Read Old Russian stories. Old Russian epics, stories and fairy tales

Archaeological excavations indicate that the writing of the ancient Slavs existed even in the pre-Christian period.. Most of the preserved written monuments have come down to our days after the Mongol period.

Agree that in the numerous fires and invasions, after which there was no stone left unturned, it is difficult to save anything. With the advent of the alphabet in the 9th century, created by the monks Cyril and Methodius, the first books began to be written. Mostly they were on church topics.

Divine services were held in national languages, so writing also developed in people's native languages. Literate in Rus' were different segments of the population . This is evidenced by the found birch bark letters. They recorded not only civil and legal cases, but also everyday letters.

What is ancient Russian literature?

Ancient Russian literature includes handwritten or printed works written in the 11th-17th centuries. At this time, historical and business chronicles were kept, travelers described their adventures, but special attention was paid to Christian teachings.

The life of people ranked among the saints by the church was studied in school educational institutions and read by ordinary literate people. All creativity reflected the characteristic way of life of that time. Old Russian literature is characterized by the anonymity of writers.

How did literature develop in ancient Rus'?

Initially, handwritten texts were rewritten, exactly copying the original. Over time, the narrative became somewhat distorted due to changes in literary tastes and the preferences of translators. By comparing edits and multiple versions of texts, it is still possible to find the text closest to the original source.

You can read original books that have come down from the depths of centuries only in large libraries. . For example, "Instruction" by Vladimir Monomakh, written in the XII century by the great prince of Kyiv. This work is considered the first secular revelation.

Characteristic features of Old Russian literature

The works of this period are characterized by the repetition of certain situations and comparative characteristics in different works. Characters always behave in accordance with the concepts of that time. So, the battles were depicted in a solemn language, majestically, in accordance with traditions.

Over seven hundred years of development, ancient Russian literature has made a huge breakthrough. Over time, new genres appeared, and writers increasingly rejected literary canons and showed writer's individuality. Nevertheless, patriotism and unity of the Russian people are visible in the texts.

At the beginning of the XIII century, Rus' was threatened by external enemies of the Pechenegs and Polovtsy, there was an internecine struggle between the principalities. The literature of that period called for an end to civil strife and fight with real enemies. The study of the events of those years is of great historical value.

From the written monuments you can learn about the events that took place in our homeland, life and moral values the whole people. Russian authors have always been concerned about the fate of the Russian heritage, and this is clearly seen from their sincere works.

We bring to your attention fragments from the collection “Epics. Russians folk tales. Old Russian Tales” performed by Honored Artist of Russia Nina Vasilyeva.

“Already a thousand years ago, no one in Rus' could testify since when it was customary to sing epics and tell fairy tales. They passed to those who lived about this time from their ancestors, along with customs and rituals, with those skills, without which you can’t cut down a hut, you can’t get honey from a board - a deck, you can’t forge a sword, you can’t cut a spoon. These were a kind of spiritual commandments, covenants that the people honored ...

The influence of epic and fairy tales was found in many works of fine art and applied arts. The master wrote on the icon of St. George slaying a dragon with a spear - the winner of the fabulous Serpent Gorynych came out, and the saved maiden resembled a princess - a meek victim of an earthly rapist, with whom a peasant son fiercely fought in a fairy tale ...

Many authentic features of ancient way of life and life give the epics documentary value ... The epics satisfied not only the natural attraction to everything colorful, unusual, outstanding: they expressed in their own way the public consciousness of the whole historical era. Who are they, Russian heroes, in the name of what do they perform feats and what do they protect?

V.P. Anikin,

“Russian literature is a thousand years old. We know our great classical writers well, but know little of our literature of the first seven centuries. Every Russian person is well aware of only "The Tale of Igor's Campaign". Meanwhile, our ancient literature is rich in works of various genres. The chronicles told about the history of our country, starting from ancient, pre-literate times and ending with the events of the turbulent 17th century. Biographies ("lives") told about the lives of individuals. In ancient Russian literature there are works of oratory, descriptions of travels (“journeys”) to the East or Western Europe, essays aimed at eradicating social evil and injustice, calling for truth and goodness. There are a number of so-called "military stories". In the 17th century, everyday stories appeared. At the end of the same century, dramatic and poetic compositions appeared ...

Artworks Ancient Rus' captivated by chaste purity. Old Russian literature does not linger on descriptions of atrocities, does not cherish the dream of retribution against enemies. She calls for the sublime and the good. In it we find noble ideals...

We are used to the works we read being entertaining. Amusement, for us, is mainly connected with the rapid development of a complex plot. The writers of Ancient Rus' also, of course, sought to interest the reader. But their plot is simple, the narration is calm, unhurried. The people of Ancient Rus' read books earnestly, slowly, rereading the same work several times, reverently looking for instructions, advice, or images of significant events from the history of their country or other countries. No wonder books were figuratively compared with the depths of the sea, and the reader - with a pearl seeker ...

Old Russian literature is valuable both for its own artistic achievements and for the fact that it paved the way for the emergence of the great Russian literature of modern times. Knowledge of ancient Russian literature helps to better and deeper understand literature XIX-XX centuries.

But the value of ancient Russian literature is not only in this. For us, it is that pure and life-giving source to which we turn in times of troubles and trials, “in days of doubt and painful reflection,” as well as in times of upsurge. We draw deep thoughts from it, find high ideals in it, beautiful images. Her faith in goodness and the victory of justice, her ardent patriotism strengthen and inspire us. M.V. Lomonosov called Russian chronicles "books of glorious deeds." The same can be said about most of the Old Russian stories.

D.S. Likhachev,
T.N. Michelson,
from the preface to the collection "Epics. Russian folk tales. Old Russian stories.

There are 43 transmissions in a cycle. Total time 13 h 3 min.
The size of the zip archive is 362 MB.

Epics.

1 Ilya Muromets and the Nightingale the Robber
2 Ilya Muromets and Kalin Tsar 1
3 Ilya Muromets and Kalin Tsar 2
4 Dobrynya and snakes
5 Volga and Mikula Selyaninovich
6 Stavr Godinovich
7 Sadko
8 Nightingale Budimirovich
9 Vasily Buslaevich
10 Vavilo and buffoons

Russian folk tales.

11 Kuzma Skorobogaty
12 Tiny-Havroshechka
13 White duck
14 Ivan Tsarevich and Gray wolf ch1
15 Ivan Tsarevich and the Gray Wolf P2
16 Go there - I don't know where, bring that - I don't know what P1
17 Go there - I don't know where, bring that - I don't know what P2
18 Go there - I don't know where, bring that - I don't know what P3

Old Russian stories.

19 From The Tale of Bygone Years Settlement of the Slavs
20 From The Tale of Bygone Years From the tales of Prince Oleg
21 From The Tale of Bygone Years From the Tales of Olga
22 From The Tale of Bygone Years Customs of Svyatoslav
23 From The Tale of Bygone Years From the Tales of Vladimir
24 From The Tale of Bygone Years
25 From The Tale of Bygone Years Battle of Listven
26 From the teachings of Vladimir Monomakh
27 The campaign of Prince Igor Svyatoslavich of Novgorod-Seversky against the Polovtsy
28 Word about Igor's regiment, part 1
29 Word about Igor's regiment, part 2
30 From "The Prayer of Daniel the Sharpener"
31 The Tale of the Devastation of Ryazan by Batu, Part 1
32 The story of the ruin of Ryazan by Batu, part 2
33 The Tale of Mercury of Smolensk, The Tale of Shevkal, Instructions of the Bishop of Tver Semeon, The Word on the Destruction of the Russian Land
34 From The Life of Prince Alexander Nevsky
35 From "The Tale of the Life of Sergius of Radonezh" part 1
36 From "The Tale of the Life of Sergius of Radonezh" part 2
37 From "Tale of Mamaev massacre» ch1
38 From "The Tale of the Battle of Mamaev" part 2
39 The Tale of Peter and Fevronia of Murom
40 The story of the merchant Dmitry Basarga and his son Borzosmysl
41 From A Journey Beyond Three Seas by Afanasy Nikitin
42 Kazan take part 1
43 Kazan take part 2

Image - Viktor Vasnetsov "Bogatyrs" (1881-1898). State Tretyakov Gallery.

1. The concept of ancient Russian literature and folklore

Baptism of Rus' and the beginning of the "book teaching"

Literature Kievan Rus(XI - the first third of the XIII century)

Apocrypha

Bibliography

1. The concept of ancient Russian literature and folklore

The concept of Old Russian literature denotes in a strict terminological sense the literature of the Eastern Slavs of the XI-XIII centuries. before their subsequent division into Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. From the 14th century distinct book traditions are clearly manifested, which led to the formation of Russian (Great Russian) literature, and from the 15th century. - Ukrainian and Belarusian (for example, Belarusian First Chronicle around 1441, all-Russian in nature).

All attempts to find traces of East Slavic literature before the baptism of Rus' in 988 ended in failure. The evidence cited is either gross forgery (the pagan chronicle "Vlesova Book", covering a huge era from the 9th century BC to the 9th century AD inclusive), or untenable hypotheses (the so-called "Chronicle of Askold" in the Nikon code of the 16th century. among the articles of 867-889). This does not mean at all that writing was completely absent in pre-Christian Rus'. Archaeological finds show that in the 10th century, even before the baptism of Rus', the Cyrillic alphabet could be used in everyday life and the state apparatus, gradually preparing the ground for the spread of writing. The forerunner of ancient Russian literature was folklore, which was widespread in the Middle Ages in all strata of society: from peasants to the princely-boyar aristocracy. Long before Christianity it was already litteratura sine litteris, literature without letters, with a special genre system. In the ancient Russian written era, folklore and literature with their own system of genres existed in parallel, mutually complementing each other, sometimes coming into close contact. Folklore has accompanied ancient Russian literature throughout its history (from chronicle writing in the 11th - early 12th centuries to the Tale of Woe-Misfortune of the transitional era), although it was generally poorly reflected in writing.

2. Baptism of Rus' and the beginning of the "book teaching"

The adoption of Christianity in 988 under the Grand Duke of Kiev Vladimir the Holy brought Rus' into the orbit of the Byzantine world. After baptism, rich Old Slavonic literature created by the Thessalonica brothers Cyril the Philosopher, Methodius and their students was transferred to the country from the southern and, to a lesser extent, from the western Slavs. A huge body of translated (mainly from Greek) and original monuments included biblical and liturgical books, patristics and church teaching literature, dogmatic-polemical and legal writings, etc. This literary fund, common to the entire Byzantine-Slavic Orthodox world , ensured within it the consciousness of religious, cultural and linguistic unity for centuries. From Byzantium, the Slavs learned primarily church and monastic book culture. The rich secular literature of Byzantium, which continued the traditions of the ancient one, with a few exceptions, was not in demand by them. South Slavic influence at the end of the X-XI century. marked the beginning of ancient Russian literature and book language.

Ancient Rus' was the last of the Slavic countries to adopt Christianity and got acquainted with the Cyril and Methodius book heritage. However, in a surprisingly short time, she turned it into her own. National treasure. Compared to other Orthodox Slavic countries Ancient Rus' created a much more developed and genre-diverse national literature and immeasurably better preserved the pan-Slavic fund of monuments.

Old Russian literature, for all its originality, possessed the same basic features and developed along the same lines. general laws that other medieval European literatures. Her artistic method was due to the theocentric and providential nature of medieval thinking and was distinguished by a symbolic worldview, historicism, didacticism and etiquette. She was characterized by canonicity, traditionalism and retrospectiveness.

According to a reasonable position, dating back to the works of E. R. Curtius, all European literatures developed up to the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. as literature of the rhetorical type, regardless of the presence or absence of theoretical treatises on the art of eloquence in them. Old Russian literature was no exception, although the first rhetoric in Russia appeared only in early XVII V. and was preserved in the earliest list of 1620 (the original translation was the short Latin “Rhetoric” by Philip Melanchthon of the 16th century). Throughout the Old Russian era, Church Slavonic biblical and liturgical books containing poetic and structural models different types texts, determined the cultural consciousness and character literary process. exemplary works replaced the theoretical manuals on the art of the word that existed in Western Europe. Reading them, many generations of ancient Russian scribes comprehended the secrets of literary technique. The medieval author constantly turned to "revered writings", used their vocabulary and grammar, sublime symbols and images, figures of speech and tropes. Sanctified by hoary antiquity literary samples seemed unshakable and served as a measure of writing skills. This rule was the alpha and omega of ancient Russian creativity.

Bible books contained standards literary genres. In the Izbornik of 1073, an Old Russian manuscript dating back to the translation from the Greek collection of the Bulgarian Tsar Simeon (893-927), the article “from the Apostolic Rules” classifies biblical texts as ideal models for imitation: the standard of historical and narrative works is the Old Testament Kings, an example in the genre church hymns- Psalter, exemplary "cunning and creative" works (Greek. relating to the writing of the wise and poetic ) - the books of the prophet Job and Proverbs of Solomon. Such views, inherited from Byzantium, were extremely stable. Almost 4 centuries later, the Tver monk Foma called in the “Laudable Word about the Grand Duke Boris Alexandrovich” (c. 1453) an example of the historical and narrative works of the Book of Kings, epistolary genre- apostolic epistles, and "saving books" - lives.

For ancient Russian scribes, the existence of a special hierarchy literary texts it was obvious. Genre classification is given in Metropolitan Makariy's preface to the Great Menaion Chetii (completed c. 1554). The works that formed the core of traditional book writing are arranged in strict accordance with their place on the hierarchical ladder of genres. Its top rung is occupied by the Gospel with theological interpretations. This is followed by the Apostle with interpretations, then - Explanatory Psalter, after them - the works of the Church Fathers: collections of works by John Chrysostom "Chrystomas", "Margaret", "Chrysostom", works of Basil the Great, words of Gregory the Theologian with comments by Metropolitan Nikita of Heraclius, "Pandekty" and “Taktikon” by Nikon Chernogorets and others, followed by oratorical prose with its genre subsystem: 1) prophetic, 2) apostolic, 3) patristic, 4) festive, 5) commendable, and concludes a series of hagiographic literature, which has a special hierarchy: 1) the lives of the martyrs, 2) the monks, 3) the patericons of the ABC, Jerusalem, Egyptian, Sinai, Skete, Kiev-Pechersk and 4) the lives of Russian saints, canonized by the cathedrals of 1547 and 1549. The ancient Russian genre system, formed under the influence of the Byzantine system, was rebuilt and developed over the course of seven centuries of its existence. However, it was preserved in its main features until the New Age.

literature folklore bookishness apocrypha

3. Literature of Kievan Rus (XI - the first third of the XIII century)

The “Book Teaching”, begun by St. Vladimir, quickly achieved significant success. Numerous finds of birch bark letters and epigraphic monuments in Novgorod and other ancient Russian cities show a high level of literacy already in the 11th century. ancient book Among the surviving Rus is the Novgorod Codex (no later than the 1st quarter of the 11th century) - a triptych of three waxed tablets, found in 2000 during the work of the Novgorod archaeological expedition. In addition to the main text - two psalms, the codex contains "hidden" texts, scratched on wood or preserved in the form of faint imprints on tablets under wax. Among the “hidden” texts read by A. A. Zaliznyak, a previously unknown work of four separate articles on the gradual movement of people from the darkness of paganism through the limited good of the law of Moses to the light of the teachings of Christ (tetralogy “From paganism to Christ”) is especially interesting.

According to The Tale of Bygone Years, the son of Vladimir, the Grand Duke of Kiev, Yaroslav the Wise, organized translation and book-writing work in Kyiv. In the XI-XII centuries. in ancient Rus', there were different schools and centers engaged in translations mainly from Greek. From this time, the following survived: “The Miracles of Nicholas of Myra” (1090s) - the most revered saint in Rus', “The Life of Basil the New” (XI century), depicting bright pictures hellish torments, paradise and the Last Judgment, like those Western European legends (like the “Visions of Tnugdal”, mid-12th century), which fed “ Divine Comedy» Dante, the North Russian translation of The Life of Andrei the Holy Fool (XI century or not later than the beginning of the XII century), under whose influence the Feast of the Intercession of the Mother of God was established in Rus' in the 1160s, an outstanding work of the world medieval literature“The Tale of Barlaam and Joasaph” (no later than the middle of the 12th century), possibly in Kyiv. Obviously, in the south-west of Rus', in the Principality of Galicia, a monument of ancient historiography was translated - "The History of the Jewish War" by Josephus Flavius ​​(not later than the 12th century).

Translation work was carried out, obviously, at the metropolitan department, founded in 1037 in Kyiv. Translations of dogmatic, ecclesiastical teaching, epistolary and anti-Latin writings by the Metropolitans of Kiev John II (1077-1089) and Nicephorus (1104-1121), Greeks by origin, who wrote in their native language, have been preserved. Nikifor's letter to Vladimir Monomakh "on fasting and abstinence of feelings" is marked by high literary merit and professional translation technique. In the first half of the XII century. Theodosius the Greek was a notable scribe, who translated for the monk-prince Nicholas (Holy One) the message of Pope Leo I the Great about the Chalcedon Cathedral.

Under Yaroslav the Wise, “Russian Truth” (Short edition of the 1st half of the 11th century) began to take shape - the main written code of laws of Kievan Rus, the most ancient chronicle was compiled at the metropolitan department (1037 - early 1040s), appeared one of the deepest works of the Slavic Middle Ages is Hilarion's "Sermon on Law and Grace" (between 1037-1050). Using the letter of the Apostle Paul to the Galatians (4:21-31), Hilarion proves with dogmatic impeccability the spiritual superiority of the New Testament (Grace) over the Old Testament (Law). In a rhetorically sophisticated form, he writes about the global significance of the baptism of Rus', glorifies the Russian land, a full power in the family of Christian states, and its princes - Vladimir and Yaroslav. The work of Hilarion, who in 1051, with the support of Yaroslav the Wise, became the first Eastern Slavic metropolitan of Kyiv, fully corresponds to the level of medieval Greek and Latin church eloquence. Even in the most ancient period, it became known outside of Rus' and influenced the work of the Serbian hagiographer Domentian (XIII century).

The rhetorically embellished work of Jacob "Memory and Praise to Prince Vladimir of Russia" (XI century) is also dedicated to the solemn glorification of the baptist of Russia. Jacob had access to the annals that preceded the Primary Compendium and used its unique information.

The most important literary center was the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery, which brought up a bright galaxy of ancient Russian writers, preachers and educators. Quite early, in the second half of the 11th century, the monastery established book links with Constantinople and, apparently, with the Sazava Monastery, the last center of Slavic Glagolitic writing in the Czech Republic in the 11th century.

The life of one of the founders of the Kiev Caves Monastery Anthony (d. 1072-1073) is one of the earliest monuments of ancient Russian hagiography. Not come down to us, it was used in the Primary Chronicle Code. Anthony's disciple Theodosius of the Caves (d. 1074), "the father of ancient Russian monasticism", was the author of ecclesiastical teaching and anti-Latin writings, and the initiator of translations of ecclesiastical and liturgical literature in the 1060s. in connection with the introduction in the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery (and after it throughout Rus') of the Constantinople Studite typikon: the statute itself, the catechumens of Theodore the Studite, his life, etc.

Annals were kept in the Kiev-Pechersky Monastery, the code of Nikon the Great (c. 1073) and the Primary Code (c. 1095) were compiled. Both of them were included in the "Tale of Bygone Years" (1110s) - the most valuable monument ancient Russian culture and historical thought. The creator of its first edition (1110-1112 or 1113) is the Kiev-Pechersk monk Nestor. "The Tale of Bygone Years" is a collection of complex composition and sources. It includes retinue-epic legends (about the death of Prince Oleg the Prophet from the bite of a snake that crawled out of the skull of his beloved horse, under 912, about the revenge of Princess Olga on the Drevlyans under 945-946), folk tales(about the old man who saved Belgorod from the Pechenegs, under 997), toponymic legends (about the young kozhemyak who defeated the Pecheneg hero, under 992), stories of contemporaries (voivode Vyshata and his son voivode Yan), agreements with Byzantium 911, 944 and 971, church teachings (the speech of the Greek philosopher under 986), hagiographic texts (about princes Boris and Gleb under 1015), military stories, etc. In their structure, presentation of material and events over the years, The Tale of Bygone Years is similar to the Latin annals and differs from the Byzantine chronicles, which did not know the weather records. The Tale of Bygone Years has become a role model in the chronicle genre for centuries and has been preserved as part of the later collections of the 14th-16th centuries.

The chronicle includes the Tale of the Blinding of Prince Vasilko Terebovlsky (1110s), which appeared as an independent work, written with great literary skill eyewitness of dramatic events Vasily. By genre, this is a historical story about princely crimes during the internecine wars of 1097-1100.

The “Tale of Bygone Years” includes the “Instruction” by Prince Vladimir Monomakh (d. 1125), created in several stages and consisting of an instruction for children, an autobiography - an annals of Monomakh’s life and military campaigns, and a letter to his rival Prince Oleg Svyatoslavich of Chernigov. The ideal of the "Instruction" is a wise and just sovereign, sacredly faithful to treaties, a brave prince-warrior and a pious Christian. Monomakh's combination of elements of teaching and autobiography finds a vivid parallel in the apocryphal Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, known in medieval Byzantine, Latin and Slavic literature. Included in the apocrypha, "The Testament of Judas on Courage" had a direct impact on Monomakh.

Typologically, his work is close to medieval Western European teachings to children - heirs to the throne. It is included in the circle of such works as "Testament", attributed to the Byzantine emperor Basil I the Macedonian, monuments of Anglo-Saxon literature: "Instruction" of King Alfred the Great and used for the education of royal children "Father's Teachings" (VIII century), etc. Some of them Monomakh could know in oral retelling. His mother came from the family of the Byzantine emperor Constantine Monomakh, and his wife was the daughter of the Anglo-Saxon king Harald Gita.

A prominent writer of the late XI - early XII century. was a Kiev-Pechersk monk Nestor. His "Reading about the life of Boris and Gleb" along with other monuments of hagiography of the XI-XII centuries. (anonymous "The Tale of Boris and Gleb", "The Tale of the Miracles of Roman and David") form a widespread cycle about the bloody internecine war of the sons of Prince Vladimir the Holy for the throne of Kiev. Boris and Gleb (baptized Roman and David), who were killed in 1015 on the orders of their older brother, the usurper Svyatopolk, are portrayed as martyrs not so much of a religious as of a political idea. By their death they affirm the triumph of brotherly love and the necessity of subordinating the younger princes to the eldest in the family in order to preserve the unity of the Russian land. The passion-bearing princes Boris and Gleb, the first canonized saints in Rus', became her heavenly patrons and defenders. “After the “Reading”, Nestor created “The Life of Theodosius of the Caves”, which became a model in the genre of the venerable life and later included in the “Kiev-Pechersk Patericon”.

This is the last major work pre-Mongol Rus is a collection short stories about the history of the Kiev Caves Monastery, its monks, their ascetic life and spiritual exploits. The formation of the monument began in the 20-30s. 13th century It was based on the correspondence and writings of two Kiev-Pechersk monks Simon, who by that time had become the bishop of Vladimir-Suzdal, and Polycarp. The source of their stories about the events of the XI - the first half of the XII century. monastic and tribal traditions, folk tales, the Kiev-Pechersk chronicle, the lives of Anthony and Theodosius of the Caves appeared. At the intersection of oral and written traditions (folklore, hagiography, annals, oratorical prose), the patericon genre was formed in Ancient Rus'. The Old Slavic translated patericons served as a model for its creators. In terms of artistic merits, the “Kiev-Pechersk Patericon” is not inferior to the Skitian, Sinai, Egyptian and Roman patericons translated from Greek, which entered the golden fund of medieval Western European literatures. Despite the constant reader success, the Kiev-Pechersky Paterikon did not create much literary direction and 300 years, before the appearance of the "Volokolamsk Patericon" in the 30s-40s. 16th century (see § 6.4), remained the only original monument of this genre in ancient Russian literature.

Apparently, on Athos (or in Constantinople), pan-Orthodox cultural centers, the Prologue was translated from Greek and supplemented with new articles by the joint works of ancient Russian and South Slavic scribes. This hagiographic and church teaching collection, dating back to the Byzantine Synaxar (generic name - compilation ), contains brief editions of hagiographic texts, arranged in the order of the church calendar (since September 1). The translation was carried out no later than the 12th century, since the oldest surviving copy (the Sophia Prologue) dates from the end of the 12th - the beginning of the 13th century. In Ancient Rus', the Prologue was repeatedly edited, supplemented by Russian and Slavic articles, and generally belonged to the favorite circle of reading, as evidenced by a large number of lists and those that began in the 17th century. publications of the monument.

In the north of Rus', Novgorod was the literary and book center. Already in the middle of the XI century. there, at the Sophia Cathedral, chronicles were kept. At the end of the 1160s. priest Herman Voyata, having revised the previous chronicle, compiled the archiepiscopal code. The Novgorod lords not only supervised chronicle works, but also engaged in creativity. A monument to simple and unadorned ecclesiastical eloquence is the brief “Instruction to the Brethren” (30-50s of the 11th century) by Bishop Luka Zhidyata on the foundations of the Christian faith. (Luke's nickname is an abbreviation of the ancient Russian name Zhidoslav or George: Gyurgiy-Gyurata-Zhidyata.) Archbishop Anthony (in the world Dobrynya Yadreykovich) in the Book of the Pilgrim described a journey to Constantinople before it was captured by the crusaders in 1204. This event is dedicated to the testimony of an unknown eyewitness, included in the Novgorod First Chronicle - "The Tale of the Capture of Tsargrad by the Friags." Written with external impartiality and objectivity, the story significantly complements the picture of the defeat of Constantinople by the Crusaders of the Fourth Campaign, drawn by Latin and Byzantine historians and memoirists. By this time, the theme of the crusades and the genre of "walking" had a hundred-year history in ancient Russian literature.

At the beginning of the XII century. Abbot of one of the Chernigov monasteries Daniel visited the Holy Land, where he was warmly received by the Jerusalem King Baldwin (Baudouin) I (1100-1118), one of the leaders of the First Crusade. In The Journey, Daniel portrayed himself as the envoy of the entire Russian land as a kind of political entity. His work is a sample of pilgrimage notes, a valuable source historical information about Palestine and Jerusalem. In form and content, it resembles numerous itineraria travel books Western European Pilgrims.

Daniel described in detail the route, the sights and shrines he saw, along the way retelling the church canonical traditions and apocrypha associated with them.

Apocrypha

As in medieval Europe, in Rus', in addition to orthodox literature, the apocrypha (Greek. secret, hidden ) - legendary works that are not included in the generally recognized church canon. Their main flow came from Bulgaria, where in the X century. the dualistic heresy of the Bogomils was strong. The Apocrypha form a kind of vernacular Bible. Thematically, they are divided into the Old Testament (“The Tale of How God Created Adam”, “The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs”, the Apocrypha of Solomon, “The Book of Enoch”), the New Testament (“The Gospel of Childhood”, or “The Gospel of Thomas”, “The First Gospel of Jacob”, “ The Gospel of Nicodemus”, “The Tale of Aphrodite”, the legend of King Abgar), eschatological about the afterlife and the final destinies of the world (“The Vision of the Prophet Isaiah”, “The Going of the Virgin through Torment”, “The Tale of Our Father Agapius”, “The Revelation of Methodius of Patara”) and etc.

The "Conversation of the Three Hierarchs" (Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian and John Chrysostom), which has been preserved in ancient Russian lists from the 12th century, enjoyed great love among the people. Written in the form of questions and answers to the most various topics: from biblical to "natural science", it reveals, on the one hand, clear points of contact with medieval Greek and Latin literature(e.g. Joca monachorum Monk Games ), and on the other hand, it experienced a strong influence of folk superstitions, pagan ideas, and riddles throughout its manuscript history. Many apocrypha were included in the dogmatic-polemical compilation "Explanatory Paley" (perhaps, XIII century) and its revision "Chronographic Paley", which are a kind of analogue of the Latin historical Bible (Biblia historiale).

The Apocrypha were included in special lists of renounced books. The oldest Slavic index of the Apocrypha, translated from Greek, is placed in the Izbornik of 1073. Independent lists of renounced books, reflecting the real literary situation, appear in Rus' no earlier than the turn of the 14th-15th centuries. and have a recommendatory, and not strictly prohibitive (with subsequent punitive sanctions) character. Many apocrypha (“The First Gospel of Jacob”, “The Tale of Aphrodite”, etc.) could not be perceived as “false scriptures”, were revered along with canonical literature and were used in church life as readings for the corresponding holidays.

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But otherwise opens secret... (A. Akhmatova) Who says we will die? - Leave these Judgments in themselves - Falsehood twists in them: We live for many centuries In this world, And for many centuries we still have to live. We did not come from the void, And in years We are not destined to go into the void One day. We are part of Nature, We are part of the Universe, part of the world - Specifically, everyone! Billions of years ago We already breathed, I don’t know what, I don’t know how, But it was the case. The universe arose, We didn’t interfere with it, We did who, what could In other limits. And billions of years will pass - In the corona of the Sun The weary Earth will burn In its greatness, We will not burn! We will return to another life, We will return to ourselves In a different guise! I tell you: a person does not disappear! I tell you: a person is invested in immortality! But we still don’t know the evidence, And we can’t confirm immortality yet. But after a few years Oblivion weights We will throw off our memory And boldly remember: Why did we end up here - In the sublunar world? Why immortality is given to us And what to do with it? Everything that we will do in an hour, In a week and even a year, All this is not far from us In its own world lives. many floors, In one - we are going to Mars, In the other - we have already flown. Awards, praise and more ranks are waiting for us, lining up, And with them - our slaps in the neighboring worlds are burning. We think: life in hundreds of years This is God he knows: where? And it is nearby - the invisible light of those years is scattered everywhere. Try to pierce the Moon with your finger! It won’t work - the hand is short, It’s even more difficult to touch the country, Abandoned for centuries. But it’s so arranged: every moment From the streets, offices and apartments We move with the whole world To the real neighboring world. Wandering through space with the Earth With ideas fresh and old, We are new time - layer by layer - We rent from the world. And we are not in a hurry to live on loan, We do not speed up the year, We know with a distant memory That we have come to life forever. That our borders are not in milkiness, That our era is not an hour, In stock We have infinity, and Eternity is in store for us. And as on an excursion - only forward, Encrypting and theorem days, The Universe leads us by the hand Along the corridor of time. Turn on the light in the past and future! And you will see with a new vision how the city, which does not yet exist, is already appearing in time. In the future time, where so far only clouds of our hopes and our dreams float almost without color and outlines. the pulp of the blue life smiled at the warmth and light, turning on the lighting, you will meet a hedge that no longer exists. Don't worry, you haven't lost your mind now, having seen this - everything is preserved in space, and the degree keeps calm until time. But everything comes to life before the deadline, suddenly, when eccentrics in a good mood turn on the sound in the past and future, turn on the light in the future and the past .And life, as if circles on water, knits links for thousands of years, and there are no dead people anywhere, there are only those who fell asleep for a moment. Peace is only temporary silt. People are eternal! Look at their faces on each page - in the past and in the future - the same faces. There are no other people in nature, and the same people walk in circles of past and future squares, grinding stones with elastic steps. Turn on the light in the past and future, and you will see doubts instead, that in the future, where you are not yet, a place has already been prepared for you. https://www.stihi.ru/avtor/literlik&;book=1#1