cemetery. Based on the novels "Children of the Arbat" and "Heavy Sand", television series were filmed after the death of the writer in the 2000s.

Biography of Anatoly Rybakov: briefly about the writer's family

The wife of the writer became no less famous woman- Tatyana Vinokurova, daughter of the former People's Commissar for the Food Industry Mikoyan, who was both an author and a victim of Stalin's repressions. She for a long time was the editor of the magazine "Krugozor". One of Anatoly's two sons, Alexei, also became a writer. He was published in Russia under the pseudonym Makushinsky, and now lives in Germany in the city of Mainz and works at the university there at the Department of Slavic Studies. The eldest son of the writer died in 1994 during the life of his father. His daughter and granddaughter of Anatoly Rybakov Maria inherited the family gift for writing. She is the author of popular novels such as The Brotherhood of Losers and others.

2 Orders of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree, Order of the Patriotic War of the 2nd degree, Order of the Red Banner of Labor, Order of Friendship of Peoples, medal "For Military Merit",

medal "For the Defense of Moscow", medal "For the Capture of Berlin", medal "For the Victory over Germany".

Ranks

military engineer 3rd rank -1941

captain -1943

Positions

Head of the Auto Service of the 4th Guards Corps

Biography

Rybakov was born on January 1 (14), 1911 in the Jewish family of Naum Borisovich Aronov and his wife Dina Abramovna Rybakova. In his autobiography, the writer indicated Chernihiv as his place of birth. In fact, he was born in the village of Derzhanovka (now the Nosovsky district of the Chernihiv region), where his father Naum Aronov served as an engineer at the distillery of the local landowner Harkun.

From 1919 he lived in Moscow, on the Arbat, 51. He studied at the former Khvostovskaya gymnasium in Krivoarbatsky lane. Yuri Dombrovsky studied at the same school and at the same time. He graduated from the eighth and ninth grades at the Moscow Experimental Commune School (abbreviated as MOPSHK) in 2nd Obydensky Lane on Ostozhenka. The school arose as a commune of Komsomol members who returned from the fronts civil war.

After leaving school, he worked at the Dorogomilovsky chemical plant as a loader, then as a driver.

In 1930 he entered the Moscow Institute of Transport Engineers.

On November 5, 1933, he was arrested and by a special meeting of the OGPU board was sentenced to 3 years of exile under Article 58-10 (Counter-revolutionary agitation and propaganda). At the end of the exile, not having the right to live in cities with a passport regime, he wandered around Russia. He worked where it was not necessary to fill out questionnaires, but from 1938 to November 1941 he was the chief engineer of the Ryazan Regional Motor Transport Administration.

From November 1941 to 1946 he served in the Red Army in automobile units. Participated in battles on various fronts, from the defense of Moscow to the storming of Berlin. The last position was the head of the auto service of the 4th Guards Rifle Corps (8th Guards Army), the rank was Major Engineer. For distinction in battles with the Nazi invaders, he was recognized as having no criminal record.

In 1960 he was completely rehabilitated.

A. N. Rybakov died on December 23, 1998 in New York. He was buried at the Kuntsevo cemetery in Moscow.

Poet, prose writer and essayist Alexei Makushinsky is the son of Anatoly Rybakov. The writer Maria Rybakova is the granddaughter of A. N. Rybakova.

In 1947, A. Rybakov turned to literary activity, starting to write adventure stories for youth - the story "Dagger" (1948) and its continuation - the story "The Bronze Bird" (1956). Both stories were filmed - the film "Dagger" in 1954 (again in 1973), the film "The Bronze Bird" in 1974.

The following stories were also addressed to the youth - "The Adventures of Krosh" (1960) with the continuations "Krosh's Vacation" (1966) and "The Unknown Soldier" (1970). Their film adaptations are The Adventures of Krosh in 1961, Krosh's Vacation in 1979, A Minute of Silence in 1971 and The Unknown Soldier in 1984. Based on the distant motives of the story "Krosh's Vacation", the film "These Innocent Amusements" was also shot in 1969.

The first novel written by Rybakov was dedicated to people he knew well - Drivers (1950). The novel "Ekaterina Voronina" (1955), filmed in 1957, was a great success. In 1964 he published the novel "Summer in the Sosnyaki".

In 1975, the continuation of the stories "Dirk" and "Bronze Bird" - the story "The Shot" and the film based on it - "The Last Summer of Childhood" (1974) were released.

In 1978, the novel "Heavy Sand" was published. The novel tells about the life of a Jewish family in the 1910-1940s in one of the multinational towns in the north of Ukraine, about a bright and all-overcoming love carried through decades, about the tragedy of the Holocaust and the courage of civil resistance. This pinnacle work of the writer combined all the colors of his artistic palette, adding to them philosophy, craving for historical analysis and mystical symbolism (the image of the main character, beautiful lover, then wife and mother Rachel on the last pages is like a semi-real personification of the anger and revenge of the Jewish people). This novel was filmed, the film premiered in 2008.

The novel "Children of the Arbat", written back in the 1960s and published only in 1987, was one of the first about the fate of the younger generation of the thirties, a time of great losses and tragedies, the novel recreates the fate of this generation, trying to reveal the mechanism of totalitarian power, to understand "phenomenon" of Stalin and Stalinism. In 2004, based on the novel "Children of the Arbat", a serial film of the same name was released.

In 1988, a film based on the script by Rybakov "Sunday, half past seven" was released, which completed the cycle about Krosh.

At the same time, the continuation of "Children of the Arbat" - the novel "Thirty-fifth and Other Years" - was published. In 1990 - the novel "Fear", in 1994 - "Ashes and Ashes". The tetralogy uses elements of the author's biography (Sasha Pankratov).

In 1995 the collected works were published in seven volumes. Later - the autobiographical "Roman-Memories" (1997).

Books published in 52 countries, with a total circulation of more than 20 million copies. Many works have been filmed.

Anatoly Rybakov was president of the Soviet PEN Center (1989-1991), secretary of the board of the Union of Writers of the USSR (since 1991).

en.wikipedia.org

Biography

Anatoly Naumovich Rybakov - writer, laureate of the State Prizes of the USSR and the RSFSR. Author of the books: Dirk, Bronze Bird (1956), Ekaterina Voronina, Summer in Sosnyaki, Krosh's Adventures, Unknown Soldier, Children of the Arbat, etc. Awarded 3 orders and medals. Member of the Great Patriotic War

He said that he had fulfilled his life's work by writing a novel about Stalin's time. He did not have time to write a novel about the end of the 20th century.

Anatoly Naumovich Rybakov was born on January 14, 1911 in the Ukrainian city of Chernigov, but already in early age moved with his parents (Aronov Naum Borisovich and Rybakova Dina Avraamovna) to Moscow. They lived at Arbat, 51

All childhood impressions and memories of Rybakov are connected with life. big city 20s. Here, in Moscow, he joined the pioneers when the first pioneer organizations were just being formed, here he studied at the then famous Lepeshinsky commune school, here he became a member of the Komsomol, here he began his working life early at Dorkhimzavod.

In 1930, A. N. Rybakov entered the Moscow Institute of Transport Engineers and later became an automotive engineer. On November 5, 1933, as a student, he was arrested and convicted under Article 58-10 ("counter-revolutionary agitation and propaganda") for three years of exile. After the end of the exile, he wandered around the country, worked as a driver, a mechanic.

The second half of the 1930s was the time of Rybakov's wanderings around the country; Then future writer I saw many cities and changed many professions, really got to know people and life.

From the very beginning of the Great Patriotic War he was mobilized into the army. Participated in battles on various fronts, from the defense of Moscow to the storming of Berlin. The last position was the head of the auto service of the 4th Guards Rifle Corps, he received the rank of Guards Major Engineer. "For distinction in battles with the Nazi invaders" recognized as having no criminal record.

After the war, A. Rybakov turned to literary activity. Writes adventure stories for youth. Fame came to the writer with "Dagger" (1948), then other books appeared that strengthened his popularity: "The Bronze Bird", the trilogy "The Adventures of Krosh", "Heavy Sand" ...

The first novel written by Rybakov, Drivers (1950), was dedicated to people he knew well. The novel "Ekaterina Voronina" (1955), filmed in 1957, was also a great success. In 1964 he published the novel "Summer in the Sosnyaki".

"Children of the Arbat"

In 1965, Rybakov began writing his main novel, Children of the Arbat. Magazine " New world"announced its publication in 1967. Did not appear. October magazine announced its publication in 1979. Did not appear. The Friendship of Peoples magazine began publishing the novel in 1987. With the release of the novel, the circulation of the magazine increased from 150 thousand to 1,200 thousand . copies

The novel, in the words of the poet Semyon Lipkin "of Shakespearean strength", appeared still extremely timely. If he had appeared earlier in samizdat or abroad, as Rybakov was repeatedly suggested, they would have talked about him, but in an undertone, in the kitchens. Publicity provided him with an incomparable response, the circulation of the novel amounted to 10.5 million copies. It has been translated into dozens of languages. Copies of various publications occupy a whole closet in his Moscow apartment.

Artwork has become a fact of history. The storming of the Winter Palace, which actually did not take place, is judged by new generations by the dramatization of Sergei Eisenstein in the film "October". So Stalin will be judged by Rybakov's novel. Actually, the Soviet dictator is not the main character there, but it was this image that caused a particularly sharp controversy between his defenders and critics.

Yevgeny Yevtushenko said: "After this novel, it will be impossible to leave the same history textbooks in libraries and schools." Thousands, maybe tens of thousands will read historical research about Stalin. Millions have read "Children of the Arbat" and made up their minds. And not only with us. The novel was published in 52 countries!

In the book, Stalin says: "Death solves all problems. No man - no problem." It is not known whether Stalin ever uttered this maxim. But the reader seems to hear, here Stalin slowly, smoking his pipe, with his Georgian accent, utters this phrase. And now it is attributed to Stalin in collections of quotes.

The permanent author of hymns, Sergei Mikhalkov, warned Rybakov before one of the discussions of the novel: he would not go, "you are talking for Stalin there." Rybakov retorted: "Doesn't Tolstoy speak for Napoleon?" "You're not Tolstoy." “However, I strive and advise others.”

The author, a young man from the Arbat, who went through Lubyanka, Butyrka and Siberian exile, in order to become a laureate of the Stalin Prize for Literature in 1951 for the novel Drivers, studied all the materials available to him about the leader of the peoples. Now there are many of them, but then the archives were closed, and yet Rybakov, a keen observer of human passions, managed to leave us a portrait of the “leader”, which most would consider complete.

It is this research corrosiveness, combined with a talent for penetrating into psychological depths, that gives us that Stalin that we will remember, and it doesn’t matter what else historians write about him.

“Although I understand that the text of the reasoning of the then General Secretary is your fiction, in fact, your version,” Eldar Ryazanov wrote to the author, “is written with incredible persuasiveness.” And here is Veniamin Kaverin’s review: “The term “research novel” begs here. The author’s position is dictated by the desire to prove that the saying “the end justifies the means” is based on lies and immorality. Stalin’s moves are inhumanly talented, but these moves lack the one for whom he, according to him, it works, but the person is absent.

Many critics met the novel with hostility - their idol was debunked skillfully and convincingly. In Cheboksary, for example, local authorities opposed the translation of the book into Chuvash language. And from Yaroslavl they asked to allow a royalty-free reprint.

The novel "Children of the Arbat", published in 1987, became a real event in literary life Russia. Subsequently, the Arbat trilogy was completed by the novels “Fear” and “Ashes and Ashes”.

Our days

Before last days life, Anatoly Rybakov remained an optimist, a lover of life because of his fighting character. Rybakov was very worried about the fate of his generation - a generation of idealists who believed that it was possible to improve the human race and create a just society.

Stalinist and German bullets, ashes, generously fell to the lot of this generation, and what they still managed to do became ashes. So, in fact, the last book of the trilogy about the children of the Arbat is called “Dust and Ashes”. The title does not entice the reader to open the book. But read by those who were fascinated by the fate of Sasha Pankratov, his friends, his country.

Rybakov managed to joke even on the operating table. On the second day after the bypass operation, in June 1998, he, as if nothing had happened, signed autographs for the nurses of the clinic, who turned out to be Russian emigrants, planned to return to the table to the next manuscript.

And he decided on the operation for the sake of readers who wanted to trace further fate Arbat children in the third and fourth generations. At the age of 87, Rybakov continued to work, wrote by hand, passed what was written to his wife Tanya, she retyped it on a computer - and editing began.

The doctors, having traveled with a catheter through the vessels of his heart, said (in America doctors do not hide anything from the patient) that they cannot guarantee him the six years necessary to carry out this last author's intention. The unthinkable can happen at any moment. Moreover, the doctors did not promise him the preservation of his ability to work. It was necessary to create bypass ways of feeding the heart muscle instead of clogged vessels, borrowing pieces of a vein from the leg. Then ahead - a few more creative years.

“I have fulfilled my life’s work,” said Rybakov. – Wrote a novel about the Stalin era and published it during his lifetime. He also wrote an autobiography, as if summing up ("Roman-remembrance"). Now I get six years. I want to write a novel about the end of the 20th century, about the history of the destruction of first the Soviet Union, and now Russia.

The operation was performed by the famous surgeon Subramanian, an Indian by nationality, according to latest methodology, without opening the chest, both the operation itself and the postoperative period seemed to be fine. Ahead - six years!

Six months later, Rybakov, having gone to bed, did not wake up. And just two days before that, he heatedly discussed the fate of Russia with Grigory Yavlinsky. And he told him: “You need the slogans of Napoleonic strength: “Soldiers, the sun of Austerlitz is above you.”

Rybakov left for America to be able to work in peace. In Peredelkino they constantly pulled, tore desk. And there was not much time left ... In the end, Maxim Gorky also his novel "Mother", which laid the foundation for the so-called socialist realism, wrote at a country house in the Adirondacks north of New York.

In 1990, the collection “Children of the Arbat” by Anatoly Rybakov was published, where opinions about the novel clashed. Musketeers" Alexandre Dumas, they say, adventure literature on historical theme for children. This is rather a compliment to the author of the beloved children "Dagger".

Rybakov always worked carefully. From him there were old-fashioned folders with ribbons. There are inscriptions on the folders: "Yeltsin", "Gaidar", "Chubais", "Kiriyenko". They contain clippings, blanks for the conceived novel "Son". Ripped off by ruthless time.

A few days after the writer's death, his widow Tanya received, among others, a letter from Bernard Kamenicki, a reader from Boca Raton, Florida. The author expressed condolences and wrote: "After reading his books, I became a better person."

What more could any writer want? Sem40.ru according to the media. 17-01-2005

en.wikipedia.org

Biography

Born in the family of engineer Naum Borisovich Aronov and his wife Dina Abramovna Rybakova in Chernigov.

From 1919 he lived in Moscow, on the Arbat, 51. He studied at the former Khvostovskaya gymnasium in Krivoarbatsky lane. He graduated from the eighth and ninth grades at the Moscow Experimental Commune School (abbreviated MOPSHK) in 2nd Obydensky Lane on Ostozhenka. The school arose as a commune of Komsomol members who returned from the fronts of the civil war.

After leaving school, he worked at the Dorogomilovsky chemical plant, as a loader, then as a driver.

In 1930 he entered the Moscow Institute of Transport Engineers.

He was awarded the Orders of the Patriotic War I and II degrees, the Red Banner of Labor, the Friendship of Peoples. Anatoly Rybakov was buried at the Kuntsevo cemetery in Moscow.

Creation

After the war, A. Rybakov turned to literary activity, starting to write adventure stories for youth - the story "Dagger" (1948) and its continuation - the story "The Bronze Bird" (1956). Both stories were filmed - the film "Dagger" in 1954 (again in 1973), the film "The Bronze Bird" in 1974.

The following stories were also addressed to the youth - "The Adventures of Krosh" (1960) with the continuation of "Krosh's Vacation" (1966). Their film adaptations are The Adventures of Krosh in 1961 and Krosh's Vacation in 1979.

In 1975, the continuation of the stories "Dagger" and "Bronze Bird" - the story "The Shot" and the film based on it - "The Last Summer of Childhood" - was released.

In 1978, the novel "Heavy Sand" was published. The novel tells about the life of a Jewish family in the 1910s-40s in one of the multinational towns in the north of Ukraine, about a bright and all-overcoming love carried through decades, about the tragedy of the Holocaust and the courage of civil resistance. This pinnacle work of the writer combined all the colors of his artistic palette, adding to them philosophy, craving for historical analysis and mystical symbolism (the image of the main character, beautiful lover, then wife and mother Rachel on the last pages is like a semi-real personification of the anger and revenge of the Jewish people).

The novel "Children of the Arbat", written back in the 60s and published only in 1987, was one of the first about the fate of the young generation of the thirties, a time of great losses and tragedies, the novel recreates the fate of this generation, trying to reveal the mechanism of totalitarian power, to understand " phenomenon" of Stalin and Stalinism.

In 1989, its continuation was published - the novel "Thirty-fifth and Other Years". In 1990 - the novel "Fear", in 1994 - "Ashes and Ashes". The tetralogy uses elements of the author's biography (Sasha Pankratov).

In 1995 the collected works were published in seven volumes. Later - the autobiographical "Roman-Memories" (1997).

Books published in 52 countries, with a total circulation of more than 20 million copies. In 2005, the television series "Children of the Arbat" was released. In 2008, the television series "Heavy Sand" was released.

Anatoly Rybakov - laureate of the State Prizes of the USSR and the RSFSR, was president of the Soviet PEN Center (1989-1991), secretary of the board of the Union of Writers of the USSR (since 1991). PhD from Tel Aviv University.

Interesting Facts

Two different cycles of works, begun by "Kortik" and "Children of the Arbat", respectively, are interconnected. Main character"Children of the Arbat" - Sasha Pankratov - is one of the episodic characters in the last story of the first cycle - "Shot". The novel "Fear" mentions the execution of Misha Polyakov during the purges of 1937-1938.

Bibliography

Series "Dirk":
Dirk (1946-1948)
Bronze Bird (1955-1956)
Shot (1975)

Series "Adventures of Krosh"
The Adventures of Krosh (1960, Jan-March)
Krosh vacation (1964-1964)
Unknown Soldier (1969-1970)

Trilogy "Children of the Arbat"
Children of the Arbat (1966-1983)
Fear (1988-1990)
Dust and ashes (1991-1994)

Drivers (1949-1950)

Heavy Sand (1975-1977)

Remembrance novel (published in 1997)

Ekaterina Voronina (1955)
Summer in the Pinelands (1964)

Translated works
The Dirk (by David Skvirsky)
The Bronze Bird (by David Skvirsky)

Biography

In the 1950s, in the former Soviet Union, children read the adventure story from the time of the civil war "Kortik", authored by Anatoly Rybakov. This was followed by the continuation of "Dirk" - the story "The Bronze Bird", followed by a fascinating story of a pretty teenager Krosh - "Krosh's Adventures" and "Krosh's Vacation". Along with books for children and youth, the author published two novels on the then fashionable "industrial" theme: "Drivers" and "Ekaterina Voronina". Most of the author's works were filmed and had, in addition to the reader's, also the audience's success.

How did it happen that a Judeophobic magazine published such a novel, and in general, why a completely successful Russian writer (many did not realize that Rybakov, a Jew, dared to write a novel, dubious, according to Brezhnev's literary dishes, and then the generally seditious "Children of the Arbat"?

All this, and much more, the writer, who is currently in New York and working at the Columbia University library on the final part of the epic about Stalin's times, spoke at an evening organized by the Center for the Culture of Immigrants from the Soviet Union. The meeting took place at the Arbeter Ring, one of America's oldest Jewish organizations.

Not tall, youthful (you would never think that he was already 82 years old), friendly and sociable, Anatoly Naumovich, without further ado, began a kind of author's confession.

In "Brief literary encyclopedia”, in the 6th volume, published in 1971, it is reported that the writer was born in 1911 in Chernigov, graduated from the Moscow Institute of Railway Transport in 1934, worked in his specialty for a long time, and was a participant in the Great Patriotic War. The following is a list of his works. And that's all. About the fact that he was expelled from the institute, repressed, exiled, and three years after his return he lost the right to live not only in his native Moscow, in the same courtyard on the Arbat, which he later described in Children of the Arbat, but also in other capital cities, was forced to wander all over Russia in search of a corner and a piece of bread - not a word was said about all this.

And then one day, it was in 1939, he, spending the night at some station, met young guy who told him an absolutely incredible, in a sense funny story about how his grandfather left for Switzerland at the end of the last century, graduated from the medical faculty of the university there, became a successful doctor, got married, his wife bore him three sons, two of them followed in his footsteps, and with the third, the youngest, whose name was Yakov, he went to visit his native Simferopol. There, in Simferopol, Jacob met beautiful girl and fell in love with her at first sight. She turned out to be the daughter of a local shoemaker and her name was ... however, no matter what her real name was, in the novel she is named after our ancestor Rachel, Jacob's wife.

What happened next? Yakov married Rachel, took her to Switzerland, where she bore him a son, they were happy, but after some time the girl became sad at home, relatives and, despite the persuasion of Yakov and his relatives, returned home with her little son, to Simferopol. After some time, Yakov also rolled there. I thought of persuading my wife to return to Switzerland, but then the First World War, then the revolution, and he was "stuck" in Russia for the rest of his life. He became a shoemaker, learned Russian, more children appeared, among them this guy ...

Rybakov was touched by this story, but he did not even think that it would form the basis of his novel, he did not even think of becoming a writer at that time. He was more interested in the question of whether he would find work and lodging tomorrow.

In the early 70s, it was already famous writer, was found by the same guy, who had aged thirty-something years, and talked about how his parents, relatives, and the Jews of Simferopol in general, died at the hands of fascist murderers. And then Rybakov realized that he could not get away from this topic, that he must, must write about all this. big romance, capture their unfortunate fellow tribesmen. In a word, as it was with Ilya Ehrenburg: "Woe, an old wound opened, my mother's name was Khana."

Rybakov began work on the novel with a trip to Simferopol, where he wandered the streets and alleys, where during the occupation a short time was a Jewish ghetto, visited the place where Simferopol Jews were taken and shot. He realized that he could not write a book here, that Simferopol was a foreign city to him.

And then he decided to move the scene of the future novel to the homeland of his grandfather, to Snovsk, a small commercial and industrial city of the former Chernigov province, where his mother brought him as a ten-year-old boy in the hungry year of 1921.

Grandfather was a wealthy industrialist, the way in his house was supported by a religious-patriarchal one. The town itself was international, Jews, Ukrainians, Poles, Belarusians, Russians lived in it (in peace and harmony).

And now, more than half a century later, he again found himself in Snovsk. Now it was a typical Soviet regional center: there were more than enough officials, and the economy was deplorable, out of 3 thousand Jews, no more than 200 remained ...

And then, when the novel was written, the question arose: where to publish it? It turned out to be impossible to do this in Novy Mir or Yunost, in the journals where Rybakov published most of his works. And then he turned, as we already know, to "October". Shortly before that, there was a change of power here. After the death of Kochetov, the editorial board was headed by A. Ananiev, known in writers' circles as a decent person. In order to pull the magazine out of the swamp, to attract new readers, he urgently needed to publish something sensational. Such a work turned out to be “Heavy Sand”. Moreover, in order to “slip through” the censorship controlled by the highest party bodies, Rybakov first presented only the first part of the novel, which takes place before the revolution. And yet, one of the places of action had to be changed - the Swiss city of Basel: a certain critic reported to the "grey eminence" Suslov himself that a Zionist congress once took place in this very Basel, therefore, an affair with a Zionist odor.

One way or another, but the novel was published and made a huge impression on readers, and not only Jews. As for criticism, in most cases she kept quiet, fearing to get into a mess, and most of all - out of favor with her party bosses.

But this did not upset the writer, for him the heartfelt reviews of readers, tens of thousands of letters, were much more important. One of the letters contained the following words: “Only after reading the novel did I feel like a real Jew and I am proud of it.” Once leaving his house in Peredelkino, Rybakov saw Jewish youths who, it turns out, protected his home from hooligans who threatened to set a fire.

Anatoly Rybakov told his admirers a lot of interesting things that evening. And not only about "Heavy Sand", but also about even more difficult fate"Children of the Arbat", as well as the work on the final part of the tragic epic, which he conventionally called "Payback".

Biography

Anatoly Naumovich Rybakov (1911 - December 23, 1998) - Russian writer. Novels about the social and moral conflicts of modern production: "Drivers" (1950; State Prize of the USSR, 1951), "Ekaterina Voronina" (1955). Socio-psychological novel "Heavy Sand" (1978). Novels for youth "Kortik" (1948), "The Adventures of Krosh" (1960).

In the novels "Children of the Arbat" (1987), "Thirty-fifth and other years" (book 1, 1988, book 2, "Fear", 1990, book 3, "Ashes and Ashes", 1994), the time of the totalitarian regime is recreated through the fate of the generation of the 30s; artistic analysis Stalin's Phenomenon. "Remembrance Romance" (1997). Repressed in 1933-36.

Encyclopedia Cyril and Methodius

“Anatoly Rybakov was born in the city of Chernigov, in the family of an engineer. After leaving school, he entered the road department of the Moscow Institute of Transport Engineers. However, Rybakov did not have time to finish it - on political charges he was expelled from the capital with a “minus” mark in his passport (its owner was not allowed to live in big cities).

Rybakov's long wanderings around the country begin. First, he works at the Dorogomilovsky chemical plant, then to work at the transport enterprises of Bashkiria, Kalinin, Ryazan. According to the writer: “This saved me from re-arrest during the rampant repressions in the 37-40s. Having become a kind of “homeless person”, I seemed to have fallen out of sight of the “organs”, which all the time “picked up” those who had once been in their clutches. Saved me and that, following the advice of one good woman, who also lived on the Arbat, a close friend of my mother, all the time tried to stay away from large industrial facilities ... "

In 1941, Anatoly Rybakov went to the front as a private. He ended the war with the rank of major, as head of the auto service of the guards rifle corps.

The first book by Anatoly Rybakov - the children's adventure story "Kortik" - was published in 1948. Three years later, Rybakov already received the Stalin Prize for the stories "Drivers" and "Ekaterina Voronina". Over the following years, Rybakov wrote several more books, each of which was a success with readers: "The Adventures of Krosh" (1960), "Summer in the Pine Trees" (1964), "Krosh's Vacation" (1966), "The Unknown Soldier" (1970), "Heavy Sand" (1979), etc.

Many of these works were filmed, for which in 1973 Anatoly Rybakov was awarded the State Prize of the RSFSR in the field of cinematography named after the Vasilyev brothers.

Razzakov F.I. Dossier on the stars. They are loved and talked about. - M.: CJSC Publishing House EKSMO-Press, 1999, p. 679-680.

Biography

Rybakov, Anatoly Naumovich
(1911-1998), Russian writer.
The real name is Aronov.

Born on January 1 (14), 1911 in Chernigov, the son of an engineer. From 1918 he lived in Moscow, where he graduated from high school and entered the Moscow Institute of Transport Engineers. On November 5, 1933, as a student at the Transport Institute, he was arrested and convicted under Article 58-10 ("counter-revolutionary agitation and propaganda") for three years of exile. After the end of the exile, he wandered around the country, worked as a driver, mechanic, etc. From the very beginning of the war he was mobilized into the army. Passed with battles from Moscow to Berlin, was awarded many orders and medals; having started the war as a private, he finished it with the rank of major, as head of the auto service of the guards rifle corps.

He gained fame with the very first stories addressed to young readers, more than one generation of whom the author captivated with an exciting plot based on the disclosure of a "secret", a high romantic mood, combined with everyday specifics, good humor and lyricism: Kortik (1948; film of the same name 1954, dir. V.Ya. Vengerov and M.A. Schweitzer), where events unfold during the Civil War and New Economic Policy in Moscow, on the Arbat - a favorite scene for many of Rybakov's heroes., and its continuation Bronze Bird (1956). The liveliness of the narration, psychological persuasiveness, wit, manifested in these works, are also characteristic of the stories The Adventures of Krosh (1960) and Krosh's Vacation (1966), written on behalf of a teenager.

Rybakov's first "adult" novel Drivers (1950; State Prize of the USSR, 1951) is dedicated to people who are well known to the author in the former profession of an automotive engineer, and belongs to the best examples of "industrial" prose, captivating with the authenticity of the image, skillful recreation of the working days of the motor depot of a provincial town , subtle individualization of characters.

Difficult problems of mutual relations in the team of the Volga rivermen are at the center of Rybakov's second "production" novel Ekaterina Voronina (1955; film of the same name, 1957, directed by I.M. Annensky). In the novel Summer in the Sosnyaki (1964), the writer shows the intense life of a large enterprise through the prism of the psychological conflict of an honest unfortunate man and a stupid dogmatist, which reflected the real explosive contradiction of "stagnant" time.

With difficulty due to the unusual subject matter, the novel Heavy Sand (1978), which made its way into the Soviet press and immediately brought immense popularity to Rybakov, tells about the life of a Jewish family in the 1910-1940s in one of the multinational towns of Western Ukraine, decades later, about the tragedy of the "Holocaust" and the courage of the Resistance. This pinnacle work of the writer combined all the colors of his artistic palette, adding to them philosophy, craving for historical analysis and mystical symbolism (the image of the main character, beautiful lover, then wife and mother Rachel on the last pages is like a semi-real personification of the anger and revenge of the Jewish people).

Based on Rybakov's personal experiences, the novel Children of the Arbat (1987) and its continuation of the trilogy Thirty-Fifth and Other Years (book 1, 1988; book 2 - Fear, 1990; book 3 - Dust and Ashes, 1994) recreates the fate of the generation 1930- 1990s, seeking to reveal the mechanism of totalitarian power. Among the writer's other works are the story The Unknown Soldier (1970) and the autobiographical Novel-Memoirs (1997). Anatoly Rybakov is a laureate of the State Prizes of the USSR and the RSFSR.

A. N. Rybakov(Aronov) was born on January 1 (14), 1911 in Chernigov into a Jewish family of engineer Naum Borisovich Aronov and his wife Dina Abramovna Rybakova.

From 1919 he lived in Moscow, on the Arbat, 51. He studied at the former Khvostovskaya gymnasium in Krivoarbatsky lane. Yuri Dombrovsky studied at the same school and at the same time. He graduated from the eighth and ninth grades at the Moscow Experimental Commune School (abbreviated MOPSHK) in 2nd Obydensky Lane on Ostozhenka. The school arose as a commune of Komsomol members who returned from the fronts of the civil war.

After leaving school, he worked at the Dorogomilovsky chemical plant, as a loader, then as a driver.

In 1930 he entered the Moscow Institute of Transport Engineers.

From November 1941 to 1946 he served in Soviet army in automotive parts. Participated in battles on various fronts, from the defense of Moscow to the storming of Berlin. The last position was the head of the auto service of the 4th Guards Rifle Corps, the rank was Major Engineer. "For distinction in battles with the Nazi invaders" recognized as having no criminal record.

In 1960 he was completely rehabilitated.

A. N. Rybakov died on December 23, 1998 in New York. He was buried at the Kuntsevo cemetery in Moscow.

Poet, prose writer and essayist Alexei Makushinsky is the son of Anatoly Rybakov. Writer Maria Rybakova - granddaughter of A. N. Rybakov

Anatoly Rybakov was president of the Soviet PEN Center (1989-1991), secretary of the board of the Union of Writers of the USSR (since 1991). PhD from Tel Aviv University.

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