Aivazovsky - the master of the sea. Why we love Aivazovsky: an art critic and a sea wolf explain Beautiful words at the end of an essay about Aivazovsky
The famous Russian writer Maxim Gorky has always surprised and delighted me. philosophical depth and precision of expression. Once Gorky remarked: “An artist is the sensibility of his country, his class, his ear, eye and heart; he is the voice of his era.” Very well, these words characterize the life and work of our Crimean artist I. K. Aivazovsky, a well-known marine painter, collector and philanthropist. I always look at his paintings with excitement and feel a sense of sincere admiration for the artist's talent and his deep patriotism. The works of the Crimean marine painter are permeated quivering love to our country, its rich history, unique nature.
One of my favorite paintings is The Battle of Chesme, painted in 1848. It is quite large: the size of the canvas is 195 by 185 cm. When visiting the Feodosia Art Gallery, I stand by this painting for a long time. Battle canvas dedicated to one of important episodes Russian-Turkish war 1768-1774 During the night from 25 to 26 June 1770 the ships Russian fleet were able to destroy most of the Turkish fleet.
I. K. Aivazovsky convincingly showed on the canvas the undeniable victory of the Russian squadron. The picture is permeated with dynamics and, despite the tragic content, with pride in the Russian fleet.
"Chesmensky fight" attracts the attention of the audience with a combination of red, yellow and black tones. Contrasting canvas will not leave anyone indifferent. In the center is the silhouette of the flagship of the Russian flotilla. Burning Turkish ships are depicted in the depths of the bay. The flame is so bright that for several minutes it is impossible to take your eyes off this part of the picture. It seems that you not only see, but also hear the screams of people, volleys of cannons, the crackle of burning and flying fragments of masts, parts of ships that turn into a huge fire above the water. The flame blazes so brightly that the faces of Turkish sailors are visible, miraculously surviving and trying to escape. They cling to the rubble and cry for help. But there is no salvation for ships or people. Everyone is doomed...
The bright flames on the sea grow into gray smoke and mix with the clouds, because of which the frozen moon watches the battle indifferently. It seems that water, fire and air are mixed together. Terrible, bringing death and destruction unprecedented fireworks in Chesme Bay, which symbolizes the victory of the Russian flotilla.
The sea on this canvas by Aivazovsky is alive, jubilant. It is not just a background for the unfolding battle between Russian ships and the Turkish fleet, it is a witness and participant in what is happening in the Chesme Bay. The sea is many-sided and colorful. On foreground paintings - dark green, then - lead, in the background - red-yellow. It seems that it is worried and looking forward to the outcome of the battle. The transitions from one color to another are made by the artist so skillfully that the sea seems to have many faces.
Why do I love this picture? First of all, because it is permeated with pride, joyful excitement, intoxication with the brilliant victory won by Russian sailors. You understand all this when you stand in front of the canvas in the hall and admire the amazing technique of execution, inherent only to the great marine painter I.K. Aivazovsky, a true patriot and citizen of our great Motherland.
I am sure that the painting "The Battle of Chesme" is rightly called one of the best paintings, glorifying the glorious pages in the history of the Russian fleet. And I. K. Aivazovsky, who created it, can be safely called “the sensible of his country”, subtly feeling the importance of what is happening and skillfully reflecting on his canvases with the colors and brush of the great master.
Aivazovsky in painting
equal to Pushkin in poetry
Alexander Aivazovsky, the only one of his grandchildren bearing the surname of such a famous grandfather, dedicated a poem to Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky. It is called “To the marine painter I.K. Aivazovsky” and was published in the Niva magazine before the revolution:
The sea roared ... gray-haired shaft
It crashed against the rocks,
And its howl merged with the wind,
Threatened with misfortune and misfortune.
The sea calmed down ... Dal beckoned
Space, bliss, silence ...
But under the subsided wave
A dormant force lurked…
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Already being famous artist Aivazovsky wrote about himself: “The first pictures I saw were lithographs depicting the exploits of heroes in the late twenties fighting the Turks for the liberation of Greece. Subsequently, I learned what all the poets of Europe expressed: Byron, Pushkin, Hugo ... The thought of this great country often visited me in the form of battles on land and at sea " .
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The romance of the feats of the heroes who fought at sea, the true rumor about them aroused the imagination of the artist, probably, she created for us the artist - seascape painter Aivazovsky. Already the first picture Air over the sea "(1835) brought him a glorious silver medal. Since then, Aivazovsky's paintings have appeared at exhibitions, and since then he has been pleasing everyone with his work.
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. In 1839, Aivazovsky took part in a naval campaign, where he met and became friends with our great naval commanders. M.P. Lazarev, V.A. Kornilov, P.S. Nakhimov, V.N. Istomin. During his stay in the Crimea (2 years), Aivazovsky wrote " Moonlight night in Gurzudga, « Coast".
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Returning from Italy, Aivazovsky paints one of his "proud" paintings "Chesme battle". All of it is our victory, but the joy of victory was given by heavy losses, the darning of Lieutenant Ilyin, who blew up his ship among the Turkish flotilla, approaches the Russian flagship, but all the same, “battle music” is very audible in the picture.
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"The Ninth Wave" written by Aivazovsky in 1850, in it he talks about the struggle of people with the elements, the formidable ninth wave is ready to absorb the few people who survived after a terrible storm. The plot of the picture is scary, but the picture is full of sun, light, air, and this is not at all scary. This picture immediately liked the audience and so far it is just as loved by us. As soon as Aivazovsky found out about the Battle of Zion, he immediately left for Sevastopol to see the participants in the battle, and soon the paintings “Fight at Night” and “Fight in the Daytime” appeared. Nakhimov said about these paintings: “They are extremely well made.” Aivazovsky loved Ukraine and dedicated several of his paintings to it, these wide Ukrainian steppes were close not only Gogol and Shevchenko, but also Aivazovsky.
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Ninth shaft
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In 1836 academic exhibition visited Pushkin. Recalling this, Aivazovsky wrote that the poet " greeted me kindly”, “asked me where my paintings were”.
Aivazovsky in painting is equal to Pushkin in poetry, maybe that's why Aivazovsky so wanted to portray the poet by the sea, probably not only a poem "To sea" captivated the artist, but the free, inflexible nature of the poet was like a free sea. In 1887, Aivazovsky, together with Repin, painted a picture about Pushkin and called it the first line of the poem. You can’t tear yourself away from this picture, both the sea and the poet are something harmoniously whole, and looking at the picture, you believe the words of the poet even more;
Farewell, free element!
IN last time in front of me
You roll blue waves
And shine with proud beauty
!
A.S. Pushkin
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We all remember Pushkin's poignant and proud lines: "Noise, noise, obedient sail, worry under me, gloomy ocean ...". It seems that the lines came to life again and again in the paintings of Aivazovsky. His paintings are always exciting and impressive. Probably because the eternal movement of water, the changeable face of the sea - sometimes calm and peaceful, sometimes impatient and formidable - gave rise to many feelings in the artist's soul.
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Someone said that The best measure of a man's life is not years, but his deeds. . Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky lived a long life - he died on the threshold of our century, on the eve of the first Russian revolution. He was then 83 years old. But what this wonderful artist did cannot be contained even in three ordinary lives
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. I.K. Aivazovsky said: “For me, to live means to work.” Having painted the first picture at the age of 18, he did not leave the brush for decades - by 1900 he had created more than 6 thousand paintings and graphic drawings. And even on the day of his death he worked; those who have been to the Feodosiya Gallery remember his unfinished painting " Explosion of the ship...
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Remarkable paintings by I. K. Aivazovsky adorn many museums around the world. But truly the treasury of his creations was and remains Art Gallery in Feodosia: it exhibits more than 400 paintings by the artist . People come and go here. Soviet people close to art, glorifying the beauty of nature and man ... Sixty years of creative work - a rare success! Aivazovsky left behind a huge creative legacy.
Statements of great people about the work of I. Aivazovsky.
- Stasov highly appreciated his work: “ Marine painter Aivazovsky by birth and by nature was an absolutely exceptional artist, vividly feeling, independently conveying, perhaps, like no one else in Europe, water with its extraordinary beauty ... "
- I. N. Kramskoy claimed that Aivazovsky “There is a star of the first magnitude, in any case, and not only here, but in the history of art in general” .
- P. M. Tretyakov, wishing to buy a painting for his gallery, wrote to the artist: "... Give me your magical water such that it would completely convey your incomparable talent."
- The famous English marine painter Turner, who lived in Rome in 1842, dedicated Aivazovsky and his painting “The Bay of Naples moonlit night» admiring verses about the picture::
In your picture I see the moon with its gold and silver,
Standing above the sea, reflected in it.
The surface of the sea, on which a light breeze catches up
A quivering swell, it seems like a field of sparks ...
Forgive me great artist if I'm wrong
Taking the picture for reality
But your work fascinated me,
And rapture took possession of me.
Your art is eternal and powerful,
Because genius inspires you
.
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And also the words of the English landscape painter Turner, who, admiring the painting of Aivazovsky, dedicated the following lines to him:
Forgive me artist
If I made a mistake by taking the picture
for reality,
But your work fascinated me,
and rapture took possession of me.
According to the will of Aivazovsky, he was buried in Feodosia in the courtyard of the Church of Surb Sargis, where he was baptized and where he got married. The tombstone inscription - carved in ancient Armenian words of the historian of the 5th century Movses Khorenatsi - reads: “Born mortal, left behind an immortal memory. This memory lives on forever. And now our contemporaries dedicate poems to him, enchanted by his beautiful canvases:
In the power of his canvas
We are content with little
And a marvelous range of colors,
And the clarity of strokes ...
As long as the ocean
Will cover us with the ninth wave,
And we feel for ourselves
How severe is his temper!
Vadim Konstantinov
1. http://hanzen.ru/?an=onestat&uid=41
2. http://bibliotekar.ru/100hudozh/56.htm
3.festival.1september.ru/articles/625890/
4. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
5. otvet.mail.ru › Art and Culture › Painting, Graphics
Ministry of Education Russian Federation
World art culture
Essay
on the topic: Aivazovsky Ivan Konstantinovich
Completed by: 9th grade student
Checked:
I. Introduction… 4
II. Creativity I. Aivazovsky ... 5
1. Marinism… 5
A. Romantic landscape… 5
b. Aivazovsky I.K. - the founder of Marinism ... 5
2. Patriotism of creativity of Aivazovsky I.K... 7
A. The attractive force of the sea… 7
b. Patriotism… 7
V. The Aivazovsky Phenomenon… 8
3. List of some paintings by the artist… 9
A. Brig "Mercury", attacked by two Turkish ships ... 9
b. Volga near the Zhiguli Mountains… 9
V. Italian landscape. Evening… 10
Caucasus Mountains from the sea… 10
e. Naval battle in the Strait of Chios ... 10
e. Niagara Falls… 11
and. Fishermen on the seashore… 11
h. Calm sea… 12
And. Chesme battle… 13
III. Analysis of some paintings by the artist… 14
1. "Chesme battle" (1848) ... 14
2. "The Ninth Wave" (1850) ... 15
3. "Rainbow" (1873) ... 16
4. "Among the waves" (1898) ... 17
IV. Biography of the artist… 19
V. Conclusion… 25
VI. Literature… 26
VII. Application… 27
1. Photos of attractions ... 27
A. Aivazovsky Fountain… 27
b. Monument to Aivazovsky… 28
2. Photos of some paintings… 28
A. Fight in the Strait of Chios… 28
b. Storm on the North Sea… 28
V. Italian landscape. Evening… 29
3. Portraits of the artist… 29
. Introduction
Painting has many genres. I decided to focus on the landscape, and the main thing for me was to see beautiful world nature through the eyes of a famous artist. I wanted to see the sea in the picture. And, following my goal, I came across the painting “The Sea”, the author of which was I.K. Aivazovsky ... I also came across an article: “The first monument to Aivazovsky in Russia was opened.” It turns out that on September 15, 2007, a bust of the artist was erected in the suburbs of St. Petersburg, Kronstadt, on Makarovskaya Embankment. The great-great-granddaughter of the artist Irina Kasatskaya took part in the opening ceremony of the monument. The author of the monument is the Honored Artist of Russia Vladimir Gorevoy. He is also the author of the bust of Peter the Great in Priozersk Leningrad region, monuments to Semenov-Tyan-Shansky in Kyrgyzstan, high reliefs of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow and others famous works. The opening of the monument in the fortress city of Kronstadt was timed to coincide with the 190th anniversary of the painter. At one time he served at the Main Naval Staff, and his bust was erected at the initiative of the Kronstadt Naval Assembly. In addition to the monument, the celebrity of the artist is evidenced by the fact that there is an Aivazovsky fountain and the Aivazovsky Art Gallery. Photos of these attractions (fountain and monument) I have placed in the application.
I was interested in given artist, because in his paintings, first of all, you can see the sea. His fame amazed me. And the opening of the monument did not leave any doubts about the choice of the topic of the essay.
Aivazovsky I.K. is a marine painter, and therefore I decided to start the essay with the disclosure of the term marinism.
. Creativity I. Aivazovsky
1. Marinism
A. romantic landscape
Significant contribution to the development romantic landscape introduced by I.K. Aivazovsky. A picture depicting the sea is called a marina, and an artist who paints the sea element is called a marine painter. The most famous marine painter is Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky. Wise people they said that a person never gets tired of looking at water and fire. The ever-changing sea, sometimes calm, sometimes agitated, its changeable color, unbridled elements - all this became the main theme in Aivazovsky's work. The name of Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky is one of the most popular in Russian art. The famous marine painter left a truly huge legacy. Most of Aivazovsky's paintings are dedicated to the sea, sometimes calm and quiet in the bright rays of the setting sun or in the glow of moonlight, sometimes stormy and raging.
In the painting "Seashore" the image of the sea appears in its lyric-romantic interpretation. The landscape clearly demonstrates creative method artist. "Seashore" is clearly composed and written without nature, but the artist's imagination accurately recreated the typical character of the sea coast, the state of nature before an impending thunderstorm.
b. Aivazovsky I.K. - founder of Marinism
By the end of the first half of the 19th century, another trend emerged within the framework of the Russian romantic landscape - marinism. founder this genre in Russian painting was Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky. In the 19th century, the sea element attracted artists from many countries. In marine species, the tradition of romanticism lived the longest.
Aivazovsky's own pictorial style takes shape already by the 40s of the 19th century. He deviates from the strict classical rules for painting, skillfully uses the experience of Maxim Vorobyov, Claude Lorrain and creates colorful paintings that skillfully convey various effects of water and foam, warm golden tones of the coast.
In several large paintings - "The Ninth Wave", "The Black Sea", "Among the Waves" - majestic images of the sea are created using the theme of a shipwreck, typical of a romantic painting.
Aivazovsky influenced Russian landscape painters, primarily Alexei Petrovich Bogolyubov. But Bogolyubov, who once started out as an imitator of Aivazovsky, in the late 60s was already critical of the famous master. In his notes, excerpts from which are given in the work of Yagodovskaya, he wrote: “Although he (Aivazovsky) and I pursued the same direction, he never bothered me, because I was always a naturalist, and he was an idealist - I always wrote sketches, without which the painting of a picture would be unthinkable for me, he also stated in print that it was nonsense and that one should write with an impression, looking at nature.
Bogolyubov was known as a "Russian Frenchman", he mastered the techniques of plein air painting. His painting, in which a bridge was thrown between the Russian and French landscapes, remained little known, and Aivazovsky's art, which is more in line with the people's need for spectacular, impressive pictures of nature, is still very popular.
Thus, in the first quarter of the 19th century, the romantic direction of landscape painting actively developed, freeing itself from the features of the speculative "heroic landscape" of classicism, painted in the workshop and burdened with a load of purely cognitive tasks and historical associations. Landscape in this period is understood as a portrait of the area. Written from nature, it expresses the artist's worldview through a directly depicted view, a real-life landscape motif, albeit with some idealization, the use of romantic motifs and themes.
2. Patriotism of Aivazovsky I.K.
A. The attractive power of the sea
The name of the great artist Ivan (Hovhannes) Konstantinovich Aivazovsky (1817-1900) enjoyed wide popularity during his lifetime. His brilliant works occupied place of honor not only in Russian and Armenian painting, but also in the treasury of world art.
Devoting his brilliant talent to marine painting, he created unforgettable poetic images of the sea in its most diverse manifestations. The deeply meaningful and humanistic art of Aivazovsky put him on a par with the best masters of realistic art of the 19th century.
The sea has always had a great attraction for artists. There is not a single Russian painter who, having been by the sea, would not try to depict it. For some, these were episodic studies that were not connected with the main course of development of their art, while others returned to this topic from time to time, devoting a significant place to the image of the sea in their paintings. Among the artists of the Russian school, only Aivazovsky devoted his entire talent to marine painting. By nature, he was endowed with a brilliant talent, which developed rapidly due to fortunate circumstances and thanks to the environment in which his childhood and youth passed.
b. Patriotism
Aivazovsky survived two generations of artists, and his art covers a huge period of time - sixty years of creativity. Starting with works saturated with vivid romantic images, Aivazovsky came to a penetrating, deeply realistic and heroic image of the sea element, creating the painting “Among the Waves”.
Before last day he happily retained not only an unblunted vigilance of the eye, but also a deep faith in his art. He went his way without the slightest hesitation and doubt, retaining the clarity of feelings and thinking until old age.
Aivazovsky's work was deeply patriotic. His merits in art were noted all over the world. He was elected a member of five Academies of Arts, and his admiralty uniform was studded with honorary orders from many countries.
V. Aivazovsky phenomenon
Creative biography the artist is quite clear and transparent. I. Aivazovsky did not know ups and downs. He was not pursued by failures, was not upset by the disfavor of the authorities, was not disturbed by the attacks of criticism and the indifference of the public.
The works he created were bought by Nicholas II, Alexander III and other European monarchs. I. Aivazovsky traveled all over Europe, visited America and Africa. His 55 solo exhibitions during his lifetime became an unprecedented phenomenon. Some of them made a pan-European tour.
The essence of the phenomenon of I. Aivazovsky is in a pronounced role and features of the creative method. I. Aivazovsky developed stable signs of individual manner literally in the first years professional occupations and followed them all my life.
This feature makes it difficult to judge the evolution of his pictorial language, making any periodization of the artist's work imperfect. Once tested stories appear again and again, sometimes decades later. However, this constancy does not cause any addiction, irritation, or boredom. The subject area, within the boundaries of which the artist's creative imagination exists, requires an appeal to irrational, extreme situations: the sea, the sun, fire, clouds are neither ordinary nor immutable.
3. List of some paintings by the artist
A. Brig "Mercury", attacked by two Turkish ships
The feat of the crew of "Mercury" dates back to the time of the Russian-Turkish war of 1828-29. The Russian brig, which was on patrol, met with two Turkish ships of the line. At the proposal of the enemy to surrender, the commander of the brig, captain-lieutenant A.I. Kazarsky ordered to respond with artillery fire. The Russian ship had 18 guns against 184 of the enemy. After a hard battle, Mercury forced the Turkish ships to retreat.
Genre: Battle genre
Period: 19th century painting
Year of creation of the original: 1892
Original dimensions, cm: 212x339
b. Volga near the Zhiguli Mountains
Aivazovsky sailed along the Russian Volga River, capturing places that made a good impression or simply liked. Such is the picture "Volga at the Zhiguli Mountains", where each person will see with a new look long-familiar and at the same time unknown beautiful places almost from a bird's eye view.
Original technique: Oil on canvas
Genre: River landscape
Period: 19th century painting
Year of creation of the original: 1887
Original dimensions, cm: 129x219.5
V. Italian landscape. Evening
For life I.K. Aivazovsky retained an enthusiastic attitude towards the nature of Italy, where he first visited in the 1840-1844s. ... The technical methods of performing this work attract attention. In the 40-60s, the painter preferred such a careful finishing of details, varnishing the surface of the paint layer.
Original technique: Oil on canvas
Genre: Seascape
Period: 19th century painting
Year of creation of the original: 1858
Original dimensions, cm: 108x160
Caucasus Mountains from the sea
One of the best pictures recent years life of I.K. Aivazovsky.
The color scheme is built on subtle gradations of blues and grays of different shades. The picture strikes with the richness of tonal and color transitions. The dark blue, snow-covered Caucasian mountains served as a backdrop for the image of an agitated sea, painted with a thin layer of highly diluted paints, which formed transparent smudges in some places. They organically entered the picturesque structure of the picture, enhancing the impression of transparency. sea water.
Original technique: Oil on canvas
Genre: Seascape
Period: 19th century painting
Year of creation of the original: 1899
Original dimensions, cm: 57x92
e. Naval battle in the Strait of Chios
June 24, 1770. The ships of the opposing squadrons converged on the "pistol shot", white clouds of cannon smoke rise to the tops of the masts. In the foreground is an artillery duel between Russians and two Turkish ships.
Original technique: Oil on canvas
Genre: Battle genre
Period: 19th century painting
Year of creation of the original: 1848
Original dimensions, cm: 195x185
e. Niagara Falls
In 1892 I.K. Aivazovsky traveled to North America where an exhibition of his works was held with great success.
The picture, painted shortly after returning from overseas, pleases with the freshness of color, perfectly conveyed the feeling of humid air. Despite the sky covered with gray clouds, the landscape is permeated with the light of the sun's rays, which have transformed the water and the shore. A wonderful decoration of the canvas is a rainbow, which Aivazovsky, judging by the drawings in his American travel album, really observed over the waterfall. The matte surface of the canvas, light pictorial manner are common for the works of the artist of those years.
Original technique: Oil on canvas
Genre: River landscape
Period: 19th century painting
Year of creation of the original: 1893
Original dimensions, cm: 126x164
and. Fishermen on the seashore
Aivazovsky began to paint a picture, depicting the sky, or as he called it after his teacher at the Academy of Arts M.N. Vorobyov - air. Whatever the size of the canvas, Aivazovsky wrote "air" in one session, even if it stretched up to 12 hours in a row. It was with such a titanic effort that the transmission of the airiness and integrity of the color scheme of the sky was achieved. The desire to complete the picture as quickly as possible was dictated by the desire not to lose the unity of the mood of the motive, to convey to the viewer a stopped moment from the life of a moving sea element. The water in his paintings is an endless ocean, not stormy, but swaying, harsh, endless. And the sky, if possible, even more infinite. The plot of the picture, - said the artist, - is formed in my memory, like the plot of a poem in a poet; having made a sketch on a piece of paper, I get to work and until then I do not leave the canvas until I express myself on it with my brush. Speaking about his paintings, Aivazovsky remarked: “Those paintings in which main force- the light of the sun ... must be considered the best.
Original technique: Oil on canvas
Genre: Ships
Period: 19th century painting
Year of creation of the original: 1852
Original dimensions, cm: 93.5x143
h. Calm sea
The sea... No one depicted its boundless distance and luminous sunrises, the witchcraft of moonlit nights and the fury of storms as poetically and with inspiration as I.K. Aivazovsky. The artist was very fond of the sea, he connected his work with it. In his works he created the image of a free and poetic sea element. Aivazovsky wrote the sea in different time days and in different weather, depicting it both raging and calm. He perfectly knew the sea and the secrets of its movements. The artist annually made trips to the seas, studied the effects of lighting and the nature of the sea.
Original technique: Oil on canvas
Genre: Seascape
Period: 19th century painting
Year of creation of the original: 1863
Original dimensions, cm: 45x58.5
And. Chesme battle
This battle took place during the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. On the night of June 26, 1770, the Russian fleet entered Chesme Bay, where the Turkish fleet was stationed. The Russian squadron consisted of 7 ships and four firewalls. After an artillery duel between squadrons, fireships went on the attack ... The Russian detachment did not lose a single ship. The enemy burned 15 battleships, 6 frigates and over 30 ships of other classes, captured 1 battleship and 5 galleys. In the report on the results of the battle, Admiral G.A. Spiridov wrote: "The fleet was attacked, defeated, broken, burned, let into the sky, sunk and turned into ashes." These words of the official report convey to us the pride of the sailors who won in an unequal battle. A. conveys the drama and tension of the night battle at Chesme in the picture of 1848 by comparing two opposite elements - water and fire. Enemy ships are burning like huge bonfires, and the flames, breaking the darkness of the Mediterranean night, are reflected in the dark water of the bay. Russian ships stand out in clear silhouettes against the background of the flames. In the foreground, a boat with the crew of Lieutenant Ilyin's firewall (which distinguished itself in battle) is visible returning to the squadron.
Original technique: Oil on canvas
Genre: Battle genre
Period: 19th century painting
Year of creation of the original: 1848
Original dimensions, cm: 193x183
III. Analysis of some of the artist's paintings
1. "Chesme battle" (1848)
Aivazovsky's painting of the forties and fifties was marked by a strong influence of the romantic traditions of K.P. Bryullov, which affected not only the skill of painting, but also the very understanding of art and the worldview of Aivazovsky. Like Bryullov, he strives to create grandiose colorful paintings that can glorify Russian art. With Bryullov, Aivazovsky is related by brilliant painting skills, virtuoso technique, speed and courage of performance. This was very clearly reflected in one of the early battle paintings "Chesme Battle", written by him in 1848, dedicated to an outstanding naval battle.
After the Chesme battle took place in 1770, Orlov wrote in his report to the Admiralty College: "... Honor to the All-Russian fleet. From June 25 to June 26, the enemy fleet (we) attacked, defeated, broke, burned, let it into the sky, into ashes turned ... and they themselves began to be dominant in the entire archipelago ... "The pathos of this report, pride in the outstanding feat of Russian sailors, the joy of the victory achieved was beautifully conveyed by Aivazovsky in his picture. At the first glance at the picture, we are seized by a feeling of joyful excitement as from a festive spectacle - a brilliant firework. And only with a detailed examination of the picture becomes clear the plot side of it. The fight is depicted at night. In the depths of the bay, burning ships of the Turkish fleet are visible, one of them at the time of the explosion. Enveloped in fire and smoke, the wreckage of the ship is flying into the air, which has turned into a huge blazing bonfire. And on the side, in the foreground, the flagship of the Russian fleet rises in a dark silhouette, to which, saluting, a boat approaches with the team of Lieutenant Ilyin, who blew up his firewall among the Turkish flotilla. And if we get closer to the picture, we will distinguish on the water the wreckage of Turkish ships with groups of sailors calling for help, and other details.
Aivazovsky was the last and most prominent representative romantic direction in Russian painting, and these features of his art were especially evident when he painted naval battles full of heroic pathos; in them that “battle music” was heard, without which the battle picture is devoid of emotional impact.
2. The Ninth Wave (1850)
The romantic features of Aivazovsky's work were especially pronounced in the painting The Ninth Wave, painted in 1850. Aivazovsky depicted an early morning after a stormy night. The first rays of the sun illuminate the raging ocean and a huge "ninth wave", ready to fall on a group of people seeking salvation on the wreckage of the masts.
The viewer can immediately imagine what a terrible thunderstorm passed at night, what a disaster the ship's crew suffered and how the sailors died. Aivazovsky found the exact means to depict the greatness, power and beauty of the sea. Despite the drama of the plot, the picture does not leave a gloomy impression; on the contrary, it is full of light and air and is all permeated with the rays of the sun, giving it an optimistic character. This is largely facilitated by the color structure of the picture. It is written in the brightest colors of the palette. Its coloring includes a wide range of shades of yellow, orange, pink and purple in the sky, combined with green, blue and purple in the water. The bright, major colorful scale of the picture sounds a joyful hymn to the courage of people who defeat the blind forces of a terrible, but beautiful element in its formidable grandeur.
This picture found a wide response at the time of its appearance and remains to this day one of the most popular in Russian painting.
The image of the raging sea elements excited the imagination of many Russian poets. This is clearly reflected in the verses of Baratynsky. Readiness to fight and faith in the final victory are heard in his poems:
So now, ocean, I long for your storms -
Worry, rise to the stone edges,
He amuses me, your formidable, wild roar,
Like the call of a long-desired battle,
As a powerful enemy, I have something flattering anger ...
Thus, the sea also entered the formed consciousness of the young Aivazovsky. The artist managed to embody in marine painting the feelings and thoughts that agitated the progressive people of his time, and to give deep meaning and value to his art.
3. "Rainbow" (1873)
In 1873, Aivazovsky created an outstanding painting "Rainbow". In the plot of this picture - a storm at sea and a ship dying near a rocky shore - there is nothing unusual for Aivazovsky's work. But its colorful range, pictorial execution were a completely new phenomenon in Russian painting of the seventies. Depicting this storm, Aivazovsky showed it as if he himself was among the raging waves. A hurricane blows the mist off their crests. As if through a rushing whirlwind, the silhouette of a sinking ship and the indistinct outlines of a rocky shore are barely visible. The clouds in the sky dissolved into a transparent wet shroud. Through this chaos, a stream of sunlight made its way, laying down like a rainbow on the water, giving the color of the picture a multi-colored coloring. The whole picture is written in the finest shades of blue, green, pink and purple colors. The same tones, slightly enhanced in color, convey the rainbow itself. It flickers with a barely perceptible mirage. From this, the rainbow acquired that transparency, softness and purity of color, which always delights and enchants us in nature. The painting "Rainbow" was a new, higher level in the work of Aivazovsky.
Regarding one of these paintings by Aivazovsky F.M. Dostoevsky wrote: “The storm ... of Mr. Aivazovsky ... is amazingly good, like all his storms, and here he is a master - without rivals ... There is rapture in his storm, there is that eternal beauty that amazes the viewer in a living, real storm ... "
4. "Among the Waves" (1898)
In 1898, Aivazovsky painted the painting "Among the Waves", which became the pinnacle of his work.
The artist depicted a raging element - a stormy sky and a stormy sea covered with waves, as if boiling in collision with one another. He abandoned the usual details in his paintings in the form of fragments of masts and dying ships lost in the boundless sea. He knew many ways to dramatize the plots of his paintings, but did not resort to any of them while working on this work. “Among the Waves” seems to continue to reveal in time the content of the painting “The Black Sea”: if in one case an agitated sea is depicted, in the other it is already raging, at the moment of the highest formidable state of the sea element. The mastery of the painting "Among the Waves" is the fruit of a long and hard work throughout the life of the artist. Work on it proceeded quickly and easily. Obedient to the hand of the artist, the brush sculpted exactly the shape that the artist wanted, and laid the paint on the canvas in the way that the experience of skill and the instinct of a great artist, who did not correct the brushstroke once put, prompted him. Apparently, Aivazovsky himself was aware that the painting "Among the Waves" is much higher in terms of execution of all previous works of recent years. Despite the fact that after its creation he worked for another two years, arranged exhibitions of his works in Moscow, London and St. Petersburg, he did not take this painting out of Feodosia, he bequeathed it, along with other works that were in his art gallery, to his native city of Feodosia.
But the picture "Among the Waves" has not exhausted creative possibilities Aivazovsky. Subsequently, he created several more paintings, beautiful in execution and content.
. Artist biography
... My sincere desire that the building of my art gallery in the city of Feodosia, with all the paintings, statues and other works of art in this gallery, be the full property of the city of Feodosia, and in memory of me, Aivazovsky, I bequeath the gallery to the city of Feodosia, my hometown.
From the will of I.K. Aivazovsky
Aivazovsky Ivan Konstantinovich (1817-1900) - Russian painter Armenian origin, unsurpassed marine painter. In 1837 he graduated from the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, class of landscape painter M. N. Vorobyov. In 1840 he went to Italy, then visited France, Spain, Portugal, Holland, England. In 1844 he returned to St. Petersburg as a European-famous artist, a member of the Roman, Paris and Amsterdam academies. At home, he was also awarded the title of academician, and then was appointed artist at the Main Naval Staff. In 1845 he left St. Petersburg and finally settled in his native Feodosia, choosing the most favorable conditions for creativity. In 1847 he was recognized as a professor at the Academy of Arts. More than 120 personal exhibitions took place in the cities of Europe and America during his lifetime. Created about six thousand paintings ...
The outstanding painter Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky entered the history of world art as a romantic marine painter, a master of the Russian classical landscape, conveying the beauty and power of the sea element on canvas.
1817
Aivazovsky was born on July 29, 1817 in Feodosia in the family of a bankrupt Armenian merchant. Until now, legends live in the city about a boy who painted with samovar coal on the whitewashed walls of the houses of the Armenian settlement.
1831-1833
With the assistance of the governor of Taurida A. I. Kaznacheev (until 1830 he was the mayor of Feodosia and encouraged the first steps of drawing a boy in every possible way), the talented teenager was admitted to the Tauride Gymnasium in 1831, and in 1833 he was enrolled in the Imperial Academy of Arts of St. Petersburg, which graduated with a big gold medal and with the right to travel to the Crimea, and then to Europe.
Already in the academic period, the work of the young artist was noticed by his great contemporaries A. S. Pushkin, V. A. Zhukovsky, I. A. Krylov, M. I. Glinka, K. P. Bryullov, personal acquaintance with whom could not but affect on the development and character of his art.
Two years of work in the Crimea were extremely fruitful and useful for the young artist. Once again on the shores of the Black Sea, in his native Feodosia, Aivazovsky enthusiastically works, closely studies nature, paints views of Yalta, Gurzuf, Sevastopol, Feodosia, Kerch from nature.
1840
In 1840, Aivazovsky, along with other boarders of the Academy of Arts, went to Rome to continue his education and improve his landscape painting. He went to Italy as an already established master, who had absorbed all the best traditions of Russian art. The years spent abroad were marked by tireless work. He gets to know classical art in the museums of Rome, Venice, Florence, Naples, visits Germany, Switzerland, Holland, France, England, Spain, Portugal.
IN a short time Aivazovsky becomes the most famous artist in Europe. His paintings arouse unprecedented interest among the audience. He was greeted by the writer N. V. Gogol, the artist A. A. Ivanov, the professor of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts F. I. Jordan, who lived in Italy at that time, and the famous English marine painter J. Turner.
By this time, the creative method of the painter had also developed, to which he was faithful throughout his life. He writes from memory and imagination, explaining it as follows: "... the movements of the living elements are elusive for the brush: writing lightning, a gust of wind, a splash of a wave is unthinkable from nature ...".
1844
In 1844, after four years of being abroad, Aivazovsky returned to his homeland as a recognized master, an academician of the Roman, Paris and Amsterdam academies of arts. Upon his return to Russia, he was elevated to the rank of academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts and, after that, was ranked by royal decree with the Main Naval Staff with the title of painter and the right to wear the uniform of the Naval Ministry. At this time, the artist was barely 27 years old, but he already had a brilliant school of painting behind him, a huge creative success, world famous landscape painter.
1845
In 1845, Aivazovsky began building his house in Feodosia. He was always attracted to his homeland, to the Black Sea. The house is being built according to the marine painter's own project in the style of Italian Renaissance villas, decorated with casts of antique sculptures. Adjacent to the living rooms is a spacious workshop, in which he would later create most of the six thousand paintings he painted. Among them are the milestone works "The Ninth Wave", "The Black Sea", "Among the Waves". From the walls of his workshop will come talented artists A. Fessler, L. Lagorio, A. Hansen, M. Latry, K. Bogaevsky.
1847
Living constantly in Feodosia, the painter works a lot, but does not close himself within the walls of his workshop. He leads a big social activities, is engaged in archaeological excavations, often travels to St. Petersburg and Moscow, constantly opens exhibitions of his works in major cities Russia and abroad, takes part in international exhibitions. In 1847 he was awarded the title of professor at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, later he became an academician of two more European art academies, Stuttgart and Florence.
His house and workshop are visited by artists I. E. Repin, I. I. Shishkin, G. I. Semiradsky, a well-known collector. M. Tretyakov, Polish virtuoso violinist Heinrich Wieniawski, writer A.P. Chekhov and others.
1871
In Feodosia, Aivazovsky lived a long, full creative fire and indomitable energy life. At the main facade of the artist's house is installed bronze monument, on the pedestal of which there is a laconic inscription: "Feodosia - to Aivazovsky." In this short phrase, grateful descendants have included great feeling admiration, pride and deep respect for his famous countryman, the first Honorary Citizen of Feodosia, who did a lot for the economic and cultural development cities. In addition to the opening of the art gallery in Feodosia, Aivazovsky in 1871, according to his own project and at his own expense, builds the building of the archaeological museum, becomes one of the organizers of the first public library. He constantly cares about the architectural appearance hometown. With his participation, buildings were designed and built concert hall, dachas of the famous publicist and editor of the Novoye Vremya newspaper A. S. Suvorin. According to the project of the artist and thanks to his energy, a sea trading port and Railway.
1887-1888
The Aivazovsky Fountain is a kind of visiting card of Feodosia. The city has long experienced problems with water supply, fresh water was sorely lacking. In July 1888, the writer A.P. Chekhov, who was visiting Feodosia, wrote: “There are no trees and grass in Feodosia.” The problem was solved in 1887, when, in order to improve the water supply of the city, I.K. Aivazovsky donated to the city 50 thousand buckets of water daily from the Su-Bash estate (now the village of Aivazovskoye, Kirov district).
The construction of the water pipeline was carried out in the spring - summer of 1888, the city spent 231,689 rubles on its construction, a very large amount for those times. The city received water already in September, and on October 1 (September 18, according to the old style), 1888, on the day of the official opening of the water supply, a fountain was launched on the New Market Square.
The fountain is rectangular in shape. oriental style with large canopies from the roof, built of local shell stone, stone cladding is partially preserved. The fountain was built at the expense and according to the project of I.K. Aivazovsky. Its laying took place on September 12, 1887 after a service in the Feodosia Alexander Nevsky Cathedral.
The city council was going to name the fountain after Alexander III, relevant documents were prepared and sent to the authorities. Without waiting for a decision, the city authorities prepared a mortgage plate on which the words "Emperor Alexander" were engraved. However, taking into account the merits of I.K. Aivazovsky, the Supreme Decree, which followed in September 1888, was ordered to give the fountain the name of the great artist. In this regard, instead of the words “Emperor Alexander”, the words “I. K. Aivazovsky”, apparently, there was no money for a new plate, so it was decided to cut out its center with an inscription and insert a block with a new text. If you look closely at the mortgage plate, then before the first letter in the name of I. K. Aivazovsky, you can clearly see the details of the letter “I” of a larger size, from the word “Emperor”, and after the end of the name, the details of the letter “A” from the word “Alexander”.
A fee was charged for using the Feodosian-Subash water supply, but they drank water from the fountain for free. In the center of the fountain, above the tap, was a silver mug with the inscription: "Drink to the health of Ivan Konstantinovich and his family." After some time, an oriental-style pavilion appeared near the fountain (the building has not survived): on the left there was a cheburek, on the right they prepared barbecue, the cafe was called “Fountain”. In the warm season, tables were set up behind a light fence right under open sky. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, this corner of the city was very popular with the townspeople.
1900
On April 19, 1900, there was a canvas on the easel with the started painting “The Wreck of the Ship” - it remained unfinished.
The whole city said goodbye to the artist. The road to the church of St. Sergius was strewn with flowers. The military garrison of Feodosia gave the last honors to its artist.
In his declining years, as if summing up his life, Aivazovsky said to his interlocutor: "Happiness smiled at me." His big life, which covered almost the entire 19th century, from its beginning to the very end, was lived calmly and with dignity. There were no storms and cataclysms in it, so frequent in the paintings of the master. He never doubted the correctness of the chosen path and until the end of the century conveyed the covenants of romantic art, from which he began. creative way, seeking to combine increased emotionality with a realistic depiction of nature.
. Conclusion
Aivazovsky taught many generations of people to see the sea correctly and enjoy its amazing beauty. He created about 6000 works. Aivazovsky painted the sea either joyful, shining with countless sun glare, or harsh and gloomy, or solemnly calm, but most often he depicted it as raging, with a roar bringing down giant foam shafts on coastal rocks and throwing ships like shells. Remarkable paintings by I. K. Aivazovsky adorn many museums around the world. But truly, the art gallery in Feodosia was and remains the treasury of his creations: it exhibits more than 400 paintings by the artist.
- Read your essay carefully and write down the main ideas of each paragraph or subsection. Go through them with your eyes and leave only those that you consider the most significant for your work. Offering the reader all the conclusions for each small piece of text, you will only tire him out with this, make the work protracted.
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