Folklore. Lyric songs Lesson in grade 8 oral folk art

In this lesson, we will repeat the basic information about folklore learned in previous classes. Let's get acquainted with a new genre of oral folk art - a lyrical song.

Folklore (folk-lore) is an international term English origin, first introduced into science in 1846 by the scientist William Thoms. In literal translation, it means "folk wisdom", "folk knowledge" and denotes various manifestations of folk spiritual culture.

In Russian science, other terms were also fixed: folk poetic creativity, folk poetry, folk literature. The term " oral creativity people" reflects the oral nature of folklore in contrast to written literature.

Folklore is a complex, synthetic art. Often in his works are combined different types arts - verbal, musical, theatrical. Folklore is a subject of study not only for literary critics. He is interested in historians, sociologists, ethnographers. Folklore reflects the life and traditions of the people. Let's recall the main genres you studied in the fifth, sixth and seventh grades.

Genres of folklore

1. folk tales
2. tradition
3. ritual songs
4. proverbs
5. sayings
6. puzzles
7. epics

folklore properties

1. Anonymity (absence of the author).
2. Variability (there are several variants of one plot).
3. An indispensable connection with the life of the people.

Today in the lesson we will get acquainted with the genre " lyric song". Let's read some of them and note the main artistic techniques inherent in this genre.

“Nowhere is there such literature as we, the Russians. What about folk songs?... Such songs could only be born among the people of a great soul...” These words belong to Maxim Gorky.

Folk songs deeply and truthfully reflected the history of the Russian people from ancient times to the present day (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. V. Vasnetsov "The Frog Princess" ()

Russian songs are full of great wisdom, truth and beauty. Composed by unknown singer-narrators, they are kept in the memory of the people and passed from mouth to mouth. From the songs we learn about the conquest of nature by man, about the heroic struggle against foreign invaders, about heroes and folk heroes. The songs clearly reveal the features of the Russian national character Keywords: patriotism, courage, love for nature, diligence.

Folk song genres

1. historical
2. household
3. amorous
4. ritual
5. calendar
6. lullabies
7. dance
8. military
9. robbery
10. labor
11. ditties

Lyric songs make up the largest group folk songs. They are distinguished by the variety of musical and poetic language. They reflect the soul of the people. The Russian poet S. Yesenin wrote: “How many songs Russia has - How many flowers are in the field!”.

Many popular folk songs have a long history. It's amazing that they are still loved. So, for example, the song “A snowstorm sweeps along the street” has been known since the 18th century (Fig. 2).

A blizzard sweeps along the street,
My darling is following the blizzard.

You stay, stay, my beauty,
Let me look, joy, at you.

Your beauty drove me crazy
Withered good fellow, me.
You stay, stay, my beauty,
Let me look, joy, at you.

You stay, stay, my beauty,
Let me look, joy, at you.

Rice. 2. Illustration for the song “A blizzard sweeps along the street” ()

This is a love song. Like many folk songs, it is built on dialogue. The first two lines are sung from the face of a beautiful girl who met her beloved on the street. The rest of the song is sung from young man in love with a girl. She withered and tormented him, but he does not lose hope. That is why the song is imbued with a perky and playful mood.

Artistic Features folklore works:

1. Refrain (repetition of lines).

You stay, stay, my beauty,
Let me look, joy, at you.

2. Permanent epithets: white face, good fellow.

3. Words with diminutive suffixes: cute.

4. Syntax parallelism(similar syntactic constructions):

Is it for your pleasant beauty,
On your only white face.

All of these artistic techniques work to create a certain mood. In our song, it is optimism and love of life. But not always only joyful moods are found in songs. Often the songs are sad.

The next song, which we will meet, is imbued with just such a mood. She tells about the fate of an unfortunate and rootless orphan who lost all her relatives and loved ones (Fig. 3).

You are the night, the night is dark
Dark autumn night
The night has no bright moon,
Bright month, not clear stars.
The girl has no native father,
There is no father, but there is no mother,
No brother or sister,
There is no clan, no tribe.

Sadness in the soul, the girl is sad,
Nobody knows her twist.
And somehow he was nice to her, heart friend,
Yes, he lives far away...

Rice. 3. Image for the song "You're already a night" ()

The song ends as if interrupted by sobs. We can only guess where he is, a cordial friend. Maybe he was taken as a soldier, maybe he was sold, because serfs at that time could be sold, donated or married without their consent.

Or maybe her darling died and he is not among the living. Now try to find artistic techniques inherent in folklore in the text of the song. Please note: in the text, the girl is compared to a dark night. Such a comparison enhances the tragedy of the image, emphasizes the hopelessness of the position of the heroine. Long, melodious intonations are created with the help of vowels. Let's read any two lines from the song, for example:

Bright month, not clear stars.

This phonetic technique (vowel repetition) is called assonance.

Repetition - the repetition of words or phrases, due to which the attention of the reader (listener) is fixed on them, and thereby their role in the text is enhanced. Repeat attached artistic text connection, reinforces it emotional impact, emphasizes the most important ideas.

Types of poetic repetition

2. Parallelism

3. Anaphora (unity)

4. Epiphora (lines end the same way)

5. Joint (pickup)

For example:

The night has no bright moon,

Bright month, no frequent stars!

Russian folk poetry was tonic (from the Greek "emphasis"): its rhythm was based on the repetition of the same number of stresses in most lines. At the same time, she was devoid of rhyme:

That chara weighs one and a half pounds,

By measure, a chara and a half buckets.

We see that there is no rhyme and there are four stressed syllables in each line.

Recruitment is a way of recruiting the Russian imperial army and navy until 1874. (Fig. 4.)

Rice. 4. I.E. Repin. Seeing a recruit ()

Recruitment duty was introduced in Russia by Peter I in 1699, when, before the war with the Swedes, it was ordered to make the first recruitment of 32 thousand on a new basis. In Russia, the term "recruit" was legalized in 1705. Initially, the term of recruitment service was for life, then it was reduced to 25 years, later this period was reduced.

We have read and analyzed two songs that are completely opposite in mood. This suggests that the song reflects the whole life of the people, with all the sorrows and joys. The soul of the people is reflected in the songs, and that is why they survive for centuries, are stored in people's memory and are passed down from generation to generation.

Bibliography

1. Korovina V.Ya. Literature, 8th grade. Tutorial in two parts. - 2009.
2. Kostina A.V. youth culture and folklore // Electronic journal"Knowledge. Understanding. Skill". - M.: Moscow State University, 2009. - No. 4 - Culturology
3. Zhirmunsky V.M. Folklore West and East. Comparative historical essays - M .: OGI (United Humanitarian Publishing House), 2004. - 464 p. - ISBN 5-94282-179-8

1. Fan-5.ru ().
2. School-collection.edu.ru ().
3. Songya.yaxy.ru ().

Homework

1. Read the song "My nightingale, nightingale, young nightingale!" and characterize its themes, characters, artistic originality.
2. Draw an illustration for a folk lyric song chosen at will.
3. Do you agree that lyrical songs express the emotional state of a person? Comment on the words of scientists: “it expresses itself state of mind singing, sung always and everywhere. It is sung in moments of rest and at work, sung alone and in a choir, sung in a burlatka strap and a soldier's campaign ”(V.P. Anikin); “the purpose of the song is to reveal the feeling” (V.Ya. Propp); “the main purpose of a folk song is to express thoughts, feelings and moods” (S.G. Lazutin).

Bylina- a work of oral folk art, glorifying ......

The epic consists of the following parts:

1) sing (introduces the reader into the world folk art);

2) beginning (the place of action, the name of the protagonist are indicated);

3) tie ( an important event);

4) culmination (central event);

5) denouement (victory goodie);

6) ending (glory to the hero).

Artistic features of the epic:

1) repetitions of words, expressions, episodes;

2) appeals;

3) trinity (the number three or multiples of three is often found).

Epic verse- a special verse based on an equal number of stresses in the lines (more often in a line of 3 stresses) and the same arrangement of stressed syllables at the end of each line (more often the stress is the 3rd syllable from the end of the line).

Epics. Artistic features of epics.

Oral folk poetry arose many centuries ago, when people could neither read nor write. (Slide 2 ends here)

Rich and varied folk art. In fairy tales, songs, people talked about important historical events, about his work, about his worries and sorrows, dreamed of a happy, just life. (Slide 3 ends here)

folk wisdom, observation, accuracy and expressiveness of folk speech are embodied in proverbs, sayings, riddles. (Slide 4 ends here)

Of exceptional interest among the works of folk art are epics - artistic and historical songs about heroes, folk heroes. (Slide 5 ends here)

The main cycles of epics: Novgorod and Kiev (Slide 6 ends here)

The action in most epics is timed to Kyiv. Some epics tell about the life, events and people of another largest city ancient Rus'- Novgorod (epics about Sadko, about Vasily Buslaev). (Slide 7 ends here)

Kyiv epics are heroic (or heroic) epics. Heroic epics tell about the courageous defense of the homeland, about the heroes, their struggle against the nomadic enemies who attacked the country. (Slide 8 ends here)

Epics are built according to a certain plan.

Most epics begin inception. It usually refers to place actions or about where and from where the hero went (Slide 9 ends here)

Whether from that city from Murom,
From that village and Karacharova
A remote, burly, kind fellow was leaving.
He stood at matins in Murom,
And he wanted to be in time for lunch in the capital city of Kyiv.

Yes, and he drove up to the glorious city of Chernigov,
Is it near the city of Chernihiv
Caught up with something black-black,
And black-black, like a black crow. (Slide 10 ends here)

The events in the epics are set out in a strict in order, sequentially. Narration is underway slowly, slowly. (Slide 11 ends here) Since the epics lived in oral transmission, the performer said them focus the attention of the audience in places that are especially important, in his opinion. For this, epics are widely used repetitions, usually three times. So, in the epic about Ilya Muromets and the Nightingale the Robber, the description of the power of the Nightingale the Robber is repeated three times. (Slide 12 ends here)

To give melodiousness e bylina, to make its presentation more expressive, musical, often in epics individual words.

The straight road is jammed,

The path was choked up, muddied.

In the capital city in Kyiv,

At the affectionate prince at Vladimir. (Slide 13 ends here)

Repetitions are found not only in the text of the same epic. In different tales similar actions are described in the same way, phenomena, for example, saddling a heroic horse, a feast at Prince Vladimir, enemy strength, a battle of heroes with enemies, etc. Such similar descriptions found in different epics (and in fairy tales) are called common places. (Slide 14 ends here)

Sometimes epics end with a special ending- conclusion from the entire content of the epic:

Either old, or deed,

that is, it was so in the old days, this is a true story. (Slide 15 ends here)

Main character epics - Russian hero. To more clearly represent the strength of the hero, a technique is used hyperbole(exaggeration). For example, this is how the battle of the hero with the enemy force is described. If the hero waves his right hand, a street is formed among the enemy camp, and an alley is formed with his left. The club (sword) of the hero weighs forty or even ninety pounds. (Slide 16 ends here)

If the hero falls asleep, then "a heroic dream for twelve days" (days). To match the hero and his horse:“The first gallop of a horse is for many miles, and the second gallop is impossible to find.” To emphasize the strength of the Russian hero, his enemy is depicted hyperbolically. The innumerable forces of the enemy gray wolf... do not skip a day, a black crow does not fly around a day. (Slide 17 ends here)

In epics, as in general in the works of oral folk poetry, every word is precise and expressive. Over the centuries, folk singers and poets have perfected the language of their poetry, achieving the most accurate and vivid, expressive disclosure through the word of the most essential qualities of the characters and their actions. Yes, very rich and varied in oral poetry epithets- colorful definitions indicating the most significant feature of people, objects, phenomena of life. (Slide 18 ends here)

Often the same epithets constantly characterize certain heroes, objects, phenomena of life, nature, etc. Therefore, they are called constant epithets. In epics, for example, there are such constant epithets: a burly good fellow, great strength, glorious capital Kyiv-grad, a tight bow, a silk string, red-hot arrows. (Slide 19 ends here)

Often used in epics comparisons:

Caught up with something black-black,

Black-black, like a black crow.

Pike-fish walk Volga in the blue seas,

Volga fly like a falcon under the shells,

Scour the open fields like a wolf. (Slide 20 ends here)

Used negative comparisons:

Not raw oak bows to the earth,

Not paper leaves spread out,

The son bows before the priest ... (Slide 21 ends here)

Wishing to emphasize any shade of the meaning of the word, important, according to folk singer, to understand the narrative, narrators of epics widely use synonyms:“Volga began to grow and swear”; "And to yell and plow and peasant,"; “Here Ilya felt offended, for great annoyance it seemed ...” (Slide 22 ends here)

An important role in the language of epics is played by nouns with diminutive and pet suffixes. They express popular assessment of heroes epics. Bogatyrs are often called pet names: Ilyushenka, Dobrynushka Nikitich, Mikulushka Selyaninovich, etc. (Slide 23 ends here) Affectionate suffixes are also used in words denoting items belonging to the hero. He has “hot arrows”, “saddle”, “bridles”, “felt”, “sweatshirts”, etc. (Slide 24 ends here)

Bylina is pronounced in a singsong voice. Obeying the chant, the narrator puts stress on certain words, and other words at the same time, without stress, seem to merge in one word (“motherland”, “field-clean”). For this reason, sometimes the word has different stresses in the same epic("Nightingale-Nightingale", "young", "young", "young"). (Slide 25 ends here)

In ancient oral folk poetry there are epics telling about peaceful, working life of the Russian people. These are household epics. The most important of them is the epic about Volga and Mikule. In her the labor of the people is glorified. In Ilya Muromets, the people sang the peasant-warrior, the hero - the defender of the motherland. In the image of Mikula, he glorified peasant farmer, hero - the breadwinner of the country.

FOLKLORE Russian folk songs. Chastushki

Literature lesson in grade 8

Subbotina I.K., teacher of Russian language and literature, secondary school № 448, St. Petersburg

• repeat the genres of oral folk art;

• show the features of the folk song genre, arouse the interest of students in this genre;

• develop skills expressive reading, text analysis skills.

• What works of oral folk art have you read? Tell us about one of them. Name the genre to which this work belongs.

• Remember what folklore genres you are familiar with in the previous classes? Continue to complete the table. Refer to the textbook if necessary Concise Dictionary literary terms, placed at the end of the 2nd part of the textbook (p. 388)

Term

Definition

Examples

Genre of Russian folklore, epic song of heroic-patriotic content about heroes and historical events

"Sadko", "Ilya Muromets and the Nightingale the Robber", "Volga and Mikula Selyaninovich"

Proverb

Proverb

Tradition

joke

Patter

Chastushka

Read in the textbook (pp. 6-8) about Russian folk songs. Fill in the gaps in the diagram

Groups of Russian folk songs

Oral analysis of a lyric song according to the proposed plan

• Expressive song reading.
• Meaning of the song title.
• Who and when could perform it?
• What is the feeling of the song?
• Which artistic techniques used in this lyric song?
• What parts does it consist of?
• What funds artistic expressiveness used in it?

• Read in the textbook the folk songs “In the dark forest ...”, “You, the night, you, the dark night ...”, “A blizzard sweeps along the street ...”. Find examples of repetitions, personifications, metaphors in these songs and explain what they help to express.

• Repeats ____________________________

• Personifications _______________________

• Metaphors ___________________________

• Read in the textbook two historical folk songs about Pugachev "Pugachev in the dungeon" and "Pugachev executed."

• Why do you think people turned to these events from the life of Pugachev, creating songs about him?
• How does Pugachev appear in them? How can you determine the attitude of the people towards him?

• Find images in historical folk songs about Pugachev that are characteristic of folk poetry: constant epithets and repetitions. Write them down and explain what role they play in the work.

• Permanent epithets ____________

• Repetitions _______________________

• Read in the textbook about ditties (pp. 11-12).

• Tell us about the originality of the genre of ditties.
• How are they fulfilled?
• Which musical instruments accompany folk songs and ditties?

• Decide what themes are related to ditties.

• In what other works of folk art did you also come across these themes?

• Chastushkas use such expressive means as repetitions, epithets, words with diminutive suffixes. Find these artistic means in ditties that you read in the textbook. Give examples.

• Repetitions ________________________________

• Epithets ________________________________

• Words with diminutive suffixes _____________________________

Reflection

AT THE LESSON

I FOUND OUT…

I LEARNED…

I LIKE IT…

I HAVE DIFFICULT…

MY MOOD…

Homework

Page 13, no. 1-2.

• Prepare one of the folk songs for performance or recitation.
• Prepare your own ditty text on school theme or the performance of one of the ditties (chanting pronunciation).

Individual task

Prepare a message about Pugachev

• Egorova N.V. Lesson developments in literature: Grade 8. – M.: VAKO, 2010.

• Markitanova M.A. Didactic materials Literature: Grade 8. - M .: Publishing house "Exam", 2014.

• Dance: http:// cs11114.vk.me/g25958009/a_1c2dc320.jpg
• Playing the harp: http:// fs.nashaucheba.ru/tw_files2/urls_3/1184/d-1183555/img3.jpg
• game on folk instruments: http:// live-music-gallery-fl.ru/files/6d8/6d850bcd1d3333e1f09803489b2f5954.jpg
• Balalaika: http:// www.dshisv.ucoz.ru/balalajka.jpg
• Emelyan Pugachev: http:// www.viewmap.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/russkie-deyateli-v-portretax-t1-23.png
http:// ru.narod.ru/chastush/garm2.gif
• Fun ditties: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/- ZdfNWTa2IL0/TyuRKiZDlfI/AAAAAAAAAAEY/aUr4Lknn7yw/s1600/picture4182.jpg

Lesson #2

Topic: ORAL FOLK CREATIVITY.

Goals: 1. To replenish students' knowledge of oral folk art.

2. Accumulate and repeat material on this topic, teach

use it in life, understand the meaning of CNT, expand

horizons of students, to cultivate respect for the culture of their

people.

Equipment: 1. Board design.

2. Player.

Epigraph: "Proverb and saying - at the same time

and the phenomenon of language, and the phenomenon of art.

Capacious proverbial judgment only in

speech reveals its meaning ... "

(folklore researcher V.A. Anikin)

DURING THE CLASSES

1. Conversation. Page 10 - continue the quote by V.A. Anikina.

? - Tell how folklore was studied, how it was collected, what collectors and storytellers you know.

? – What do you know about ritual folklore? What was he dedicated to? How was it performed?

? - Talk about lullabies. What is their content? Wishes? Give examples.

Lullabies are beautiful and kind. The content of the songs is a wish for good luck, prosperity, joyful work in the future, but for now ... "Come, kitty, spend the night, come Vasenka to rock." "You will walk in gold, wear pure silver." “Tired toys are sleeping, Bears are sleeping ...”, “The fish fell asleep in the pond, the birds fell silent in the garden, rather close your eyes, sleep, my joy, sleep ...”.

? - Pestushki and nursery rhymes.

From the words "amuse", "amuse", "nurture", "nurse", "groom". Nursery rhymes and pestles are sung during the first movements of the child, his feeding. "Potyagushenki", "poryushenki", "jumps".

? - Jokes?

Little fairy tales in verse. In jokes - shifters, the opposite is true: (“a big-eared pig made a nest on an oak tree”). The child learns to laugh, to put everything in its place.

? - Calls and sentences?

“Water with a ladle!”, “Rain, rain, thicker, I’ll give you thick!”, “Rain, rain, stop watering my geranium!”, “The sun is the sun! Look out the window!"

? - Calculators?

This is an account in its simplest form. They decided who to drive, using them in a child's game.

“Eniki, beniks ate dumplings. Eniki, Beniki Fox."

“On the golden porch sat the king, prince, king, prince, shoemaker, tailor, who will you be? Speak quickly, do not detain good and honest people.

“A German came out of the fog, took out a knife from his pocket: I’ll cut, I’ll beat, you don’t care anyway!”

“And on D, uriki, faki, bag, orba, Indu relish, deus, deus. Krasnodeus, boxing"

“The bag rolled from the great hump. In this sack there is bread, salt, water, wheat, with whomever you want, share it. Speak quickly, do not detain good and honest people.

? - Tongue Twisters?

A word game, when sounds that are difficult to pronounce are combined in one phrase.

Give examples.

? - Puzzles?

The riddle contemplates, conceives, offers to guess what is hidden by the allegory. Riddles reveal many wonderful things in the world around us. Features of riddles - rhyme, rhythm.

“A pear is hanging, you can’t eat it.”

"A sieve is hanging, not twisted by hands,"

What spoils the fastest? (mood).

"What is the fastest thing in the world?" (thought)

“Behind the bone wall, nightingale, sing!” (language).

“Small, round, you will reach the sky. (eye).

“There is a bath in the belly, a sieve in the nose, one hand, and even then on the back.” (samovar).

“Grandfather is sitting, dressed in a fur coat, who undresses him, he sheds tears.”

“Bows. Bows. When he comes home, he will stretch. ”

“A multi-colored yoke hung over the river.”

"Ten boys live in ten closets."

"A new vessel, but all in holes."

? - Proverbs and sayings? Similarity and difference. Examples.

Weak half way back.

Than hundreds of empty words, one clear one is better.

Verbosity is not without idle talk.

I am the last letter in the alphabet.

It is better to drink water in joy than honey in the torment.

Murder will out.

You don't sink - you don't burst.

The frost is not great, but it does not order to stand.

It is unpleasant for the frog to remember that she was a tadpole.

Boring day until evening, if there is nothing to do.

! - Let's compare Russian proverbs with proverbs from other countries of the world.

Let's pay attention to how some proverbs sound translated into other languages. (A foreign proverb is read out, students find a Russian proverb that is synonymous in meaning):

1. Lady, leaving the car, thereby increases its speed. (English).

Russian - Baba with a cart - it's easier for a mare.

2. Lack of intelligence is compensated by walking.

Russian - A bad head does not give rest to the legs.

3. A good memory sometimes has a bad effect on vision.

Russian - Whoever remembers the old - that eye out.

4. What cannot be said over a bottle of soda can be said over a bottle of Whiskey.

Russian - What a sober man has on his mind, a drunk man has on his tongue.

5. Whoever hopes for a neighbor's dinner remains hungry. (German)

Russian - Do not open your mouth at someone else's loaf.

6. You can't fool a baker on bread. (ipan.)

Russian - You can't fool an old sparrow on chaff.

7. A scalded rooster runs away from the rain. (French)

Russian - Burnt in milk - you blow on the water.

8. He who asks will not get lost. (Italian)

Russian - Language will bring to Kyiv.

9. It is better to stumble than to make a slip.

Russian - The word is not a sparrow: it will fly out - you won’t catch it.

10. After dinner you have to pay. (German)

Russian - If you like to ride - love to carry sleds.

? - Tell about the originality of the genre of ditties. How are they fulfilled? What musical instruments accompany ditties? How is time reflected in ditties? Can you perform ditties?

Sing ditties.

D / Z 1. Epics. Traditions. (Repeat).

3. Come up with ditties on a school theme.