Read children's stories in Japanese. Japanese folk tales
We read children's books to our son only in Russian, regardless of the language in which the letters are in the book. We also have "Turnip" and "Three Bears" published in Japan, as well as original Japanese children's editions. I've been wanting to show some wonderful books. I'll start with the one we took from the library and are now thinking of buying for our personal collection. I warn you right away: the book ... mmm ... quite exotic, it can shock someone.
Little cute picture title page. Before us are classic noren curtains hanging at the entrance of traditional catering establishments in Japan. And an employee of the institution))
"Do you know what hell is? It's a scary, scary place, where the rivers are made of scarlet blood, and the mountains are made of sharp needles. Red devils and blue devils meet people there: "Ho-ho-ho, we were waiting!"
Original start, right? Closer fragments. Mountain of needles.
Damn, tormenting people in every possible way.
River and pond of blood.
Suspension bridge over the abyss and a two-headed snake. The illustrator's imagination is rich.
Do you know what is the worst thing in hell for the Japanese?
"People in hell sigh every day:
- Oh, how I want to go to heaven...
- They say there are many different sweets.
- Taiyaki cakes and cookies, dango rice balls, cakes, chocolate...
- There's nothing here at all.
"I hate hell."
And at the next turn meets us traditional image Emma, lord of hell and judge of the dead. A red face, bulging eyes, a beard, a hat with the hieroglyph "king" - all according to the canon.
“What is it! We are no worse than paradise!” the ruler Emma got angry.
-It's decided! Let's cook my favorite ramen. Perfect for hell ooo spicy, ooo spicy ramen.
- Hooray!"
The workers hang noren and write menus.
"A cauldron full of scarlet soup seethes and boils.
-Ready. Here it is. The famous hell dish is Blood Pool Ramen."
"Ah, sharp!
-What a disgusting!
Everyone suffered and complained.
My wonderful ramen! And they don't want to eat it! Lord Emma got angry again.
The next one is great too.
"But if we eat a full plate, can we ask for a reward?
-What kind of reward?
-I would like to go to heaven.
-And I, and I!
- Lord Emma, please!
Everyone crowded around the lord of hell.
“Well, okay,” Emma finally agreed in the heat of the moment.
-Uraaa!
But after the first spoon, people gave up:
- Oooo sharp!
- My mouth is on fire!
- Eee, ahh!
- I can't do it anymore!
What is it, what is it, all weaklings. Come on, and you try! - ordered the devils Emma. But the devils gave up after the first spoon:
"Ooooh, ooooh!"
"But still, one by one, people walked without breaking. Everyone wanted to go to heaven. "Ho-ho-ho, and we are popular!"
The fragment is larger. The lantern reads "Famous Hellish Dish - Blood Pool Ramen". The lucky ones who made it crawl out of the restaurant.
Another fragment. The sign reads "Whoever eats everything can go to heaven!" The boy at the back of the line calls for someone else.
The next spread is drawn in a completely different style! Paradise gardens, buddhas and bodhisattvas.
"The pungent smell wafted up to paradise.
"Mmm, delicious." Where does that smell come from?
- A ramen restaurant has opened in hell.
- Look, he's amazingly popular.
- We should try it too!
- And in fact!
Look at the face of the Buddha.
And this lady is beautiful.
"Nam, please, ramen.
-Welcome! If you eat everything, you can go to heaven.
“Yes, we ourselves are from paradise, we don’t need it,” the buddhas waved their hands negatively. - In return, grant us a wish.
Getting back into the fuse, Emma exclaimed:
-Agreed! If you think you can eat a full plate, try it.
"Ho-ho-ho, a deal is a deal!"
In the background, a friend urgently rewrites a public offer: "Whoever eats everything will receive the fulfillment of any desire."
“But still, the defeat was instantaneous.
- Ahh, sharp!
-Eiii!
Emma laughed out loud.
"Ha-ha-ha!"
And at that moment a voice rang out:
-Thank you, everything was very tasty.
In front of little bodhisattva Jizo stood an empty plate.
-Can I have another plate?
-How great, how great! the Buddhas rejoiced.
"Hooo, I lost!"
So, the lord of hell owes the inhabitants of paradise the fulfillment of desire. What do they wish?
"Ding! Ding! Ding! Ding! Ding!
- Hello, this is hellish restaurant ramen.
Hello, this is heaven. Accept an order. Soy sauce ramen - 4 plates, miso ramen - 5 plates, meat broth ramen - 6, wakame seaweed ramen - 7, double meat ramen - 8, fried dumplings - 9, and for Bodhisattva Jizo Blood Pond Ramen 10 big plates!"
Empty plates show that the ramen is being used for its intended purpose.
And here you can see Jizo's rather excited face and the traditional counting system. If you need to calculate something from the category "how many people will be apples, and how many will be oranges", the Japanese write out the sticks of the character "correctly", 正, 5 people for apples - 1 character.
There are two signs on the wall, one is old, about the famous Blood Pond Ramen, and the other says: "New Menu!" and lists all kinds of new ramen, with seaweed and stuff.
“What, again?! You’ve been ordering 30 times since morning!
The wish of the buddhas was the delivery of ramen.
- Ah, no time at all, no time!
- Lord Emma, have you already fried dumplings?
"Wait, wait, just a little more!"
But one should not think badly of the inhabitants of paradise. They tried not only for themselves.
"The devils were too busy, and hell completely changed. The bloody pool turned into a gentle hot spring, and the needles on the mountain rusted and broke off.
- Oh, good water!
-And all thanks to the bodhisattva Jizo!
"I love hell so much!"
Larger. The inscription "New menu" and a joyful queue.
Plowing devils and relaxed people.
UPD: They suggested that this friend was sent by courier to deliver the order, he has special boxes in his hands for transporting bowls of food.
"I love ramen so much!"
This is where the book ends. But there is a small picture on the back cover.
The same messenger to heaven. What do you think, the same order or a new one?))
Alexander Sivukhin, one of the readers of the book "Japanese for the Soul", approached the author of the site "Japanese Language Self-Teacher" with a proposal to place on the site his personal developments aimed at better memorization of hieroglyphs.
CURRENTLY EXHIBITED:
Handbook for memorizing Japanese words and characters. Built on a table in which, based on a small group of kanji in the amount of 40 pieces, related words and mini texts are collected in a comic poetic form based on them. The comic poems themselves are given in Russian with inserts of Japanese words in two versions: Cyrillic and Okurigana. For basic kanji given readings, values and mnemonics for graphics and reading. For additional kanji that are part of related words, only meanings and Cyrillic readings are given. For all kanji, recipes are given with the order of writing lines in each character. If you conscientiously and completely work out the manual, then it is possible to memorize about two hundred hieroglyphs and about 300 Japanese words ...
Japanese Conversation Self-Teacher
The main starting material for this guide to conversational Japanese,
was the book of the author O.N. Kun "Japanese in one month", ed. "East-West" 2006, but in this book there is not a single hieroglyph, not a single sign of Japanese
alphabet. But there is a clear and understandable grammar and a lot of speech examples and patterns that are written in Cyrillic. I wanted all the texts and
speech samples were written in Japanese characters, furigana and okurigana texts appeared, then, naturally, dictionaries and lists had to be added new words,
written in okurigana, then I wanted to add descriptions and mnemonic images to the hieroglyphs that are found in texts, and so on...
Educational texts
The idea to create these texts arose while working with Lavrentiev B.P. (Moscow, "Living language", 2002). The texts seemed very inconvenient for work, so I sat over them, conjured and got material that can be used to learn more effectively. Only one of the prepared lessons (the tenth) is exhibited here, although there are others. The very idea of text processing was inspired by Alexander Vurdov's "Self-Learning Texts": so that everything is in front of your eyes when you read the text, so as not to rummage through dictionaries. Everything is here for you: dictionary, transcription, furigana, okurigana, translation... Very convenient. The only thing missing is a grammatical comment... There wasn't enough spirit for that. Maybe I'll do it later, somehow...
Learn Kanji and Japanese Fairy Tales
Educational texts of seven fairy tales, with detailed translation, dictionary, inscriptions of incoming kanji in furigana and okurigana texts. A detailed study of the manual will allow you to learn about 300 kanji and about 500 new words, gain translation skills from Japanese into Russian and from Russian into Japanese.
Kanzilandia
This file contains five manuals in one: ABCs, Lyrics, Proverbs, Songs, Educational games. It turned out to be the first book, with an eye to the continuation.
We learn fairy tales with the help of fairy tales. Little Longnose.
The support for memorization is mnemonic images for inscription, OH and KUN reading
signs, which in some cases, to attract attention, are presented in the form of comic verses and couplets. Texts and games that reinforce knowledge are built on the principle of guessing and replacing Russian words with kanji signs and Japanese words
Go to the page with "Dwarf">>>
Manual for the book "The Way of the Tailless Bird" by Adil Talyshkhanov
Using simple games, manipulating in different options with these signs and words, we achieve stable memorization
Go to the page with the bird>>>
Fantastic story "Notes of a Wanderer".
I would like to note that the developments may contain some moments that may possibly cause a condescending smile from a professional, but we should not forget that sometimes the vision of a non-specialist helps to see the problem from an unexpected point of view, which will allow one of the beginners to get some extra help at the beginning of their journey. The most important thing is that people like A. Sivukhin cannot stand still, go their own way, and it would be a sin not to use these additional ways to achieve such a difficult goal as mastering the Japanese language.
In the future, as they become available, other author's materials by Alexander Sivukhin are expected to be exhibited. If you have any questions to the author of these developments, write to the address: [email protected].
ALEXANDER SIVUKHIN
Everyone comes to the Japanese language in their own way - this is known to everyone, but in learning the Japanese language there are not so many ways, but for example, I am especially interested in cases when a person tries to go this way on his own: someone wants to, but cannot for a number of reasons, study at Japanese studies faculties, and someone can, but does not want to (and there are many of them), someone finds tutors, someone attends courses, and someone “scrambles” himself. But there is a separate category of those who dared, who could not find resources for themselves that would suit them completely, and decided to go the most difficult way - they decided to write manuals for themselves, manuals that they dreamed of. Among these authors, their own teaching aids Alexander Sivukhin, familiar to all of us from publications in our group, also applies. I am amazed by the efficiency of this person, he never ceases to amaze and amaze with new and new developments. But who is he? How and why is he? Let's try to figure it out by compiling some "dossier" on him.
Sivukhin Alexander Vasilyevich, was born in the city of Puchezh, Ivanovo region. He studied at the radio technical school in Gorky. Served in the army, in the signal troops, groups Soviet troops in Germany. After the army, he worked for a year at a communications center, then entered the Gorky Polytechnic Institute at the Faculty of Radio Electronics. After graduating from the institute, he married and for four years worked in the Pskov region, at the Velikoluksky Radio Plant. Due to the lack of housing, the family moved to live in Ukraine, in the city of Lisichansk. He worked as a foreman and adjuster of instrumentation and automation at the Lisichansk Oil Refinery. He completed an internship on setting up analytical control devices in Italy. There he became interested in Italian and English. At his enterprise he led a club of amateurs in English and an art song club. He is a member of the poetic literary association "Istok" of the city of Lisichansk. In club foreign languages, on a dare, he began to learn Japanese on his own. In the process of learning Japanese, as an exchange of experience, I wrote a number of manuals for beginners to learn Japanese on their own, using mnemonics that make it easier to memorize hieroglyphs and Japanese words. Of these, the most popular, posted for free download on the Internet on the sites: "LIT.MIR", "ALL FOR STUDENT", "IN CONTACT", "SELF-TEUCHING JAPANESE LANGUAGE" by A. Vurdov, such as: "Kanji Landia", " Visiting the Tailless Bird", "Barefoot in the Sun", "Learning Kanji and Japanese Songs", "Learning Kanji and Japanese Fairy Tales", "Kanji Cards Grade 1-2", " Little Longnose", "Japanese Lyrics", "Self-Tutorial Japanese Language", "Visiting B.P. Lavrentiev", etc. At the moment, together with Alexander Vurdov, a project of a multi-volume printed edition under the general name: "Kanji Landia", which combines the most successful developments ...
The author says to himself: “I don’t know how it was necessary to highlight the key points of entering the Japanese language ... But the main idea is that I wanted to write books that I myself would like to read ... But since there are no such books anywhere, let it be me who he will write them ... Briefly and clearly! ... God's providence, most likely ... I can’t find any other explanation ... "
Sincerely, Alexander Vurdov.
Copyright © 2011-2014 Alexander Sivukhin
Copyright © 2000-2014 Alexander Vurdov
Irkutsk State Technical University
日本語
Texts
For learning to read
on Japanese
読む
Irkutsk 2013
Texts for learning to read in Japanese: Methodical instructions. Compiled by A.P. Baltuev. - Irkutsk: 2013
Texts are offered in Japanese to develop reading skills. The texts are given in the Japanese syllabaries katakana, hiragana in the first year and combined writing in increasing complexity for advanced students.
The texts are applicable both for reading in practical classes in Japanese, and for independent work students as home reading.
Designed for teachers, Japanese language students, and anyone interested in the Japanese language.
Reviewer of the first edition: Associate Professor, Department of Oriental Languages, Faculty of Oriental Languages, ISLU, Ph.D. ist. Sciences I.V. Shalina.
FOREWORD
This paper contains texts for reading in Japanese syllabic alphabets "katakana" and "hiragana" for 1st year students and texts of combined writing in increasing complexity for subsequent courses.
Texts for the 1st course contain simple sentences. Further, more complex educational texts are offered, close to the original ones; at the end of the manual, original texts are given.
In the classroom, at first, the task is given to read the text with observance of intonation without a given reading pace (it is possible to familiarize the task of the text at home), then - repeated reading at a certain pace with observance of intonations. The next step is to parse the text and translate it.
When working with texts, the teacher divides the texts by a certain number of characters between the students present. If the number of students in a group exceeds the number of paragraphs or minimum passages of text, it is permissible to divide the group into two subgroups and organize repeated reading into subgroups.
Text 1
For reading in the alphabet "katakana"
ワタシノイチニチ
My day
ワタシハ ロクジハンニ オキマス。ハヲ ミガイテ カオヲ アラッテ シュクダイヲ ヤリマス。ソレ カラ アサゴハンヲ タベテ ヨーフクニ キカエテ シチ ジ ハンニ ダイガクニ デカケマス。バスニ ノッテ ソレ カラ スコシ アルキマス。ジュギョウハ ハチ ジ ジュウ ゴ フンニ ハジマリマス。コーギハ ムズカシイ デス ガ オモシロイ デス。イチ ジニ チュウショクヲ トリマス。トモダチト ショクドウデ ケーキ ヤ ピロシキヲ チャベテ、コーチャヲ ノミマス。サン ジニ ジュギョウハ オワリマス。ソノ アト、トショカンヘ イッタリ カフェ ヤ エイガカンヘ イッタリ サンポシタリ シテ、ウチヘ カエリマス。ハチ ジニ ユーショクヲ タベマス。ソレ カラ テレビヲ ミタリ シンブン ヤ ホンヲ ヨンダリ シマス。トキドキ トモダチニ メールヲ カイタリ、デンワヲ カケタリ シマス。シュクダイヲ シテ オフロニ ハイリマス。ジュウ イチ ジニ イツモ ネマス。
New words
ハ - tooth, teeth
ミガク - to grind, polish
カオ - face
アラウ - to wash
シュクダイ - homework
ヤル - to do, to do
キカエル - to change clothes
デカケル - to go out
アルク - to walk, to walk
ジュギョウ lessons, classes
ハジマル - to begin
コーギ - lecture
ムズカシイ - difficult
トル - to take, to receive
ショクドウ - canteen
トショカン - library
エイガカン - movie theater
メール - message, (male)
カケル - to talk on the phone, to hang
オフロ - bath
イツモ - always, usually
Text 2
For reading in the alphabet "hiragana"
クリスのにっき
Chris' diary
しがつ じゅうよっか
あさ ろく じはんに めざましとけいを かけて おいた のに とめて しまった らしい。また、ねぼうを して しまった。はち じ だった。まりこを おこす と、あわてて おきた。〔ちこく しちゃう〕 と いいながら、はを みがき、かおを あらい、けしょうを して、なにも たべないで、でて いった。エミを おこして、おむつを
とりかえ、ようふくを きせ、おばあちゃんに あずけに いった。
けっきょく、けさも ぼくが エミの めんどうを みる ことに なって しまった。それ から かるく あさごはんを たべ、ひげを そりながら しんぶんを よんだ。おもしろい きじが あった ので、むちゅうで よんで いたら きゅうじ はんに なって しまった。きょうは ゴミの ひ だったので いそいで ゴミを だし、ストーブを けし、とじまりを して、うちを でた。
New words
めざましとけい - alarm clock
かける - to call
のに – although despite…
とめる - stop, turn off
らしい - seems to be, apparently
ねぼうをする - to oversleep
しまう - finish, (to Ch. - completeness of the action)
おこす - to wake up, wake up
あわてる - to fuss, to worry, to get lost
ちこく - being late
おむつ - diapers
あずける - to deposit, to deposit, to take care of
けっきょく - in the end
めんどう - anxiety, difficulty, concern
かるい - easy
ひげ - mustache, beard
そる - to shave, to shave
きじ - article, note
むちゅう - beside yourself, selflessly
けす - turn off, turn off
とじまり - closing, locking doors
クリスマス
(Christmas)
日本人の大多数がキリスト教徒(きょうと)でないにもかかわらず, 日本 の子供達はクリスマスを首を長くして待っている。それは, クリスマスには プレゼントがもらえ, クリスマスケ-キが食べられるからである。 子供達は, 十二月二十五日はキリスト降誕(こうたん)を祝う日であるなどと言うことはどうでもよく, 父, 母, 祖父, 祖母が何をくれるかだけに関心(かんしん) を持 っている。
幼(おさな)い子供は本当にサンタクロ-スが贈(おく)り物を靴下(くつした)ている。そのため, クリスマスイブの夜, 枕元 (まくらも 2年生にもなると をくれるのだと言うことを知るよる。何そんなことはおく びにも出さないで 。
どうしてクリスマスが日本に定着(ていちゃく)したのかは分らないが, 多分, 商売のおかげ, 菓子業者(かしぎょうしゃ)やおもちゃ業者の宣伝(せんで ん)のおかげであろう。莫大(ばくだい)な利益(りえき)をあげようと, 彼らは 人々にクリスマスプレゼントやクリスマスケ-キを買わせようとあらゆるこ とをしている。
かかわらず - despite
降誕 (こうたん) - birth
関心 (かんしん) - interest
幼(おさな)い - children's
信(しん)じる - to believe
イブ - eve
ソリ - sleigh
寝入(ねい)る - to fall asleep
おく びにも出さないで - without stuttering
ふりをする - to pretend
定着 (ていちゃく) する - to consolidate, to consolidate
おかげ - for a reason, thanks to
宣伝 (せんでん) - propaganda
莫大 (ばくだい) - huge, large
正月(しょうがつ)
(New Year)
一月一日,元旦(がんたん)の朝(あさ),ふつう日本人はおぞうにとおせち料理(りょうり) ［数の子(かずのこ), くりきんとん, 黒豆(くろまめ),昆布巻 (こ んぶま き),卵焼(たまごやき), 蒲鉾(かまぼこ), 煮しめ(にしめ) 等(な ど)］ を食べ(たべ), 新年(しんねん)を祝い(いわい), 家族(かぞく)全員 (ぜんい ん)の健康(けんこう) を願う(ねがう)。
朝食(ちょうしょく)の後(あと),親兄弟(おやきょうだい),親戚(しんせき), 知人(ちじん)の所(ところ)に年始(ねんし)に行く(ゆく)。あるいわ,家 (いえ) で年 賀(ねんが)の客(きゃく)を迎える。酒(さけ)を飲(の)んだり, おせち料理を食べた り,お菓子(かし)を食べたりしながら,夜(よる)遅く (おそく)まで歓談 (かんだん) して時間(じかん)を過(す)ごす。
お正月には日本人の女性 (じょせい)と一部 (いちぶ) , 多(おお)くの日本人が松 (まつ)の内( うち)に ［元旦から7日まで］門口(かどぐち)に門松(かどまつ)を飾る。 そのため, この時ぺはち)で美(うつく)しく着飾った(きかざった) 人々と緑色(みどりいろ)の門松を目(め)にすることができる。この 光景(こうけい)は,目を㥽(ま,)すがすがしい気持ちにしてくれる。
［もういくつ寝(ね)るとお正月,お正月にはたこ揚(あ)げて, こまを回(まわ) して遊(あそ)びましょう。早(はや)くこいこいお正月...］ と,童謡(どうよう) で 歌(うた)われているように,以前(いぜん)はほとんど すべての子供(こども)たちがたこあげをしたり,こままわしをしたり,羽根(はね)つきをしたりした。 現在 (げんざい)では,子供たちは別(べつ)の遊びを して正月をすごす。けれどもなぜか,たこあげはよくする。それで,この時期には,空高く(そらたかく)上がったたこをいたるところで目にすることができる。
お正月における子供たちの最大(さいだい)の関心事(かんしんじ)はお年玉(としだだ)である。ぁい, お年玉はお金(かね)で親や, 祖父(そふ) や, 祖母(そぼ )や親戚やができる。このお金で彼ら(かれら) 本(ほん)などを買う。けれども, なかにはしまりやの子供も いてから5日にはたくさんの子供た ちが銀行(ぎんこう)や郵便局 (ゆうびんきょく)にお年玉を預けにやってくる。
New words
正月 - new year
元旦 - New Year's Day
ぞうに - New Year's soup with rice cake and vegetables
おせち - a special New Year's set of dishes
数の子 - herring caviar
菓子 - sweets
くりきんとん - sweet potato puree with boiled sweet chestnuts
黒豆 - black beans
昆布 - seaweed
巻く - to wrap, to wrap
蒲鉾 - fish paste, minced meat, fish sausages
煮しめる - boil
年始(年賀) – new year greetings
歓談 - pleasant conversation
しばしば - often, often, more than once, again and again
光景 - spectacle
すがすがしい - fresh, refreshed
揚げる (上げる) - to raise
こま - spinning top, spinning top
童謡 - children's song
いたる - to reach, reach
おける - in
関心事 - interest
年玉 – new year gift
かなり - quite, fairly, decently
額 - amount, quantity
貯める - to accumulate, accumulate
しまりや - frugal, frugal
貯金する - to put money (in the bank, etc.)
銀行 - bank
郵便局 - post office
預ける to deposit money
成人式(せいじんしき)
(coming of age day)
一月十五日は成人の日(ひ)である。日本では二十歳(さい)になると,一人(いちにん)前(まえ)の大人と見なされ, 選挙権(せんきょけん) が与(あた) えられる。
成人の日には各地区(かくちく)で各自 治体(かくじちたい)が公民館(こうみんかん)などで成人式を開(ひら)いて成人を祝(いわ)う。東京に勉強するためや働くために上京(じょうきょう)している二十歳の若者(わかもの)たちの多(おお)くが故郷(こきょう)に戻(もど)り,成人式に出席(しゅっせき)する。そして, 旧友(きゅうゆう)たちと再会(さいかい)して歓談(かんだん) する。
,事(しごと)についている者(もの)は ,負担(ふたん)してもらうことに ,袖の着物(きもの)を着せるために,5,60万円 .
父親(ちちおや)は娘がいつまでも親のすねをかじっていると文句(もんく)を言いながら,内心(ないしん)では喜(よろこ)んで娘に晴れ着を買ってやっている。それで,自前(じまえ)の振袖を着る娘の方(ほう)がはるかに多いであろう。
無駄(むだ)な出費を控(ひか)えた方がよいと考(かんが)えて,地区(ちく)に よっては成人式に平服(へいふく)で出席するようにと呼びかけるところがある。
New words
成人式 - coming of age
選挙権 - voting rights
与える - to receive
各地区 - in all districts, in each district
自治体 - local governments
公民館 - public buildings
若者 - youth
故郷 - native village
戻る - to return
出席 - to be present, to participate
旧友 - friends
再会 - meeting again, again, again
歓談 - pleasant conversation
ほとんど - almost, nearly, almost
晴れ着 - festive dress
三つぞろい - three-piece suit
振袖 - long-sleeved kimono
すでに - already
つく - to get to work, to arrive
者 - someone, person
稼ぐ - to earn
負担する - to take on (burden, worries, expenses)
一生たった - once in a lifetime
痛い - sick, painful, sensitive
出費 - expenses
強いる - to compel, to compel, to impose
衣装屋 - atelier (point) rental
いつまでも - for a while, for a long time, indefinitely
親のすねをかじる - to sit on the neck of the parents (to gnaw on the legs of the parents)
文句 - expression
内心 - true intention
自前 - own
の方がはるかに多い - much more (of whom)
無駄 - waste
控える - write down, make a copy of, hold back, stop, abstain
地区 - district
平服 - everyday wear
呼びかける - to call out, call out, summon
バレンタインデ-
(Valentine's Day)
2,子業者(かしぎょうしゃ) が, 2月 14日, バレンタインデ -ると言い出した。あっという間(ま)に これが日本では習 慣(しゅうかん)になってしまった。
この日には, 生徒(せいと)も, オフィスレデイ- も好きな男性にチョコレ-トを贈っている。家庭の主婦(しゅふ)さえも夫にチョコレ-トを贈っている。 そのため, この日には仕事場や学校で男達がチョコレ-トを何枚もらったと 自慢(じまん)し合っているのをしばしば耳にする。現在では, 誰(だれ)も悔(く や)しい思いをしないようにオフィスレデイ- は男の同僚(どうりょう) 全員に 贈ることが多い。これは, 宗教(しゅうきょう)に関係なく, 菓子業者を喜(よろ こ)ばせる祭日の例である。
New words
行事 (ぎょうじ) - holiday
急(きゅう)に - suddenly
愛を告白 (こくはく) - declaration of love
あっという間(ま)に - very soon
さえ - even
しばしば - often, often
悔 (くや) しい - annoying, offensive
節分(せつぶん)
(Spring's Eve)
2月3日か2月4にちは節分である。元来(がんらい),立春(り っしゅん),立夏(りっか),立秋(りっしゅう),在(げんざい)では, 節分と言えば立春 の前日, 大寒(だいかん)の 最後 (さいご)の日を指(さ)の頭(あたま)をつけ て門戸(もんこ)にかざし,日暮(ひぐ)れに豆(ま
め)まきをして厄払(やくばら)いをした。今では,東京ではほとんど豆まきをするだけである。節分の夜には方々(ほうぼう)から［鬼(おに)は外,福(ふく)は内(うち)］と言う豆まきの声(こえ)が聞こえてくる。
節分 (せつぶん) - spring eve
元来 (がんらい) - originally
季節 (きせつ) - season of the year (season)
移(うつ)り変(かわ)る - change, change
立春 (りっしゅん) - beginning of spring
立夏 (りっか) - beginning of summer
立秋(りっしゅう) - beginning of autumn
立冬 (りっとう) - beginning of winter
大寒 (だいかん) - extreme cold
柊 (ひいらぎ) - the name of the shrub
枝(えだ) - branch
鰯 (いわし) - iwashi
門戸 (もんこ) - house gate, gate
日暮(ひぐ)れ - dusk
豆(まめ)まき - throwing beans
厄払(やくばら)い - exorcism of all troubles
方々(ほうぼう)から - from everywhere
ひな祭り (女の節句)
(Puppet Festival)
3月3日はひな祭りである。女児(じょじ)が生まれると買って,初節句(はつぜっく)を祝
初め3月3日に,紙人形(人形 – ひとがた)に自分の汚(けが)れを 移(うつ)ち)に3 月3日の節句を紙人形を飾 (かざ)って祝うようになった。江戸時代の中期から紙人形でなく代ようになった。最初は3月3日の節句に一対 (いっつい)の内裏(だいり)びなを飾った。その後
現在, 一般(いっぱん)的なひな人形は,じちょう)成(な)り立っている。 赤い毛 (もう)せんを敷(し)いたひな段(だん)に上から順(じん)に内裏びな, 三人官女,じん), 三人仕丁と調度 品(ちょうど ひん) を飾っていく。 おそらく女の節句とも呼ぶのであろう。
3月3日間際(まぎわ)に飾ったり期(こんき)が遅(おく)れると言われている ので,2月の中旬(ちゅうじゅん) 頃には飾ったり, ひな祭りの翌日 (よく じつ)
ひな祭りには女の子たちは白酒(しろざけ)を飲んだり, 様々なお菓子(かし)を食べ, お しゃ べりをしたりする。最近では,ひな祭りケ-キまで登場(とうじょう) して, 多 くの家庭で買われている。
New words
女児(じょじ) - girl
初節句 (はつぜっく) - the first seasonal holiday of the year
祖父母(そふぼ) - grandparents
親戚 (しんせき) - relatives
知人 (ちじん) - acquaintances
汚(けが)れ - spot
移 (うつ) す - to carry
飾 (かざ)る - to decorate
江戸時代 - Edo period
一対 (いっつい) - couple
内裏(だいり)びな - dolls depicting the emperor and empress
増(ふ)える - increase
一般(いっぱん)的な - typical
官女 (かんじょ) - court ladies
五人 ばやし - five musicians
随臣 (ずいじん) - bodyguards
仕丁 (じちょう) - servants
調度品 (ちょうど ひん) - compulsory subjects
日間際 (まぎわ) - just
片付 (かたず)ける - to clean up
婚期 (こんき) - marriageable age
遅(おく)れる - to be late
翌日 (よくじつ) - the next day
白酒 (しろざけ) - white sake (sweet soft drink)
菓子 (かし) - sweets
登場 (とうじょう) - to appear
花見
Admiring cherry blossoms
三月の末から五月にかけて新聞,テレビ,ラジオを［桜前線(さ
くらぜんせん)］と言う言葉(ことば)がにぎわす。［前線］などと言う物騒(ぶっそう)な言葉が使(つか)われているが,もちろん戦争 (せんそう)には関係(かんけい)がなく, どの地域(ちいき) で桜の 花が見頃(みごろ)かを示(しめ)すために使われている。 桜前線は 四月上旬(じょうじゅん)頃(ごろ)に東京にやって来て,花に移って行く。
日本の春は桜の花ときってもきれない関係にある。桜の花が咲
(さ)いて初(はじ)めて春が来たと言える。東京には桜の名所(めいしょ)がいくつかあり,満開(まんかい)の頃(ころ)には,大勢(おおぜい)の花見客(きゃく)が押(お)し寄(よ)せる。
桜の木の下に敷物(しきもの)を敷(し)いて,酒(さけ)を飲んだり,弁当(べんとう)を食べたり,歌を歌ったりする。桜の名所は夜も
大賑(おおにぎ)わいである。そこら中(じゅう)で,平日(へいじつ)でも花見の宴会(えんかい)が開(ひら)かれる。職場(しょくば)の親睦
(しんぼく)の一環(いっかん)として花見をする場合(ばあい)も
多(おお)い。けれども,桜の木の下で宴(うたげ)開きたいと思う人は多いので,場所(ばしょ)を確保(かくほ)するのはなかなか大変(たいへん)である。桜の木の下でシ-トに一人座っている人を早朝 (そうちょう)からよく見かけるが,これは場所を取(と)って番をしているのである。こういう役(やく)は大概(たいがい) 新入(しん にゅう)社員(しゃいん)がやらされている。五時過(す)ぎになる
と,酒,弁当,おつまみを沢山持った他(た)の男女(だんじょ) の同 僚(どうりょう)達が三々五々集まって来て,夜遅(おそ)くまで飲めや歌えの大騒(おおさわ)ぎをする。次(つぎ)の朝にはいたる所(ところ)ゴミの山で,何百台(だい)もの清掃車でかたずけなければならない。
前線 front line
物騒 - alarm word
使う - to apply, to use
戦争 - war
関係 - relation, connection
移って行く - move gradually
名所 – famous place
咲く - to bloom
満開 - in full bloom
が押し寄せる - to aspire
敷物 - bedding
敷く - to spread, to spread
大賑わい - lively
そこら中 (じゅう) - everywhere
平日 - weekdays, working day
宴会 - banquet, reception, party
職場 – workplace place of work, institution
親睦 - friendship
職場親睦 - work friends, colleagues
一環 - link (links) of one chain
場合 - case, circumstance
宴 - feast, party
確保 - to provide, guarantee, reserve, take a seat
シ-ト - bedding
役 - service, work, position
大概 - in general, mainly
新入 - newly arrived, newcomer
社員 - company employee
他 - other
同僚 - colleague
三々五々 - one by one
大騒 (おおさわ)ぎ - noisy fun, commotion
清掃車 - garbage truck
ゴミ - trash
ゴ-ルデンウイ-ク
(Golden week)
4月29日緑(みどり)の日(もと天皇(てんのう)誕生日), 5月3日は憲法記念䗥(けんぽうきねんま), 5朗5である。 4 -デ-もある。メ-デ- は休日ではないが, 多くの 労働者(ろう どうしゃ)時期 (じき)は,五月晴れ(さつきばれ) ,1年で一番心地(ここち)の良い時である。 そのため, 4月29日から5月5日までのクと呼(よ)ぶ。
4月29日に休み, 4月30日に働き,5月1日にメ-デ-の式典(しきてん)に参加 (さんか)し, 5月2日には働くは, 効率( こうりつ)が悪(わる)いので, 企業(きぎょう)はこの 期間休業は働き過ぎだとしばしば批判(ひはん)される ので, 1988年から5月4日が日曜 日 でない 場合(ばあい)はれた。 そのため現在(げんざい),この時期の休暇( きゅうか)を1週間にする企業がますます増加(ぞうか)しに海外 旅行 (りょこう) に行くそ うで ある。
1 週間全部学校が休みになるという願望(がんぼう)は今の所は実現( じつげん)していない。それで(き)めて, 故郷(こきょう)に帰っ たり, 海外旅行に行ったりする。
New words
天皇 - emperor
憲法記念日 - Constitution Day
国民 - people
祝日 - holiday
労働者 - workers
仕事 - work
祝う - to celebrate
時期 - time, it's time
五月晴れ - clear May weather
心地 - pleasant time
期間 - period, time
呼ぶ - to call, to call
式典 - celebration, ceremony
参加 - participation
効率 - effect
悪い - bad
企業 - enterprise
休業 - to close, stop working
海外 - abroad
過ぎる - to pass, to cross
批判 - criticism
場合 - case
法律 - law
施行 - to accept
現在 - now, currently
休暇 - holidays
増加 - increase, growth
以上 - over, above
旅行 - journey
生徒 - students
全部 - everything
残念 - memory
願望 - hope, desire
実現 - implementation, implementation
一部 - part, share
勝手 - once upon a time, once upon a time
決める - decide
故郷 - homeland, homeland
golden week
April 29 is Greenery Day (the birthday of the former emperor), May 3 is Japan's Constitution Day, and May 5 is Children's Day. Since the end of April, during the week, public holidays are celebrated one after another. There is also May 1, which is not a public holiday, but many workers celebrate this day. In addition, the May weather is good during this period. This is the most pleasant time of the year. Therefore, the Japanese call the period from April 29 to May 5 "golden week".
On April 29 they rest, on April 30 they work, on May 1 they participate in events on the occasion of May 1, on May 2 they work, etc. Because of this, enterprises cannot work efficiently and are temporarily closed for this time.
Since Japan is often accused abroad of the fact that the Japanese work too hard without rest, since May 1988 it has been decided to consider May 4 as a non-working day. Currently, more and more enterprises are increasing their vacation during this period to a week. It is said that more than 300,000 people go on a trip abroad during the Golden Week.
Both schoolchildren and students would also like to have a rest all this week. Unfortunately, their desire to get another week's vacation remains only a dream for now. But some students themselves decide that the university is temporarily closed for this time, and return to their native village or go abroad.
子供の日
(Children's Day)
5月5日, 子供の日には すべての子供達を祝う、,前は5月5日は端午(たんご)の節句 ( ,子だけを祝った。
鯉(こい)のぼりを庭(にわ) に立て, 家の中に兜ㅋぶ, (ぐそく)とか, 五月人形(にん 金太郎(きんたろう), 侍(さむらい)若大将(わかたいしょう), 鍾(しょう)き とかを飾(かあ)
かつては, 武士(ぶし)はこの日にのぼりをたて, 具足を 飾った。江 戸時代以降(いこう), この習慣(しゅうかん)が一般化(いっぱん か)した。 日本人は, 武士のように男の子が強く健康(けんこう)であるこ とを願(ね が)って,具足とか五月人形とかを飾るのである。中国の伝説(でんせつ)によ ると鯉(こい)は滝(たき)を登(のぼ)って龍(りゅう)になると言われているので, のぼりの代りに鯉のぼりを立てれる。龍になるということは, 立身出世 (りっしゅんしゅっせ)をすることを意味(いみ)している。ふつう, 布製(ぬの せい)の三匹(さんぴき)の鯉のぼりを, 真鯉(まごい) – 父親, 緋鯉(ひごい) – 母親, 小さな真鯉 – 男児(だんじ)を立てる。
ひな祭りの時と同様(どうよう)に, 祖父母(そふぼ), 親戚(しんせき), 知人 (ちじん)が男児に鯉のぼりか, 具足か, 五月人形か,あるいはそのすべてを 買ってやる。そのため, 沢山の孫(まご)のいる祖父母は, 五月人形とひな 人形を買うことになる。喜(よろこ)んで買うけれども, しばしばこのこと をこぼしている。
この日には, 多くの日本人が柏餅(かしわもち)を食べ, 菖蒲湯(しょうぶ ゆ)に入ったり, 菖蒲を飾ったりする。昔の日本人は, 菖蒲は邪気(じゃき) を払(はら)うと考えていたからである。
性別(せいべつ)に関係(かんけい)なく - regardless of gender
端午 (たんご) - boys' holiday
鯉(こい)のぼり - cloth carp
兜 (かぶと) - helmet
具足 (ぐそく) - shell
金太郎 (きんたろう) - the hero of folk tales
若大将 (わかたいしょう) - young general
鍾(しょう)き - exorcist
以降 (いこう) - after
一般化 (いっぱん か) - common to all
滝 (たき) - waterfall
代り - reward, reward
立身出世 (りっしゅんしゅっせ) - to succeed in life
布製 (ぬの せい) - linen, fabric
真鯉 (まごい) - black carp
緋鯉 (ひごい) - red (mirror) carp
男児(だんじ) - boy
同様(どうよう)に - like (on girls' holiday)
しばしば - often
こぼしている - to complain
柏餅 (かしわもち) - rice cake with sweet bean filling
菖蒲湯(しょうぶゆ) - toffee bath
邪気 (じゃき) - evil spirit
払(はら)
梅雨(ばいう, つゆ)
(Rain season)
関東地方では梅雨はふつう 6言葉の語源(ごげん)ははっきりしないが ご)であると言うのが有力(ゆうりょく)である。そして雨と呼ぶのだと考えられて いる。
現在では梅雨は余(あま)り好まれていないが,本来(ほんらい)なら歓迎(かんげい)すべき自然現象(しぜんげんしょう)である。かつて昔に, 日本に 稲作農耕文化(いなさくのうこうぶんか)が起こったのはこの梅雨の おかげ である。稲(いね)は栽培(さいばい)に多量(たりょう)の水と高温(こうおん) を必要とする植物(しょくぶつ)で, 特に稲の成長期(せいちょう き)の初めに は多量の 水がいるので, 梅雨に植(う)え付けるのが特に適 (てき)してい る。もし,梅雨の 時に雨が降らなければ, 稲作(いなさく) は大打撃(だい だげき)を被ってしまう し, 水不足(みずぶそく)による 様々な不便が日常 (にちじょう)生活に生(しょ う) じてしまう。
しかし, 梅雨の時は蒸し暑く(むしあつく), じとじとして気持ちが悪く, どうしても私には梅雨は好きにはなれない。
現(あらわ)れる - to appear, to appear
語源 (ごげん) – etymology
有力 (ゆうりょく) - weighty, influential
実 (み) - fruits
熟(じゅく)す - keep up
本来(ほんらい)なら - essentially
歓迎(かんげい) - warm welcome, greeting
自然現象 (しぜんげんしょう) - a natural phenomenon
rice cultivation culture
栽培 (さいばい) - breeding, cultivation
植物 (しょくぶつ) - plants
成長期 (せいちょうき) - a period of growth (development)
(う)え付ける - to plant, plant
適(てき) - matching
じとじと - raw
好きにはなれない - can't love
お盆(ぼん)
(Festival of commemoration of ancestors)
夏には日本人にとって重要な行事(ぎょうじ)である。祖先(そせん)の霊
(れい)を祭るお盆である。お盆はうら盆の略(りゃく)でつかん)をも指している。うら盆は 7 ぎから日本で行なわれるようになった。祖先の霊(れい)を生前ら救(すく)うために祈(いの)る仏教( 7 月 15日がそれに 当たる。
一般(いっぱん)には,あかりを目当(めあ)てにして祖先の霊(れい)は帰って来にわらやおがらを門口(かどぐち) で燃(も)や して火を焚(た)き, 16に, 霊を送るために, お供(そ な)えに使ったなすやきゅうりいは小さな灯籠 地方がある。
この期間に人々は輪(わ)になって歌に合わせて踊(おど)りを行なう。これは盆踊りと呼ばれ, 祖先の霊(れい)を慰(なぐさ)めるために行なわれるもので あった。しかし今では, 人々の親睦(しんぼく)と連帯(れんたい)を深(ふか) めると言う理由(りゆう)から, 各地で人々が好んで, 夏季(かき)の夕べに集 まって行う踊りのこと全般(ぜんばん)を指している。
7 月 15 日にも述(の)べたが15日に行う地方が多い。そのため に出て来ている多くの人達が 8 月 15くの企業(きぎょう)が夏休みを 当てているので そうに旅行に行く人や帰省 (きせい)する人の波(なみ)族大移動(だいいどう) のようである。
行事 (ぎょうじ) - holiday
祖先 (そせん) の霊 (れい) を祭る - a holiday to commemorate the dead ancestors
略 (りゃく) is an abbreviation
ばかりで なく - not only ... but also ...
指している meaning
生前 (せいぜん) - during life
罪 (つみ) - misdemeanor, crime
苦(くる)しみ - torment and suffering
救(すく)う - to save
新歴(しんれき) - new calendar
当たる - to have to
一般(いっぱん)に - usually
目当(めあ)てにして - to navigate
わら - straw
おがら - cannabis stalk
燃(も)やす - to kindle
焚(た)く - to burn
送り火 - farewell fire
霊を送り - seeing off the spirit of the ancestors
供 (そな)え - cooking
なす - eggplant
灯籠 (とうろう) - flashlight
輪 (わ) – circle, wheel
慰(なぐさ)める - to entertain
親睦 (しんぼく) - friendship
連帯 (れんたい) - solidarity
理由 (りゆう) - cause, occasion
全般(ぜんばん) - all in all
先にも述(の)べた - above
当たる - to hit
農繁期 (のうはんき) - a time of suffering
帰省(きしょう), 帰省(きせい)する - to return to one's native place
企業 (きぎょう) - businesses
大混雑 (だいこんざつ) - crush and fuss
まるで - completely, completely, exactly
大移動 (だいいどう) - large migration
お中元(ちゅうげん)とお歳暮(せいぼ)
(Present)
日本には, 6 月の終り頃から 7 月15 日 (または, 7 月終り頃から 8 月 15 日)しあう習慣(しゅうかん)がある。 な贈答(ぞうとう)はそれぞれお中元
お中元とお歳暮は, 祖先(そせん)の霊(れい)を供養(くよう)するため に供物 (く もつ)を贈答(ぞうとう)し合うのが本来の意味であったが,現在 では多くの場合, 常日(つねひ)頃お世話になっている人, 例えば, 大事な お得意(とくい), 会 社の上司(じょうし), 仲人(なこうど), 主治医(しゅ じい), 子供の先生な どにお礼(れい)のしるしに贈(おく)る贈物をさしてい る。ふつう, これらの 品物は 本 人が直接(ちょくせつ)届(とど)けるが, 郵便や宅配便(たくはいびん) で送 る。
多くの日本人が,お中元, お歳暮を贈るので, デパ – ト, 大ス – パ – などに 高収 益(こうしゅうえき)をもたらしている。そのため,彼らは重要な行事 (ぎょうじ)と考え, この期間をお中元商戦(しょうせん)とか, お歳暮商戦と か呼んで い る。そして, 少しでも他の店より売上(うりあげ)を上げようと, 盛(さか)んに 宣伝(せんでん)したり,贈答(ぞうとう)品の種類(しゅるい)を 増(ふ)やしたり, ギフトコ – ナ – の開設(かいせつ)を早めたりと, あの手この 手の知恵(ちえ) をしぼっている。
ところが, 会社の重役(じゅうやく)とか, 医者とか, 人によっては多数の 品物をもらい過ぎて, その処置(しょち)に困る場合があるので, デパ – トでは そのような人のために特別(とくべつ)のコ – ナ – を設(もう)けて, 贈答品 (ぞ うとうひん)を商品券(しょうひんけん)や他の商品と交換(こうかん)している。そのうえ, この不用な贈答品(ぞうとうひん)半額(はんがく)で買い取り, それを定価(ていか)より安く売る店さえもある。
お中元 (ちゅうげん) - Obon holiday gifts
お歳暮 (せいぼ) - end-of-year gifts
贈物 (おくりもの) - gift, gifts
しあう - mutually (to give)
贈答 (ぞうとう) - exchanging gifts
霊(れい)を供養(くよう) - commemoration of the dead
供物 (くもつ) - donations
本来 - originally
常日 (つねひ) - ordinary days
得意 (とくい) - client, customer
上司 (じょうし) - superiors
主治医 (しゅじい) - attending physician
しるし - sign, evidence
直接(ちょくせつ)届(とど)けるが - they bring (gifts) themselves
宅配便 (たくはいびん) - home delivery agency
高収 益 (こうしゅうえき) - high profit
行事 (ぎょうじ) - rituals, holidays
盛(さか)ん - prosperity
増(ふ)やす(ます) - increase
ギフトコ - ナ - - gift department
開設 (かいせつ) - opening
知恵(ちえ) をしぼる - to puzzle
ところが meanwhile
重役 (じゅうやく) - directors (of firms)
処置(しょち)に困る - not knowing what to do
設(もう)ける - to open, establish
商品券(しょうひんけん) - coupon for receiving goods
不用な贈答品(ぞうとうひん) - extra gifts
半額(はんがく) - half price
定価(ていか)より安く売る - sell below price
選挙(せんきょ)とダルマ
(Elections and Daruma doll)
総(そう)選挙, 参議院(さんぎいん)選挙, 市長選挙, 市議会(しぎかい) 議員選挙などの事務所にダルマが飾られているのをテレビで良く見かける。
周知(しゅうち)もごとく, ダルマは, 6説(でんせつ)によれば きわ)めるためにあまりに長いこと, 9いう。日本では, 江戸時代に (がんぐ)［起きように作られている。傾(かたむ)けてもすぐに 元のように起き上ることが出来る。それで,［人生七転(ころ)び八起き］そして, ダルマ は商売繁盛(はんじょう), )の縁起物(えんぎもの) として考えられている。 願い事がでいがかなった 時に墨 (すみ)
それで, 選挙運動がうまくいくことを期待(きたい)して, 候補者(こうほ しゃ)の事務所にダルマを飾るのである。当選者(とうせんしゃ)がダルマにうれしそうに目を書き入れているのをテレビで見ると, 落選者(らくせん しゃ) のダルマはどうなってしまうのかといつも考えてしまう。たぶん, ゴミ箱に 捨(す)てられるか, 燃(も)やされてしまうのであろう。 なんと なくダルマの 人形が可愛(かわい)そうになってしまう。
総(そう) - common
参議院 (さんぎいん) - House of Councilors
周知(しゅうち) - well known
禅宗 (ぜんしゅう) - Zen sect
真理 (しん り) - truth, truth
究 (きわ)める - to explore, to explore
かたどった - likened
玩具 (がんぐ) - toy
小法師 (こぼうし) - priest
傾(かたむ)ける - tilt
人生七転(ころ)び八起き - there are 7 falls and 8 rises in life
商売繁盛 (はんじょう) - good luck in business
開運 (かいうん) - turn for the better
縁起物(えんぎもの) - talisman
片目 (かため) - one eye
かなう - to be fulfilled
うまく - skillfully
期待 (きたい) - expectation, hope
候補者(こうほしゃ) – Candidate
当選者 (とうせんしゃ) – chosen one
落選者 (らくせんしゃ) - not chosen
なんとなく - something
可愛(かわい)そう - sorry
ボ-ナス
日本では, 勤め人は春, 夏, 冬にボ-ナスをもらうのが習慣(しゅうかん) になってうる。それぞれ年度末手当て, 夏期手当て, 年末手当てと名称 (め いしょう)もつけられ, 金額(きんがく)も順(じゅん)に高くなるようになっ て いる。
多くの企業 (きぎょう)は, 業績 (ぎょうせき) に応 (おう)いる。今(こん )年度の業績 (ぎょうせき)ボ-ナスを社員に支給(しきゅう)するそう である。 国家公務員 (こうむ いん)にボ-ナスを受け取る。
冬のボ-ナスは, ふつう, 正月, 冬のバカンス, 高価(こうか)な物の購入 (こうにゅう)のために使かわれており, 家計(かけい)の補充(ほじゅう) として 重要なものとなっている。銀行はボ-ナスを家族のふところではな くて, なん とか自分の所の金庫(きんこ)の中に納(おさ)めさせておきたい と願う。それで, とくにこの時期は熱心(ねっしん)に銀行は預金(よきん) を勧誘(かんゆ う)
年度末手当て - bonus at the end of the financial year
夏期手当て - summer bonus
年末手当て - bonus at the end of the year
名称 (めいしょう) - to be called
金額(きんがく) - sum
順 (じゅん) に高くなる - increase in succession
業績(ぎょうせき)に応(おう)じて - depending on the achievements of the enterprise
額 (がく) - amount
業績(ぎょうせき) - achievement
好調 (こうちょう)な - a favorable course of affairs
支給 (しきゅう) - issue
国家公務員 (こうむ いん) - civil servants
教職員 (きょうしょくいん) - employees (of schools)
高価(こうか)な - expensive
購入 (こうにゅう) - purchase
家計(かけい)の補充(ほじゅう) – family budget
ふところ - pocket
金庫 (きんこ) - safe
(おさ)める - put
とくに熱心 (ねっしん) - especially active
預金 (よきん) - put into the bank
勧誘 (かんゆう) - attraction, persuasion
縁起(えんぎ)の良い数字と悪い数字
(Lucky and unlucky numbers)
病院(びょういん)に人を見舞(みま)いに行ってすぐに気が付(つ)くことは,ことである。病院によっては, 4 階 が無いことさえある。病院から 4ある。これは四と言う音読みが を連想(れんそう)させるからである。
4 の他に日本人の嫌(きら)う数字にゆう)である。
一般 (いっぱん)に日本では, 奇数(きすう)は中国の習慣(しゅうかん)字とされている。例えば, 3, 5, 7 が好まれている。8 は偶数(ぐうすう)であるがいる。それは, この漢数字 (八) ,えていく］と言うことを意味しているからで ある。
もし 13 日が金曜日になるとような日には, あらゆる悪いことを予期 (よき)して 大多数の日本人は気にもかけない。
縁起 (えんぎ) - omen
見舞(みま)い - to visit the sick
さえ - even
徹底的 (てっていてき) - absolutely
追放(ついほう) - exile
連想(れんそう)させる - to associate
苦 (く) - suffering, torment
つながる - to be attached, attached
理由 (りゆう) - cause, occasion
一般 (いっぱん) - in general, usually
奇数(きすう) - odd number
従(したが)って - therefore, therefore
偶数(ぐうすう) – even number
例外(れいがい) is an exception
末広 (すえひろ) がり - expansion towards the end (like an unfolding fan)
転義(てんぎ) – figurative sense
栄(さか)える - grow, prosper
兆(きざ)し - sign, symptom
あらゆる - all kinds of
予期 (よき) - expectation, conjecture, hope
心がける - to intend
大学生のアルバイト
(Student jobs)
大学の入学試験に受かると,学生達の大半(たいはん)は勉強をそっちのけで, アルバイトに専念(せんね ん)する。彼らがするアルバイトをその目的から次 の二つに別(わ)けられる。 その第一は, 学費と生活費を得(え)るために行う アルバイトである。周知(しゅうち)のごとく, 私立大学の入学金と授業料は 非常 (ひじょう)に高い。 その上, もしその学生が親から離(はな)れて大学生 活を送るとなると, その 生活費は大変な額(がく)となる。 当然 (とうぜん)の こと, 子 供を大学にやる 親がすべて金持ちであるはずはなく, その出費(しゅ っぴ)を 賄(まかな)うのは並(な)みたいていのことではない。 親の負担(ふた ん)を少しでも減(へ)らそうと, アルバイトに精(せい)を出すわけである。
けれども, このような苦(く)学生ばかりではない。友達と遊ぶ金を得(え)る ためや,勉強に関係ないものを買うために働く学生のむしろ多いかもしれない。これが, いわゆるレジャ – のための金を得(え)るためにするアルバイト であ る。この場合は遊ぶ金まで親からもらうのは恥(は)ずかしいからとか, 自分の金で好きなことを親に干渉(かんしょう)されずにしたいからとかいった理由で彼らは喜(よろこ)んで働いている。
学生達は様々な種類(しゅるい)のアルバイトを行っているが, 店員, レスト ランなどの ウエイタ – かウエイトレス, 荷物(にもつ)配送係(はいそうがかり), 家庭教師, 塾(じゅく)の先生, ガ – ドマンといった職種(しょくしゅ)が好まれ ている。 短期間に多額(たがく)の金を得(え)ようとする男子学生は, 給料(きゅ うりょ う)の良い肉体労働を選ぶ場合もある。長期休暇(きゅうか)になると, 学生達 は特(とく)に積極的(せっきょくてき)にアルバイトをして, 休暇を楽 しむ金を 得ようとする。授業のことを気にかけずに思う存分(ぞんぶん)に 働けるので, なかにはサラリ – マンの月給(げっきゅう)よりも多く稼(かせ)ぐ 学生もいる。企業側(きぎょうがわ)もこのような学生の大きな労働力を当て にしているので, もし学生アルバイトがいなくなってしまったら,日本の 経済は苦境(くきょ う)におちいると言っても過言(かごん)ではないだろう。
試験 - exam
そっちのけ - throw
専念 (せんね ん) - wholeheartedly, wholeheartedly
別(わ)ける(分ける) - separate, highlight
周知(しゅうち)のごとく - known
離(はな)れる - to leave parental home
額(がく) - sum
当然 (とうぜん) - naturally, by itself
出費(しゅっぴ)を賄(まかな)う - pay expenses
並(な)みたいていのことではない is not easy
負担(ふた ん)を少しでも減(へ)らす - make things easier
精 (せい) - energy, strength
わけ - meaning, meaning
苦(く)学 - to study under difficult conditions
むしろ – rather… than
いわゆる - the so-called
レジャ - leisure
恥(は)ずかしい - ashamed
干渉 (かんしょう) - whatever
種類 - kind, variety
配送係 (はいそうがかり) - messenger
塾(じゅく)の先生 - additional teacher private school
ガ - ドマン - watchman
職種 (しょくしゅ) - occupation
多額(たがく) – large sum
長期休暇(きゅうか) - holidays
気にかけず - never mind
存分(ぞんぶん)に - as much as you like
稼(かせ)ぐ - earn
企業 - industrial enterprise
当て - calculation, hope
苦境(くきょう) - plight
過言 (かごん) - exaggeration
It's winter, and from the cloudy sky
Beautiful flowers fall to the ground...
What's behind the clouds?
Didn't it come again
Spring, going to replace the cold?
Kiyohara no Fukayabu
How are fairy tales born? This amazing shape creativity arises in all peoples in the same way. Their external form depends on the “place of birth” and is conditioned by the special spirit of each nation. But there is only one reason for creating a fairy tale - this is a universal human desire to “bite toughie"of the surrounding world, to understand it, and if you can't get to the bottom of the truth, then endow this world with your" decoding ". And here the most amazing quality inherent in man comes into play - fantasy, which blurs the lines between the living and the inanimate; between man and the rest of the animal world; between the visible and the invisible. Space begins to live a special life and interact: nature speaks to man and shares its secrets with him, fears come to life, miraculous transformations occur, boundaries disappear and everything becomes possible.
Today we are talking about Japanese fairy tales - funny and sad, crafty and instructive, as befits fairy tales, which reflect the soul and conscience of the people, the priceless heritage of ancestors, ancient traditions. But that's why they are fairy tales, that time is not a hindrance for them: modern world intrudes into the fabric fairy tales, and no one is surprised that the fox is fooling the driver, turning into an oncoming train, and the cunning badger is chatting on the phone.
Three groups Japanese fairy tales
A characteristic feature of Japanese fairy tales and legends is their difference in historical form and in the degree of modern perception. They are divided into three large groups. The most tenacious are the so-called "great fairy tales". They are known to everyone. Without these fairy tales, the childhood of any child is inconceivable; more than one generation of Japanese has been brought up on their morality. For them, in modern Japanese folklore, there is even a peculiar term - Dare de mo sitte iru hanashi(“fairy tales that everyone knows”). Many of them entered the world treasury of fairy tales.
Their peculiarity can be considered the fact that over the centuries in each region, city, town or village, its own own representation about the story, about its plot and characters. The tales of each prefecture in Japan are a kind of folklore world with their own laws and canons. And therefore, the Osaka tales, splashing with enthusiasm and cunning, can never be confused with the refined romantic tales of Kyoto, and the ingenuous tales of the southern Ryukyu Islands with harsh and strict tales. northern island Hokkaido.
And finally, among Japanese fairy tales, a significant group of local fairy tales stands out, which could conditionally be called temple tales, since they are often known only in a small village or temple. They are deeply attached to the locality that gave birth to them. The story of the werewolf badger is necessarily associated by the listener with the badger that is believed to live in the temple grove, and the old man and the old woman are the same ones who once lived at the foot of a nearby mountain.
Japanese fairy tales are also diverse in genres.
Tales about fools, klutzes, cunning people and deceivers, as a rule, are combined into the genre warai-banashi (« funny tales"). To the genre o-bake-banashi(“werewolf tales”) include all scary tales: about ghosts, mysterious disappearances, about night incidents on a mountain road or in an abandoned temple. Genre fusagi-banashi(“about what is unusual”) includes stories about various miracles - good and not very good, but always striking in their originality and emotional depth. A number of fairy tales are combined into a genre chie no aru hanashi(“about what is smart”). These are a kind of didactic fairy tales-parables, often with a transparently expressed morality. They are close to the genre dobutsu no hanashi("stories about animals"). You can select popular tonari no jisan no hanashi("Stories about neighbors").
Popular in Japan and all sorts of fairy tales, jokes, known as casey-banashi(“fairy tales only in appearance”), for example, the so-called nagai hanashi(“long stories”), in which chestnuts falling from a tree or frogs jumping into the water can be counted monotonously until the listener shouts: “Enough!” Fairy tales and jokes include mijikai hanashi("short stories"), in fact, these are boring tales that cooled the ardor of annoying listeners who demand more and more new stories. In Nagasaki Prefecture, for example, there was such a form of self-defense of the storyteller: “In the old days it was. Ah-ah. There were many ducks swimming in the lake. Here comes the hunter. Ah-ah. He took aim with his gun. Ah-ah. To tell more or not to tell?” - "Tell!" - “Pon! He fired, all the ducks flew away. The story is over."
All of the listed varieties of fairy tales are united by a single term - " mukashi-banashi”, which literally means “tales of antiquity”.
How to tell Japanese fairy tales
Despite the closeness of fairy tales and legends, both genres in Japan originally developed independently, and the differences between them were felt from the very first words of the story. The tale has always had a traditional opening: "In the old days" ( "mukashi") or "A long time ago" (" mukashi-o-mukashi"). Further, it was necessary to tell about the place of what was happening, most often indefinite: “in one place ...” (“ aru tokoro ni...") or "in a certain village.." (" aru mura ni...”), and then a short explanation followed: at the foot of a mountain or on the seashore ... And this immediately set the listener in a certain fairy-tale mood.
If the action takes place on the seashore, then the adventures of the heroes will necessarily be connected with sea spirits, underwater kingdoms, good or insidious inhabitants of the sea element; if the village is somewhere in the mountains, then we will probably talk about incidents in a rice field, on a mountain path or in a bamboo grove.
The Japanese fairy tale and legend also differed in their ending. The fairy tale, as a rule, had a happy ending: good conquers evil, virtue is rewarded, greed and stupidity are mercilessly punished.
Japanese fairy tales have also been enriched by oral art other peoples of Japan: the legends of the Ainu people, now living on the northern island of Hokkaido, and the Ryukyuans - the original inhabitants of the southern part of the country - the Ryukyu archipelago.
Japanese fairy tale as an instrument of good
The Japanese fairy tale is deeply poetic. Poetry and fairy tales have always been revered in Japan as an instrument of goodness and justice, capable of taming the hearts of people and the fury of the elements. Those heroes of fairy tales who are endowed with the great gift of a poet always command respect, love and compassion. The one who creates cannot be a source of evil... And therefore the bride, who knows how to put together a beautiful poem to the point, takes precedence over her envious rivals. Badger furtively drags scrolls with verses from someone else's house and selflessly recites them in a clearing lit by moonlight. And the robber named Red Octopus ascends the scaffold, giving people his last gift, simple and majestic - poetry.
In the Japanese fairy tale, art lives on. The statue of the goddess becomes the poor man's wife. The black raven, flapping its wings, leaves the piece of canvas forever.
And the fairy tale has its own melodic pattern: thunder peals and the rustling of autumn leaves, the sound of spring rain and the crackling of bamboo stems in the New Year's fire, the grumbling of an old crab and the purring of a cat are heard in it. Descriptions of numerous holidays and rituals are woven into the plots of fairy tales.
The Japanese fairy tale loves a witty play on words, riddles as a test of the mind, a funny use of consonances: the peasant Jinshiro decided to ask the magic mallet for pantries, full of rice (« kome kura”), but he stumbled, so the blind dwarfs fell out of the bag (“ ko-makura»).
Heroes of fairy tales are looking for answers to eternal questions trying to discover the world around you. Wanderers cross many mountains one after another, marveling at their number. earthworms in a Ryukyuan fairy tale, they cry bitterly, deciding that in the whole universe they are alone on their small island.
Transformation of Buddhist deities
In this regard, one cannot fail to mention the influence of Buddhism (it began to spread in the 6th century), thanks to which a new pantheon of gods was formed in the Japanese fairy tale.
Buddhist deities in fairy tales existed in two forms. These were widely known deities who were worshiped everywhere, and at the same time, some of them continued to exist at the local level, gradually becoming purely local deities in the perception of the Japanese.
So it was, for example, with the god Jizo (Skt. Ksitigarbha). Known in China as the Bodhisattva who relieves suffering and danger, Jizo has gained particular popularity in Japan as the patron of children and travelers. According to popular belief, Jizo does many good deeds: saves from a fire ( Hikeshi Jizo), helps in field work ( Taue Jizo), guarantees longevity ( Emmei Jizo).
scary tales
The “evil spirits” of Japanese fairy tales are strictly differentiated according to their habitat and domination: part of it belonged to the mountain, forest “evil spirits”, and the other to the water element. The most common demon of forests and mountains is tengu. According to legends, he lives in deaf thickets and lives on the highest trees.
This is not a man, not a bird, not an animal - the face is red, the nose is long, there are wings on the back. Tengu can, if he wants, send madness on a person, his strength is terrible, and if the traveler does not have ingenuity and intelligence, he will surely faint his mountain tengu. The most remarkable wealth of the demon is his magic fan. He has a special power: if you slap on the nose with the right side of the fan, the nose will grow until it reaches the clouds; if you slap with your left, your nose will become small again. Over time, the tengu's magic fan becomes a kind of moral criterion. fairytale heroes: with the help of a fan, the good ones will surely become happy, the evil ones will be punished by it.
Werewolves occupy a special place in fairy tales. The ability to reincarnate is possessed by birds, animals and various objects - purses and teapots, worn shoes and brooms. But since ancient times, foxes were considered the most unsurpassed masters of transformations ( kitsune) and badgers ( tanuki).
The tricks of the fox and the badger were often crafty and harmless, but sometimes a real insidious demon was hiding behind the outwardly cute animal. The fox most often took the form of a young girl and appeared on a mountain path in front of a belated traveler. Woe to those who do not immediately recognize the tricks of the cunning fox.
The badger turned into any household utensils, for example, into a pot for boiling water.
Such a badger was a kind of brownie, sometimes capricious, and then there was no life from him in the house, and sometimes economic and thrifty.
It happened that badgers turned into bouquets of chrysanthemums and into little girls. There are many fairy tales about how foxes and badgers helped people, that by marrying a fox, you can find happiness, and by making friends with a badger, you can become rich.
Virtue in Japanese fairy tales
A significant place is occupied by fairy tales about bird-maidens: a crane, a nightingale, a swan. These heroines are endowed with mercy and kindness, they are able to come to the rescue and sacrifice themselves. Bird-maidens are not only unchanging beauties, but also bearers of the highest virtues.
The images of those heroes whose birth is associated with plants appear just as complex and ambiguous: the brave Momotaro is born from a peach, and the captivating Urihime is born from a melon.
Fishermen and sailors had their own beliefs. Each ship had its own guardian spirit, called in most fairy tales " funadama"("treasure of the ship"), " fune no kami"("ship deity") or " fune no tamasii"("the soul of the ship"). Of course, evil spirits also live in the depths of the sea.
In the Japanese fairy tale, the idea of community is strong: a village or a tribal community. Survive in the fight against the beautiful, but harsh nature Japanese islands it is possible only together: to plow the land on the spurs of the mountains and irrigate the rice fields. Loyalty to the community, the ability to sacrifice oneself for the sake of others is a duty and the ultimate dream.
Truth in fairy tales late medieval When the Japanese community is no longer united, but split into rich and poor, even within the same family, confrontation appears.
Poverty is terrible: the poor man goes to the mountains to ask the wolf to eat him. Work in a fairy tale is revered, but no one expects wealth from him. It is either an incredible accident, or a predestination of fate.
Live in magical world- this is a continuous struggle between light and dark, good and evil. This is a constant choice, a search for a path for the hero, a test of his moral essence and the truth of his aspirations.
What Japanese fairy tales have you read? Are there any of your favorites? Write about it in the comments!
Japanese fairy tales, which are also called "tales of antiquity", have a special oriental flavor. It may be completely short stories or long stories. But the wisdom of a nation that has thousand years of history felt in everything.
Genres of Japanese fairy tales
Baby fabulous works Japan is conditionally divided by genre into several groups:
funny tales, where the main characters are rogues and cunning;
stories about werewolves - all terrible works;
about the unusual - what we are accustomed to call fairy tales;
about smart people - tales-parables that have their own morality;
fiction about animals, where the main characters are representatives of the animal world;
stories about neighbors - often humorous, like novels;
fairy tales-jokes - those only in name, can consist of two sentences or repeat the plot many times.
Fairy tales of Japan for children are significantly different in geographic location. For example, in Osaka, perky and sly prevail, the inhabitants of Kyoto tell romantic stories that are more like legends, on the island of Hokkaido they are strict and even harsh.
Important plot features
A feature of the fairy tales of the Japanese people is the infinite respect and careful attitude to the world of animals and plants. The best heroes live in close cooperation with the natural environment.
Holidays often take a big place in the story. This may be a description of the celebration itself, various games, legends dedicated to great date and so on.
In any fairy tale plot, it is necessary with early childhood the idea is laid of the need for respect for the older generation, respect for their advice. Any help to others is appreciated. Wonderland fabulous Japan in an easy, instructive form helps younger generation log in adulthood with the right notions of good and evil.
The best Japanese fairy tales in Russian are a real gift for the older generation who would like to see their daughters and sons in the future as kind and sympathetic people.
