What has human labor led to? Each type of work consists of

It is a kind of social behavior. Labor activity- this is a rational series of operations and functions, rigidly fixed in time and space, performed by people united in labor organizations. The labor activity of employees provides a solution to a number of tasks:

1. the creation of material wealth as a means of life support for a person and society as a whole;
2. provision of services for various purposes;
3. development scientific ideas, values ​​and their applied analogues;
4. accumulation, conservation, processing and analysis, transfer of information and its carriers;
5. development of a person as an employee and as a person, etc.

Labor activity - regardless of the method, means and results - is characterized by a number of common properties:

1. a certain functional and technological set of labor operations;
2. a set of relevant qualities of labor subjects, recorded in professional, qualification and job characteristics;
3. material and technical conditions and spatio-temporal framework of implementation;
4. in a certain way, the organizational, technological and economic connection of labor subjects with the means, the conditions for their implementation;
5. normative-algorithmic method of organization, through which the behavioral matrix of individuals included in the production process (organizational and managerial structure) is formed.

Each type of labor activity can be divided into two main characteristics: psychophysiological content (the work of the sense organs, muscles, thought processes, etc.); and the conditions under which work is carried out. The structure and level of physical and nervous loads in the process of labor activity are determined by these two characteristics: physical - depend on the level of automation of labor, its pace and rhythm, design and rationality of the placement of equipment, tools, equipment; nervous - due to the volume of processed information, the presence of industrial danger, the degree of responsibility and risk, the monotony of work, relationships in the team.

The content and working conditions change significantly and ambiguously under the influence of scientific and technological progress. The functions of transforming the object of labor are increasingly transferred to technology, the main functions of the performer are control, management, programming of its activities, which significantly reduces the cost of physical energy.

Thus, in general, we can talk about a reduction in motor components and an increase in the importance of the mental component of labor activity. In addition, the NTP creates technical prerequisites for the withdrawal of the employee from the zone of industrial hazards and dangers, improves the protection of the performer, and frees him from heavy and routine work.

However, an excessive decrease in motor activity turns into hypodynamia. The growth of nervous loads can lead to injuries, accidents, cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric disorders. An increase in the speed and power of equipment can lead to inconsistency in the parameters of its operation and the ability of a person to react and make decisions. New technologies often lead to the emergence of new production hazards and hazards, negative impact on the environment.

The problem is to "tie" technology to human capabilities, to take into account its psycho-physiological characteristics at the stages of design, construction, operation of the "man-machine" system. All this determines the need to study the physiological and mental processes in human work.

Types of labor activity of a person differ in the content of processes, the functions performed, the forms of organization, the costs of abilities, the results obtained, the methods of measurement, and many other features. labor processes or types of labor activity, according to the main features that determine their name, are simple and complex, basic and auxiliary, mental and physical, manual and automated, mechanical and instrumental, regulated and creative, scientific and practical, managerial and executive, productive and maintenance, continuous and discrete, free and compulsory, technical and economic, linear and functional, etc.

For the organization of labor activity, general managerial and executive functions should be distinguished: justification of the goal, work planning, coordination of personnel work, process control, evaluation of results, etc.

Planning in the free market economy becomes the basis for the independent production and labor activity of all enterprises and workers, since without it it is impossible to calculate the need for economic resources, coordinate the work of personnel and individual services, control the current course of production, stimulate the timely and high-quality performance of work, etc.

Coordination in modern management is considered the most important function of management in every activity. In personnel management, it allows for a rational placement of employees, ensuring coordinated actions of personnel, as well as maneuvering economic resources at all levels of management and at the stages of production, consumption and distribution of goods and services.

Control serves in any production activity as an important means of achieving the goals planned by the personnel. Based on the Accounting and analysis of actual and planned results, control acts as a feedback element in improving the management of all labor and production processes.

The considered functions are common in all managerial and executive activities of the personnel, as well as in all mental and physical labor processes.

The joint labor activity of personnel at an industrial enterprise consists in the fact that some categories of workers ensure the uninterrupted supply of production resources, others - their biological processing, and others - the sale of finished products. Each employee of the enterprise contributes his individual labor to the single production process, which thus forms the overall final result of production. Therefore, the work of each member of the team of an enterprise or corporation, which is an important integral part general work activity, must be planned and organized in advance. At small enterprises, the planning, organization and management of their labor activity is carried out by the employees themselves - performers, at large enterprises - specially allocated employees - managers or managers - organizers different levels management. Management as a type of labor activity of a special category of personnel, called leaders or managers, is an integration process of their influence on the work of individual performers, entire groups or divisions of an enterprise in order to achieve the greatest production results with limited economic resources. Leaders should create organizational - economic conditions for the fruitful work of all workers.

The basis of the main position modern management the principle of combining or separating managerial and executive activities can be based on the high productivity of personnel. However, in any case, the better each performer manages himself and his work processes as part of a single production system, the less special or professional management is required. To do this, each employee - manager and performer must know well how to carry out executive and managerial functions in his production or workplace. The better the main goals of the organization are known to all employees and the more they have economic freedom in their work, the more likely the tasks can be achieved, the closer the final result is to the goal. In practice, such an organization of work can be considered a kind of self-management of personnel.

The personnel management system in every large and small enterprise can be divided into three categories of labor activity: managing oneself and one's work, managing a separate group of employees or a division of the enterprise, and managing the personnel of the entire organization. Any managerial activity can be represented in production as a system for managing people and their labor activity. Activity management consists of known common functions; setting production targets, planning labor processes, monitoring the implementation of tasks, measuring the results, etc. People management includes such specific functions as determining the optimal number of employees, selection and placement of personnel for jobs and production stages, ensuring cooperation between all members of the workforce, informing and motivating employees, etc.

in personnel management It is customary to divide all types of human labor activity into two components. The first of them characterizes regulated work performed according to a given technology or scheme, when the performer does not introduce any elements of novelty into the work, own creativity. A typical example of such activity is the performance by a worker of labor operations of a machine operator or assembler according to pre-designed technological maps or processes. The second component characterizes creative work aimed at creating new material goods or spiritual values, as well as new technologies or production methods. Creative work includes the work of an entrepreneur, inventor-innovator, scientific worker-innovator, etc.

Topic 1. Labor activity of a person

Lecture 8. 150

Lecture 7. 134

Topic 1.8. Obligations and responsibility of employees to comply with the requirements of labor protection and labor regulations .. 134

Question 1.8.1. The main types of workers. 134

Question 1.8.2. Job duties of an employee. 142

Question 1.8.3. The rights and labor duties of an employee in labor protection. 144

Topic 1.9. Duties and responsibilities
officials for compliance with the requirements of labor legislation and labor protection.. 150

Question 1.9.1. Officials and their duties. 150

Question 1.9.2. Responsibility of officials. 155

The concepts of "labor activity" and "person" are inextricably linked throughout historical development as a person species and humanity as a social community. It was through the labor activity of Homo erectus (upright man) in the course of a long evolution that Homo sapiens(reasonable person).

Recall that activity- a form of activity specific to a person, aimed at the expedient transformation of the surrounding world to meet certain needs of an individual or society.

The most important form of activity is labor activity.

Labor activity- this is a conscious expedient human activity that requires the application of efforts and is aimed at transforming the surrounding world to meet certain needs of an individual or society, including the production of certain goods or the provision of services.

The basis of work is simple labor process carried out by the working person ( subject of labor) by transformation subject of labor by using means of labor And tools V product of labor.

The simple process of labor so fully, vividly and visually embodies the process of transformation outside world a man that he is often called simply labor.

Physical work- one of the main forms of a simple labor process, which is characterized by a significant predominance of a person's physical load over mental. Working physically, a person uses muscle energy and strength to “activate” the means and tools of labor and partially “controls” this “action”.

Physical labor can require significant physical effort(lifting and moving weight) or high tension, when some movement must be performed in a high rhythm, or endurance if a certain action needs to be performed for a long time.

Brainwork- the second of the main forms of a simple labor process, which is characterized by the predominance of the mental (mental) load of a person over the physical (muscular). In the process of mental labor, a person mainly uses his intellectual capabilities. Mental work can also be reproductive, formulaic, routine, monotonous and uninteresting.

Technological progress reduces the role of physical labor in the production process and increases the role of mental labor. In this case, some problems disappear, but others inevitably arise.

The responsibility of the operator for the timely recognition of signal information and making the right decision (driver, locomotive driver, aircraft pilot, dispatcher, etc.), the speed of changing situations (airport dispatcher), the ongoing monotony of reproductive labor that requires attention and concentration (supermarket cashier), and much more put new problems of facilitating mental work on the agenda of the 21st century.

The nature of the organization of labor changes significantly when several people work together instead of one person. Everyone is well aware that the organization of the labor of one, two, three or more people is a completely different task, introducing its own problems into the planned implementation of a simple labor process.

However, the labor of a large number of people, labor in society differs significantly from the labor of one person not only in its organization, but also in the presence of social and labor relations associated with the simple process of labor.

These relations reflect the forms and methods of involvement in labor, the distribution of labor functions among people, the distribution of the product of labor and the participation of workers in the management of organizations; methods of maintaining labor discipline; ways to create healthy and safe working conditions, etc.

Man is a social being, and labor is the source of all wealth, and therefore has a dual character. It not only appears as a simple process of labor for the transformation material world but also how social attitude (often referred to as the social-labor relation) of the people participating (directly or indirectly) in it.

Social (or socio-economic) character labor due to the form of ownership of the means of production. On this basis, one distinguishes private labor(owner or tenant) and wage labor.

private labor- this is the labor of the owner of the means of production or their tenant for himself (and at his own peril and risk). At the same time, the social character of labor remains unchanged, regardless of whether the product of labor is intended for sale (commodity production) or for personal consumption (subsistence farming). The person engaged in this labor is at the same time the owner of the means of production, its organizer and executor (worker).

hired labor is labor employee(owning only his labor force) in the interests of the employer ( employer), owning on the basis of ownership or lease the means of production and acting as the organizer of production. Such work is carried out for some kind of remuneration (most often wage). At the same time, the relationship between the employee and the employer can be considered as a transaction for the purchase and sale of labor (hiring) for labor market. For an employee, wage labor is a source of livelihood, and for an employer it is a source of profit, a source of wealth.

The worldwide and universal division of labor, the unrestrained growth of the scale of modern commodity production, led to the dominance of wage labor, often called professional work, i.e., labor in one profession or another.

Like any other activity, labor activity is fraught with dangers, including for the life and health of the worker. simple process human labor. To resist them, you need to know the features of the structure and functioning of the human body. This is the subject of the next question of our course.

The social behavior of each person includes such an element as labor activity. This process is strictly fixed, and includes a number of functions that a person must perform. These functions are his responsibilities and are regulated by a particular organization.

Labor activity and its essence

Specialists in the field of employment and personnel management deal with such tasks as:

• creation of means of social life support)
• development of ideas in the field of science, as well as the formation of new values)
• development of each individual employee as an employee and as an individual.

In addition, labor and work activities have a number of specific properties. First of all, it contains a number of specific labor operations. In each enterprise, they can be different, peculiar only to this company. In addition, all enterprises differ in the material and technical conditions for the sale of products or the provision of services. This also applies to temporal and spatial boundaries.

The concept of labor activity includes two main parameters:

• The first determines the psychophysical state of the employee, in other words, his ability to perform physical and mental work, despite any circumstances.
• The second parameter determines the conditions in which this employee carries out his labor activity.

The loads during the execution of the work depend on these parameters. The physical ones are due to the technological equipment of the enterprise, and the mental ones are due to the volume of information being processed. It is necessary to take into account the risks that arise in the case of performing monotonous work, as well as the relationships that develop between employees.

Now many functions have been transferred to automation. Thus, the main task of a certain category of workers is to control equipment and reprogram it if necessary. As a result, the cost physical strength decreases, and more and more people prefer intellectual work. Another advantage of automating some processes is the removal of workers from the area where they may be exposed to harmful effects. environment or other risks.

There is also a downside to automation. production processes- Decrease in motor activity, which results in hypodynamia. Due to the large nervous stress, an emergency situation may occur, and the employee becomes more susceptible to neuropsychiatric disorders. Also, the speed of data processing is growing too actively thanks to the latest equipment, and as a result, a person does not have time to make the necessary decisions.

Today, one of the main problems that arises during labor activity must be solved, namely, the optimization of the interaction between man and technology. At the same time, the mental and physical characteristics of workers should be taken into account, and a number of standards have been developed.

Features and functions of labor activity

Labor activity provides for some features, in particular, concerning such processes as productive and reproductive. In this case, the first type of processes dominates over the second.

The essence of the reproductive process is to change one type of energy into another. In this case, part of the energy is spent on the task. Thus, each person tries to use his strength as little as possible and at the same time obtain a satisfactory result.

The productive process is fundamentally different from the reproductive one. Thanks to this process, the transformation of energy from the outside world into the result of creative work is carried out. At the same time, a person practically does not spend his energy, or quickly replenishes it.

Among the functions performed by labor activity, the following should be highlighted.

Socio-economic

The essence of the socio-economic function lies in the fact that the subject of labor, which is the worker, affects the resources of the environment. The result of this activity is material goods, the task of which is to satisfy the needs of all members of society.

Controlling

The controlling function that a person's labor activity performs is to create a complex system of relations between members of the labor collective, which are regulated by norms of behavior, sanctions, and standards. This includes labor legislation, various regulations, charters, instructions and other documentation, the purpose of which is to control social ties in the team.

socializing

Thanks to the socializing function, the list social roles continuously enriched and expanded. Behavior patterns, norms and values ​​of employees are being improved. Thus, each individual member of the staff feels like a full-fledged participant in the life of society. As a result, employees receive not only some kind of status, but are also able to feel a social identity.

Educational

It is manifested in the fact that each employee is able to gain experience, on the basis of which skills are improved. This is possible thanks to creative essence every person who is developed in one way or another. Therefore, from time to time, the requirements for the level of knowledge and skills of the members of the labor collective are increased in order to improve the results of labor activity.

Productive

The productive function is aimed at the realization of the employees' creative abilities, as well as self-expression. As a result of this function, new technologies appear.

Stratification

The task of the stratification function, which is also included in the features of labor activity, is to evaluate the results of labor by consumers, as well as to reward them for the work done. At the same time, all types of labor activity are divided into more and less prestigious. This leads to the formation of a certain system of values ​​and the creation of a ladder of prestige for professions and a stratification pyramid.

The essence of the elements of labor activity

Any labor activity is divided into separate elements relating to different areas.

Labour Organization

One of these elements is the organization of work. This is a series of activities necessary to ensure rational use labor collective in order to improve production results.

Division of labor

The success of all production processes depends on the members of the staff, each of whom must be in his place during working hours. All employees have their own labor functions, which they perform according to the contract, and for which they receive a salary. At the same time, there is a division of labor: each individual employee performs the tasks assigned to him, which are part of the overall goal towards which the company's activities are directed.

There are several types of division of labor:

• the substantive provides for the assignment to certain jobs of employees who perform tasks with the help of the provided tools)
• functional distribution depends on the specific functions that are assigned to each of the employees.

cooperation

Each individual branch or workshop can independently choose the personnel who will perform certain tasks. Elements of labor activity include another concept - cooperation of labor. According to this principle, the more the work is divided into different parts, the more employees need to be combined to complete the tasks. Cooperation includes such a concept as the specialization of production, that is, the concentration of the release of a particular type of product in a given unit.

Workplace maintenance

Since the efficiency and effectiveness of workers depend on the efficiency of the equipment, employees are hired to service the devices used for production purposes.

1. First, planning is carried out, that is, placing the place in the room in such a way as to provide the employee with comfort, as well as to effectively use the usable area.
2. The equipment consists in the acquisition of the necessary equipment with which the employee will perform the assigned tasks.
3. Maintenance involves the subsequent repair of installed equipment and its modernization to improve performance.

Norm of time

This element controls the amount of time it takes to complete a job. This indicator is not constant: a person can perform more than the norm for a certain period of time. Even if an employee works according to a certain norm for a long time, he can at any time improve the efficiency of his activities and cope with tasks much faster.

Salary

One of the most important elements and deterrents in the workplace is wages. If the employee copes with his tasks better than required, he can be promoted or given financial incentives. Thus, the desire to earn becomes the reason for increasing the productivity of the worker.

Ways to improve work efficiency

The result of the enterprise's activity depends not only on the increase in the number of employees and the improvement of the material and technical base, but also on the improvement of the skills of existing employees. This is achieved through on-site training. Such training, in fact, is the adaptation of the body to new psychophysiological functions that the employee must perform in the future.

To achieve the goal of labor activity, the worker needs rest. One of the most effective ways to improve the quality of the result of the work of the staff is to optimize the mode of work and rest. As a rule, the change of work and rest must be observed at certain intervals of time, namely during:

• work shift (break)
• days (standard working day)
• weeks (weekends)
• year (holiday).

The specific time allocated for rest depends on the conditions in which the employee works, as well as on the conditions employment contract. This applies to both short-term breaks (during the working day) and long breaks (during the year). So, for most professions, the norm of short-term rest is 5-10 minutes. In one hour. Thanks to this break, you can restore the psychophysiological functions of the body, as well as relieve stress.

Motivation of labor activity

In addition to the main motivation in the form of material remuneration, an employee may have other motives that are due to certain circumstances and reasons. For example, one of the main motives is the need to be in the team, and not outside it. This factor affects another motive - the desire to assert itself, which in most cases is characteristic of highly qualified specialists seeking to get a managerial position.

Among other equally important motives, one should name the desire to acquire something new, to compete, to stability. A person can have several motives combined into one motivational whole, which determines labor activity. As a rule, there are three types of nucleus, which are characterized by the desire for:

• providing,
• recognition
• prestige.

The first group is associated with the desire to obtain stable well-being, the second consists in trying to realize oneself as a successful employee, the essence of the third is to show one's importance and demonstrate social leadership by taking an active part in social activities.

Having decided on the motives, the employee can achieve certain successes, as well as satisfy his needs by fulfilling the tasks set by the management. Thus, it is recommended to carefully study the motivation of employees, and on its basis to develop a system of incentives that will increase the efficiency of the workforce.

The incentive system will operate more efficiently if the employer takes an integrated approach in its development. Incentives should be based on the traditions established in the company, taking into account general direction enterprise activities. At the same time, it is desirable that the employees of the enterprise also participate in the development of the incentive system.

Features of individual activity

The situation is quite different with regard to individual labor activity. The legislation of the Russian Federation allows, in addition to the creation of an enterprise, both legal entity, carrying out individual activities. As an example - private teaching of subjects, preparation of children for school, tutoring. However, such an individual activity has its advantages and disadvantages, which is why many do not dare to take up tutoring.

Such a teacher is not required to issue a license that would give him the right to carry out teaching activities. It is also much easier to keep your own accounting records. However, there are some nuances in which the tutor is obliged to pay a higher percentage of tax in comparison with organizations.

Individual pedagogical labor activity can be classified as intellectual labor. Like any other work, this type of activity is aimed at obtaining a certain income, and therefore must be registered.

Individual labor pedagogical activity can be associated not only with conducting classes according to an extracurricular program. It also includes the sale of goods related to the educational sphere, namely: textbooks, pens, notebooks, etc. In addition, any individual entrepreneur can develop methods and training programs.

Registration must take place in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. The process is regulated by the Civil Code and a number of other documents. When registering, you must submit a photo, an identity document, as well as a certificate confirming the payment of the registration fee.

Posted On 07.04.2018

– physical

- mental (operational, operator, creative)

By means of labor:

– manual

– mechanized

– automated

– automatic

According to working conditions:

– comfortable

– extreme

- harmful, dangerous

On the organization of work:

– static

– dynamic

- monotonous

- individual

– collective

According to the requirements for the subject of labor:

- skill level

– vocational education

– professional experience

- health status

- physical development

Human Operator– a person engaged in labor activity, the basis of which is interaction with the object of labor, machine and external environment through information systems (models) and controls.

It should be noted that the identification of the significance of a particular feature for each of the components of activity in relation to a particular profession or specialty requires a psychological analysis of this activity, the construction of a professiogram and a psychogram of the labor process (Zinchenko V.P., Munipov V.M., 1979; Klimov E.A., 1996; "Fundamentals of Engineering Psychology", 1986). The presented list of classification features of labor activity is, to a certain extent, conditional - some types of activities for certain components may be characterized by not one, but several features: for example, the activity of the shift supervisor of NPP operators in terms of content belongs to the category of operational and operator labor, and pilots of international lines - to the category of operator work with elements of physical activity of a static (posture) and dynamic (work with a steering wheel, levers, pedals) nature.

In the psychology of labor and engineering psychology, considerable attention is paid to the study of the psychological characteristics of operator activity, to the issues of ensuring its improvement and design. This situation is due to:

1) the ever-increasing pace of technical development, the development and implementation of various control systems for moving objects, technological and communication processes and, as a result, the emergence of new professions of an operator profile;

2) the high complexity and responsibility of operator activities, accompanied in some cases by increased danger, as evidenced, for example, by accident statistics in aviation and at nuclear power plants;

3) the presence of phenomena of the system organization of the components of operator activity, their close relationship and interdependence, which determines the need to consider this activity as being carried out in the “man-machine-environment” system (Lomov B.F., 1966; Kotik M.A., 1978; Bodrov V.A., Orlov V.Ya., 1998).

23.2. "Man-machine-environment" system

The “man-machine-environment” system consists of a human operator (a group of operators), a machine (technical devices, tools), through which the operator performs labor activities, and the environment (external working conditions) in which this activity is carried out. In "Handbook of Engineering Psychology" (1982) human operator is defined as a person carrying out labor activity, the basis of which is interaction with the object of labor, the machine and the external environment through information systems (models) and controls.

All numerous "man-machine-environment" systems have a number of common features. They tend to be:

1) complex dynamic systems consisting of interacting elements of different nature and characterized by a change in the structure and (or) interrelations of components over time;

2) purposeful systems, that is, pursuing a given goal by changing their behavior when external conditions change, which is due to the inclusion of a person in the system;

3) adaptive systems capable of adapting to changing working conditions due to the flexibility and plasticity of human behavior and the adaptability of the technical links of the system;

4) self-organizing systems capable of reducing entropy (uncertainty) after the system is taken out of a stable, equilibrium state under the influence of various kinds of disturbances, which is determined by purposeful human activity.

Thus, all the considered features of SSMS are determined by the presence of a person in their composition, his ability to correctly solve emerging problems, depending on specific conditions and circumstances.

The classification of SSMS (Fig. 23-2) is based on four groups of signs:

purpose of the system

characteristics of the human link,

type and structure of the machine link and

type of interaction between system components.

According to the intended purpose, the following classes of systems can be distinguished:

- managers (the task of a person is to control a machine - a car, an airplane, a rolling mill, etc.);

- service, which include control and measurement and repair systems (the task of a person is to control the state of equipment, troubleshoot and eliminate them);

Rice. 23-2. SSMS classification

- training, for example, simulators and imitators (ensure the development of certain skills in a person);

- information - location and information retrieval systems (provide search, accumulation and receipt of information necessary for a person);

- research - information and expert systems that simulate stands, measuring instruments (used in the analysis of certain phenomena, in the search for new information).

According to the characteristics of the human link, SSMS are divided into monosystems (they include one person and one or more technical devices) and polysystems (they consist of a team of operators interacting with a complex of technical devices).

According to the characteristics of the machine link, we can distinguish:

1) instrumental systems (they include tools and instruments as technical devices);

2) simple systems (include stationary and non-stationary technical device and a person using these devices);

3) complex systems, for example, a power plant, a computer complex (in addition to a person, they include a set of technologically related, but different in their functional purpose, devices and machines to obtain a single product);

4) system-technical complexes (the most complex SSMS with a team of operators involved in the use of these systems, and not fully defined connections).

According to the type of functional connections between a person and a machine, SSMS are divided into systems of continuous interaction, in which a person constantly monitors and controls a moving object or technological processes, and systems of episodic interaction, in which control and management are carried out regularly (“operator–computer”) or probabilistically ( "operator - a system of targeted control", "adjuster-machine").

Any SSMS must have given properties, which are incorporated into it during design and implemented during operation. The properties of the SSMS are understood as its objective features that manifest themselves during operation. Quantitative characteristics of a particular property are called indicators of the quality of SSMS. There are a number of quality indicators that affect human activity in SSMS and at the same time depend on its activity:

1. Speed ​​(regulation time) - is determined by the time it takes for information to pass through the closed loop SSMS:

where Tc is the delay (processing) time of information in i-th link of the CHMS, k- the number of serially connected SSMS links, which can be both technical links and operators.

2. Reliability - characterizes the infallibility (correctness) of the solution of the tasks facing the SCHMS. It is estimated by the probability of the correct solution of the problem, which, according to statistical data, is determined by the ratio:

where is Mosh and N are, respectively, the number of erroneously solved and the total number of solved problems.

3. The accuracy of the operator's work - is determined by the degree of deviation of some parameter, regulated or measured by the operator, from the specified or nominal value. Quantitatively, the accuracy of work is estimated by the amount of error with which the operator measures, sets or adjusts this parameter:

where Пн is the nominal or set value of the parameter, Pop is the value of this parameter actually measured or adjusted by the operator.

4. The timeliness of the solution of the problem of SSMS - is estimated by the probability that the problem will be solved in a time not exceeding the allowable:

where Рсв is the probability of a timely decision, M ns is the number of untimely decisions, N is the total number of problem solutions.

5. Human labor safety in CSMS - is estimated by the probability of safe work:

where Pvoz is the probability of occurrence of a dangerous or harmful production situation for a person i-type, Rosh - the probability of incorrect actions of the operator in i-situations n- the number of possible traumatic situations.

6. The degree of automation of SSMS - characterizes the relative amount of information processed by automatic devices, and is determined by the formula:

where Ka is the automation coefficient, Nop is the amount of information processed by the operator, Nschms is the amount of information circulating in the SSMS.

Of great importance in the analysis and evaluation of SSMS are ergonomic indicators - the ergonomics of the system, its controllability, maintainability, mastery and habitability. They take into account a set of specific properties of the SSMS, which ensure the possibility of carrying out the effective activities of the operator in it.

Previous12345678910111213141516Next

VIEW MORE:

Labor activity. The process of labor activity. Types of labor activity

The concept of professionalism. Professiogram. Psychogram. Professional card.

Emotions. Definition. Components of emotions. Classification of emotions. Functions of emotions. Influence of emotions on human activity.

4. Memory: concept, characteristics, types. Memory commit stages. Memory and learning. Methods and techniques for improving memory.

QUESTIONS FOR THE STATE EXAM ON THE DISCIPLINE "Labor Safety"

Labor protection service in the organization. Committees (commissions) for labor protection. The main tasks of the labor protection service at the enterprise The obligations of the employer and employee to ensure safe conditions and labor protection. Labor protection education and professional training in labor protection. Financing measures to improve working conditions and labor protection.

Accident at work. Priority measures taken in connection with an accident at work. Procedure for investigating accidents at work. The order of registration of materials for the investigation of an accident at work.

Features of labor protection for women. Benefits for pregnant women and women with young children. Features of labor protection of persons under 18 years of age. Benefits and compensation for difficult, harmful and dangerous working conditions.

terminal state. Causes. clinical death. Factors affecting the duration of clinical death. Signs of clinical death (absolute and relative).

Type of labor activity

Complex of primary resuscitation measures.

QUESTIONS FOR THE STATE EXAM ON THE DISCIPLINE "Psychophysiology of professional activity"

1. Activity: concept, basic forms. The structure of labor activity. Parameters and specifics of labor activity. General requirements for labor activity. Profession and specialty. Classification of professions.

Activity- this is a specific human form of active attitude to the world around, the content of which is its expedient change and transformation.

Main forms of activity:

• labor activity;
• educational activity
• leisure.
• a game;

The highest form of human activity is work

Work It is an expedient human activity, in the process of which, with the help of tools, he influences nature and uses it in order to create use values ​​necessary to satisfy needs.

Labor activity- conscious, energy-consuming, generally recognized expedient human activity, requiring the application of efforts and the implementation of work.

Learning activities- activity, specifically aimed at mastering the methods of subject and cognitive actions, generalized theoretical knowledge.

Leisure- this is the part of non-working time that remains with a person after the performance of immutable non-production duties (moving to and from work, sleeping, eating, and other types of household self-service).

A game- this is a special kind of human activity, (possibly as a form of entertainment), created on the basis of rules that define the goals of the game and the permitted means to achieve them.

The following are distinguished in the structure of labor activity: elements

1) deliberately set goals- what is the activity for?

2) objects of labor- what is transformed in the process of activity (materials, people)

3) means of labor- with the help of what the transformation takes place (devices, devices, mechanisms)

4) technologies used- techniques and methods used in the process of activity;

5) labor operations-actions of labor activity

Parameters and specifics of labor activity.

Labor activity has the following options:

• labor productivity- the number of products produced per unit of time;
• labor efficiency- the ratio of material and labor costs, on the one hand, and the results obtained, on the other;
• level of division of labor- the distribution of specific production functions among the participants in the labor process (on the scale of society and in specific labor processes).

specifics The labor activity of a person is determined by the functions that he performs, the degree of their diversity and complexity, the level of independence and creativity of the employee.

The nature of the requirements for a participant in labor activity is determined by the specifics of labor activity and, above all, by the specific content of labor and its place in the system of division of labor.

General requirements for labor activity:

1) the employee must master all the techniques and methods of production that make up the technological process (professionalism requirement);

2) the qualification of an employee cannot be lower than the level determined by the nature of the work.

3) the employee is required to unconditionally comply with labor laws and internal labor regulations, comply with the specified parameters of the production process, fulfill obligations arising from the content of the employment contract (requirements of labor, technological, performance, contractual discipline).

12345678910Next ⇒

Publication date: 2015-04-08; Read: 1505 | Page copyright infringement

studopedia.org - Studopedia.Org - 2014-2018 year.(0.002 s)…

Work- this is an activity that distinguishes a person from animals. It was labor, according to F. Engels, that contributed to the formation of a person as a social being.

Labor activity manifests itself in various fields human life. He works at work, at home, at his summer cottage, etc. Depending on the result, labor is divided into productive and unproductive. Productive labor associated with the creation of various material objects. For example, a person works in a factory, manufactures parts, from which some product is then assembled (TV, vacuum cleaner, car, etc.). At the end of the working day, he comes home, prepares food and devotes his free time to his favorite business (hobby), for example, assembling a radio receiver, carving figures from wood, etc. On weekends in the summer at the dacha, he cultivates a garden and harvests in the fall. All these are examples of productive labor.

Unproductive labor is aimed not at the creation, but at the maintenance of material objects. In the economic sphere, non-productive labor is associated with the provision of services: the transportation of goods, their loading, warranty service, etc. In the domestic sphere, unproductive labor includes cleaning the apartment, washing dishes, repairing the house, etc.

Both productive and unproductive labor are equally important. If there were only industrial production, but there were no services for its repair, then landfills would be filled with broken household appliances, cars, furniture, etc. Why buy a new thing when it's better to fix the old one?

But mankind creates not only material objects. It has accumulated a huge cultural experience contained in literature, science, and art. How to classify this type of work? In this case, one speaks of intellectual labor or spiritual production. To isolate this type of labor, a special classification was required, namely, the division of labor into mental And physical.

Mankind for many centuries of its history knew mainly only physical work. Many works were carried out with the help of human muscular strength. Sometimes humans were replaced by animals. Mental labor was the prerogative of monarchs, priests and philosophers.

With the development of science and technology, the appearance of machines in industrial production, physical labor was increasingly replaced by mental labor. The share of workers engaged in mental work has been constantly increasing. These are scientists, engineers, managers, etc. In the XX century. not without reason, they started talking about the objective fusion of mental and physical labor. After all, even the simplest work now requires a certain amount of knowledge.

In finished form, nature gives us very little. Without the application of labor, it is impossible to pick even mushrooms and berries in the forest. In most cases natural materials undergo complex processing. Thus, labor activity is necessary in order to adapt the products of nature to the needs of man.

Satisfaction of needs is target labor activity. It is necessary to realize not only the need itself, but also to comprehend the ways to satisfy it and the efforts that need to be made for this.

To achieve the goals of labor activity, various facilities. These are various tools of labor adapted to perform a particular job. Starting any work, you need to know exactly what tools are needed this moment. You can dig up a garden in the country with a shovel, but the field cannot be plowed without the use of special equipment. You can dig a hole for a long time with the same shovel, or you can do it within a few minutes with an excavator. Thus, it is necessary to know the most effective ways impact pa object of labor , those. to something that undergoes transformation in the process of labor activity. Such methods of influencing the object of labor are called technology, and the set of operations to transform the source product into the final product - technological process.

The more perfect instruments of labor and the more correct technology are applied, the higher will be labor productivity. It is expressed in the number of products produced per unit of time.

Each type of labor activity consists of separate operations, actions, movements. Their nature depends on technical equipment labor process, employee qualifications, and in a broad sense - from the level of development of science and technology. In our time of scientific and technological progress, the level of technical equipment of labor is constantly increasing, but this does not exclude the use of human physical labor in some cases. The fact is that not all labor operations can be mechanized. Equipment is not always applicable when loading and unloading goods, during construction, assembly of the final product, etc.

Labor activity, depending on its nature, goals, expenditure of effort and energy, can be individual And collective. The work of a craftsman, a housewife, a writer and an artist is individual. They independently perform all labor operations until the end result is obtained. In most cases, labor operations, one way or another, are divided between separate subjects of the labor process: workers at the factory, builders at the construction of a house, scientists at a research institute, etc. Even initially seemingly individual, labor activity can be part of the totality of the labor operations of many people. So, a farmer buys fertilizers produced by other people to improve the land, and then sells the crop through wholesale depots. This position is called specialization or division of labor . For a more effective organization of the labor process, communication of its participants is necessary. Through communication, information is transmitted, and joint activities are coordinated.

The concept of "work" is a synonym for the concept of "work". In a broad sense, they do coincide. However, if we can work

to name any activity to transform the surrounding reality and satisfy needs, then work is most often called an activity that is carried out for a reward. Thus, work is a kind of labor activity.

The complication of labor activity, the development of its new types has led to the emergence of many professions. Their number is increasing with the development of science and technology.

Profession a type of labor activity with a specific nature and purpose of labor functions is called, for example, a doctor, teacher, lawyer. The presence of special, more in-depth skills and knowledge in this profession is called specialty. Even at the stage of training in the specialty can be carried out specialization, for example, a surgeon or a general practitioner, a physics teacher or a mathematics teacher, etc.

But it is not enough to have a certain specialty. Gotta get the skills practical work by her. The level of training, experience, knowledge of the given specialty is called qualification . It is determined by rank or rank. Discharges exist among workers in industrial enterprises, among school teachers. Titles are awarded to workers of science and higher education.

The higher the qualification of the worker, the higher the pay for his work. In the event of a change of job, it is easier for him to find a better place. If they say about a person: “This is a highly qualified worker, a professional in his field”, then they mean the high quality of the work he performs.

Professionalism requires from the employee not just the mechanical implementation of the instructions of the leader. Having received an order, a person should think about how best to carry it out. In the rules, orders, instructions, it is impossible to foresee the weight of the situation that arises in the labor process. The worker must find optimal solution, which allows him to fulfill the assignment given to him qualitatively and on time. This creative approach to completing tasks is called initiative.

Any labor activity, whether it is chopping firewood in a country house or performing complex production processes at a factory, requires the implementation of special rules. Some of them are related to the technological process, i.e. consistency and correctness of all labor operations performed by the employee. Others are based on compliance with safety regulations. Everyone knows that it is impossible to disassemble electrical appliances if they are not disconnected from the mains, make fires near wooden buildings, drive a car with a faulty engine cooling system, etc. Failure to comply with such rules can lead to both a breakdown of a thing that has been improperly exploited, and to harm to human life and health. But the labor activity of a person often takes place in a team, and non-compliance with the norms for the operation of equipment and safety rules can harm the health of other people.

play an important role in the working process working conditions . These include workplace equipment, noise level, temperature, vibration, room ventilation, etc.

Particularly harmful, extreme working conditions cause severe occupational diseases, major accidents, serious injuries and even death.

During the period of formation and development of industrial production, the worker began to be considered along with machines as part of the production process. This approach excluded initiative in the performance of labor duties. Workers felt like they were being dominated by machines as individuals. They developed a negative attitude towards work as something forced, performed only out of necessity. This phenomenon of industrial production is called dehumanization of labor.

There is currently a problem labor humanization, those. his humanization. Factors that threaten human health must be eliminated. First of all, it is necessary to replace heavy monotonous physical labor with the work of machines. It is necessary to train educated, comprehensively developed workers who are capable of creative approaches to the labor functions they perform; to raise the level of work culture, i.e., to improve all components of the labor process (working conditions, relationships between people in a team, etc.). The employee should not be limited to the narrow scope of the labor functions performed by him. He should know the content of the labor process of the entire team, understand the features of production at the theoretical and technological level. Only in this case, labor activity will become the basis for self-realization of a person.

The opposite of work is leisure activities. Lawyers call all their free time from work time of rest. This does not mean that during such periods a person does nothing. He can work doing housework, he can go for a walk or go on a trip. All these ways of spending free time involve the performance of active actions. One of these actions is a game.

Game activity, unlike labor activity, is focused not so much on the result as on the process itself. Games originated in ancient times and were associated with religion, art, sports, military exercises. Scientists will probably never figure out how games came to be. Perhaps they stood out from the ritual dances of ancient people, or perhaps they were a way of teaching the younger generation.

Proponents of the theory of the biological origin of the game believe that games are characteristic of many animals and are based on instincts. For example, during games, animal cubs learn patterns of behavior of representatives of their species, and mating games help to attract a partner. The opposite point of view is that the game is a specific human activity.

If we consider the game as a kind of human activity, then we can say that it is more inherent in children. With the help of games, children learn, communicate, learn something new, develop their mental and physical abilities. There are many types of games: with objects, story, role-playing, mobile, educational, sports, etc. As a person grows older, the number of games in his life is reduced. Some disappear altogether, remaining childhood memories, others are replaced by sports and art. New types of “adult” games appear, primarily gambling: cards, slot machines, casinos, etc. Excessive enthusiasm for them often leads to serious consequences: a player can lose all his property, leave relatives without a livelihood, and even end your life.

The peculiarity of play activity, especially in childhood, is most manifested in this two-dimensionality. The player performs real actions, although they are conditional, allowing him to act in an imaginary environment. It is no coincidence that in the course of the game, children pronounce the words “as if”, emphasizing that the situation is fictitious.

An important place in the game is the distribution of roles. Each of the players seeks to take the main, best role. Such roles may not be enough for all participants. Therefore, the game, even at the stage of its preparation, teaches loyalty and compromise.

The implementation of role-playing functions is associated with the transformation of the player into an imaginary hero. Moreover, the entire course of the game is based on the implementation of certain rules that are the same for all participants. The game can be used various items, symbols, gestures, conventional signs. Often, specific situations are modeled, which contributes to the inclusion of the child in the world of human relations, teaches adult life.

Type of labor activity

Some types of games develop mental activity, instill perseverance, patience, i.e. those qualities that will be useful during study, and then in the process of work.

There is no doubt the relationship of labor And games. Some, especially educational, games are associated with the need to apply certain efforts, and elements of the game can be found in work activities. “Does it effortlessly”, - they say about the masters of their craft, i.e. does it easily, naturally, highly professionally

Questions and tasks

1. How did labor influence the processes of anthropogenesis and sociology?

2. In what areas of human life and how is labor activity manifested?

3. What are the differences between productive and unproductive
labor?

4. What is intellectual work? What is the relationship between mental and physical labor?

5. What are the goals of pond activities? How are the subject, object and tools of labor interrelated?

6. What role does specialization play in labor activity?

7. Explain the concepts of profession, specialty, qualifications.

8. Who are called professionals? What is meant by professionalism? Give examples of professionalism.

9. What rules must be followed in the course of work? Why is their implementation necessary?

10. What is the problem of humanization of labor?

11. What are the differences between labor and play? What role does play play in a person's life?

12. What issues of labor are raised in the following statements: A.P. Chekhov: “You must put your life in such conditions that labor is necessary. Without labor there can be no pure and joyful life.”

F. W. Taylor: “Everyone must learn to give up his individual methods of work, adapt them to a number of innovative forms, and become accustomed to accept and carry out directives regarding all small and large methods of work, which were previously left to his personal discretion *.

JW Goethe: “Every life, every activity, every art must be preceded by a craft, which can be mastered only with a certain specialization. The acquisition of complete knowledge, complete skill in the field of any one subject gives a greater education than the assimilation of half a hundred different subjects.

LN Tolstoy: "Bodily labor not only does not exclude the possibility of mental activity, not only does not humiliate its dignity, but also encourages it."

I. P. Pavlov: “All my life I have loved and love mental work and physical, and, perhaps, even more than the second. I especially felt satisfied when I introduced some good guess into the latter, i.e. connected the head with the hands.

Publication date: 2014-11-02; Read: 3460 | Page copyright infringement

studopedia.org - Studopedia.Org - 2014-2018 year.(0.004 s)…

One of the circumstances of the formation of the level of employment is the content of labor, which prepares the satisfaction of workers in work. If quite recently, in the late 1990s, wages, confidence in tomorrow and social protection took the highest positions in the hierarchy of labor motivation Russian population, at present, the content of labor and the possibility of professional and career development. Even in the absence of work, the majority of citizens, having a certain level of security in the family, are not looking for work in general, but for places to apply their forces according to their specialty, profession, qualifications, and also spiritual needs. This form of employment is the most rational, since knowledge is in demand, for which the material and spiritual forces of society have been spent, its intellectual potential has been precisely used.

The content of labor embodies a complex of characteristics of a certain useful labor, which are associated with its technological basis with the conditional saturation with labor tools, the degree of mechanization and automation of labor functions and the organization of production. The modification of the content of labor is directly related to the development of the productive forces of society and depends on three groups of factors:

1) production technology;

2) mechanization and automation of production;

3) organization of production.

The definition of “content of labor” is joined by another that is essential for characterizing specific labor functions, - labor content. They are interconnected as general and particular. The content of labor conveys a generalized idea of ​​labor as a labor process in general and a specific area of ​​human activity. The content of labor is a characteristic of the work of certain categories of workers: the operator, foreman, foreman, and perhaps the production team. Evaluation of the content of labor is a detailed examination of the functions performed by employees, the data they use. To study specific technical innovations, taking into account their impact on changes in labor functions, priority should be given to the study of the content of labor.

This includes:

1) labor functions;

2) methods of their execution (manual or mechanized);

3) the complexity of labor;

4) its severity;

5) monotony;

7) intensity;

8) organization.

These components are interconnected with each other. The essence of the content of labor is revealed directly through the functions of labor (management, control, auxiliary work, etc.). At the same time, scientific and technological progress transforms not only the functions of labor, but also its parameters such as severity, complexity, and intensity. Forms of labor organization also have a significant influence on the combination of labor functions of workers.

The changes that occur with the functions of labor mean a shift in the professional and qualification structure of the employed towards dividing them into types of labor with diverse content: manual - mechanized, physical - mental, heavy - not heavy, monotonous - diverse. The study of rational structural correlations in the composition of the employed by types of labor and acts as a task of social statistics in the study of the content of labor.

The study of transformations in the professional, functional, qualification composition of workers, as well as in their division by type of labor, acts as the essence of a statistical study of transformations in the content of labor. The object of accounting in this case is not a labor process, but a generalization of workers and workplaces where they work.

The set of needs that people strive to satisfy at work can change not only depending on the professional group, external conditions, but also on the age of the employee, his marital status, career stages. If at the first stage of work in an organization for an employee, the motives associated with orientation in work, with the establishment of personal contacts with colleagues, may come to the fore, then later, when the newcomer has fully acclimatized, the importance of motives associated with the need for career and professional growth. Similarly, the growth of wages, the improvement of social conditions can significantly affect the hierarchy of labor motives of workers.

A comparison of the needs of workers at the beginning and in the middle of a career is shown in Table 11.

Watson-Wyatt, a leading compensation consulting firm, surveyed various groups of employees about the benefits they prefer.

Types of labor activity

The results are presented in table 12. For example, it turned out that for those over 50, the total income (salary plus bonus) that exceeds the average level is in the first place. Those under 30 value the potential for professional growth, skill development and flexible working hours most of all. So, it is clear that these preferences change over time, as well as depending on the economic and personal circumstances of workers.

The content of labor is not the only factor in the formation of the level of employment in the territory. The state of the labor market is characterized by dependence on the well-being of citizens, on the level of income they receive for the corresponding work. Accordingly, the low level of remuneration for labor determines secondary employment and leads to low labor intensity.

4. Activities

Under human activity It means the activity of the individual, designed to satisfy the needs and interests by achieving a consciously set goal. In the structure of activity, goals and motives are distinguished. What a person strives for is the goal of the activity, and why he does it is the motive of the activity. Activities are divided into separate elements, which are called actions.

Action types

1. External (can be observed from the side) - internal (hidden from view, performed in the internal plan). As one or another activity is mastered, external actions can turn into internal ones.

1.9. Types and conditions of human labor activity

This process is called internalization: for example, first a child learns to read aloud, and then to himself. The reverse process, when any difficulties arise in the performance of activities and internal actions pass into the external plan, is called exteriorization.

2. Arbitrary (volitional) - involuntary (impulsive). Involuntary actions are carried out under the influence of strong, often unexpected stimuli, strong feelings. Arbitrary actions are thought out in advance and carried out with the help of volitional efforts.

Stages of activity

1. Goal setting.

This stage can be complicated if, in the process of setting a goal, a person must choose between several motives. In this case, there is a struggle of motives: for example, go for a walk or prepare for an exam.

2. Work planning.

At this stage, the optimal operations and means to achieve the goal are selected.

An operation is a way of performing an activity, which is determined by the presence of certain skills and abilities in a person, as well as the conditions in which this activity is performed.

The means of performing an activity are those objects that are designed to help in the performance of an activity: for example, lecture notes.

3. Performing activities.

Here, the previously found optimal means and operations are used.

4. Control part - the results are checked, errors are corrected, the results are summed up, conclusions are drawn. Modern man performs a large number of various activities depending on his needs. Activities are communication, play, teaching, work.

Communication- the type of activity that first arises in the course of ontogenetic development of a person.

Its main purpose is the exchange of information between people.

A game- an activity in the course of which a material or ideal product appears (with the exception of business and design games).

Work- an activity in the course of which spiritual and spiritual objects are produced material culture, tools of labor are being improved, living conditions are improving, science, technology, production, and creativity are developing.

Skills- separate elements of activity that allow performing activities with a high level of quality.

Skill- this is an action, the individual operations of which, as a result of training, have become automatic and are carried out without the participation of consciousness.

Habit- an irresistible desire of a person to perform certain actions.