Who and when made the second trip around the world. First circumnavigation

Ferdinand Magellan is considered the first traveler to travel around the globe. However, he was not at all going to become the first world traveler. His task was completely different - more mundane. And then all the glory from global discoveries did not go to him at all.

Idea author

The idea of ​​the expedition that led to the discoveries was proposed by Ferdinand Magellan, who was born in 1470 and died in 1521. A nobleman by birth, he was born in Portugal, was a royal page. It is known that Magellan was well educated, engaged in cosmography, navigation and astronomy. His first voyage took place when Fernand was twenty years old: he participated in military battles. Magellan managed to suppress the uprising of the natives in Malacca, and then remained in the service in Africa. The false accusation stopped the career of a sea captain. The idea to go by ship to the west, proposed to the Portuguese king, was rejected.

In 1517, Magellan, with the approval of the King of Portugal, left for Spain, becoming her subject. He managed to convince King Charles V of the existence of a transition between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. If it were possible to find this strait, Spain would receive all the lands that are located to the west of the Canary Islands (at the behest of Pope Alexander VI).

A friend, the astronomer Ruy Falière, and also the aristocrat De Aranda, who offered to give him 20% of the profit that the expedition would bring, in exchange for supporting the project, helped to get the royal “good”. So the project of finding a way to the Spice Islands was accepted by the king. However, Faler managed to reduce De Aranda's stake to 8%.

When Magellan proposed the idea of ​​his journey, the world already knew about the Central and part South America, as well as the ocean that stretches beyond them. The Isthmus of Panama has already been crossed. But then no one suspected that East and West could be connected by another path.

Magellan decided to find evidence that the location of the Spice Islands was in the New World, and not in Asia. This would mean that spicy wealth is the area of ​​influence of Spain, and not Portugal, as was then believed.

ABOUT world tour Magellan did not think. He was looking for a strait that could be in South America. He wanted to get to the Spice Islands, buy goods, bring them to Spain and make a profit.

Preparing for the expedition

Five ships set sail. There was enough money for their equipment. Many of the merchants of Europe decided to participate in the enterprise. They wanted to access the profitable spices directly, without the mediation of Portugal.

Despite attempts by the Portuguese authorities to thwart the expedition, as there was fear that it would actually succeed, the voyage took place.

The Portuguese ambassador to Spain, Alvaro da Costa, did everything possible to prevent Magellan from going on an expedition. He spread rumors about the impracticability of his idea. The fact that the Spaniards do not trust the captain, and only trouble can be expected from royal officials who will also participate in the voyage. Magellan was also told that the Portuguese king was waiting for him at home, where a favorable place was prepared for him.

Everything was in vain. Then the ambassador organized an attempt on Magellan, which failed. Alvaro da Costa continued his work: he arranged for the ships to be supplied with equipment and products of poor quality, he put up various obstacles. All this was not successful.

True, in Spain there were many dissatisfied that the expedition would be led by the Portuguese, who, in addition, would also receive a good jackpot: a fifth of the profits, a twentieth from the new discovered lands, and the right to own a third of the new islands.

This led to a mutiny on the flagship, when Magellan's personal standard flew over it: it strongly resembled the flag of Portugal. The rebellion was crushed, but concessions had to be made. There could be no more than five people from Portugal on the ship, and the standard was replaced.

The expedition went to sea on September 20, 1519. Throughout the journey, Magellan was pursued by conflicts with the Spaniards, who sailed with him.

The first happened to Captain Juan de Cartagena. He was outraged that Magellan decided to change the approved route in order to avoid meeting with the Portuguese. The admiral decided to go to Africa, and not to America, as planned.

Magellan and Cartagena even got into a fight. The Spaniard was stripped of his captain's position and transferred to passengers on another ship. This increased the authority of Magellan, but he had an angry enemy.

Atlantic Ocean

The way across the Atlantic Ocean was quite calm. It was here that Magellan first applied his own signaling system, with the help of which the ships were able to communicate with each other. This helped ships not to get lost in the ocean.

From the equator, the ships went to the Land of the Holy Cross, as Brazil was then called, and on December 13 they stopped in the bay of Santa Lucia. Now here is Rio de Janeiro. Having reached the coast of Brazil, the sailors found out that La Plata is the mouth of the river, and not the strait, as previously assumed.

rebellion

By the end of March 1520, Magellan decides to stop for the winter in the harbor of San Julian. The strait, which they had been looking for for so long, was very close, but the sailors were not yet aware of this.

I had to reduce my food intake. This was the reason for the organization of a new rebellion. The rebellion was led by officers from Spain. They succeeded in capturing three ships. One of the officers was killed for refusing to join the rebellion.

Magellan had to act decisively. Captured by cunning big ship and blocked the other two. The rebels had no choice but to surrender. The court sentenced the two main instigators (de Catagena and one priest) to leave in Argentina, on the rocks where the penguins lived. The fate of these people is unknown.

During the winter, one ship, a reconnaissance ship, was badly damaged and out of order. About thirty people died from scurvy and other diseases.

The captains on the ships were people whom Magellan trusted - immigrants from Portugal. At this time, five natives were taken prisoner by cunning, but they all died on the way to Europe.

Strait of Magellan

The ships left San Julian on the twenty-fourth of August. Having reached the Santa Cruz River, they stopped and spent almost two months here. Food supplies could be replenished.

The strait was found at the 52nd south parallel. Two ships sent out to reconnoiter found out that this was not a river. This meant that a new path to the East had been found.

It took thirty 38 days to cross the strait. It was difficult and required courage from the leader of the expedition and all its participants. All four remaining ships passed this way safely. But just before the very end of the strait, a riot began again on one of them. The ship was commanded by a Portuguese, and a native of Portugal, Gomes, also became the leader of the rebels. He said that this is the end of the world - and we must go back, otherwise everyone will die. The team arrested the captain and traveled back to Spain, where they were arrested. Magellan decided that the ship was lost in the strait: he was not aware of the rebellion.

Pacific Ocean

For about 15 thousand kilometers, the ships sailed through the vast expanses, not meeting a single island where people lived.

Food was running out. People even ate rats, which became a delicacy, and leather upholstery, which was removed from the masts and sides. Three months were very difficult.

However, in some ways the sailors were lucky: there were no storms along the way. This was the reason to call the new ocean the Pacific. He turned out to be much larger than Magellan thought before.

It was possible to stock up on food and water on the island of Guam. Here I had to fight a little with local residents who were angry that they failed to steal anything on the ships.

In April 1521, the expedition reached the Philippines. And here the slave of Magellan, who was born in Sumatra, managed to see people who spoke the same language as he did. This was another proof that the Earth is spherical.

Death of Magellan

In the Philippines, Magellan was unexpectedly supported by Arab merchants who persuaded the local population not to engage in battle with the sailors. Magellan convinced one ruler, Humabon, to become a Christian and a vassal of the king of Spain. Humabon soon complained that the neighboring rajah was being disobedient.

The sailors got involved in a battle that turned out to be difficult. The arrows of the natives hit the Spaniards exactly at the feet, and the bullets of the sailors could hardly penetrate their wooden shields. Magellan died in this battle. He was 41 years old.

After that, the sailors had to urgently leave the Philippines. Since there were few people left, they could not manage three ships. It was decided to burn the Conciepsin, setting off on two ships - the Victoria and the Trinidad.

Completion of the expedition

It was not easy for the squadron to get back. I had to dodge the Portuguese ships. The expedition reached the Moluccas of the Spice Islands, where they bought goods.

There were many battles, transitions, ships fell into storms. It was decided to disperse. "Victoria" went along African continent, and "Trinidad" - along the Isthmus of Panama.

The first ship returned to Spain, and the second, unable to overcome the headwinds, went to the Moluccas. Off the African coast, the team had to fight the Portuguese, who had been waiting here since the expedition led by Magellan had just set off. The sailors were captured and sent to penal servitude in India.

"Victoria" was led by the Spaniard Juan Sebastian del Cano (Elcano). Once he took part in a rebellion against Magellan, but the admiral forgave him. Kano managed to navigate the ship for several months on rough seas, overcoming a lot of dangers. Upon returning to his homeland, he got all the glory and a good profit.

It turned out that the calendar of sailors from the Victoria was a day behind the Spanish one. Later, such a discrepancy was described in the novel by Jules Verne.

Expedition results

The result of this campaign was the opening of the western route to Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Philippine Islands, the coast of South America and the island of Guam, and the first trip around the world.

Spanish ambitions were satisfied. The country stated that the Mariana and Philippine Islands were discovered by its subjects. The rights to the islands of the Moluccas were also presented.

It also became known for sure that the Earth is round, and most of it is covered with water. Before that, people believed that the main area of ​​​​the planet is land.

Of the three hundred people who set sail with Magellan, only 18 returned home, then another 18 were released by the Portuguese from hard labor in India.

Money for spices and gold went to cover expenses, but still the depositors received good profit. The royal Spanish court also received income.

Where Magellan was buried is unknown: his body remained with the natives. At that time, no one spoke of him as a discoverer and the first to travel around the Earth. On the contrary, he was accused of disobeying the royal will. Now the name of this person is the strait he discovered and two constellations - the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds.

In 1519, in the month of August, five ships were sent from the harbor of Seville on the first round-the-world expedition. Equipped and approved her on the road Charles I - King of Spain. The journey was very difficult, the path lay through America to the southwest, the expedition kept the direction to the Moluccas. In the event of a successful trip, Spain could get the rights to new open lands.

The flotilla moved along the South American continent for a very long time, it tried to find a way out "South Sea". At the southern end of the mainland, they discovered a deep bay. It was decided to sail on, the shores looked completely deserted, but suddenly several fires lit up in the darkness. For this reason Magellan gave the name to this country - "Land of Fire" and become its pioneer.

Going through Strait of Magellan(strait between Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia), the ships went to Pacific Ocean.

Strait of Magellan

Navigators did not see land for 3 months, reserves drinking water and provisions are over. Scurvy and hunger began on deck. Sailors, in order to somehow satisfy their hunger, had to chew ox skin and eat ship rats. In total, the crew suffered losses of 21 people who died of exhaustion. Through many setbacks, travelers were able to reach the Philippine Islands and stocked up on water and food. Magellan was not very lucky, and he got involved in the internecine strife of local rulers. In battle with the natives, he was killed on April 27, 1521.

Three years later, only one was able to return from swimming The ship is the Victoria. Under the command of J. S. Elcano, he and the crew members completed the voyage in 1522. At home, they were met with triumph and honors, they were heroes who were participants in the world's first circumnavigation.

Voyage of Magellan

Who made the first trip around the world and what is the significance of Magellan's voyage?

This hero turned out to be a Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan.

1) He was able to prove the sphericity of the Earth with his swimming.

2) Magellan's expedition gave the whole world some idea of ​​the relative sizes of sea and land on the globe.

3) Magellan proved that the greatest ocean stretched between Asia and America. Actually it was he who called him Quiet. He chose this name because in all 4 months of sailing he did not encounter a single storm.

4) He proved that there is only one on the planet single world ocean.

AMUNDSEN Rual
(1872-1928)

Travel routes

1903-1906 - Arctic expedition on the ship "Yoa". R. Amundsen was the first to cross the Northwest Passage from Greenland to Alaska and determined the exact position of the North Magnetic Pole at that time.
1910-1912 - Antarctic expedition on the ship "Fram".
On December 14, 1911, a Norwegian traveler with four comrades on a dog sled reached the South Pole of the earth, ahead of the expedition of the Englishman Robert Scott by a month.
1918-1920 - on the ship "Maud" R. Amundsen passed through the Arctic Ocean along the coast of Eurasia.
1926 - together with the American Lincoln Ellsworth and the Italian Umberto Nobile R. Amundsen made a flight on the airship "Norway" along the route Svalbard - North Pole - Alaska.
1928 - during the search for the missing expedition in the Barents Sea, U. Nobile Amundsen died.

Name on a geographical map

The name of the Norwegian traveler is given to a sea in the Pacific Ocean, a mountain in East Antarctica, a bay near the coast of Canada and a basin in the Arctic Ocean.
The US Antarctic Research Station is named after the pioneers: Amundsen-Scott Pole.

Bellingshausen Faddey Faddeevich
(1778-1852)

Travel routes

1803-1806 - F.F. Bellingshausen took part in the first Russian circumnavigation under the command of I.F. Kruzenshtern on the ship "Nadezhda". All the maps that were subsequently included in the "Atlas of Captain Kruzenshtern's trip around the world" were compiled by him.
1819-1821 - F.F. Bellingshausen led a round-the-world expedition to the South Pole.
On January 28, 1820, on the sloops Vostok (under the command of F.F. Bellingshausen) and Mirny (under the command of M.P. Lazarev), Russian sailors were the first to reach the shores of Antarctica.

Name on a geographical map

A sea in the Pacific Ocean, a cape in South Sakhalin, an island in the Tuamotu archipelago, an ice shelf and a basin in Antarctica are named after F.F. Bellingshausen.
The name of the Russian navigator is the Russian Antarctic research station.

BERING Vitus Jonassen
(1681-1741)
Danish navigator and explorer in Russian service

Travel routes

1725-1730 - V. Bering led the 1st Kamchatka expedition, the purpose of which was to search for a land isthmus between Asia and America (there was no exact information about the voyage of S. Dezhnev and F. Popov, who actually discovered the strait between the continents in 1648). The expedition on the ship "Saint Gabriel" rounded the shores of Kamchatka and Chukotka, discovered the island of St. Lawrence and the strait (now Bering).
1733-1741 - 2nd Kamchatka, or the Great Northern Expedition. On the ship "Saint Peter" Bering crossed the Pacific Ocean, reached Alaska, explored and mapped its shores. On the way back during wintering on one of the islands (now Commander Islands), Bering, like many members of his team, died.

Name on a geographical map

In addition to the strait between Eurasia and North America, islands, a sea in the Pacific Ocean, a cape on the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and one of the largest glaciers in southern Alaska bear the name of Vitus Bering.

VAMBERI Arminius (German)
(1832-1913)
Hungarian orientalist

Travel routes

1863 - A. Vamberi's journey under the guise of a dervish through Central Asia from Tehran through the Turkmen desert along the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea to Khiva, Mashhad, Herat, Samarkand and Bukhara.

VANCOUVER George
(1757-1798)
English navigator

Travel routes

1772-1775, 1776-1780 - J. Vancouver as a cabin boy and midshipman participated in the second and third round-the-world voyages of J. Cook.
1790-1795 - A round-the-world expedition under the command of J. Vancouver explored the northwestern coast of North America. It was determined that the proposed waterway connecting the Pacific Ocean and Hudson Bay did not exist.

Name on a geographical map

In honor of J. Vancouver, several hundred geographical objects are named, including an island, a bay, a city, a river, a ridge (Canada), a lake, a cape, a mountain, a city (USA), a bay (New Zealand).

GAMA Vasco yes
(1469-1524)
Portuguese navigator

Travel routes

1497-1499 - Vasco da Gama led an expedition that opened for Europeans a sea route to India around the African continent.
1502 - second expedition to India.
1524 - the third expedition of Vasco da Gama, already as Viceroy of India. Died during the expedition.

GOLOVNIN Vasily Mikhailovich
(1776-1831)
Russian navigator

Travel routes

1807-1811 - V.M. Golovnin leads the round-the-world voyage on the sloop "Diana".
1811 - V.M. Golovnin conducts research on the Kuril and Shantar Islands, the Tatar Strait.
1817-1819 - circumnavigation on the sloop "Kamchatka", during which a description was made of part of the Aleutian ridge and the Commander Islands.

Name on a geographical map

Several bays, a strait and a seamount, as well as a city in Alaska and a volcano on Kunashir Island are named after the Russian navigator.

HUMBOLDT Alexander, background
(1769-1859)
German naturalist, geographer, traveler

Travel routes

1799-1804 - Expedition to Central and South America.
1829 - a journey through Russia: the Urals, Altai, the Caspian Sea.

Name on a geographical map

Ranges in Central Asia and North America, a mountain on the island of New Caledonia, a glacier in Greenland, a cold current in the Pacific Ocean, a river, a lake and a series of settlements in USA.

A number of plants, minerals, and even a crater on the moon are named after the German scientist.
The university in Berlin bears the name of the brothers Alexander and Wilhelm Humboldt.

DEZHNEV Semyon Ivanovich
(c. 1605-1673)
Russian explorer, navigator

Travel routes

1638-1648 - S.I. Dezhnev took part in river and land campaigns in the area of ​​the Yana River, on Oymyakon and Kolyma.
1648 - a fishing expedition led by S.I. Dezhnev and F.A. Popov rounded the Chukotka Peninsula and reached the Gulf of Anadyr. Thus, the strait between the two continents was opened, which was later named Bering.

Name on a geographical map

A cape on the northeastern tip of Asia, a ridge in Chukotka and a bay in the Bering Strait are named after Dezhnev.

DRAKE Francis
(1540-1596)
English navigator and pirate

Travel routes

1567 - F. Drake took part in the expedition of J. Gaukins to the West Indies.
Since 1570 - annual pirate raids in the Caribbean.
1577-1580 - F. Drake led the second round-the-world voyage of Europeans after Magellan.

Name on a geographical map

The name of the brave navigator is the widest strait on the globe, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

DUMONT-DURVILLE Jules Sebastien Cesar
(1790-1842)
French navigator and oceanographer

Travel routes

1826-1828 - circumnavigation on the ship "Astrolabe", as a result of which part of the coast of New Zealand and New Guinea was mapped, island groups in the Pacific Ocean were examined. On the island of Vanikoro, Dumont-D'Urville discovered traces of the lost expedition of J. Laperouse.
1837-1840 - Antarctic expedition.

Name on a geographical map

The sea in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Antarctica is named after the navigator.
The French scientific Antarctic station bears the name of Dumont-D'Urville.

IBN BATTUTA Abu Abdallah Muhammad
Ibn al-Lawati at-Tanji
(1304-1377)
Arab traveler, itinerant merchant

Travel routes

1325-1349 - Departing from Morocco on a hajj (pilgrimage), Ibn Battuta traveled to Egypt, Arabia, Iran, Syria, Crimea, reached the Volga and lived for some time in the Golden Horde. Then through Central Asia and Afghanistan arrived in India, visited Indonesia and China.
1349-1352 - travel to Muslim Spain.
1352-1353 - a trip to Western and Central Sudan.

At the request of the ruler of Morocco, Ibn Battuta, together with a scholar named Juzay, wrote the book "Rikhla", where he summarized the information about the Muslim world that he had collected during his travels.

Columbus Christopher
(1451-1506)
Portuguese and Spanish navigator

Travel routes

1492-1493 - H. Columbus led the Spanish expedition, the purpose of which was to find the shortest sea route from Europe to India. During the voyage on three caravels "Santa Maria", "Pinta" and "Nina" the Sargasso Sea, the Bahamas, Cuba and Haiti were discovered.
October 12, 1492, when Columbus reached the island of Samana, is recognized as the official day of the discovery of America by Europeans.
During three subsequent expeditions across the Atlantic (1493-1496, 1498-1500, 1502-1504), Columbus discovered the Greater Antilles, part of the Lesser Antilles, the coasts of South and Central America and the Caribbean Sea.
Until the end of his life, Columbus was sure that he had reached India.

Name on a geographical map

The name of Christopher Columbus is carried by a state in South America, mountains and plateaus in North America, a glacier in Alaska, a river in Canada and several cities in the USA.

In the United States of America there is Columbia University.

Krasheninnikov Stepan Petrovich
(1711-1755)
Russian naturalist, the first explorer of Kamchatka

Travel routes

1733-1743 - S.P. Krasheninnikov took part in the 2nd Kamchatka expedition. First, under the guidance of academicians G.F. Miller and I.G. Gmelin, he studied Altai and Transbaikalia. In October 1737, Krasheninnikov went to Kamchatka on his own, where until June 1741 he carried out research, on the basis of which he subsequently compiled the first Description of the Land of Kamchatka (vols. 1-2, ed. 1756).

Name on a geographical map

An island near Kamchatka, a cape on Karaginsky Island and a mountain near Lake Kronotskoe are named after S.P. Krasheninnikov.

KRUZENSHTERN Ivan Fyodorovich
(1770-1846)
Russian navigator, admiral

Travel routes

1803-1806 - I.F. Kruzenshtern led the first Russian round-the-world expedition on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva". I.F. Kruzenshtern - author of the "Atlas of the South Sea" (vols. 1-2, 1823-1826)

Name on a geographical map

The name of I.F. Kruzenshtern bears the strait in the northern part of the Kuril Islands, two atolls in the Pacific Ocean and the southeastern passage of the Korea Strait.

COOK James
(1728-1779)
English navigator

Travel routes

1768-1771 - round-the-world expedition on the frigate "Endeavor" under the command of J. Cook. The insular position of New Zealand has been determined, the Great Barrier Reef and the east coast of Australia have been discovered.
1772-1775 - the goal of the second expedition led by Cook on the ship "Resolution" (to find and map the southern mainland) was not achieved. As a result of the search, the South Sandwich Islands, New Caledonia, Norfolk, South Georgia were discovered.
1776-1779 - Cook's third round-the-world expedition on the ships "Resolution" and "Discovery" aimed to find the Northwest Passage connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The passage was not found, but were opened Hawaiian Islands and part of the coast of Alaska. On the way back J.Cook was killed on one of the islands by natives.

Name on a geographical map

Name English navigator New Zealand's highest mountain, a bay in the Pacific Ocean, islands in Polynesia, and a strait between the North and South Islands of New Zealand are named.

LAZAREV Mikhail Petrovich
(1788-1851)
Russian naval commander and navigator

Travel routes

1813-1816 - circumnavigation on the ship "Suvorov" from Kronstadt to the coast of Alaska and back.
1819-1821 - commanding the Mirny sloop, M.P. Lazarev participated in a round-the-world expedition led by F.F. Bellingshausen.
1822-1824 - M.P. Lazarev led round the world expedition on the frigate "Cruiser".

Name on a geographical map

A sea in the Atlantic Ocean, an ice shelf and an underwater trench in East Antarctica, a village on the Black Sea coast are named after M.P. Lazarev.
The Russian Antarctic Research Station also bears the name of MP Lazarev.

LIVINGSTON David
(1813-1873)
English explorer of Africa

Travel routes

Since 1841 - numerous trips to the interior regions of South and Central Africa.
1849-1851 - Research of the area of ​​Lake Ngami.
1851-1856 - Research of the Zambezi River. D. Livingston discovered the Victoria Falls and was the first European to cross the African continent.
1858-1864 - Exploration of the Zambezi River, Lakes Chilwa and Nyasa.
1866-1873 - several expeditions in search of the sources of the Nile.

Name on a geographical map

The waterfalls on the Congo River and the city on the Zambezi River are named after the English traveler.

MAGELLAN Fernand
(c. 1480-1521)
Portuguese navigator

Travel routes

1519-1521 - F. Magellan led the first round-the-world voyage in the history of mankind. Magellan's expedition discovered the coast of South America south of La Plata, circled the continent, crossed the strait, later named after the navigator, then crossed the Pacific Ocean and reached the Philippine Islands. On one of them Magellan was killed. After his death, the expedition was led by J.S. Elcano, thanks to which the only one of the ships ("Victoria") and the last eighteen sailors (out of two hundred and sixty-five crew members) were able to reach the coast of Spain.

Name on a geographical map

The Strait of Magellan is located between the mainland of South America and the Tierra del Fuego archipelago, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

Miklukho-Maclay Nikolay Nikolaevich
(1846-1888)
Russian scientist, explorer of Oceania and New Guinea

Travel routes

1866-1867 - travel to the Canary Islands and Morocco.
1871-1886 - study of indigenous people South-East Asia, Australia and Oceania, including the Papuans of the Northeast coast of New Guinea.

Name on a geographical map

The Miklouho-Maclay Coast is located in New Guinea.

Also, the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology bears the name of Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklukho-Maclay Russian Academy Sciences.

NANSEN Fridtjof
(1861-1930)
Norwegian polar explorer

Travel routes

1888 - F. Nansen made the first ever ski crossing through Greenland.
1893-1896 - Nansen on the Fram ship drifted across the Arctic Ocean from the New Siberian Islands to the Svalbard archipelago. As a result of the expedition, extensive oceanographic and meteorological material was collected, but Nansen failed to reach the North Pole.
1900 - expedition to study the currents of the Arctic Ocean.

Name on a geographical map

An underwater basin and an underwater ridge in the Arctic Ocean, as well as a number of geographical objects in the Arctic and Antarctic, are named after Nansen.

NIKITIN Afanasy
(? - 1472 or 1473)
Russian merchant, traveler in Asia

Travel routes

1466-1472 - A. Nikitin's journey through the countries of the Middle East and India. On the way back, stopping at the Cafe (Feodosia), Afanasy Nikitin wrote a description of his travels and adventures - "Journey beyond the three seas."

PIRI Robert Edwin
(1856-1920)
American polar explorer

Travel routes

1892 and 1895 - two trips through Greenland.
From 1902 to 1905 - several unsuccessful attempts to conquer the North Pole.
Finally, R. Piri announced that he had reached the North Pole on April 6, 1909. However, seventy years after the traveler's death, when, according to his will, the diaries of the expedition were declassified, it turned out that Piri could not actually reach the pole, he stopped at 89˚55΄ N.

Name on a geographical map

peninsula on far north Greenland is called the Land of Piri.

Ask anyone, and he will tell you that the first person to circumnavigate the world was the Portuguese navigator and explorer Ferdinand Magellan, who died on Mactan Island (Philippines) during an armed skirmish with the natives (1521). The same is written in history books. Actually, this is a myth. After all, it turns out that one excludes the other.
Magellan managed to go only half way.

Primus circumdedisti me (you circumvented me first) - reads the Latin inscription on Juan Sebastian Elcano's coat of arms topped with a globe. Indeed, Elcano was the first person to circumnavigate the world.

The San Telmo Museum in San Sebastian houses Salaverria's painting "The Return of the Victoria". Eighteen emaciated people in white shrouds, with lighted candles in their hands, staggering down the ladder from the ship to the embankment of Seville. These are sailors from the only ship that returned to Spain from the entire flotilla of Magellan. In front is their captain, Juan Sebastian Elcano.

Much in the biography of Elcano has not yet been clarified. Oddly enough, the man who circumnavigated the globe for the first time did not attract the attention of artists and historians of his time. There is not even a reliable portrait of him, and of the documents written by him, only letters to the king, petitions and a will have survived.

Juan Sebastian Elcano was born in 1486 in Getaria, a small port town in the Basque Country, not far from San Sebastian. He tied early own destiny with the sea, having made a “career” that was not uncommon for an enterprising person of that time - first changing the job of a fisherman to a smuggler, and later enrolling in the navy in order to avoid punishment for his too free attitude to laws and trade duties. Elcano took part in the Italian Wars and the Spanish military campaign in Algeria in 1509. Bask had mastered maritime business quite well in practice when he was a smuggler, but it was in the navy that Elcano received the “correct” education in the field of navigation and astronomy.

In 1510, Elcano, the owner and captain of a ship, took part in the siege of Tripoli. But the Spanish Treasury refused to pay Elcano the amount due for settlements with the crew. leaving military service, who never seriously tempted the young adventurer with low wages and the need to maintain discipline, Elcano decides to start new life in Seville. It seems to Basque that a bright future awaits him - in a new city for him, no one knows about his not entirely impeccable past, the navigator atoned for his guilt before the law in battles with the enemies of Spain, he has official papers that allow him to work as a captain on a merchant ship … But the trade enterprises, in which Elcano becomes a participant, turn out to be unprofitable as one.

In 1517, in payment of debts, he sold the ship under his command to the Genoese bankers - and this trading operation determined his entire fate. The fact is that the owner of the sold ship was not Elcano himself, but the Spanish crown, and the Basque is expected to again have difficulties with the law, this time threatening him with the death penalty. At that time it was considered a serious crime. Knowing that the court would not take into account any excuses, Elcano fled to Seville, where it was easy to get lost, and then take refuge on any ship: in those days, the captains were least interested in the biographies of their people. In addition, there were many Elcano fellow countrymen in Seville, and one of them, Ibarolla, was well acquainted with Magellan. He helped Elcano to enlist in Magellan's flotilla. Having passed the exams and received beans as a sign of a good grade (those who did not pass received peas from the examination board), Elcano became the helmsman on the third largest ship in the flotilla, the Concepcione.

On September 20, 1519, Magellan's flotilla left the mouth of the Guadalquivir and headed for the coast of Brazil. In April 1520, when the ships settled down for the winter in the frosty and deserted bay of San Julian, the captains, dissatisfied with Magellan, mutinied. Elcano was drawn into it, not daring to disobey his commander - the captain of the "Concepción" Quesada.

Magellan vigorously and brutally suppressed the rebellion: Quesada and another of the leaders of the conspiracy were cut off their heads, the corpses were quartered and the mutilated remains were stumbled on poles. Captain Cartagena and one priest, also the instigator of the rebellion, Magellan ordered to be landed on the deserted shore of the bay, where they subsequently died. The remaining forty rebels, including Elcano, Magellan spared.

1. The first ever circumnavigation of the world

On November 28, 1520, the remaining three ships left the strait and in March 1521, after an unprecedentedly difficult passage through the Pacific Ocean, they approached the islands, which later became known as the Marianas. In the same month, Magellan discovered the Philippine Islands, and on April 27, 1521, he died in a skirmish with local residents on the island of Matan. Elcano, stricken with scurvy, did not participate in this skirmish. After the death of Magellan, Duarte Barbosa and Juan Serrano were elected captains of the flotilla. At the head of a small detachment, they went ashore to the Raja of Cebu and were treacherously killed. Fate again - for the umpteenth time - spared Elcano. Karvalyo became the head of the flotilla. But there were only 115 men left on the three ships; many of them are sick. Therefore, the Concepcion was burned in the strait between the islands of Cebu and Bohol; and his team moved to the other two ships - Victoria and Trinidad. Both ships wandered between the islands for a long time, until, finally, on November 8, 1521, they anchored off the island of Tidore, one of the "Spice Islands" - the Moluccas. Then, in general, it was decided to continue sailing on one ship - the Victoria, whose captain shortly before that was Elcano, and leave the Trinidad on the Moluccas. And Elcano managed to navigate his worm-eaten ship with a hungry crew through Indian Ocean and along the African coast. A third of the team died, about a third was detained by the Portuguese, but still, on September 8, 1522, the Victoria entered the mouth of the Guadalquivir.

It was an unprecedented, unheard-of passage in the history of navigation. Contemporaries wrote that Elcano surpassed King Solomon, the Argonauts and the cunning Odysseus. The first ever circumnavigation of the world has been completed! The king granted the navigator an annual pension of 500 gold ducats and knighted Elcano. The coat of arms assigned to Elcano (since then del Cano) commemorated his voyage. The coat of arms depicted two cinnamon sticks framed with nutmeg and cloves, a golden padlock surmounted by a helmet. Above the helmet is a globe with a Latin inscription: "You were the first to circle me." And finally, by special decree, the king announced forgiveness to Elcano for selling the ship to a foreigner. But if it was quite simple to reward and forgive the brave captain, then to resolve everything contentious issues connected with the fate of the Moluccas turned out to be more complicated. The Spanish-Portuguese congress sat for a long time, but was never able to “divide” the islands located on the other side of the “earthly apple” between the two powerful powers. And the Spanish government decided not to delay sending a second expedition to the Moluccas.

2. Goodbye A Coruña

A Coruna was considered the safest port in Spain, which "could accommodate all the fleets of the world." The importance of the city increased even more when the Chamber of Indies was temporarily transferred here from Seville. This chamber developed plans for a new expedition to the Moluccas in order to finally establish Spanish domination on these islands. Elcano arrived in A Coruña full of bright hopes - he already saw himself as an admiral of the armada - and began to equip the flotilla. However, Charles I did not appoint Elcano as commander, but a certain Jofre de Loais, a participant in many naval battles, but completely unfamiliar with navigation. Elcano's pride was deeply wounded. In addition, the “highest refusal” came from the royal office to Elcano’s request for the payment of an annual pension granted to him of 500 gold ducats: the king ordered that this amount be paid only after returning from the expedition. So Elcano experienced the traditional ingratitude of the Spanish crown to the famous navigators.

Before sailing, Elcano visited his native Getaria, where he, a renowned sailor, easily managed to recruit many volunteers to his ships: with a man who has bypassed the "earthly apple", you will not be lost even in the devil's mouth, the port brethren reasoned. At the beginning of the summer of 1525, Elcano brought his four ships to A Coruña and was appointed helmsman and deputy commander of the flotilla. In total, the flotilla consisted of seven ships and 450 crew members. There were no Portuguese on this expedition. The last night before the sailing of the flotilla in A Coruña was very lively and solemn. At midnight on Mount Hercules, on the site of the ruins of a Roman lighthouse, a huge fire was lit. The city said goodbye to the sailors. The cries of the townspeople, who treated the sailors with wine from leather bottles, the sobs of women and the hymns of the pilgrims mixed with the sounds of the cheerful dance “La Muneira”. The sailors of the flotilla remembered this night for a long time. They went to another hemisphere, and now they faced a life full of dangers and hardships. IN last time Elcano walked under the narrow archway of Puerto de San Miguel and descended the sixteen pink steps to the beach. These steps, already completely worn out, have survived to this day.

3. Misfortunes of the chief helmsman

The powerful, well-armed flotilla of Loaysa put to sea on July 24, 1525. According to the royal instructions, and Loaisa had fifty-three in total, the flotilla was to follow the path of Magellan, but avoid his mistakes. But neither Elcano - the king's chief adviser, nor the king himself foresaw that this would be the last expedition sent through the Strait of Magellan. It was the Loaisa expedition that was destined to prove that this was not the most profitable way. And all subsequent expeditions to Asia departed from the Pacific ports of New Spain (Mexico).

July 26 vessels rounded Cape Finisterre. On August 18, the ships were caught in a severe storm. On the admiral's ship, the mainmast was broken, but two carpenters sent by Elcano, risking their lives, nevertheless got there in a small boat. While the mast was being repaired, the flagship collided with the Parral, breaking its mizzen mast. Swimming was very difficult. Not enough fresh water, provisions. Who knows what the fate of the expedition would have been if on October 20 the lookout had not seen the island of Annobón in the Gulf of Guinea on the horizon. The island was deserted - only a few skeletons lay under a tree on which a strange inscription was carved: "Here lies the unfortunate Juan Ruiz, killed because he deserved it." Superstitious sailors saw this as a formidable omen. The ships hastily filled with water, stocked up with provisions. On this occasion, the captains and officers of the flotilla were summoned to a festive dinner with the admiral, which almost ended tragically.

A huge fish of an unknown breed was served on the table. According to Urdaneta, Elcano's page and chronicler of the expedition, some sailors, "who tasted the meat of this fish, which had teeth like a big dog, got so sick in their stomachs that they thought they would not survive." Soon the whole flotilla left the shores of the inhospitable Annobon. From here, Loaysa decided to sail to the coast of Brazil. And from that moment on, the Sancti Espiritus, Elcano's ship, began a streak of misfortune. Without having time to set the sails, the Sancti Espiritus almost collided with the admiral's ship, and then generally lagged behind the flotilla for some time. At latitude 31º, after a strong storm, the admiral's ship disappeared from sight. Elcano assumed command of the remaining vessels. Then the San Gabriel separated from the flotilla. The remaining five ships searched for the admiral's ship for three days. The search was unsuccessful, and Elcano ordered to move on to the Strait of Magellan.

On January 12, the ships stopped at the mouth of the Santa Cruz River, and since neither the admiral's ship nor the San Gabriel came here, Elcano convened a council. Knowing from the experience of the previous voyage that this was an excellent anchorage, he suggested waiting for both ships, as was the instructions. However, the officers, who were eager to enter the strait as soon as possible, advised leaving only the Santiago pinnace at the mouth of the river, burying in a jar under a cross on an island a message that the ships were headed for the Strait of Magellan. On the morning of January 14, the flotilla weighed anchor. But what Elcano took for a strait turned out to be the mouth of the Gallegos River, five or six miles from the strait. Urdaneta, who despite his admiration for Elcano. retained the ability to be critical of his decisions, writes that such a mistake by Elcano struck him very much. On the same day they approached the real entrance to the strait and anchored at the Cape of the Eleven Thousand Holy Virgins.

Exact copy ship "Victoria"
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At night, a terrible storm hit the flotilla. Raging waves flooded the ship to the middle of the masts, and it barely kept on four anchors. Elcano realized that all was lost. His only thought now was to save the team. He ordered the ship to be grounded. Panic broke out on the Sancti Espiritus. Several soldiers and sailors rushed into the water in horror; all drowned except one who managed to make it to shore. Then the rest crossed to the shore. Managed to save some of the provisions. However, at night the storm broke out with the same force and finally smashed the Sancti Espiritus. For Elcano - the captain, the first circumnavigator and chief helmsman of the expedition - the crash, especially through his fault, was a big blow. Never before has Elcano been in such a difficult position. When the storm finally subsided, the captains of other ships sent a boat for Elcano, offering him to lead them through the Strait of Magellan, since he had been here before. Elcano agreed, but took only Urdaneta with him. He left the rest of the sailors on the shore ...

But failures did not leave the exhausted flotilla. From the very beginning, one of the ships almost ran into the rocks, and only the determination of Elcano saved the ship. After some time, Elcano sent Urdaneta with a group of sailors for the sailors left on the shore. Soon, Urdaneta's group ran out of provisions. It was very cold at night, and people were forced to burrow up to their necks in the sand, which also did not warm much. On the fourth day, Urdaneta and his companions approached the sailors dying on the shore from hunger and cold, and on the same day, the Loaysa ship, the San Gabriel, and the Santiago pinnass entered the mouth of the strait. On January 20, they joined the rest of the ships of the flotilla.

JUAN SEBASTIAN ELCANO
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On February 5, a severe storm broke out again. The ship Elcano took refuge in the strait, and the San Lesmes was driven by a storm further south, to 54 ° 50 ′ south latitude, that is, it came to the very tip of Tierra del Fuego. Not a single ship went south in those days. A little more, and the expedition would be able to open the way around Cape Horn. After the storm, it turned out that the admiral's ship was aground, and Loaysa and the crew left the ship. Elcano immediately sent a group of the best sailors to help the admiral. On the same day, the Anunsiada deserted. The captain of the ship de Vera decided to independently get to the Moluccas past the cape Good Hope. The Anunciad has gone missing. A few days later, the San Gabriel also deserted. The remaining ships returned to the mouth of the Santa Cruz River, where the sailors began to repair the admiral's ship, which was badly battered by storms. Under other conditions, it would have had to be abandoned altogether, but now that the flotilla had lost three of its largest ships, this could no longer be afforded. Elcano, who, on his return to Spain, criticized Magellan for having lingered at the mouth of this river for seven weeks, now he himself was forced to spend five weeks here. At the end of March, somehow patched up ships again headed for the Strait of Magellan. The expedition now included only the admiral's ship, two caravels and a pinnace.

On April 5, the ships entered the Strait of Magellan. Between the islands of Santa Maria and Santa Magdalena, another misfortune befell the admiral's ship. A cauldron of boiling tar caught fire, a fire broke out on the ship.

Panic broke out, many sailors rushed to the boat, ignoring Loaysa, who showered them with curses. The fire was still put out. The flotilla moved on through the strait, along the banks of which, on high mountain peaks, “so high that they seemed to stretch to the very sky,” lay eternal bluish snow. At night, the fires of the Patagonians burned on both sides of the strait. Elcano already knew these lights from the first voyage. On April 25, the ships weighed anchor from the San Jorge anchorage, where they replenished their water and firewood supplies, and again set off on a difficult voyage.

And where the waves of both oceans meet with a deafening roar, the storm again hit Loaisa's flotilla. The ships anchored in the bay of San Juan de Portalina. Mountains several thousand feet high rose on the shore of the bay. It was terribly cold, and “no clothes could warm us,” writes Urdaneta. Elcano was on the flagship all the time: Loaysa, having no relevant experience, completely relied on Elcano. The passage through the strait lasted forty-eight days - ten days more than Magellan's. On May 31, a strong northeast wind blew. The whole sky was covered with clouds. On the night of June 1-2, a storm broke out, the most terrible of the former so far, scattering all ships. Although the weather later improved, they were never to meet again. Elcano, with most of the crew of the Sancti Espiritus, was now on the admiral's ship, which had one hundred and twenty men. Two pumps did not have time to pump out water, they feared that the ship could sink at any moment. In general, the ocean was Great, but by no means Pacific.

4 Pilot Dies Admiral

The ship was sailing alone, neither sail nor island could be seen on the vast horizon. “Every day,” writes Urdaneta, “we waited for the end. Due to the fact that people from the wrecked ship moved to us, we are forced to reduce rations. We worked hard and ate little. We had to endure great hardships and some of us died.” On July 30, Loaysa died. According to one of the expedition members, the cause of his death was a breakdown in spirit; he was so upset by the loss of the rest of the ships that he "became weaker and died." Loays did not forget to mention in the will of his chief helmsman: “I ask that Elcano be returned four barrels of white wine, which I owe him. The biscuits and other provisions that lie on my ship, the Santa Maria de la Victoria, shall be given to my nephew Alvaro de Loays, who must share them with Elcano. They say that by this time only rats remained on the ship. On the ship, many were ill with scurvy. Everywhere Elcano looked, everywhere he saw swollen pale faces and heard the groans of sailors.

Thirty people have died from scurvy since they left the channel. “They all died,” writes Urdaneta, “due to the fact that their gums were swollen and they could not eat anything. I saw a man whose gums were so swollen that he tore off pieces of meat as thick as a finger. The sailors had one hope - Elcano. They believed in him no matter what. lucky star, although he was so ill that four days before Loaysa's death, he himself made a will. In honor of Elcano's assumption of the position of admiral - a position which he unsuccessfully sought two years ago - a cannon salute was given. But Elcano's strength was drying up. The day came when the admiral could no longer get up from his bunk. His relatives and faithful Urdaneta gathered in the cabin. By the flickering light of the candle, one could see how thin they were and how much they had suffered. Urdaneta kneels and touches the body of her dying master with one hand. The priest watches him closely. Finally, he raises his hand, and everyone present slowly falls to their knees. Elcano's wanderings are over...

“Monday, 6 August. The valiant lord Juan Sebastian de Elcano has died." So Urdaneta noted in his diary the death of the great navigator.

Four people lift the body of Juan Sebastian, wrapped in a shroud and tied to a plank. At a sign from the new admiral, they throw him into the sea. There was a splash, drowning out the priest's prayers.

MONUMENT IN HONOR OF ELCANO IN GETARIA
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Exhausted by worms, tormented by storms and storms, the lone ship continued on its way. The team, according to Urdaneta, “was terribly exhausted and exhausted. Not a day went by that one of us didn't die.

Therefore, we decided that the best thing for us is to go to the Moluccas.” Thus, they abandoned the bold plan of Elcano, who was going to fulfill the dream of Columbus - to reach the east coast of Asia, following the shortest route from the west. “I am sure that if Elcano had not died, we would not have reached the Ladrone (Marian) Islands so soon, because his constant intention was to search for Chipansu (Japan),” writes Urdaneta. He clearly considered Elcano's plan too risky. But the man who for the first time circumnavigated the "earthly apple" did not know what fear was. But he also did not know that in three years Charles I would cede his “rights” to the Moluccas to Portugal for 350 thousand gold ducats. Of the entire Loaysa expedition, only two ships survived: the San Gabriel, which reached Spain after a two-year voyage, and the Santiago pinasse under the command of Guevara, which passed along the Pacific coast of South America to Mexico. Although Guevara saw only once the coast of South America, his voyage proved that the coast does not protrude far to the west anywhere and that South America has the shape of a triangle. This was the most important geographical discovery of Loaisa's expedition.

Getaria, in the homeland of Elcano, at the entrance to the church there is a stone slab, a half-erased inscription on which reads: “... the glorious captain Juan Sebastian del Cano, a native and resident of the noble and faithful city of Getaria, the first to circumnavigate the globe on the ship Victoria. In memory of the hero, this slab was erected in 1661 by Don Pedro de Etave y Asi, Knight of the Order of Calatrava. Pray for the repose of the soul of the one who first traveled around the world. And on the globe in the San Telmo Museum, the place where Elcano died is indicated - 157º west and 9º north latitude.

In the history books, Juan Sebastian Elcano undeservedly found himself in the shadow of the glory of Ferdinand Magellan, but he is remembered and revered in his homeland. The name Elcano is a training sailboat in the Spanish Navy. In the wheelhouse of the ship, you can see the coat of arms of Elcano, and the sailboat itself has already managed to carry out a dozen round-the-world expeditions.

Today, traveling around the world is not a problem. You just have to save up, but there are no particular difficulties - you can come to the airport and a white-winged plane will fly you to the other side of the world. But sometime around the world was an incredible achievement. Because it was the first.

A brief excursion into history

Now everything is simple: there are detailed maps, proven routes and entire guidebooks.

At that time, travelers had only dreams and assumptions based on the experience of their predecessors. And another one good motivation - earnings. After all, Columbus never got to India by a shortcut, and the idea was too attractive to simply abandon it for good.

After all, the Spaniards and the Portuguese sincerely believed: you will swim to the Indian shores - and countless treasures already, consider, ringing in your pocket.

Who made the first circumnavigation of the world and why

But there were other equally important reasons:

• On practice check that the earth is round.
• Researchb her better.
• Prove that the oceans are interconnected.
• And, of course, make your name in history.

All these reasons led to the fact that Ferdinand Magellan was the first to venture around the world.

He did not hatch the idea alone: ​​he had companion by last name Faleiro. He actively planned how best to build a path (which turned out to be erroneous). Even at one time he was considered the main organizer of the expedition. But it was worth reaching the journey itself - Faleiro suddenly decided to read the horoscope. Which is amazing bad luck! - said that he shouldn't be on his way.

Magellan, however, did not retreat from the plan. And yet he undertook the journey, thanks to which we remember him to this day.

And there is a reason. Nowadays, as I said, travel is more of an entertainment. At the time of Magellan it was the hardest work. During the circumnavigation of the world, Magellan had to face hunger, scurvy(a disease that appears due to a lack of vitamins), rebellions. But ruined his intervention in a military conflict on one of the islands.

So he did not complete the journey. But finished his team- which means that the first voyage around the world still happened.

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With personality Magellan I am familiar with early years However, it was possible to study his activities in detail only at a conscious age. I have read a lot of different literature on first circumnavigation of the world and, in my humble opinion, the Portuguese captain was best described by Stefan Zweig. I advise everyone who is interested to look through the book “The Feat of Magellan”.

How it all started

1518 year. The Portuguese colonial empire controls all trade from the west coast of Africa to the distant Moluccas, making huge profits from this enterprise, while sad Spanish conquistadors spend huge human resources in wars with the natives, exploring a much less tidbit - America. The Spanish crown in the person of Charles I (Charles V in Europe) is “slightly” upset by the conditions Treaty of Tordesillas *.

* The most concise statement of the Tordesillas (with emphasis on the third syllable) treaty: they cannot share the toys of the colony with Portugal and complain to the pope (of course, Roman), the pope draws a line on the map and says: “To the west are Spanish possessions, to the east are Portuguese ".

line on the left side of the map

In this moment Portuguese Captain Magales(in Russian historiography known as Magellan) pays a visit to the Spanish royal court and says: “Gentlemen of the Spaniards, my friend, the astronomer Rui Faliro, calculated something and said that if you go around the new continent from the south, you can sail to the islands of spices without violating the ill-fated contract.” What will come of this, we will find out further.

Who is Ferdinand Magellan

Magellan is an experienced officer in the service of Portugal and shedding blood for Portugal (in fact, he shed blood for his own gold and ambitions, like everyone else at that time, but officially - for Portugal). Fernand participated in several key battles with the Arabs for a long time spent in the Moluccas, but soon for a number of reasons fell out of favor with the Portuguese government and made a decision offer your services to the king of Spain- Charles I (aka Charles V in Europe).

Spanish top with pleasure accepted the offer Portuguese captain and agreed to sponsor the adventure.

Magellan's first circumnavigation of the world

In total, the expedition sent 5 caravels. Magellan, using his connections on former homeland, forms two crews entirely from the Portuguese, more Tri ships are under the command of the Castilian(as Spain was called then) captains. Let me remind you that Castile and Portugal at that time were in open confrontation, what it will result in, we read further.

Brief summary of events:

• At the first opportunity, one of the Spanish ships rebels and returns to Seville.
• Another Castilian captain has to be landed on the coast of South America, along with a priest.
• Soon the exhausted expedition crosses the Pacific Ocean and reaches the Philippines, where our hero decides to play a war with the local natives, for which those take his life. On this trip around the world For Magellan ends.
• Will sail to Spain one shabby ship with a crew in 18 people(approximate mortality for the expedition - 90 percent).

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Wandering the streets of unforgettable Barcelona last summer, I somehow came across a copy of the legendary ship "Victoria", the only ship that survived and reached its final destination. Ferdinand Magellan's first circumnavigation of the world.

Who made the first circumnavigation of the world

Sailing under the Spanish flags and the guidance of the Portuguese Magellan started on September 20, 1519 from the very south of the Iberian Peninsula. By this time, it had already become clear that Columbus did not reach India at all, but discovered. Question western route to india was still not closed. This was the goal of the expedition of Ferdinand Magellan. It included five vessels:

1. "Trinidad".
2. "San Antonio".
3. "Concepcion".
4. "Victoria".
5. "Santiago".

What was discovered by Magellan's expedition

The list of discoveries is long and important today more than ever:

• La Plata river- before that, this body of water was considered to be a strait connecting Atlantic Ocean with the proposed South Sea;
• - the name was given from the term patagon, which the members of the expedition called local, very tall residents;
• Strait of Magellan- connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans;
• - an archipelago of islands in the extreme south of South America, so named because at night lights were often seen with it;
• Pacific Ocean- Magellan entered it on November 28, 1520;
• Philippine Islands Magellan was the first European to visit them.

Exactly on one of the Philippine islands, Magellan was killed by local residents who opposed the new order.
From the whole expedition on September 22, 1522, only one ship managed to reach Spain from the East - Victoria with 18 crew members. Despite this the goal of the expedition was achieved(although it was originally planned to reach only the Moluccas and return back) and the voyage ended in success.

The fate of the ships of the first circumnavigation

"Trinidad" after the expedition reached the Moluccas, he sailed back to South America, but got into a storm and was captured by the Portuguese. "San Antonio" after a mutiny in the Strait of Magellan, he returned to Spain. "Concepción" was abandoned by the crew and burned on the way from the Philippine Islands to the Moluccas. "Santiago" crashed in Patagonia. "Victoria" reached Spain from the East only due to the threat and fear of the crew members to be captured by the Portuguese.

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When I was in preschool age, it was not possible to find out the answer to any question in Wikipedia. To supplement my knowledge, I used several encyclopedias. I liked the stories about great people so much that I wrote them down in a notebook in abbreviated form. One of these people was just a man who dared to travel around the world - Ferdinand Magellan.

Where the great navigator was born

It happened in the Portuguese city, however, the sources do not give accurate information - in Porto or in Sabroz. Before the famous journey, his life was exciting and dynamic:

• he participated in many battles on the side of Portugal;
• was wounded in the leg, and the limp remained for life;
• promoted from a simple soldier to an adviser to the Viceroy;
• went to the service of the main enemy of Portugal - to Spain (sources disagree whether this was allowed by the king of Portugal, or he renounced citizenship).

How was the first circumnavigation of the world

Magellan was sure that the east of Asia could be reached by sailing from the coast of Europe to the west. He enlisted the support of the Spanish authorities and set off. He had five ships at his disposal, however, three of them were commanded by the Spaniards. It is easy to guess that the attitude of the Spanish captains towards Magellan was very strained. Because of this, one of the ships quickly turned back.

But this is only the beginning of the troubles that haunted Magellan's team. His reconnaissance ship crashed, the Spaniards rebelled, for a long time he could not find the strait between the mainland and the archipelago. True, when the ships entered the open and calm waters, Magellan called the waters "quiet", after everything experienced.

Completion of the circumnavigation

As it turned out, the great man Ferdinand Magellan was not destined to go around the Earth on a ship. Instead, he was dragged into a local conflict in the Philippines. Soon he was killed by unknown natives.

However, the expedition did not end there. And incomplete two dozen people, in 1522, on a collapsing ship, returned home. That is how history was written.

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Once, when I was a teenager, I went to the sea. It was my first trip to the boundless water. And it left a lasting impression. Then I began to dream of a trip around the world by sea. This dream remains unfulfilled to this day. But interest in sea ​​travel I have not lost.

Ferdinand Magellan - the first traveler around the world

In the sixteenth century in Spain, then the mistress of the seas, sea expeditions often gathered and set off. And in 1519 it was time for the first trip around the globe. And although scientists have long proven that the Earth is not flat, people could only believe such evidence.

Five well-equipped ships set off on their way:

• "Trinidad";
• "San Antonio";
• "Concepcion";
• "Victoria";
• "Santiago".

There were at least 265 brave sailors on board. The sailing captain was Ferdinand Magellan.

Failures of the first circumnavigation

No matter how Spain prepared its ships, it was not possible to foresee everything. But the main enemies of the journey were its participants. Rebellious, part of the sailors turned back off the coast of South America. They were afraid to be at the edge of the Earth, because they did not believe in its sphericity.

Shortly thereafter, on one of the islands, the captain himself was killed by the natives. Initially, they mistook people from large ships for gods. But when they set sail and then returned due to a storm, the natives sensed something was wrong, which is why they attacked the aliens.

And so, in 1922, three years later, only one ship with 18 unknown sailors returned to Spain. But it was they who became the first to circumnavigate the Earth by sea.

First trip around the world from Russia

In our country, as well as in Spain, there have always been many sailors. And in 1803, two ships under the leadership of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky set off on a journey to go around the planet. Both ships successfully completed the route and gave a new impetus to the development of the fleet in Russia.

So, looking back at the past, I understand that today circumnavigation is no longer a dream, but a reality.

Traveling around the world is so romantic! I would love to do it with my loved one! I would like to enjoy together the beauties we have never seen before, discover something new, experience new emotions... And what, probably, indescribable emotions were experienced by a person who made the very first trip around the world. About who they were, I'll tell you.

Traveling across the world

It was first performed 500 years ago! This risky step in those days was dared by the well-known Ferdinand Magellan. However, few people know that famous journey he himself was not destined to complete. For him it was a matter of life:

But he died before the end of the voyage. He was killed while intervening in a civil war between two Aboriginal tribes. Then his team thinned out a lot. Another outstanding navigator had to continue and complete this famous journey. Made by Juan Sebastian Elcano. But it was Magellan who became the founder of the world tour and the great discoverer.

First circumnavigation of the world and the International Date Line

After Magellan's team returned from their journey, people realized the need to introduce the so-called date line. It happened like this. When famous travelers arrived at the point from where they started their journey, they noticed with great surprise that all of Europe was already living on September 7, while on the calendar that was kept on board it was still only the 6th. A mistake in maintaining the calendar on the ship was impossible. But as a result, the whole day was gone! This is due to the peculiarities of the rotation of the Earth.

In order to prevent a similar incident from happening to other travelers sailing long distances, a conditional date line was introduced. It runs along the 180 meridian. Its peculiarity is that it passes almost completely through the oceanic part of the Earth, affecting the land only in Antarctica. This is done in order to confuse people as little as possible.

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