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When was Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya born? Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya

Booker Igor 12/02/2013 at 19:00

From time to time, attempts are made to denigrate the feat of truly folk heroes Soviet era. The selfless 18-year-old Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya did not escape this fate. How many tubs of dirt were poured on it in the early 90s, but time washed away this foam as well. These days, 72 years ago, Zoya died a martyr's death, firmly believing in her homeland and its future.

Is it possible to defeat a people who, retreating, leave scorched earth to the enemy? Is it possible to put people on their knees if women and children unarmed are ready to tear the throat of a hefty kid? To defeat such heroes, you need to try to make sure that there are no more of them. And here there are two ways - the forced sterilization of mothers or the castration of the memory of the people. When the enemy came to Holy Rus', he was always opposed by people of the High Faith. IN different years she changed her outer coverings, for a long time inspiring the Christ-loving army, and then fought under the red flags.

It is significant that the first of the women, who in the Great Patriotic War was awarded the title of Hero Soviet Union(posthumously) was born into a family of hereditary priests. Zoya Anatolyevna bore the usual surname Kozmodemyanskaya for Orthodox clergy. The surname owes its origin to the holy miracle-working brothers Cosmas and Damian. In the Russian people, the unmercenary Greeks were quickly remade in their own way: Kozma or Kuzma and Damian. Hence the surname worn by Orthodox priests. Grandfather Zoya, a priest of the Church of the Sign in the Tambov village of Osino-Gai, Peter Ioannovich Kozmodemyansky, in the summer of 1918, after severe torture, the Bolsheviks drowned in a local pond. Already in Soviet years the usual spelling of the surname - Kosmodemyansky - has also become established. The son of a martyr priest and the father of the future heroine, Anatoly Petrovich, first studied at the theological seminary, but was forced to leave her.

In the USSR, the name of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was a symbol of the fight against fascism, a model of will and unparalleled heroism. But in the early 1990s, materials appeared in the press that cast doubt on the feat of the young partisan. Let's try to figure out what really happened.

Doubt time

The country learned about the feat of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya from the essay "Tanya" by war correspondent Pyotr Lidov, published in the Pravda newspaper on January 27, 1942. It told about a young partisan girl who, while performing a combat mission, got into German captivity who survived the brutal abuse of the Nazis and steadfastly accepted death at their hands. Such heroic image persisted until the end of perestroika.

With the collapse of the USSR, a tendency appeared in the country to overthrow the old ideals; it did not bypass the story of the feat of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. The new materials that saw the light claimed that Zoya, who suffered from schizophrenia, arbitrarily and indiscriminately burned rural houses, including those where there were no fascists. In the end, angry locals grabbed the saboteur and handed her over to the Germans.

According to another popular version, under the pseudonym "Tanya" it was not Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya who was hiding, but a completely different person - Lilya Ozolina.
The fact of torture and execution of the girl in these publications was not questioned, however, the emphasis was placed on the fact that Soviet propaganda artificially created the image of a martyr, separating him from real events.

Behind enemy lines

In the anxious October days of 1941, when Muscovites were preparing for street fighting, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, among other Komsomol members, went to enlist in the detachments being created for reconnaissance and sabotage work behind enemy lines.
First, the candidature of a fragile woman who had recently suffered from an acute form of meningitis and suffered from " nervous disease The girl was rejected, but thanks to her perseverance, Zoya convinced the military commission to accept her into the detachment.

As one of the members of the reconnaissance and sabotage group, Claudia Miloradova, recalled, during classes in Kuntsevo, they “went into the forest for three days, laid mines, blew up trees, learned to remove sentries, use a map.” And already in early November, Zoya and her comrades received the first task - to mine the roads, which she successfully coped with. The group returned to the unit without loss.

fatal mission

On November 17, 1941, the military command issued an order that ordered "to deprive the German army of the opportunity to be located in villages and cities, drive the German invaders out of all settlements into the cold in the field, smoke them out of all rooms and warm shelters and make them freeze in the open air."

In pursuance of this order, on November 18 (according to other sources - 20), the commanders of sabotage groups were ordered to burn 10 villages occupied by the Germans. Everything took 5 to 7 days. One of the units included Zoya.

Near the village of Golovkovo, the detachment stumbled upon an ambush and, during the skirmish, was dispersed. Some of the soldiers died, some were captured. The rest, including Zoya, united in a small group under the command of Boris Krainov.
The next target of the partisans was the village of Petrishchevo. Three people went there - Boris Krainov, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya and Vasily Klubkov. Zoya managed to set fire to three houses, one of which had a communication center, but she never came to the agreed meeting place.

fatal mission

According to various sources, Zoya spent one or two days in the forest and returned to the village to complete the task to the end. This fact was the reason for the appearance of the version that Kosmodemyanskaya carried out arson of houses without an order.

The Germans were ready to meet with the partisan, they also instructed the local residents. When trying to set fire to the house of S. A. Sviridov, the owner notified the Germans quartered there and Zoya was captured. Beaten up girl taken to the home of the Kulik family.
The hostess P. Ya. Kulik recalls how a partisan with “expired lips and a swollen face” was brought to her house, in which there were 20-25 Germans. The girl's hands were untied and she soon fell asleep.

The next morning, a small dialogue took place between the mistress of the house and Zoya. When asked by Kulik who burned the houses, Zoya answered that “she”. According to the hostess, the girl asked if there were victims, to which she answered “no”. The Germans managed to run out, and only 20 horses were killed. Judging from the conversation, Zoya was surprised that there were still residents in the village, since, according to her, they should have "long ago left the village from the Germans."

According to Kulik, at 9 am Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was interrogated. She was not present at the interrogation, and at 10:30 the girl was taken to be executed. On the way to the gallows, local residents several times accused Zoya of setting fire to houses, trying to hit her with a stick or pour mud over her. According to eyewitnesses, the girl accepted the death courageously.

In hot pursuit

When in January 1942, Pyotr Lidov heard from an old man a story about a Muscovite girl executed by the Germans in Petrishchevo, he immediately went to the village already abandoned by the Germans to find out the details of the tragedy. Lidov did not calm down until he spoke with all the inhabitants of the village.

But to identify the girl, a photograph was needed. The next time he arrived with Pravda photojournalist Sergei Strunnikov. Having opened the grave, they took the necessary pictures.
In those days, Lidov met a partisan who knew Zoya. In the photograph shown, he identified a girl who was going on a mission to Petrishchevo and called herself Tanya. With this name, the heroine entered the correspondent's story.

The riddle with the name Tanya was revealed later, when Zoya's mother said that that was the name of her daughter's favorite heroine - a participant civil war Tatyana Solomakha.
But only at the beginning of February 1942, a special commission was able to finally confirm the identity of the girl executed in Petrishchev. In addition to the villagers, a classmate and teacher Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya participated in the identification. On February 10, Zoya's mother and brother were shown pictures of the deceased girl: “Yes, this is Zoya,” both answered, although not very confidently.
To remove the final doubts, Zoya's mother, brother and friend Claudia Miloradova were asked to come to Petrishchevo. All of them, without hesitation, identified Zoya in the murdered girl.

Alternative versions

IN last years the version became popular that Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was betrayed to the Nazis by her friend Vasily Klubkov. In early 1942, Klubkov returned to his unit and reported that he had been taken prisoner by the Germans, but then escaped.
However, during interrogations, he already gave other testimonies, in particular, that he was captured along with Zoya, betrayed her to the Germans, and he himself agreed to cooperate with them. It should be noted that Klubkov's testimony was very confused and contradictory.

Historian M. M. Gorinov suggested that investigators forced themselves to slander Klubkov, either for career reasons or for propaganda purposes. One way or another, this version has not received any confirmation.
When information appeared in the early 1990s that the girl executed in the village of Petrishchevo was actually Lilya Ozolina, at the request of the leadership of the Central Archive of the Komsomol, a forensic portrait examination was carried out at the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Forensic Examinations based on photographs of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, Lily Ozolina and pictures of the girl, executed in Petrishchev, who were found with a captured German. The conclusion of the commission was unequivocal: "Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya is captured in German photographs."
M. M. Gorinov wrote about the publications that exposed the feat of Kosmodemyanskaya: “They reflected some facts of the biography of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, hushed up in Soviet time, but reflected, as in a crooked mirror, in a monstrously distorted form.

The story of the young intelligence officer Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya is well known to many generations. Soviet people. The feat of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was told at history lessons at school, articles were written about her and filmed TV shows. Her name was assigned to pioneer squads and Komsomol organizations, it was and is worn by schools in our time. In the village where the Germans executed her, a monument was erected, to which numerous excursions were organized. The streets were named after her...

What do we know

It seems that we knew everything that was possible to know about the heroic girl. However, quite often this “everything” came down to such stereotyped information: “... partisan, Hero of the Soviet Union. From a family of rural teachers. 1938 - became a member of the Komsomol. In October 1941, being a student of the 10th grade, she voluntarily joined a partisan detachment. She was taken prisoner by the Nazis when they tried to set fire to it, and after being tortured, she was hanged. 1942 - Zoya was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. 1942, May - her ashes were transferred to the Novodevichy cemetery.

execution

1941, November 29, morning - Zoya was brought to the place where the gallows was built. A sign was thrown around her neck with an inscription in German and Russian, on which it was written that the girl was an arsonist of houses. On the way, the partisan was attacked by one of the peasant women, who was left homeless through her fault, and hit her on the legs with a stick. Then several Germans began to photograph the girl. Subsequently, the peasants, who were rounded up to watch the execution of the saboteur, told the investigators about another feat of the fearless patriot. Summary Their testimonies are as follows: before the noose was thrown around her neck, the girl made a short speech in which she called for fighting the Nazis, and ended it with words about the invincibility of the USSR. The girl's body was not removed from the gallows for about a month. Then the locals buried her only on the eve of the New Year.

New details emerge

The decline of the communist era in the Soviet Union cast its shadow on those long-standing events of November 1941 that cost the life of a young girl. Their new interpretations, myths and legends began to appear. According to one of them, the girl who was executed in the village of Petrishchevo was not Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya at all. According to another version, Zoya was still there, however, she was not captured by the Nazis, but by her own Soviet collective farmers, and then handed over to the Germans for setting fire to their houses. In the third, “evidence” of the absence of a partisan at the time of execution in the village of Petrishchevo is completely given.

Understanding the danger of becoming popularizers of another misconception, we will supplement the available versions of another one, which was presented by Vladimir Lot in the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper, as well as some of our own comments.

Version of real events

Based on archival documents, he describes such a picture of what was happening at the turn of the autumn and winter of 1941 in the Moscow region. On the night of November 21-22, 1941, two groups of Soviet intelligence officers were sent behind enemy lines with a combat mission. Both groups consisted of ten people. The first of them, which included Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, was commanded by Pavel Provorov, the second - by Boris Krainov. The partisans were armed with three Molotov cocktails and food rations ...

fatal mission

The task assigned to these groups was the same, the only difference was that they had to burn down various villages occupied by the Nazis. So, the group in which Zoya was, received an order: “Infiltrate behind the front line with the task of burning the settlements in the enemy rear, in which the German units are located. Burn the following settlements occupied by the Nazis: Anashkino, Petrishchevo, Ilyatino, Pushkino, Bugailovo, Gribtsovo, Usatnovo, Grachevo, Mikhailovskoye, Korovino. To complete the task, 5-7 days were allotted from the moment of crossing the front line, after which it was considered completed. Then the partisans had to return to the location of the Red Army units and report not only on its implementation, but also to report the information received about the enemy.

Behind enemy lines

But, as often happens, events began to develop differently than the commander of the saboteurs, Major Arthur Sprogis, had planned. The fact is that the situation at the front at that time was tense. The enemy approached Moscow itself, and the Soviet command took various measures in order to detain the enemy on the outskirts of Moscow. Therefore, sabotage behind enemy lines became commonplace and happened quite often. This, of course, caused the increased vigilance of the Nazis and additional measures to protect their rear.

The Germans, who heavily guarded not only big roads, but also the forest paths and every village were able to detect groups of reconnaissance saboteurs making their way to their rear. The detachments of Pavel Provorov and Boris Krainov fired on the Germans, while the fire was so strong that the partisans suffered serious losses. The commanders decided to unite in one group, which now consisted of only 8 people. After another shelling, several partisans decided to return to their own, interrupting the mission. Several saboteurs remained behind enemy lines: Boris Krainov, Vasily Klubkov and Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. These three approached the village of Petrishchevo on the night of November 26-27, 1941.

After a short respite and designation of a meeting place after completing the task, the partisans set off to set fire to the village. But the group failed again. When the houses set on fire by Krainov and Kosmodemyanskaya were already on fire, their comrade was seized by the Nazis. During the interrogation, he gave out the meeting place of the partisans after completing the task. Soon the Germans brought Zoya ...

In captivity. Witness testimony

ABOUT further development events can now be judged mainly from the words of Vasily Klubkov. The fact is that some time after the interrogation, the invaders offered Klubkov to work for their intelligence in the Soviet rear. Vasily agreed, was trained at the school of saboteurs, but, once on the Soviet side (already in 1942), he found an intelligence department Western front, who was sent on a mission, and he himself told Major Sprogis about what happened in the village of Petrishchevo.

From the protocol of interrogation

March 11, 1942 - Klubkov testified to the investigator of the special department of the NKVD of the Western Front, lieutenant of state security Sushko:

At about two in the morning I was already in the village of Petrishchevo, - says Klubkov. - When I got to my site, I saw that the houses of Kosmodemyanskaya and Krainov were on fire. I took out one bottle of combustible mixture, tried to set fire to the house. I saw two German sentries. Cowardly. He took off running towards the forest. I don’t remember how, but suddenly two German soldiers fell on me, took away a revolver, two bags of ammunition, a bag of food, where there were canned food and alcohol. Delivered to headquarters. The officer began to interrogate. At first I did not say that I was a partisan. Said he was a Red Army soldier. They started beating me. After the officer put a revolver to his temple. And then I said that I did not come to the village alone, I told about the meeting place in the forest. After some time, they brought Zoya ...

The protocol of interrogation of Klubkov was 11 pages long. The latter contains the line: "Written down from my words, personally read by me, which I sign."

Klubkov was present when Zoya was interrogated, about which he also told the investigator:

Were you present during the interrogation of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya? - Klubkov was asked.

Yes, I attended.
- What did the Germans ask Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya and what did she answer?

The officer asked her a question about the assignment received from the command, what objects should have been set on fire, where her comrades were. Kosmodemyanskaya was stubbornly silent. After that, the officer began to beat Zoya and demand evidence. But she continued to be silent.

Did the Germans turn to you for help in obtaining recognition from Kosmodemyanskaya?

Yes, I said that this girl is a partisan and intelligence officer Kosmodemyanskaya. But Zoya didn't say anything after that. Seeing that she was stubbornly silent, the officers and soldiers stripped her naked and beat her with rubber sticks for 2-3 hours. Exhausted from torture, Zoya threw in the face of her executioners: "Kill me, I won't tell you anything." Then they took her away and I never saw her again.

Monument to Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya Novodevichy cemetery

conclusions

The information contained in the protocol of interrogation of Klubkov, it would seem, adds one very important circumstance to the Soviet version of the death of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya: she was betrayed by her comrade-in-arms. Nevertheless, is it possible to fully trust the named document, knowing about the methods of "knocking out" testimony in the NKVD? Why was it necessary to keep the testimony of a traitor secret for many years? Why was it immediately, back in 1942, not to tell the entire Soviet people the name of the person who killed the Hero of the Soviet Union Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya? We can assume that the case of betrayal was fabricated by the NKVD officers. Thus, the culprit of the death of the heroine was found. And certainly publicity about the betrayal would completely destroy the official version of the death of the girl, and the country needed not traitors, but heroes.

What the document cited by V. Lot did not change was the nature of the task of the sabotage group. But it is precisely the nature of the task that rightly causes many, so to speak, mixed feelings. The order to set fire to the villages somehow completely ignores the fact that there are not only Germans in them, but also their own, Soviet people. A natural question arises: to whom did such methods of fighting the enemy cause more damage - to the enemy or to their own compatriots, who remained on the threshold of winter without a roof over their heads and, most likely, without food? Of course, all the questions are addressed not to the young girl Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, but to the mature “uncles” who came up with such ruthless methods of dealing with the German invaders in relation to their own people, as well as to the social system, in which such methods were considered the norm ...

At the end of January 1942, the essay “Tanya” appeared in the Pravda newspaper, written by correspondent Pyotr Lidov. In the evening it was read on the radio by Olga Vysotskaya. Tears trembled in the announcer's voice, his voice trembled.

Even under conditions the most brutal war, when not only at the front, but also in the rear, every person faced grief, pain and suffering every day, the story of a partisan girl shocked everyone who knew about her. A special commission found out that yesterday's Moscow schoolgirl Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya called herself the name Tanya during interrogation by the Nazis.

Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. Years of life 1923 - 1941

Peter Lidov learned about it from a conversation with an elderly resident of the village of Petrishchevo near Moscow. The peasant was shocked by the courage of the heroine, who staunchly resisted the enemy, and repeated one phrase:

“They hang her, and she threatens them.

short life

The biography of the brave partisan is very short. She was born on September 13, 1923 in a family of teachers in the village of Osnov Gai, Tambov Region. Seven years later, the Kosmodemyanskys moved to the capital, settled in the Timiryazevsky Park area. At school, Zoya was an excellent student, was fond of literature, history. She was very direct and responsible, she demanded the same from other guys, which caused conflicts. The girl fell ill due to nerves and was treated in a sanatorium in Sokolniki.

Here I made friends with a wonderful writer, whose books I read - Arkady Gaidar. She dreamed of studying at the Literary Institute. Perhaps these plans would come true. But the war began. In the cinema "Coliseum", which until recently played a movie, a recruiting office was set up. At the end of October 1941, Zoya came to enroll in a sabotage school.

She could not stay in Moscow, watching how the enemy is getting closer to the capital! They selected young people strong and strong, able to withstand increased loads. They warned right away: only 5% would survive. The eighteen-year-old Komsomol girl looked fragile and at first they did not accept her, but Zoya had a strong character, and she became a member of the sabotage group.

In a partisan detachment

And here is the first task: mining the road near Volokolamsk. It was completed successfully. Then they are instructed to burn ten settlements. It took less than a week to complete. But near the village of Golovkovo, an enemy ambush awaited the partisans. Some of the soldiers died, some were captured. The rest of the groups united under the command of Krainev.

Together with the commander, Vasily Klubkov, Zoya went to the village of Petrishchevo near Moscow, located 10 km from the Golovkovo state farm, made her way to the enemy camp, crawled to the stables, and soon smoke rose above them, a flame appeared. There were screams, gunshots rang out. The partisan set fire to three houses and decided not to return to the appointed place, spent the night in the forest, and in the morning again went to locality to execute the order.

I waited for darkness, but the Germans were on their guard. They ordered the locals to guard their estates. The partisan went to the house of a local resident S. A. Sviridov, in whose apartment German officers and their translator were standing, managed to set fire to a barn with hay, at that time Sviridov noticed her and called for help. The soldiers surrounded the barn and seized the young partisan. The officers thanked the traitor Sviridov with a bottle of vodka.

torture

Later, P. Ya. Kulik, the mistress of the hut to which the beaten Komsomol girl was brought, said that she was led with her hands tied barefoot through the snow in an undershirt, over which a man's shirt was put on. The girl sat down on the bench and groaned, her appearance was terrible, her lips blackened from gore. She asked for a drink, and the Germans, mockingly, removed the glass from the lighted kerosene lamp and brought it to their lips. But then they "have mercy" and allowed to give her water. The girl immediately drank four glasses. For her, the pain was just beginning.

During the night the torture continued. A young German mocked the young partisan, he looked to be about nineteen years old. He took the unfortunate woman out into the cold and forced her to walk barefoot in the snow, then he led her into the house. She did not have time to warm up, as they again drove into the cold.

By two o'clock in the morning the German was tired and went to bed, passing the victim to another soldier. But he did not torment the girl with frostbitten legs, untied her hands, took a blanket and a pillow from the hostess, and allowed her to go to bed. In the morning, Zoya was talking to the hostess, there was no interpreter, and the Germans did not understand the words. The girl did not give her name, but said that she burned three houses in the village and twenty horses on these estates. I asked the owner for some shoes. The Nazi asked her:

- Where is Stalin?

“At the post,” the brave partisan answered curtly.

They again began to interrogate her so thoroughly that eyewitnesses later said: the legs of the unfortunate woman were completely blue, she could hardly walk. As local residents testified, Zoya was beaten not only by enemies, but also by two women, Smirnova and Solina, their houses were damaged by arson.

execution

At half past ten on November 29, 1941, the heroine, who did not betray her comrades during interrogation, was taken out into the street by the arms, she could not walk on her own. The gallows had already been put together, all the inhabitants were driven to watch the execution. On the chest of a brave Komsomol member there was a sign "The arsonist of houses". The inscription was made in two languages: German and Russian.

Near the gallows, the Germans began to photograph the partisan. She tossed her head, looked around the locals, enemy soldiers and uttered the words that will forever remain in history: “Victory will be ours!”. She pushed the German away, stood on the box herself and shouted, “You can’t hang everyone, there are 170 million of us! They will avenge me!" The box was knocked out from under his feet, the execution was completed. In the silence, one could hear the shutters of cameras clicking, photos of torture and execution were later found on captured German soldiers. The body was not allowed to be removed for a month.

Enemy soldiers passing through the village abused him: they tore off his clothes, stabbed him with knives, and cut off his chest. But this mockery was the last, the remains were allowed to be buried. After the village was liberated, the body was exhumed, an identification was carried out, and later the ashes were reburied at the Novodevichy cemetery. A film was made about these events in 1944, bearing the name of the heroine.

Memory

Posthumously, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was awarded the Golden Star of the Hero, and the Order of Lenin. She is the first woman - Hero of the Soviet Union. The traitors got theirs too. Sviridov, Smirnova and Solina were executed. The feat of Kosmodemyanskaya is not forgotten. Streets named after her educational institutions, village, asteroid.

Books and prose were written about her, poetry and poetry were dedicated to her. musical works. Feature Film schoolchildren can watch online to learn more about those events. At the 86th kilometer of the Minsk highway there is a monument: a fragile girl looks into the distance. Her hands are behind her back, her back is straightened, and her head is proudly thrown up.

The museum in Petrishchevo, dedicated to the heroine, attracts many people. From one of the photographs, a pretty girl looks, next to her mother, brother Alexander, who also died in the war. There are school notebooks and a diary with excellent grades, embroidery. Ordinary things of a girl who once became a legend.

Unfortunately, there are publications aimed at belittling and even slandering the act of a young partisan, but the truth about the feat will live in the hearts of people no matter what. In fairness, it should be said that there were many such girls who committed no less courageous deeds and feats at that time. But not all of them are known. Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya became a symbol of the era terrible war- a monument not only to herself, but also to all those girls who gave their lives for the sake of victory, for the sake of life.

Family

Zoya Anatolyevna Kosmodemyanskaya was born on September 13, 1923 in the village of Osino-Gai (the village is also referred to in various sources as Osinov Gai or Aspen Gai, which means "aspen grove"), Gavrilovsky district, Tambov region, in a family of hereditary local priests.

Zoya's grandfather, priest of the Church of the Sign in the village of Osino-Gai, Pyotr Ioannovich Kozmodemyansky, was captured by the Bolsheviks on the night of August 27, 1918 and, after severe torture, was drowned in the Sosulinsky pond. His corpse was discovered only in the spring of 1919, the priest was buried next to the church, which was closed by the communists, despite the complaints of believers and their letters to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in 1927

Zoya's father Anatoly studied at the theological seminary, but did not graduate from it; married a local teacher Lyubov Churikova.

Zoya had been suffering from a nervous disease since the year when she moved from the 8th to the 9th grade ... She ... had a nervous disease for the reason that the guys did not understand her. She did not like the inconstancy of her friends: as sometimes happens, today a girl will share her secrets with one friend, tomorrow with another, these will share with other girls, etc. Zoya did not like this and often sat alone. But she experienced all this, said that she was a lonely person, that she could not find a girlfriend for herself.

Captivity, torture and execution

The execution of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya

External images
	Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya is led to execution 2.
	The body of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya.

Zoya's fighting friend Claudia Miloradova recalls that during the identification of the corpse, there was gore on Zoya's hands, there were no nails. The dead body does not bleed, which means that during the torture of Zoya, the nails were also torn out.

At 10:30 the next morning, Kosmodemyanskaya was taken outside, where a gallows had already been erected; a sign was hung on her chest with the inscription "The arsonist of houses." When Kosmodemyanskaya was led to the gallows, Smirnova hit her on the legs with a stick, shouting: “Who did you harm? She burned my house, but did nothing to the Germans ... ".

One of the witnesses describes the execution itself as follows:

All the way to the gallows they led her by the arms. She walked straight, with her head held high, silently, proudly. They took me to the gallows. There were many Germans and civilians around the gallows. They led her to the gallows, ordered to expand the circle around the gallows and began to photograph her ... She had a bag with bottles with her. She shouted: “Citizens! You do not stand, do not look, but you need to help fight! This death of mine is my achievement.” After that, one officer swung, while others shouted at her. Then she said: “Comrades, victory will be ours. German soldiers, before it's too late, surrender." The officer yelled angrily: "Rus!" “The Soviet Union is invincible and will not be defeated,” she said all this at the moment when she was being photographed ... Then they set up a box. She, without any command, stood on the box herself. A German approached and began to put on a noose. At that time, she shouted: “No matter how much you hang us, you don’t hang everyone, we are 170 million. But our comrades will avenge you for me.” She said this already with a noose around her neck. She wanted to say something else, but at that moment the box was removed from under her feet, and she hung. She grabbed the rope with her hand, but the German hit her on the hands. After that, everyone dispersed.

In the “Corpse Identification Act” dated February 4, 1942, conducted by a commission consisting of representatives of the Komsomol, officers of the Red Army, a representative of the RK VKP (b), the village council and village residents, on the circumstances of death, based on the testimony of eyewitnesses of the search, interrogation and execution, it was established that Komsomol member Kosmodemyanskaya Z.A. before the execution uttered the words of the call: “Citizens! Don't stand, don't look. We must help the Red Army fight, and our comrades will take revenge on the German fascists for my death. The Soviet Union is invincible and will not be defeated." Turning to German soldiers, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya said: “German soldiers! Before it's too late, surrender. How many of us do not hang, but you do not outweigh everyone, we are 170 million.

The body of Kosmodemyanskaya hung on the gallows for about a month, being repeatedly abused by German soldiers passing through the village. On New Year's Eve, 1942, drunken Germans tore off their clothes and Once again they abused the body, stabbing it with knives and cutting off the chest. The next day, the Germans gave the order to remove the gallows, and the body was buried. local residents outside the village.

Subsequently, Kosmodemyanskaya was reburied at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.

A version is widespread (in particular, this was mentioned in the film “Battle for Moscow”), according to which, having learned about the execution of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, I. Stalin ordered the soldiers and officers of the 332nd Infantry Regiment of the Wehrmacht not to be taken prisoner, but only to be shot. The regiment commander, Lieutenant Colonel Rüderer, was captured by front-line Chekists, convicted and later shot by a court verdict. .

Posthumous recognition of the feat

The fate of Zoya became widely known from the article "Tanya" by Pyotr Lidov, published in the Pravda newspaper on January 27, 1942. The author accidentally heard about the execution in Petrishchev from a witness - an elderly peasant, who was shocked by the courage of an unknown girl: “They hung her, and she spoke. They hung her, and she kept threatening them…” Lidov went to Petrishchevo, questioned the residents in detail, and published an article based on their inquiries. Her identity was soon established, Pravda reported in Lidov's February 18 article "Who Was Tanya"; even earlier, on February 16, a decree was signed on awarding her the title of Hero of the Soviet Union (posthumously).

During and after perestroika, in the wake of anti-communist criticism, new information about Zoe. As a rule, it was based on rumors, not always accurate recollections of eyewitnesses, and in some cases on speculation, which, however, was inevitable in a situation where documentary information that contradicted the official “myth” continued to be kept secret or only just declassified. M. M. Gorinov wrote about these publications that they “some facts of the biography of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya were reflected, which were hushed up in Soviet times, but were reflected, as in a crooked mirror, in a monstrously distorted form”.

Researcher M. M. Gorinov, who published in the academic journal “ National history”an article about Zoya, is skeptical of the version of schizophrenia, but does not reject the newspaper’s messages at all, but only draws attention to the fact that their statement about suspicion of schizophrenia is expressed in a “streamlined” form.

Version of the betrayal of Vasily Klubkov

In recent years, there is a version that Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was betrayed by her comrade in the detachment, Komsomol organizer Vasily Klubkov. It is based on the materials of the Klubkov case, declassified and published in the Izvestia newspaper in 2000. Klubkov, who appeared at the beginning of 1942 in his unit, stated that he was taken prisoner by the Germans, fled, was captured again, fled again and managed to get to his own. However, during interrogations, he changed his testimony and stated that he was captured along with Zoya and betrayed her, after which he agreed to cooperate with the Germans, was trained at an intelligence school and was sent on a reconnaissance mission.

Specify the circumstances under which you were captured? - Approaching the house I had identified, I broke a bottle of "KS" and threw it away, but it did not catch fire. At this time, I saw two German sentries not far from me and, showing cowardice, ran into the forest, located 300 meters from the village. As soon as I ran into the forest, two German soldiers fell on me, took away my revolver with cartridges, bags with five bottles of "KS" and a bag with provisions, among which there was also a liter of vodka. - What testimony did you give to an officer of the German army? - As soon as they handed me over to the officer, I showed cowardice and said that there were only three of us, naming the names of Krainev and Kosmodemyanskaya. The officer gave German some order to the German soldiers, they quickly left the house and a few minutes later brought Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. Whether they detained Krainev, I don't know. - Were you present at the interrogation of Kosmodemyanskaya? - Yes, I was present. The officer asked her how she set fire to the village. She replied that she did not set fire to the village. After that, the officer began to beat Zoya and demanded evidence, but she categorically refused to give any. In her presence, I showed the officer that this was really Kosmodemyanskaya Zoya, who arrived with me in the village to carry out acts of sabotage, and that she set fire to the southern outskirts of the village. Kosmodemyanskaya did not answer the officer's questions after that either. Seeing that Zoya was silent, several officers stripped her naked and beat her severely with rubber sticks for 2-3 hours, trying to get her to testify. Kosmodemyanskaya told the officers: "Kill me, I won't tell you anything." Then they took her away and I never saw her again.

Klubkov was shot for treason on April 16, 1942. His testimony, as well as the very fact of his presence in the village during Zoya's interrogation, are not confirmed by other sources. In addition, Klubkov's testimony is confused and contradictory: he either says that Zoya, during interrogation with the Germans, called his name, then he says that she did not; declares that he did not know Zoya's last name, and then claims that he called her by her first and last name, etc. Even the village where Zoya died, he calls not Petrishchevo, but "Ashes".

Researcher M. M. Gorinov suggests that Klubkov was forced to slander himself either for career reasons (in order to receive his share of the dividends from the unfolding propaganda campaign around Zoya), or from propaganda (in order to "justify" Zoya's capture, unworthy, according to the then ideology, Soviet fighter). However, the version of betrayal was never launched into propaganda circulation.

Awards

Medal "Gold Star" of the Hero of the Soviet Union (February 16, 1942) and the Order of Lenin (posthumously).

Memory

Monument at the metro station "Partizanskaya"

The grave of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya at the Novodevichy Cemetery

Museums

monumental art

Monument to Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya near school 201 in Moscow

Monument to Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya in the courtyard of school number 54 in Donetsk

Monument to Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya in Tambov

Monument in the village of Osino-Gai, Tambov Region, in the homeland of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. Tambov sculptor Mikhail Salychev
Monument in Tambov on Sovetskaya street. Sculptor Matvey Manizer.
Bust in the village of Shitkino
Monument on the platform of the Partizanskaya metro station in Moscow.
Monument on the Minsk highway near the village of Petrishchevo.
Memorial plate in the village of Petrishchevo.
Monument in St. Petersburg in the Moscow Victory Park.
Monument in Kyiv: square on the corner of the street. Oles Gonchar and st. Bohdan Khmelnytsky
Monument in Kharkov in " Victory Square" (behind the Mirror Stream Fountain)
Monument in Saratov on Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya street, near school number 72.
Monument in Ishimbay near school number 3
Monument in Bryansk near school number 35
Bust in Bryansk near school number 56
Monument in Volgograd (on the territory of school No. 130)
Monument in Chelyabinsk on Novorossiyskaya street (in the courtyard of school No. 46).
Monument in Rybinsk on Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya street on the banks of the Volga.
Monument in the city of Kherson near school number 13.
A bust near a school in the village of Barmino, Lyskovsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Region.
Bust in Izhevsk at school number 25
Bust in Zheleznogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Territory near gymnasium No. 91
Monument in Berdsk (Novosibirsk region) near school number 11
Monument in the village of Bolshie Vyazyomy near the Bolshevyazemskaya gymnasium
Monument in Donetsk in the courtyard of school number 54
Monument in Khimki on Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya street.
Monument in Stavropol near gymnasium No. 12
Monument in Barnaul near school number 103
monument in Rostov region, With. Tarasovsky, a monument near school number 1.
Bust in the village of Ivankovo, Yasnogorsk district, Tula region, in the courtyard of the Ivankovo secondary school
Bust in the village. Tarutino, Odessa region, near the elementary school
Bust in Mariupol in the courtyard of school number 34
Bust in Novouzensk, Saratov region near school number 8

Fiction

Margarita Aliger dedicated the poem Zoya to Zoya. In 1943 the poem was awarded the Stalin Prize.
Lyubov Timofeevna Kosmodemyanskaya published The Tale of Zoya and Shura. Literary record of Frida Vigdorova.
Soviet writer Vyacheslav Kovalevsky created a dilogy about Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. In the first part, the story "Brother and Sister", are described school years Zoya and Shura Kosmodemyansky. The story "Do not be afraid of death! » is dedicated to the activities of Zoya in the harsh years of the Great Patriotic War,
Zoya's poems were dedicated by the Turkish poet Nazim Hikmet and the Chinese poet Ai Qing.
A. L. Barto poems "Partisan Tanya", "At the monument to Zoya"

Music

Painting

Kukryniksy. "Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya" (-)
Dmitry Mochalsky "Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya"
K. N. Shchekotov "The Last Night (Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya)". 1948-1949. Canvas, oil. 182x170. OOMII them. M. A. Vrubel. Omsk.

Movies

Zoya is a 1944 film directed by Leo Arnstam.
In the Name of Life is a 1946 film directed by Alexander Zarkhi and Iosif Kheifits. (There is an episode in this film where the actress plays the role of Zoe in the theater.)
"Great Patriotic War", film 4th. "Partisans. War behind enemy lines.
The Battle for Moscow is a 1985 film directed by Yuri Ozerov.

In philately

Other

In honor of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, asteroid No. 1793 "Zoya" is named, as well as No. 2072 "Kosmodemyanskaya" (according to official version named after Lyubov Timofeevna Kosmodemyanskaya - the mother of Zoya and Sasha). Also the village of Kosmodemyansky in the Moscow region, Ruzsky district, and Kosmodemyanskaya secondary school.

In Dnepropetrovsk, the eight-year school No. 48 (now secondary school No. 48) is named after Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. Singer Iosif Kobzon, poets Igor Puppo and Oleg Klimov studied at this school.

In honor of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, the electric train ED2T-0041 was named (assigned to the Alexandrov depot).

In Estonia, Ida Viru County, on the Kurtna lakes, a pioneer camp is named after Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya.

IN Nizhny Novgorod, school number 37 of the Avtozavodsky district, there is children's association"Schoolchildren", created in honor of Z. A. Kosmodemyanskaya. School students spend ceremonial rulers on Zoe's birthday and death.

In Novosibirsk, there is a children's library named after Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya.

A tank regiment of the National People's Army of the GDR was named after Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya.

In Syktyvkar there is a Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya street.

In Penza there is a street named after Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya.

In the city of Kamensk-Shakhtinsky, on the Seversky Donets River, is located Kid `s camp named after Zoya Komodemyanskaya.

Literature

Great Soviet Encyclopedia . In 30 volumes. Publisher: Soviet Encyclopedia, hardcover, 18240 pages, circulation: 600,000 copies, 1970.
Folk heroine. (Collection of materials about Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya), M., 1943;
Kosmodemyanskaya L. T., The Tale of Zoya and Shura. Publisher: LENIZDAT, 232 p., Circulation: 75,000 copies. 1951, Publisher: Children's Literature Publishing House, hardcover, 208 p., Circulation: 200000 copies, 1956 M., 1966 Publisher: Children's literature. Moscow, hardcover, 208 pages, circulation: 300,000 copies, 1976 Publisher: LENIZDAT, paperback, 272 pages, circulation: 200,000 copies, 1974 Publisher: Narodnaya asveta, hardcover, 206 pages, circulation: 300,000 copies ., 1978 Publisher: LENIZDAT, soft cover, 256 p., Circulation: 200000 copies, 1984
Gorinov M. M. Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya (1923-1941) // National history. - 2003.
Savinov E.F. Zoya's comrades: doc. feature article. Yaroslavl: Yaroslavl book. ed., 1958. 104 p.: ill. [About combat work partisan detachment, in which Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya fought.]
You remained alive among the people ...: A book about Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya / Compiled by: Honored Worker of Culture of the Russian Federation Valentina Dorozhkina, Honored Worker of Culture of the Russian Federation Ivan Ovsyannikov. Photos of Alexey and Boris Ladygin, Anatoly Alekseev, as well as from the funds of the Osinogaevsky and Borshchevsky museums .. - Collection of articles and essays. - Tambov: OGUP "Tambovpoligraphizdat", 2003. - 180 p.

Documentary film

Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. The truth about the feat" "Studio Third Rome" commissioned by the State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company "Russia", 2005

Notes

Some sources indicate the erroneous date of birth of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya - September 8
Motherland magazine: Saint from Aspen Guys
Zoya changed her surname in 1930
M. M. Gorinov. Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya // Domestic History
Closing of the church in the village of Osinovye Gai | History of the Tambov diocese: documents, studies, faces
G. Naboishchikov. Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya - Russian Maid of Orleans
Senyavskaya E. S."Heroic Symbols: The Reality and Mythology of War"
1941-1942
... The 197th Infantry Division and its 332nd Regiment found their death in two boilers near Vitebsk on June 26-27, 1944: between the villages of Gnezdilovo and Ostrovno and in the area of \u200b\u200bLake Moshno, north of the village of Zamoshenye
Mind Manipulation (book)
Library - PSIPORTAL
Vladimir Lota "About the feat and meanness", "Red Star" February 16, 2002
Chapter 7. WHO betrayed ZOYA KOSMODEMYANSKAYA