Fundamentals of Imagination. Basic techniques for creating creative images

Basic techniques for creating creative images.

There are several techniques for creating creative images of the imagination: agglutination, analogy, exaggeration / understatement, emphasis, typification.

Agglutination (lat. - gluing) - the method of connecting ("gluing") some parts of two or more objects into one whole. Agglutination is widespread in fairy tales in the form of images of a hut on chicken legs, mermaids - women with a fish tail, etc. Agglutination is also used in real images(for example, an amphibious tank, an accordion that combines elements of a piano and button accordion).

Analogy - method of constructing an image according to the principle of similarity. For example, according to the principle of similarity to the orientation organ bat locator was created.

Exaggeration / understatement - a technique with which they seek to show the dominant qualities of a person (for example, the kindness of a mighty Giant or the mind and soft heart of a Boy with a finger).

Accent - a technique close to exaggeration, highlighting any one pronounced positive or negative feature in the image. Especially often it is used in cartoons and cartoons.

Typing - the hardest trick creative creation images of the imagination. Describing creativity in literature, M. Gorky said that the character of a hero is made up of many individual traits taken from various people of a certain social group. You need to look closely at a hundred or two, say, workers in order to approximately correctly describe the portrait of one worker.

All the techniques described can be used in any area of ​​life and activity in connection with the search for a new one, with the manifestation of creative imagination.

dream the images created in the imagination of the desired are called. They do not contradict reality, therefore, under certain conditions, a dream can be realized. For many centuries, people have dreamed of flying, but their bodily organization does not have wings. However, the time came when flying machines were created, and man flew. Now air transport has become an everyday, fast, convenient means of communication and transportation. The dream is thus a useful mechanism for creative activity.

Dreams It's called fruitless fantasy. In dreams, a person evokes in the mind images and thoughts unrealizable, contrary to reality.

In any kind of human labor - be it the work of a teacher, engineer, doctor, designer, innovator turner, artist, writer, scientist, and even a student who writes an essay - there are certain manifestations of a reproducing or creative imagination.

Constructive skills associated with the planning of classes for the whole academic year, a quarter, with the construction and conduct of each lesson. They always give a great effect if they are based on creativity.

IN design skills creativity is more pronounced. Here we are talking about the need to see the "tomorrow" of their followers, their business.

Observations of people's lives and their activities show that a developed and pronounced imagination manifests itself in a number of essential qualities of a person. These qualities, or traits, of a person, first of all, include spirituality. With spirituality, imagination is included in all cognitive activity. At the same time, a person's relationship to other people, to life, is emotionally uplifted.

The trait opposite to spirituality is prosaic. The prosaic nature is expressed in the absence of lofty dreams and lofty civic ideals, in the chaining of interests and needs to everyday little things in life. For such a person, his whole life goes in the plane of everyday worries. If he has a manifestation of spirituality, then these are only flashes that only emphasize his typical prose.

With a dream like special kind imagination, such a personality trait is associated as daydreaming. Unlike dreams, a dream does not break away from reality, but daydreaming is not considered positive trait personality. Dreaminess becomes positive quality personality, if it is included in the activity, is one of its motivators and is associated with the volitional qualities of a person.

Dubrovina I.V. Psychological mechanisms or techniques for creating images of the imagination // Practical psychology and speech therapy. - No. 4 (33). - 2008. - P.46-49

In the images of the imagination there are always features of various images known to man. But in the new image they are transformed, changed, combined in unusual combinations. The essence of imagination lies in the ability to notice and highlight in objects and phenomena specific features and properties and transfer them to other objects. There are several psychological mechanisms or techniques for creating images of the imagination.

combination- a combination of individual elements of various images of objects in new, more or less unusual combinations.

But combining is a creative synthesis, and not a simple sum of already known parts, it is a process of essential transformation of the elements from which the new look. For example, A. S. Pushkin:

By the seaside, a green oak, A golden chain on that oak, Day and night, a learned cat. Everything goes around in circles. He goes to the right - the song starts, To the left - he tells a fairy tale ... There are miracles, there the goblin roams, The mermaid sits on the branches ...

special case combination - agglutination(from lat. aggluttnare - to stick). This is a way to create a new image by connecting, gluing completely different objects or their properties, for example, a centaur, a dragon, a sphinx or a magic carpet: the ability of birds to fly was transferred to another object. This is a fabulous image - the conditions under which the carpet could fly are not taken into account. But the very imaginary transfer of the ability of birds to fly to other bodies is justified. Then they studied the flight conditions and fulfilled their dream - they invented an airplane. In technology, these are snowmobiles, an amphibious tank, etc.

By combining the properties of one object are transferred to another. The details that are combined into a new image can also be given in words. This technique was used by the famous Italian storyteller G. Rodari, who came up with a special "fantasy bean". With the help of this binomial, you can learn to invent different stories and fairy tales.

"Binom" means "consisting of two parts." Two words are taken for the binomial. But it doesn't have to be any words. These should be words whose neighborhood would be unusual. Here is how J. Rodari writes about it: “It is necessary that a certain distance separates two words, so that one is sufficiently alien to the other so that their proximity is unusual - only then the imagination will be forced to activate, trying to establish a relationship between the indicated words, to create a single, in this case fantastic whole ... ".

J. Rodari compares the combinations "horse - dog" and "wardrobe - dog". In the first, from his point of view, "imagination remains indifferent." Quite another matter - the second combination. “This,” writes J. Rodari, “is a discovery, an invention, a stimulus.” This is the "fantasy bean".

accentuation- emphasizing the individual features of a person, creature, object. This technique is often used when drawing caricatures and friendly caricatures, exaggerating, sharpening individual features of the characters.

Emphasis manifests itself in several specific actions:

a) exaggeration - deliberate emphasis on features appearance person, qualities of an object;

b) hyperbolization - exaggeration or miniaturization - understatement (a boy with a finger, a giant, Thumbelina, the seven-headed Serpent Gorynych).

Exaggeration and exaggeration of individual features are often used in fairy tales and works of art. For example, the curious Pinocchio a long nose. The hero of E. Rostand's play Cyrano de Bergerac also has a very large nose. This nose largely determines the character of the hero. Here's what one of the characters has to say about it:

"A nose! Not only is he great

He's downright abnormal!

It's not for nothing that Cyrano's nature is so proud,

And he wears his nose with Gascon pride;

But everyone, seeing that nose, involuntarily asks:

"When does he take it off?" Lord!

He never takes it off."

These techniques are widely used in most different types human activity. For example, microcircuits were created in technology with the help of miniaturization, without which many modern devices would not be possible.

opposition- this is the endowment of an object, being with signs, properties that are opposite to the known ones. For inventors, this technique is called "do the opposite." For example, to make the immovable mobile. As in the fairy tale "At the command of the pike" - the stove starts to move. You can turn the bad into the good. With angina, for example, you can not eat anything cold. But sometimes patients with angina are specially given ice cream. It is possible to turn permanent attributes of an object into temporary ones and vice versa.

There is a famous problem that psychologists have given to many people. It was invented by psychologist K. Dunker. A person is given a scale with two bowls (an object is placed on one bowl, and weights are placed on the other), a set of different small items, among them a box of matches and a candle. It is proposed to set the candle and the rest of the items on the scales so that at first the bowls are in an equal position, and after a while this balance is disturbed by itself.

Only a few of those who were offered this task were able to solve it, and even then only after prompting the experimenter.

What is the difficulty of this task? Usually, an object to be weighed is immediately placed on one scale pan, and they do not touch it anymore, and all attention is focused on the other scale pan, where different objects are placed - they are called weights - in order for the scale pans to align. These weights are added, removed, changed. This is how most of those who participated in these experiments acted. And few people guessed "that it requires" an action in reverse "- to perform an action on an object that is being weighed. In other words, light a candle that will burn out and its weight will decrease.

Reception "all the way around" is used in the vacuum cleaner. Typically, a vacuum cleaner sucks in air, and with it dust. But in some models, an operation is provided that allows the vacuum cleaner, on the contrary, to blow out air. Such vacuum cleaners are used for painting walls and ceilings.

Typing- highlighting the essential, repeating in homogeneous images.

This mechanism is often used to create literary images- such character traits that characterize many people come to the fore. Typification is the most difficult way to create an image of creative imagination, this is a generalization and emotional richness of the image. M. Gorky wrote that those writers who are well versed in the methods of observation, comparison, selection of the most characteristic features people and the inclusion of the "imagination" of these features in one person.

Knowledge of these techniques made it possible to control the creation of images. It made it possible to teach people to train their creative imagination, to come up with something new.

Similar information.

Features of imagination in preschool age

1.2 Types of imagination and ways to create creative images

There are several classifications of types of imagination, each of which is based on one of the essential features of imagination.

On the basis of activity, a passive, contemplative imagination with its involuntary forms (dreams, dreams) and an active, practically active imagination are distinguished. With active imagination, images are always formed consciously with the condition of the goal set.

Depending on the independence and originality of images, imagination can be recreative and creative.

The re-creative imagination is the imagining of something new to this person based on verbal description or a conditional image of this new one (drawing, diagram, musical notation, etc.). This type of imagination is widely used in various types of human activity, including teaching. The leading role in it is played by images of memory. Recreative imagination plays an important role in the process of communication and assimilation of social experience.

creative imagination is the creation of new images without relying on finished description or conditional image. Creative imagination is independent creation new images. Almost all human culture is the result of the creative imagination of people. In the creative combination of images, the leading role of memory disappears, but emotionally colored thinking takes its place.

Images of creative imagination are created through various techniques and methods. The transformation of the material in the imagination obeys certain laws that express its peculiarity. Imagination is characterized by certain processes that include elements of visualization. So, the operation of generalization when creating an image of the imagination is the operation of typification.

Typification as a specific generalization consists in creating a complex, holistic image of a synthetic nature. For example, there are professional images of a worker, a doctor, and so on.

The technique of imagination is also combination, which is a selection and combination of certain features of objects or phenomena. Combination is not a simple mechanical combination of the original elements, but their combination according to a specific logical scheme. The basis for combination is human experience.

The next essential way to create creative images is to emphasize, emphasize certain features, signs, sides, properties, their exaggeration or understatement. A classic example is a cartoon, a caricature.

The technique of reconstruction also has a certain significance in the activity of the imagination, when the integral structure of the image is “imagined” according to a part, attribute, property.

There is a way - agglutination, i.e. "gluing" of various, incompatible in Everyday life parts. An example is the classic character of fairy tales man - beast or man - bird.

Hyperbolization is a paradoxical increase or decrease in an object or its individual parts. (Example: a boy with a finger).

The mechanism of the functioning of the imagination is also the method of assimilation, which, in the form of allegories, symbols, plays a significant role in aesthetic creativity. IN scientific knowledge the technique of assimilation is also important: it allows one to construct schemes, to represent certain procedures (modeling, schematization, etc.).

The technique of dismemberment lies in the fact that the new is obtained as a result of the separation of parts of objects.

Substitution is the replacement of one element by another.

There is also an analogy. Its essence lies in the creation of the new by analogy (similarity) with the known.

Defining the peculiarity of the imagination associated with the named methods of reality, it should be emphasized that all of them, one way or another, proceed not only in abstraction, but also in the form of sensuality. These processes are based on mental operations, but the form of all transformations here is precisely sensibility.

imagination preschool age

The ultimate source of imagination operations is subject-practical activity, which serves as the foundation for transforming and formalizing the content of imagination images. Consequently, the basis for the imagination are sensual images, but their transformation is carried out in logical form Introduction to psychology. / K.N. Ignatenko. - M.: Academy, 2007. - S. 48. .

The basis of the imagination is always perceptions that provide the material from which the new will be built. Then comes the process of processing this material - combining and recombining. Components this process are dissociation (analysis) and association (synthesis) perceived.

The activity of creative imagination does not end there. A full circle will be completed when the imagination is embodied, or crystallized in external images. Being embodied outside, having taken on a material incarnation, this "crystallized" imagination, having become a thing, begins to really exist in the world and influence other things. Such imagination becomes reality.

Thus, the products of the imagination in their development described a circle. The elements from which they are built were taken by man from reality. Inside a person, in his thinking, they have undergone complex processing and turned into products of the imagination. Having incarnated, they again returned to reality, but returned already with a new active force that changes this reality. Such is the full circle of the creative activity of the imagination.

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Imagination- this is a process of creative transformation of ideas that reflect reality, and the creation on this basis of new ideas that were previously absent. The ability of consciousness to create images, representations, ideas and manipulate them; plays a key role in the following mental processes: modeling, planning, creativity, play, human memory. In a broad sense, any process that takes place "in images" is imagination.

Imagination is the basis of visual-figurative thinking, which allows a person to navigate the situation and solve problems without the direct intervention of practical actions. It helps him in many ways in those cases of life when practical actions are either impossible, or difficult, or simply inappropriate.

The more complex the object, the more imagination is involved in its perception. The perception of works of art or musical art almost impossible without imagination. The relationship between imagination and thinking is well manifested in a problem situation.

Imagination features:

The source of emerging images is not external world, and memory;

It corresponds less to reality, since it always contains an element of fantasy.

Types of imagination

Active imagination (deliberate)- the creation by a person of his own free will of new images or ideas, accompanied by certain efforts (the poet is looking for a new artistic image to describe nature, the inventor sets the goal of creating a new technical device, etc.).

Passive imagination (unintentional)- at the same time, a person does not set himself the goal of transforming reality, and images spontaneously arise on their own (this type of mental phenomena includes a wide range of phenomena, from dreams to an idea that suddenly and unplanned arose in the mind of the inventor).

Productive (creative) imagination- the creation of fundamentally new ideas that do not have a direct sample, when reality is creatively transformed in a new way, and not just mechanically copied or recreated.

Reproductive (recreating) imagination- creating an image of objects or phenomena according to their description, when reality is reproduced from memory in the form that it is.

Characteristics of certain types of imaginations

Dreams can be classified as passive and involuntary forms of imagination. Modern science believes that they reflect the process of transferring information from operational to long-term memory. Another point of view is that in a person's dreams many vital needs are expressed and satisfied, which, for a number of reasons, cannot be realized in real life.

Hallucination - passive and involuntary forms of imagination. Hallucinations are called fantastic visions that do not have a clear connection with the reality surrounding a person. Usually hallucinations are the result of some kind of mental disorder or exposure to drugs or drugs on the brain.

Dreams, unlike hallucinations, are a completely normal mental state, which is a fantasy associated with a desire, most often a somewhat idealized future.

A dream differs from a dream in that it is more realistic and more feasible.

Mechanisms for processing representations into imaginary images. The creation of images of the imagination is carried out using several methods:

Agglutination - “folding”, “gluing” of various parts that are not connected in everyday life. An example is the classic character of fairy tales - the centaur, the Serpent-Gorynych, etc.

Hyperbolization is a significant increase or decrease in an object or its individual parts, which leads to qualitatively new properties. The following fairy-tale and literary characters can serve as an example: the giant Homeric Cyclops, Gulliver, Boy-with-Thumb.

Emphasis - highlighting a characteristic detail in the created image (friendly cartoon, caricature).

Imagination functions

1. Representation of reality in images, which makes it possible to use them by performing operations with imaginary objects.

2. Formation of an internal plan of action (creating an image of the goal and finding ways to achieve it) in the face of uncertainty.

3. Participation in the arbitrary regulation of cognitive processes (management of memories).

4. Regulation of emotional states.

5. The basis for creativity - both artistic (literature, painting, sculpture) and technical (invention)

6. Creation of images corresponding to the description of the object (when a person tries to imagine something that he heard or read about).

7. Production of images that do not program, but replace activity (pleasant dreams that replace boring reality).

Imagination creates new images by transforming famous images objects and phenomena. There are a number of ways to do this:

1.Creation image about any parts of the subject , its property or a separate attribute. The basis of this process is analysis in the form of a mental selection of a part or property of an object, their abstraction from the whole with a specific cognitive or practical task (for example, Gogol's "Nose").

2.hyperbole is a way of creating an image of the imagination by exaggerating the entire image of an object or its parts, endowing the object with a significantly larger number of significant features compared to reality, exaggerating the forces and possibilities of the object. Often used in cartoons.

3.Miniaturization (understatement) -a way of creating an image of the imagination through understatement holistic images objects from individual properties and psychological qualities. Sometimes there is a combination of miniaturization and hyperbolization, when techniques of both increase and decrease are simultaneously used in creating an image.

4.Accents (sharpening) is a technique for creating images of the imagination by emphasizing certain properties, features, aspects of various phenomena. One of the forms of emphasis is such a selection of one of the properties of the image, which is not only dominant, but also universal, unique, characterizing the image in its entirety (almost all the main characters of works of art, the allegorism of images). Accent in artistic creativity, advertising, imageology is achieved by repeated repetition of any stable expressive features, which allows you to get the individualization of the image, its unforgettableness.

5.Agglutination - a way to create an image of the imagination by combining into a single system of ideas in a sequence (combination) that is different from our direct perceptions and experiences (mermaids, sphinxes, centaurs).

6.Schematization consists in the exclusion of some properties or qualities inherent in a particular object, person. Speaking about the advantages of schematization, S.L. Rubinstein emphasized that the artist achieves the proper expressiveness of the object if he saves him from unnecessary, secondary details that interfere with the perception of the characteristic that is characteristic of the depicted object (a typical hero in typical circumstances).

7.Reconstruction object by known fragments is essential in creative work. This technique is actively used by archaeologists, emergency situations specialists, etc. It is used in the restoration of historical figures from the surviving remains (the work of M.M. Gerasimov on the creation of portraits of Ivan the Terrible, Tamerlane, etc.)

Types of imagination

Like every other mental cognitive process, imagination can be viewed from different angles. If we take into account the dominant importance of individual psychological components in images of the imagination, then we should talk, for example, about emotional and intellectual imagination. If we take the connection of images of the imagination with reality as the basis for the classification, then we need to talk about recreative and creative imagination.

According to the degree of activity of the subject of imagination, two types can be distinguished: active imagination, in which a person intends to use the results of imagination in practice, and passive, in which the goal of using the results of imagination is not set, and it itself can arise regardless of the desire of the subject.

passive imagination in humans, it is represented by two subspecies, depending on the presence or absence of awareness of its occurrence.

So, passive intentional imagination (or dreams ) represent creation of images of the imagination, which are initially perceived by a person as unreal, impracticable, ghostly, dream-like. However, passive intentional imagination is perceived by a person as his own and is formed under his conscious influence. Dreams usually occur in a person with a weakened control of consciousness, more often in a semi-drowsy state. At the same time, control is manifested in the selection of fantastic pictures, and only those that would evoke desired feelings in a person, accompanied by peculiar emotional states, figuratively called “sweet sadness”. These are paintings pleasant, but obviously unrealizable. The external expression of dreams is most often a prolonged immobility of a person with an accentuated apathy of the posture. Causes of dreams: dreams arise under the influence of peace, complacency and contentment; as a result of tedious work, long transitions, when a person's consciousness becomes dull; under the influence of special stimuli (favorite music, etc.). No matter how realistic a dream is, a person always distinguishes it from reality, which is how it differs from both hallucinations and illusions. Dreams appear without any reliance on perception, therefore they easily disappear when a person is exposed to any stimulus.

Often in everyday psychology, daydreams are considered a synonym for either a dream (“daydreaming”) or a dream, but then it is defined as a “passive” dream, emphasizing the initially unrealistic nature of the created image.

Passive unintentional imagination creates images in special states of a person or his body, when a person does not control the process of creating these images. Varieties of passive unintentional imagination are dreams and hallucinations. Under dream many scientists understand imaginative images that arise in a person during REM sleep and represent the creation of new images as a result of a combination of images retrieved from long-term memory and perceptual images received during the previous day.According to Z. Freud and his followers , dreams – it is a symbolic expression of the unconscious for consciousness. hallucinations – This a psychological phenomenon in which an apparent image arises in the absence of a real external stimulus outside the clouding of consciousness. This image is evaluated by a person without criticism, as a truly truly existing object. The hallucinating subject is unable to get rid of the inner conviction that at the given moment he has sensory sensations, that the object he senses really exists, although this object does not act on him. This hallucination differs from an illusion, which distorts the image of an object that actually acts on the senses. The causes of hallucinations can be organic (exposure to drugs, alcohol, toxic substances, temperature, lack of oxygen, etc.) and psychogenic (state of passion) character.

Active imagination also has two subspecies: recreating And creative . A feature of active imagination can be called the fact that, basically, it is conscious, proceeding with vigorous activity thinking of the subject and is subordinated directly or indirectly to a perceived task - scientific, artistic, educational or practical.

Recreating imagination - this kind of imagination which new images arise based on the perception of descriptions, diagrams, drawings, musical notations, etc. His images are relatively new and usually the goal of this kind of imagination is to create an image that is as close to the real as possible. This type of imagination plays a leading role in learning, allowing students to understand its essence through the images created by the student of the phenomenon under study.

creative imagination is such a type of imagination during which a person independently creates new images that have a personal or public value. The main thing in the process of creative imagination is the modification and transformation of images, the creation of new synthetic compositions. Creative imagination is given direction by the conscious needs of practice and cognition, as well as the possibility of figuratively foreseeing the results of one's own actions. In order for imagination not to turn into a fruitless game of the mind, the subject in activity must adhere to certain restrictive conditions. The latter include, firstly, taking into account the connection of the new image with the existing reality. Therefore, it is useful when the combinatorics of visual elements of the image of creative imagination is regulated by abstract thinking, i.e. carried out according to the rules of logic. The second condition is to find out how original the images of the imagination are.

Creative imagination can create images that are subjectively new (“inventing the bicycle”) and objectively new (as a result of scientific or artistic activity).

active imagination in specific person can reach different levels. About imagination level can be judged by the richness of the images, their vital significance for the theoretical and practical activities, perspective purposefulness of images, their novelty, originality, etc.

A special place in the system of types of imagination is occupied by a dream. Dream - This the activity of the imagination, manifested in the creation of optimistic plans, the implementation of which a person expects in the future. Of all the manifestations of active, voluntary imagination, the dream is most strongly woven into human life. From the early childhood and until a very old age, a person constantly hopes for something, waits for something. The dream is a great motivating force that makes us work hard to achieve the desired results. As some dreams come true, others appear. The dream is different creative imagination as follows: 1) is the creation of images of the desired future of the person himself; 2) not included in creative activity, i.e. does not produce an immediate and immediately objective product in the form of a scientific invention, artwork, technical invention, etc.

Imagination and personality

There is a relationship between imagination and personality characteristics of a person. At different people depending on the warehouse of their personality, the images of the imagination are distinguished by their brightness, the degree of correlation with reality, the vitality and truthfulness of these images. The ability to subordinate the imagination to the task at hand determines the organization or disorganization of the imagination process.

At the same time, various traits of a person's character follow from the characteristics of the imagination, being formed on their basis. The absence of a lofty dream is associated with prosaic. Insufficient correlation of images of imagination with reality leads to the development fantasy. Dreams can serve as the basis for daydreaming. Creative imagination is inseparable from spirituality, which, in turn, manifests itself either in poetry human nature, or in romance.

It is assumed that the imagination takes part in the formation of a person's sensitivity, tact, empathy and the ability to empathize with another person.