Minerals of Mexico. United Mexican States

Mexico has always fascinated me and I hope one day I will see this country with my own eyes. In the meantime, it remains for me to read and watch programs about it, so I know the features of this camp quite well. Today I will talk about the natural wealth of Mexico.

Minerals of Mexico

The abundance of underground wealth in this country is due to geological factors. First of all, these are volcanoes, and some are still active. As you know, most of the rare minerals are of a volcanic nature, and therefore the places of outpouring of magma become rich deposits. Volcanism is a manifestation of active geological processes, which leads to the formation of geological structures of a different nature, which also contain valuable elements. Mexico is rich in such geological units as:

• folding;
• blocks;
• deflections.

The largest are folding areas composed of volcanic rocks. They are rich in silver and gold, zinc, lead, copper and other elements. In general, Mexico can be called a country that has reserves of almost all minerals. I will especially note the large oil and gas basin of the Gulf of Mexico.

Mexico: natural resources of the country

the main problem- scarce water resources, but groundwater is many times greater than surface water. Actually, due to this, it is possible to somehow stabilize the water supply. Water problems have become an obstacle to the plowing of new lands, so much of the center and south remain untouched.

Forests cover up to a fifth of the territory of Mexico, but are concentrated in that part of the country that is located in the tropics. The wood is exported to other countries and used in the domestic market, but the main wealth of the local forests is chicle juice, the main component of chewing gum. More than 85% of this raw material is produced in Mexico.

I would like to note the huge energy potential of Mexico in the field of alternative energy supply. Today, projects are being implemented that will help to implement it in the near future.

Mexico is the 13th country in the world in terms of area. The variety of resources that nature has awarded Mexico are due not only to the unique geographical location between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, and the simultaneous presence in the tropics and subtropics, but also to a very peculiar, mostly mountainous terrain.

All of these factors lead to very diverse agro-climatic resources of Mexico.

Relief

Mexico spread out on an area of ​​1972550 square kilometers. It is located in the south of North America. The east coast is washed by the Atlantic (with the help of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea), the west - by the Pacific Ocean (not without the participation of the Gulf of California).

Mexico includes and a number of islands located on both sides of the land.
The highland covers the lion's share of the state and consists of 2 parts: Northern and Central mesa. A large area has a plateau, which is located at an altitude of one to two thousand meters above sea level. Highlands from the side of the oceans are limited by mountainous the Sierra Madre ranges: respectively Western (about 3 km high) and Eastern (about 4 km high).

In the south of the country stretches the Transverse Volcanic Sierra, consisting of extinct, dormant and active volcanoes. There are over 300 of them in total. This is one of the largest volcanic belts. Its length is 880 km, and its width varies from 50 to 100 km.

The highest peaks of volcanoes are covered with snow caps. The most high point countries - Orizaba Peak Volcano(Pico de Orizaba, 5611 m.). The California Peninsula is formed by a mountain range about a kilometer high. Plains in the country are present mainly in Yucatan.

Climate

As we wrote above, Mexico located in two climatic zones. If in the north and west of the country, as a rule, the weather is dry and cool (annual rainfall is 90-250 mm, temperature fluctuations from + 10-15 ° С from November to April, to + 20-25 ° С from May to October), then in the south and east of the country it is humid and warm (annual rainfall is 2000-3000 mm, temperature fluctuations from + 20-25 ° C from November to April, to + 30-35 ° C from May to October). In the central regions on the territory of the highlands, precipitation is unlikely, and the temperature is + 10-20 ° С.

Due to the pronounced relief, there is also a significant temperature difference depending on the height above sea level. Air humidity, in turn, depends on tropical cyclones and is of greatest importance in the territory Gulf of Mexico.

Water resources

Marine water resources Mexico has it in abundance. But due to climatic conditions and due to the peculiarities of the relief, the distribution of fresh water resources is extremely uneven. While in the north and west of the country there are only fast-flowing mountain rivers, on the east coast and in the south of Mexico flow longest rivers.
The most significant are the following water arteries (the data are indicated without tributaries and only the part that flows through the territory of Mexico).

Gulf of Mexico Basin:
Aktopan (length 112 km, basin area 2001 sq. km);
Antigua (length 139 km, basin area 2827 sq. km);
Grijalva (length 608 km, basin area 83213 sq. km);
Candelaria (length 150 km, basin area 9628 sq. km).
Kasones (length 910 km, basin area 62881 sq. km);
Coatzacoalcos (length 325 km, basin area 17,369 square kilometers);
Nautla (length 124 km, basin area 2785 sq. km);
Nekasha (length 375 km, basin area 7903 sq. km);
Panuko (length 510 km, basin area 84956 sq. km);
Papaloapan (length 354 km, basin area 46517 sq. km);
Rio Bravo del Norte (length 2018 km, basin area 226280 sq. km);
San Fernando (length 400 km, basin area 17744 sq. km);
Soto la Marina (length 416 km, basin area 21183 sq. km);
Tonala (length 300 km, basin area 5679 sq. km);

Hamapa (length 368 km, basin area 4061 sq. km);
Pacific Basin:
Acaponeta (length 233 km, basin area 5092 sq. km);
Aquillilla (length 50 km, basin area 194 sq. km);
Ameka (length 205 km, basin area 12214 sq. km);
Atoyak (length 200 km, basin area 17109 sq. km);
Baluarte (length 142 km, basin area 5094 sq. km);
Balsas (length 771 km, basin area 112,320 sq. km);
Cañas (length 203 km, basin area 7114 sq. km);
Colorado (length 179 km, basin area 5180 sq. km);
Culiacan (length 875 km, basin area 15731 sq. km);
Magdalena (length 335 km, basin area 25808 sq. km);
Mayo (length 386 km, basin area 15113 sq. km);
Matape (length 205 km, basin area 6606 sq. km);
Ometepek (length 115 km, basin area 6922 sq. km);
Papagayo (length 140 km, basin area 7410 sq. km);
Piashtla (length 220 km, basin area 473 sq. km);
Presidio (length 200 km, basin area 6479 sq. km);
Rio Grande de Santiago (length 562 km, basin area 76416 sq. km);
Rio Fuerte (length 540 km, basin area 590 sq. km);
San Lorenzo (length 315 km, basin area 8919 sq. km);
San Nicolás (length 201 km, basin area 2330 sq. km);
San Pedro Mezquital (length 255 km, basin area 26,480 sq. km);
Sinaloa (length 400 km, basin area 260 sq. km);
Sonoyta (length 311 km, basin area 7653 sq. km);
Sonora (length 421 km, basin area 27,740 sq. km);
Suchyate (length 75 km, basin area 203 sq. km);
Tehuantepec (length 240 km, basin area 10,090 sq. km);
Tijuana (length 181 km, basin area 3231 sq. km);
Tomatlán (length 203 km, basin area 2118 sq. km);
Tushpan (length 150 km, basin area 5899 sq. km);
Yaki (length 410 km, basin area 72540 sq. km);
Caribbean Sea Basin:
Rio Hondo (length 150 km, basin area 2688 sq. km).

Despite the apparent abundance of rivers, and there are more than 150 of them, they are unevenly distributed, and about half of the country's population suffers from a lack of drinking water. Agriculture also mainly depends on irrigation by river waters.

Navigation is possible only on a few rivers. But nevertheless, the rivers, especially in the east of the country, have sufficient water resources, and the energy potential is approaching fifteen million kilowatts. In total, more than 50 hydroelectric power plants have been built on the rivers of Mexico. The most ambitious project is a series of four dams on the river Grijalva.

Mexico has many small lakes. The largest - Chapala - has a mirror area of ​​​​1100 square kilometers, with a maximum depth of 10 meters. Montebello National Park- This is a group of almost six dozen small lakes with completely unimaginable colors from sky blue and dark blue to rich turquoise. In general, Mexico has big variety lakes - from volcanic to underground.

Where surface water resources are scarce, underground sources are used. For example, on the peninsula Yucatan is the only source of drinking water. The preliminary estimate of groundwater reserves is positive, and suggests twice the amount of available surface water.

Soil resources

Land Resources of Mexico largely dependent on soil cover. And he, in turn, solo depends on the climate and relief. Much of Mexico and virtually all agricultural land is heavily eroded.
20-25% of the soil cover is gray soil. They predominate in the north and northwest in the desert regions and are suitable for cultivation only if there is constant irrigation.

Chestnut soils are inherent in the more arid regions of the steppe, while at the same time, where the climate is more humid, the steppes are covered with brown soils. Red-brown and red-brown soils of mountain volcanic origin are especially fertile. The humid climate of the tropics has formed a red-yellow soil cover in the southern region of the country. The southeast of Mexico is covered with swampy soils.

Agricultural enterprises skillfully enough use natural conditions and resources of Mexico by growing consumer crops specific to each region.

Vegetation

Forest resources of Mexico occupy about 20% of the entire territory. At the moment, the largest forest areas remained only in the tropics and on mountain ranges. The most common forests are coniferous and mixed, their volume reaches 60%, while tropical forests occupy only 40% of the forested area.

mexican vegetation, the main stereotype, occupies only the desert northern part of the country and consists of all kinds of acacias and mimosas, rubber plants, three-toothed larrea (with a depth of penetration of roots up to 100 meters), about five hundred varieties of cacti and Mexican pride - agave. By the way, the agave is represented by almost 150 species, for example, sisal is made from the Fourcree-shaped agave for the production of paper, ropes and packaging fabric.

Humid central regions of Mexico covered with mixed forests, in which hornbeams, plane trees, lindens, hickories, magnolias, etc., and conifers grow. The latter are represented by firs, cypresses, cedars, Monte Summa pine. In the temperate region, oaks and liquidambr adjoin the evergreens. And if deciduous species dominate at an altitude of up to 1500 meters, then pine already predominates higher. Alpine meadows stretch around the snow caps of the volcanoes.

Southern tropical regions of Mexico still contain mixed forests, but only in the highlands. Basically, there are dense evergreen forests with an abundance of palm trees, bamboos, as well as valuable tree species - mahogany, logwood, cedrela, guayacán.
The eastern slopes with high humidity are dressed in broad-leaved forests with some species of lianas and tree ferns.

Industry breeds with industrial value, is pine, red cedar and oak. Most of the cut wood is exported. A part goes for the needs of the pulp and paper and wood-chemical industries (production of tanning and dyeing reagents). Mexico produces over 80% of chicle juice, being the world leader.

Fauna

Natural resources of Mexico include rich animal world. The location of the state provides for being in two belts at once: neoarctic and neotropical wildlife.

In northern forest areas common representatives are the bear, the forest lynx, the raccoon, the steppe coyote, the wolf and other forest animals.
In deserts and steppes there are wild felines, prairie dogs, kangaroo rats, hares and others. A frequent visitor is the cougar, as well as wild boars, pronghorns and other animals of the neotropical zone.

Fauna of the south of the country There are also many representatives of nature: howler monkeys and spider monkeys, jaguars, Central American tapirs, Mexican tamandua (anteater), opossums, raccoons and Mexican porcupines.

Variety of birds represented by a variety of hummingbirds, parrots (red macaw and others), as well as toucans, bare-necked umbrella birds, American and royal vultures and others.

world of reptiles It is represented by ordinary iguanas, olive sea and land turtles and numerous reptiles.

Maritime representatives, especially shrimp, lobster, orange crabs, oysters, bluefin tuna, sardines, marlin and others are of great industrial catch value.

Recreational resources

Recreational Resources of Mexico include worldwide resort areas in Acapulco and Cancun, as well as the Riviera. More than fifty corners of wildlife have the status of national parks. They have an area of ​​about one million hectares.
These are the White Sands of the Tularosa Desert, and the mountain forests of Bosanchev and Cumbres de Monterey, the volcanic reserves of Pico de Orizaba and La Molinche, the national park of all kinds of birds. Water pearls of Garrafon, and. And the famous Crocotown Reserve, where they breed the Yucatan species of crocodiles.

is a natural aquarium located in a mountain cave and filled with sea and fresh artesian water. Incredibly clear water and a variety of colorful tropical fish, as well as many different algae, have unusual color combinations.

Crococoon Park famous not only for breeding local reptiles, but also for a rich collection of flamingos, tiger pythons, rare parrots, spider monkeys and white-tailed deer.

natural parks Bosenchev and Cumbres de Monterey amaze with the beauty of pine thickets.
The water world of the Garrafon park is full of colors of coral reefs and the ruins of the Mayan civilization.

It is rich in mangroves, lagoons of incredible beauty and wild jungle. Here you can easily meet not only turtles, but also exotic birds.
This is only a small part of Mexico's tourism resources. This country is so multifaceted that every visit will be filled with new experiences.

Mineral resources

Mineral resources of Mexico contain many different kinds of minerals. Natural resources graphite in Mexico ranked first in the world. And the total reserves of various minerals have a fifteen percent share in the region. Among the industrially produced are antimony, sulfur, mercury, gold, cadmium, bismuth, tin, tungsten. The mined ores are of high quality composition. Hydrocarbon resources in Mexico are rich in oil, natural gas and anthracite. The country also has significant reserves silver, iron and uranium. In terms of manganese ore reserves, Mexico is also among the leaders in the region.

A wide variety of fossils is caused by a special geological structure. Natural resources for development industry in Mexico also include deposits of lead-zinc ores. In general, the country occupies one of the leading places in terms of reserves and development of various deposits.

Mexico also has a leading position (second in Latin America after Venezuela) in the production of oil and gas. Offshore deposits are especially rich.
The country has more than two hundred deposits mercury. This allows Mexico to confidently occupy the 3rd position in the world.

More than half of the stock silver on the American continent is also found in Mexico. A quarter of the gold reserves are located right there.
Mexico is also one of the leading developers of sulfur deposits. Almost half all reserves of the American continent are located in this country.

Minerals of Mexico. The indigenous population of Mexico has long mined gold, silver, lead and tin ores. At present, mineral deposits have been explored in the country: bismuth, graphite, reserves of ores of zinc and lead, copper, iron and gold have been found. In addition, more than 300 oil and about 200 gas fields have been found in Mexico. These are mainly small deposits, they are concentrated mainly in the Gulf of Mexico. The country has quite significant reserves of ores. Thus, the minerals of Mexico are very diverse.

Slide 17 from the presentation "United Mexican States". The size of the archive with the presentation is 3824 KB.

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Institute of Economics and Culture

COURSE WORK

by discipline " Tourist reresources"

Tema" Tourism resources Mexico"

The work was completed by: Smirnova E.S.

5th year student group TM-08z

Moscow 2013

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1. Character traits development of Mexico

1.1 Geographical characteristic and natural resources of Mexico

1.2 Historical conditions for the development of the country

1.3 Socio-economic and cultural conditions for the development of tourism in Mexico

CHAPTER 2 Evaluation state of the art prospects for the development of tourism in Mexico

2.1 Analysis of the main tourist centers

2.2 Prospects for the development of inbound tourism

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Introduction

Currently, the attention of the world community is attracted by the rapid development of Asia, Africa and Latin America. In Latin America, the leaders in tourism development are Argentina, Brazil and Mexico.

Tourism is a very developed area of ​​Mexico, which is facilitated by geographical and natural conditions, cultural heritage, and developed infrastructure. By the presence of objects included in the list of the World cultural heritage UNESCO, Mexico ranks 7th, and 29th in natural resources. With good tourism potential, Mexico still ranks 49th in the world in terms of tourism competitiveness.

Based on this, the purpose of the course work is to consider the tourist resources of Mexico.

In accordance with the goal, the following tasks are solved:

Describe the geographical, historical, cultural, natural and socio-economic conditions for the development of tourism in Mexico;

Assess the current state and prospects for the development of tourism in Mexico;

Analyze the main tourist centers of Mexico.

The object of the study is Mexico as a tourist destination.

Subject - tourist resources of Mexico.

When writing a term paper, the following research methods were used: historical, monographic, dialectical and others

The theoretical and methodological basis of the study are the works of Kosolapov A.B., Butov V.I., Samoylenko A.A., Romanov A.A. and others.

If Romanov A.A. in his book, he considered the geography of tourism by region, described their advantages and disadvantages. That Samoylenko A.A. built his study on the types of tourism and in each type described the countries in which a certain type of tourism is developed.

CHAPTER 1.Characteristic features of the development of Mexico

1.1 Geographical characteristics and natural resources MexAndki

Mexico is located in the south of North America and occupies most of Central America. In the north, Mexico borders on the United States (namely, the states of California, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas), the length of the border is 3141 km. East of the city of Ciudad Juarez to the Gulf of Mexico, the border runs along the meandering Rio Grande.

From the west and south, Mexico is washed by the Pacific Ocean, and from the east by the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. In the southeast, Mexico borders Guatemala (871 km) and Belize (251 km). Mexico is the northern part of Latin America. Most of Mexico is occupied by the Mexican Highlands with marginal ridges of the Eastern Sierra Madre (4054 m), the Western Sierra Madre (3150 m) and the Transverse Volcanic Sierra (active volcanoes - Orizaba, 5700 m, Popocatepetl, 5452 m, etc.). In the northwest is the mountainous peninsula of California, in the south is the mountainous region. Chiapas and South Sierra Madre, in the southeast - the low-lying Yucatan Peninsula.

The total area of ​​Mexico is 1,972,550 km², including about 6,000 km² of islands in the Pacific Ocean (including the island of Guadalupe and the Revilla-Hihedo archipelago), the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of California. In terms of area, Mexico ranks 14th in the world.

Most of Mexico has a tropical or subtropical climate. The mountainous relief that dominates Mexico predetermined the mosaic variety of climatic zones. Depending on the height, it is customary to distinguish three main types of climatic zones: hot, temperate and cold. The hot belt is common on the coast, and continues to an altitude of 600 meters above sea level. It is followed by a temperate climate up to an altitude of 1800 meters; and above that, the "cold land" extends, reaching the snow limit - about 4000 meters.

Arid subtropical climate prevails in the north of the country, extending from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean, and captures part of the southern highlands. Further south, the climate becomes humid and hot, especially around the coast of the Gulf of California. Most of the precipitation falls in the summer months, winters are usually dry. As already mentioned, the climatic zones in Mexico are zoned depending on the elevation changes, and some of them are characterized by large temperature fluctuations. For example, in Northern Mesa, the temperature ranges from +45 degrees in summer to -20 degrees in winter (mainly in highlands). However, in most of Mexico, the amplitudes of mean annual temperatures are small, and amount to about 10 degrees.

The average annual temperature in the main resorts of Mexico varies from +25 to +35 degrees, depending on the season. In the winter months, in the mainland of Mexico, located at an altitude of up to 1600 meters above sea level, the temperature rarely drops below +16 degrees. The rainy season starts in June and lasts four months including September. The greatest amount of precipitation falls in the south of the country, in the coastal lowlands, which often leads to flooding of these areas.

The vegetation of Mexico is rich and varied. In Mexico, the contrast between the semi-desert vegetation of the arid northern part of the country and the tropical vegetation of the humid south is pronounced. Northern Mexico is the birthplace of drought-resistant plants: cacti and agaves. There are 500 species of cacti alone in Mexico and up to 140 species of agaves. From some types of agaves, Mexicans prepare dishes, make a weak intoxicating drink pulque and stronger ones - tequila and mezcal. From the fleshy leaves of some species of agave, growing mainly in the Yucatan, a strong fiber is obtained, which is used for the production of ropes, ropes and twine. The entire north of Mexico is covered with steppe and semi-desert vegetation. In addition to cacti and agaves, there are also yucca, prickly pear, acacia, mimosa, etc.

The fauna of Mexico includes representatives of the North American and South American fauna. Of the representatives of the North American fauna in Mexico, there are a cougar, an otter, a marten, an American meadow wolf - a coyote, a buffalo, an antelope - a pronghorn, a marsupial rat - an opossum, a wild sheep and a wild boar. They are found mainly in mountain forests and in the semi-desert highlands of northern Mexico. Of the representatives of the South American fauna in the forests of the tropical zone of Mexico, the jaguar, sloth, armadillo, raccoon, anteater, bat, etc. are found. Central American animals are represented by porcupine and tapir. Turtles (7 out of 8 species of turtles live here) and sharks live in the waters of the sea coast, and crocodiles live in the lagoons. Toads and salamanders are found in damp places. Mexico abounds in various species of lizards and snakes. Scorpions are ubiquitous throughout the country.

mexico tourism centers

1.2 Historical conditions for the development of the country

Excavations in Tepespan, made in 1947, and in other places indicate that traces of human presence in Mexico date back at least to the 20th millennium BC. In the middle of the 1st millennium BC. sedentary cultures began to take shape in central and southern Mexico.

The ancient Mexican culture of the Olmecs flourished in the 12th-5th centuries. BC, with the centers of La Vente, Tres Zapotes and Cerro de las Mesas in the current states of Veracruz, Tabasco and Guerrero. The Olmec culture had a significant influence on the formation of the later classical civilizations of Mexico, which flourished in the 4th-9th centuries. AD: on the cultures of Teotihuacan in the central Anahuac valley; the Zapotecs in Oaxaca and Tehuantepec, centered on Monte Albán; Totonacs in the territory of the modern state of Veracruz with a center in El Tajin and the highly developed Maya civilization that developed in southern Mexico and Guatemala. Maya achievements include a complex religious and mythological system, hieroglyphic writing, majestic architecture, exquisite sculpture and sophisticated arts and crafts, extensive knowledge of mathematics and astronomy, and an accurate calendar.

These classical civilizations collapsed at about the same time. The exception is the Yucatan Maya, whose culture lasted until the Spanish conquest. In the 8th c. AD conquerors from the north, the Toltecs, invaded Central Mexico. In the 9th-10th centuries. they created a vast state with the capital Tollan, or Tolyan (modern Tula), and conquered the Mayan country. On the territory of the Yucatan, a Maya-Toltec state developed, whose capital in the 11th century. became Chichen Itza, and after its destruction in the 12th century. - Mayapan. The Zapotecs were driven south by the Mixtecs, who also came from the north.

The Toltecs became famous as skilled craftsmen, the creators of the calendar, and modern Indians, according to some researchers.

By the time the Spaniards arrived in Mexico, the possessions of the Aztec emperor Montezuma (Moctezuma) II extended south to Oaxaca, west to Michoacán, and east to the Gulf of Mexico. Only the inhabitants of the neighboring cities of Tlaxcala and Texcoco and the Tarascans in the west managed to maintain their independence. The Aztecs made a cult of war and practiced mass human sacrifice. Aztec culture borrowed a lot from the cultures of the conquered peoples. Further development Aztec civilization was interrupted by the Spanish conquistadors.

An almost 3,000-year-old civilization was destroyed in two short years by the conquistadors, led by Hernan Cortés, who landed on April 21, 1519 in the area of ​​modern Veracruz. Historical sources testify that the Aztecs at first accepted the newcomers well, since, according to their calendar, it was in 1519 that their god Quetzalcoatl was supposed to return from the east. The Spaniards met their first allies in the cities inhabited by the Aztecs. With almost 6,000 local recruits, they approached the capital of the Aztec empire, Tenochtitlan, a city that was much larger than any of the cities in Spain. King Montezuma II invited envoys to his palace, but the Spaniards who came immediately captured him. On August 13, 1521, the Aztec resistance was completely crushed.

From the 16th to the 19th centuries, there was racial isolation in Mexico. For three centuries, from 1521 to 1821, Mexico remained a colonial possession of Spain. Despite the active interaction of local and European traditions, culturally, Mexican society was a rather mixed picture. The colonial economy was based on the exploitation of the Indians, who were forced to work in the lands and mines taken from them. The Spaniards introduced new agricultural technologies and new agricultural crops into traditional Indian agriculture, including citrus fruits, wheat, sugar cane and olives, taught the Indians how to livestock, began the systematic development of the earth's interior and created new mining centers - Guanajuato, Zacatecas, Pachuca, Taxco, etc.

The anti-colonial war in Mexico, which unfolded after the occupation of Spain by Napoleon's troops, developed under the influence of the French Revolution and the American War of Independence. On September 16, 1810, the Creole Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a priest from the parish church, led an uprising that was dubbed "Grito de Dolores" (Grito de Dolores - Cry of Dolores). In 1821, Spain agreed to grant Mexico its independence.

In December 1822, Antonio López de Santa Ana, commander of the Veracruz garrison, revolted and declared Mexico a republic. He was re-elected five times as president. During his reign, he provided the country with internal political stability and economic recovery. However, Santa Ana's foreign policy brought the country to war. In the war with the United States, Mexico lost almost two-thirds of its territory - the current North American states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas and Utah.

In 1861-1867. an attempt was made to intervene by Great Britain, France and Spain, which ended, ultimately, in their defeat. In 1910-1917. a bourgeois-democratic revolution took place, culminating in the adoption of a new constitution. For that time, the Mexican constitution was considered one of the most advanced.

The internal political situation in Mexico during these years was characterized by instability, which was aggravated by contradictions with the United States. Any change of government was accompanied by riots - in 1923-1924, 1927 and 1929.

In 1942, he signed a number of agreements with the United States and settled the conflict that arose in 1938 in connection with the nationalization of the oil industry. In response, the United States pledged to provide financial assistance to stabilize the Mexican peso, build roads and industrialize the country.

In 1946-1952, Miguel Aleman, the first civilian president after Madero, ruled Mexico. Under him, the political influence of big business increased, agreements were signed with the church and with foreign investors, and friendly relations with the United States were strengthened. The Aleman government directed its main efforts to the implementation of industrialization programs, industrial development of the regions, irrigation, and the introduction of modern agricultural technologies. It was a period of economic growth, grandiose public projects, large-scale construction.

In 1964-1970, the country followed a moderate course, maneuvering between conservative and reformist tendencies. During this period, production developed rapidly with an annual increase in gross national product of 6.5%. In 1969, the first metro lines were opened in Mexico City. In August 1970 Diaz Ordaz, President of Mexico, settled with US President Richard Nixon all border disputes between the two countries.

In 1973, a law was passed on the strict control of foreign investment in Mexico. Mexico's ties were strengthened with other Latin American countries, primarily with Cuba, Peru and Chile. In 1972 Mexico established diplomatic relations with China.

In November 1993, Mexico and the United States signed a free trade agreement (NAFTA).

Today the country is actively foreign policy, the main principle of which is the solution of problems in accordance with the norms of international law, including respect for the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries. In economic terms, Mexico is an industrial-agrarian country, one of the most developed countries in Latin America.

1.3 Socio-economic andultradevelopment conditions tatrism in mexico

The United States of Mexico is a federal presidential republic. The Constitution of 1917 is in force with numerous amendments (introduced in 1996 and 2002).

The capital is Mexico City.

Administrative divisions: 31 states and 1 Federal District; Mexico City (Federal District), states: Aguascalientes, Veracruz, Guerrero, Guanajuato, Durango, Hidalgo, Campeche, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, Co ahuila, Colima, Mexico City, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Baja California, Baja California (southern), NuevoLeon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Jalisco, Chihuahua, Chiapas, Yucatan.

The largest cities: Mexico City, Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Veracruz, Leon, Queretaro, Tampico.

The population of Mexico is more than 107 million inhabitants. The official language is Spanish, among the local languages ​​\u200b\u200bit is common - Maya, Nahuatl, Otobi. Modern ethnic composition Mexico is represented by three groups: Europeans, local Indians and Africans. Whites make up 30%, mestizos 56%, Indians 12% and 2% other groups (Asians, mulattoes and blacks). According to cultural characteristics, ethnologists divide the Indians into 62 ethnic groups, and about 30 of them have their own language. The largest group in terms of numbers is the Nahuatl in Central Mexico (about 1.3 million people), as well as the descendants of the Maya in Chiapas, Tabasco and the Yucatan Peninsula (800 thousand people). Zapotecs, Mixtecs, Tarahumara and Otomi are also numerous. Most of the population professes Christianity (97% of the country's population consider themselves Catholics). 3% of Mexicans are adherents of various forms of Protestantism. There are small but quite thriving communities of Baha'is and Jews.

Mexico, a country with a long tradition of urban life, has reached a very high degree of urbanization in the post-war decades. Citizens make up about 72% of the country's population. In the world economy, Mexico is known as one of the largest producers of silver, which has been mined here since prehistoric times. During the period from the 16th to the middle of the 20th century, Mexico produced over 1/3 of the entire world production of this metal. Mexico is also famous for the production of coarse henequin fiber (from agaves), coffee, cane sugar, and shrimp fishing. The traditional Mexican drink, tequila, is also made from magen agave. The oil industry plays an important role in the country. The main region of oil production and oil refining is the coast of the Gulf of Mexico (east of the country). Metallurgical enterprises are confined to the central and eastern mountainous regions. Fishing and marine fishing are most actively developed on the Pacific coast. Close economic ties between Mexico and the United States influenced the formation of the transport network: most of the highways are laid in a north-south direction.

In recent decades, the tourism industry has been actively developing in Mexico. Ancient monuments of the Maya and Aztec culture, magnificent seaside resorts and exotic landscapes of the country attract numerous foreign tourists (up to 3 million per year), who leave here 800-900 million dollars, which exceeds the proceeds from the export of many types of products. Mexico is turning into one of the leading tourist countries in the world.

Cultural heritage of the country

The true monuments of antiquity in Mexico are the pyramids. There are many of them in the country, but only a few are available for viewing. Many pyramids are buried under the cultural layer and covered with dense tropical vegetation, so they are just green hills. Most of the pyramids are multi-layer structures: the oldest is inside, and above it there are several later superstructures and claddings.

The most famous and probably the most ancient are the pyramids of Teotihuacan, near Mexico City. Teotihuacan (translated as "a place where people communicate with the gods") is the most ancient and mysterious of all the discovered cities of preclassical America. During the time of Ancient Rome, it had 200 thousand inhabitants. By the end of the first millennium AD, the city was deserted, its temples and houses were destroyed. Two largest pyramids have been preserved - the Pyramid of the Sun and the Pyramid of the Moon, as well as the temple of the most popular of the Mexican gods - Quetzalcoatl, personifying a good and bright beginning. No one knows the reasons for the death of the ancient city and who and when built it and preserved the largest pyramids.

The largest pyramid of all known on earth is located in the city of Cholula, 100 km from the Mexican capital. Today, this pyramid is a hill overgrown with forest, on top of which rises a Catholic church. Thus, the Spaniards marked their superiority over the ancient Indian civilization.

Numerous temples-pyramids and sacred wells, into which the Indians threw gold ornaments, also exist on the plains of the Yucatan Peninsula, where the civilization of the Mayan Indians developed. They created hieroglyphic writing, achieved great success in the art of building, developed applied mathematics and astronomy. The decline of this civilization began a thousand years ago, long before the arrival of the Spaniards. The temples were empty, the wells were overgrown - civilization disappeared, but the descendants of the Maya still live on the land of Yucatan, preserving ancient traditions and faith in their gods.

There are ruins (ruins) of several ancient city-states in the Yucatan. Among them are the pyramids at Palenque and the ancient observatory at Chichen Itza.

The Indian element is inevitably present in the souvenirs offered to tourists. These are figurines of the god Tlaloca, made of stone, woolen poncho capes, wicker masks and baskets, ceramics, copper chasing and silverware repeating ancient patterns, and finally, the main souvenir is a ritual Aztec knife, a necessary accessory for sacrifices, with a blade. from obsidian and a handle in the form of an eagle's head, decorated with carvings and gems.

Of particular note is the cuisine of Mexico. Mexican cuisine is famous for its culinary traditions all over the world. Most of the dishes are spicy but great in taste. Three typical national dishes are tortillas - corn tortillas, beans and spicy ketchup.

As for the transport infrastructure, we can say the most developed type of transport is the bus service. In Mexico, there are three categories of intercity bus service: luxury, first class and second, and sometimes even the stations for buses of different classes differ significantly from each other. The internal transport of Mexico is not very fast, but the situation is gradually changing in better side. Now many large cities have airports, some even international ones, but within the country, land transport is still used more. The main airport in Mexico is Benito Juarez Airport in Mexico City (Aeropuerto Internacional de la Ciudad de Mexico Benito Jubrez). Direct flights from Europe are operated by Aeroméxico, AirFrance, BhitishAirways, Iberia, Lufthansa and Northwest/KLM, although some airlines still fly through the US. Many charter flights from Europe arrive directly at popular beach resorts. Passengers connecting in Mexico City for an inland flight must collect their luggage before boarding a domestic flight.

mexico tourism inbound

CHAPTER2. Assessment of the current state of prospects for the development of tourism in Mexico

2.1 Analysismajortourist centersntrov

Mexico is a favorite holiday destination for many travelers from all over the world. This country has an unsurpassed flavor, as evidenced by its attributes, known to everyone: sombrero, bullfighting, tequila, as well as the ancient Mayan and Aztec settlements. Holidays in this country meet all recognized world standards, and nature has created everything necessary to make it unique and beautiful. Golden sandy beaches, green exotic vegetation and the sea create the illusion of heaven on earth. Entertainment in the resorts of Mexico is innumerable: you can go diving and enjoy the beauty of amazing coral reefs, become participants in the Caribbean carnival, organize a picnic or a romantic dinner on a desert island, visit local fairs, unravel the mysteries of the ancient civilizations of the Aztecs and Mayans, who once lived on the territory of present-day Mexico .

In Mexico, there are such types of tourism as recreational (beach), ecological, extreme and cultural-educational.

Recreational tourism.

The beaches of Mexico are among the best beaches in the world, they are all sandy, public, and usually free and turn into a tourist's dream.

Main resorts: Cancun, Los Cabos, Cozumel, Acapulco, Riviera Maya, Puerto Vallarta, Yucatan Peninsula.

Extreme tourism

This type of tourism is represented in such forms as diving, surfing.

There are several types of diving in Mexico. This is a diving safari on the California Peninsula, during which people travel by ship and periodically dive, and drift diving in the underwater currents near the island of Cozumel, as well as diving in underwater caves. Another center is the Yucatan Island.

Surfing in Mexico is mainly practiced on the Pacific coast. The most famous surfing centers are the beaches between San José del Cabo and San Lucas Cabo, Manzanillo and Puerto Escondido. The capital of windsurfers is the resort of Los Barilles.

Ecological tourism

Mexico has over 50 national parks and reserves. Among which are the world-famous Bosenchev and Cumbres de Monterrey parks with mountain pine forests, La Molinche and Pico de Orizaba with famous volcanoes, the rare bird reserve Celestum, etc.

In the Cancun area there are underwater national parks Garrafon, Contoy, Shel-Ha and Chankanab Lagoon, as well as Crocotown crocodile park - a protected area where Yucatan crocodiles, pink flamingos and many other species of animals and birds live and breed.

Shel-Ha (or Xel-Ha, 122 km from Cancun) is a national park, which is a natural aquarium that arose naturally in a mountain cave, fed partly by sea, partly by fresh water from underground rivers. Surprisingly clean and transparent water allows you to see exotic fish of unusual colors, and lush vegetation amazes with a range of shades.

Ecopark Shkaret (Eshkaret) is located 72 km. from Cancun on the bay. This is a well-equipped recreation center with an abundance of tropical fauna, beaches, a zoo, water attractions, underground rivers, an aquarium, caves, bars and restaurants, a small museum and much more. One of the highlights of Xcaret is one of the best Butterfly Pavilions in the world.

As well as the biosphere reserve "Xian Kaan" in Mayan language means "Gate to Heaven". It is located south of the city of Tulum, less than two hours from Cancun.

Educational tourism

Mexico is a country of educational and sightseeing tourism. The range of excursions offered is very wide: from visiting local monuments, museums, pyramids, to visiting entire abandoned Mayan cities, of which there are about 2000 in Mexico. The most popular routes affect Mexico City, Acapulco and Cancun.

The centers of educational tourism are the pyramids of Teotihuacan, the pyramid in Cholula, Guadalajara, Palenque, Taxco, Mexico City.

Now consider the main tourist centers of Mexico. The main centers include Mexico City, Cancun, Riviera Maya, Acapulco, Taxco, Monte Alban and others.

Mexico City - the capital of the country - is considered the cultural capital of all Latin America. Mexico City was founded in 1325 by the Aztec Indians. This is a real museum open sky"- there are more than 1400 monuments and historical relics, 10 archaeological zones both in the city itself and in the vicinity, 8 universities, several academies, more than 80 museums, theaters, concert halls and exhibitions, more than 2 thousand restaurants, dozens of parks and centers recreation.

The center of the city is El Zocalo Square (Constitution Square, the second largest in the world), surrounded by the miraculously preserved buildings of the Aztec Tenochtitlan (Templo Mayor) and buildings of the colonial era, among which is the largest Catholic cathedral in Latin America, Metropolitana Cathedral (1563-1667 .) and the Palace of Cortes.

Also of interest is the Plaza of the Three Cultures in the center of Mexico City, where there is a unique archaeological area with stone foundations of ancient Aztec buildings, above which rises a Catholic cathedral, which, in turn, is adjacent to modern residential buildings that border the square.

The famous monument of the colonial era is the cathedral, built in honor of the patron saint of Mexico - the Holy Virgin of Guadalupe. An unusually beautiful celebration with a solemn procession, held in her honor annually on December 12, gathers about a million pilgrims from many countries of the New World.

The famous landmark of Mexico is the National Palace, decorated with the famous frescoes of Diego Rivera, Garibaldi Square and the world's largest bullring. As well as Alameda Park and the Palacio de Bella Art (Palace of Fine Arts), which contains the best works of Mexican culture, or the Xochimilco canals on the outskirts of Mexico City, where people still live the same way as 500 years ago.

Paseo de la Reforma (Reform Avenue) is a copy of the Champs Elysees in Paris with colorful buildings of the late 19th century. and numerous fountains.

In the very center there is a pedestrian enclave and a nightlife area - Zona Rosa.

You can relax from the bustle of the city in the parks Pedregal, Alameda, Bosque de Chapultepec ("hill of grasshoppers", the largest park in Mexico City) with the presidential palace of Castillo de Chapultepec, where the National Anthropological Museum, the largest in the country, is located (nearby the zoo), or the forested area of ​​La Marques on the outskirts of the city.

Acapulco.

The port city of Acapulco is the famous "night capital of Mexico", a city of entertainment, shows, casinos and restaurants. The center of the tourist life of Acapulco is the Pie de la Cuesta lagoon with excellent beaches and restaurants on the northern outskirts of the city.

Also of interest are the Spanish fort of San Diego (XVII-XVIII centuries) in historical center of the city, the Municipal Square of Zocalo, where you can see the beautiful Cathedral de la Soledad, a water amusement park, the colorful show "Fiesta Mexico", boat trips along the coast with dinner and shows, the famous cliff divers in La Quebrada (45 m. ), discos, restaurants and much more. On the shores of a beautiful natural bay, there are more than 20 municipal beaches for every taste. The best places for swimming are the beaches of Caleta, Pi de la Cuesta and Caletilla in the Old Acapulco area, as well as the fashionable Condeza Beach. Here you can hire a fishing boat or a glass bottom boat and go to the island resort of Roqueta, where there is an extensive zoo, or to the De las Playas peninsula, to the altar of the Virgin of Guadalupe lying at the bottom.

The top ten world resorts include Cancun, located on the Yucatan Peninsula. This major tourist center international class was once a small fishing village. The ideal subtropical climate contributed to the rapid development of tourism in Cancun. The average annual temperature here exceeds 30 degrees. The upper part of the sandy spit, on which the city is located, adjoins the Gulf of Women, and the lower part connects to the open sea. The tourist infrastructure of Cancun is thought out to the smallest detail: luxurious hotels, many kilometers of clean sandy beaches, various sports, restaurants whose menus abound with Mexican, Oriental and European cuisine, trendy nightclubs. In addition, in Cancun you can buy a variety of goods, including world brands, at very reasonable prices.

In the heart of the country in the mountains between Acapulco and Mexico City is located the resort of Taxco, recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is an unsurpassed center of tourism, as well as the capital of silverware. Magnificent Spanish baroque architecture and cobbled streets. Taxco's most famous sights are Zocalo Square, Don Guillermo Museum, Casa Borda and Santa Prisca Church. Attract the attention of tourists and numerous handicraft workshops. Not far from Taxco is the city of Cuernavaca, which is the capital of the state called Morelos. The main attraction of Cuernavaca is the magnificent palace of E. Cortes, the territory of which is now occupied by the Cortes Museum.

Guadalajara

Guadalajara is recognized as the second largest city in Mexico. The main attractions of this place: Mariachis Square, Cathedral and its twin towers, the Cabañas Institute of Culture, whose interior walls were once decorated with paintings by José Orozco. Many traditional Mexican objects and phenomena originated in Guadalajara. Here, for the first time, mariachi music sounded, and the Dance with Hats was shown. The first sombreros were made in Guadalajara, and even the famous tequila appeared in this beautiful city.

Famous tours and excursions in Mexico

"Five Civilizations". This tourist route is full of fascinating excursions related to visiting the ancient cities of the Indians of Mesoamerica, getting to know their life and culture - architecture, temples, pyramids, religious rites. Acquaintance with the history of indigenous peoples will allow you to take a fresh look at the Indians - not as savages, but as a highly developed civilization, although their culture was significantly different from European.

Excursion programs: "Great kingdoms of Maya - mysteries of ancient civilization" (11 nights). Route: Teotihuacan - Mexico City - Cuernavaca - Taxco - Cholula - Puebla.

Tour Sacred Mexico (Mexico City - Acapulco) 8 days / 7 nights.

The tour price includes:

accommodation in 4* hotels according to the program;

· transfers in a 1st class bus with air conditioning and a toilet. For small groups, less than 15 people, an air-conditioned minivan is available;

Russian-speaking guide throughout the route;

breakfast at the hotel (buffet or American breakfast);

Entrance tickets to all attractions according to the program;

· transfers airport - hotel in Mexico City (day of arrival) and hotel - airport in Acapulco (last day of stay);

tips for maids, porters and waiters for breakfast;

· health insurance.

There are tours of various durations. Prices range from $325 (2 nights/3 days) and up depending on the number of nights, resort and hotel category. This amount usually does not include the cost of the flight.

Heart of Mexico (excursions in Mexico). Route: Mexico City - Teotihuacan - Querétaro - San Miguel de Allende - Guanajuato - Lake Patzcuaro - Ixtapa. Programs cost from $938 for 6 days.

Additionally paid:

Mexico visa - $60;

· a package of insurances, including travel insurance and medical insurance;

air flight Moscow - Mexico City, Ixtapa - Moscow from 1200 USD

Tips for the driver and guide (the generally accepted tip rules are 10% of the amount of the service and 1-2 dollars for hotel employees).

2.2 Prospects for the development of inbound tourism

The presence of interesting tourist sites and wonderful nature is not enough for the development of tourism. Many factors influence the competitive position of countries, including the presence of a developed infrastructure of hotels, transport, the stability of the economic and political situation, and the level of crime. Also, the development of tourism in the country is influenced by state regulation and the attitude of the government towards tourism. Participation in international forums and exhibitions

Following the results of the world economic forum in Davos, one of the reports determined the tourism competitiveness of countries in 2006. Experts from the tourism industry in Mexico have carefully analyzed the data of the report. Although Mexico ranks seventh out of 124 countries in terms of having UNESCO World Heritage Sites and 29th in terms of natural resources, the country ranks 116th in terms of crime and violence and 116th in terms of airport traffic. fees - on the 114th.

At the same time, the overall indicator of tourism competitiveness of Mexico placed it in 49th place. In calculations related to the costs of doing business in an environment of high crime and violence, the maximum positive score is 7 points. For example, Iceland, Finland and Germany received 6.8, 6.7 and 6.6 points respectively. In Mexico, this figure is 2.4, as in Angola. The situation with crime is worse only in Chad and Trinidad and Tobago - 2.3; Honduras and Jamaica - 2.1; Guatemala - 2.0; El Salvador - 1.9; and Venezuela - 1.8. As a result, Mexico ranks 104th in terms of citizens' confidence in the country's police forces. Regarding the impact of terrorism on doing business, Mexico is ranked 51st.

Mexico's strengths were cited in the report as its "natural appeal" coupled with a quality policy towards environment, low visa requirements and few restrictions for foreigners wishing to purchase property in the country. Mexico's air infrastructure is in 32nd place, while the overall tourism infrastructure is in 47th. Land transport is rated as underdeveloped with an overall 62nd place.

Holidays in Mexico are becoming more popular among Russian tourists every year. Here it is worth noting the active work of the embassy to facilitate visa formalities. So, if 3 years ago obtaining a tourist visa to Mexico was a difficult and lengthy undertaking, now the term for its issuance is only 48 hours with a minimum set of documents. In this case, the validity of the visa is as much as 10 years.

At the moment, according to the country's tourism authorities, Mexico has already overtaken its main competitor in the Caribbean region - Cuba. However, the tourist authorities of Mexico will be in close contact with Russian tour operators to increase the tourist flow. For their part, the operators working on the route will increase transportation to the Mexican resort of Cancun in the coming season, counting on the high loading of aircraft.

The Ministry of Tourism of Mexico does not stand aside either, where 10 new excursion programs were developed for Russian tourists before the start of the season, which, according to the Mexican tourist office, will have a stimulating effect on the tourist flow.

Mexican President Felipe Calderon signed a decree declaring 2011 the Year of Tourism in the country. By 2020, the country intends to enter the top five world leaders in the reception of travelers, planning an annual tourist flow of 55 million people.

In 2010, the number of tourists in Mexico exceeded 22.6 million, which is 10% more than in 2009. The country's tourism business has earned $12 billion. About 6 million Mexicans work directly or indirectly in the tourism sector.

This was stated by the President of the country, speaking at the National Convention of the Confederation of Chambers of Commerce, Services and Tourism. According to him, the federal government is also joining the National Pact for the Development and Promotion of Tourism.

The Confederation of Chambers of Commerce, Services and Tourism is the largest association of Mexican business representatives, which includes more than 650 thousand enterprises and firms that provide 65% of Mexico's GDP. On her initiative, the National Pact was signed at the end of last year. "We view the development of tourism in Mexico as a strategic direction for the development of the country in the near and long term," Calderon said.

Income from the tourism business is the third source of foreign exchange in the country's budget after the sale of oil and transfers of Mexican migrants from abroad.

Recall that quite recently, in 2009, the volume of the tourist market in Mexico declined by 11.29%; the budget missed then $ 2 billion. Such a decline in the country has not been observed for 27 years. The subsequent success of Mexico is explained by the right strategy for the development and support of tourism.

Thus, the development of tourism in Mexico is developing quite rapidly, this is facilitated by the historical and cultural component, natural features region, state policy to promote the national tourism product.

Conclusion

Having considered the tourist potential of Mexico, we can say that due to the cultural and historical heritage, geographical location and climatic conditions, cultural and educational tourism, ecological and recreational tourism are developing in Mexico.

Mexico's budget receipts from tourism are increasing every year. Government programs are being implemented to develop the tourism industry in Mexico.

In general, tourism in Mexico is developing rapidly due to well-developed infrastructure, natural and climatic resources, and culture. Each region of the country is favorable for the development of tourism in its own way.

As a result, we can say that Mexico has prospects and resources for the development of such types of tourism as educational, recreational, sports, ecological, extreme.

Bibliography

Collective monographs, study guides

1. Butov V.I. Economic and social geography of the foreign world and the Russian Federation: Uchebno-sprav. allowance / V.I. Butov. - M.: ICC, "Mart", 2006. - 208s.

2. Voskresensky V.Yu. International tourism: Proc. settlement / V.Yu. Resurrection. - M. : UNITI-DANA, 2008. - 463 p.

3. Kosolapov A.B. Theory and practice of ecological
tourism: textbook. allowance. / A.B. Kosolapov. - M.: Aspect Press, 2005. - 240s.

4. Kuskov A.S. Balneology and health tourism. / A.S. Kuskov. - Rostov n/a: Phoenix. 2005. - 286 p.

5. Makeakovsky V.P. Geographical picture of the world: textbook. allowance: at 2 books. / V.P. Makeakovsky. - M.: Bustard, 2003. - Book. I.-467C.

6. Mironenko N.S. Country Studies: Theory and Methods: Uch. manual for universities / N. S. Mironenko - M .: Aspect Press, 2001. -268s.

7. Romanov A.A. Tourism Geography: Textbook - M.: Soviet sport, 2002.

8. Samoilenko A.A. Geography of tourism: Textbook - Rostov m / d "Phoenix", 2006.

9. Holloway J. Christopher. Travel business. / J. Christopher Holloway, Neil Taylor. - K .: Knowledge, 2007. - 673s.

10. Ushakov D.S. Regional studies: a textbook. / D. S. Ushakov. - M.: ICC, "March", 2007 - 256s.

Articles from Internet sources

1. Mexico plans to become a world leader with the help of the Year of Tourism. General access// http://traveldaily.ru.

2. The popularity of the Mexican resort is gaining momentum. General access// http://www.reklamniki.info/.

3. Traveling in Mexico. General access// http://meksikatour.ru/.

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Last update:
December 02, 2016, 14:50

Capital: Mexico City (22 million as of 2015)

Area: 1958.2 thousand km 2

Mexico is one of the twenty largest countries in the world both in terms of area and population, ranking 14th and 11th respectively in the world. It is home to 20% of the population of Latin America. In the region, in terms of territory, it is second only to Brazil and Argentina, and in terms of population - only to Brazil.

Large reserves of oil, gas, fluorspar, is coal, sulfur, antimony, silver, iron ore, non-ferrous metal ores (copper, zinc, mercury).

Population. 103.4 (140.2) million Mestizos (60%), Indians (30%), descendants of Europeans. Density 53 people / km 2. Average annual increase 15 people. per 1000 inhabitants. The balance of migration -2.65 people. per 1000 inhabitants. Unemployment is 3% (among urban residents), as well as significant underemployment. The age composition is 33-60-7, the average age is 23.8 years, life expectancy is 73 years.

Religion: Christianity (Catholics - 89%, Protestants).

Official language: Spanish language.

Mexico is located in the southern part of the mainland North America. The length of its borders and coastline is about 13 thousand km. The land border with the United States has a length of 2.6 thousand km. A significant part of this border runs along the country's largest river, the Rio Bravo del Norte. In the south, the land border of Mexico, 200 km long, passes with Belize and Guatemala.
Mexico has access to two oceans - the Pacific and the Atlantic. The western coast of the country is washed by the waters of the Pacific Ocean, and the eastern - by the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. The length of the coastline is 9.2 thousand km. Off the northwestern coast of Mexico are its largest islands: Angel de la Guarda, Cedros, Tiburon.

An important feature of the economic - geographical position of Mexico is its proximity to the United States. The main railroads and highways from the interior of the country approach the US borders. The territory of modern Mexico has long been inhabited by Indian tribes - the Aztecs, Mayans, Toltecs, Olmecs, etc. The name of the country comes from the name of the Aztec god - Mexitli.
In the 20s of the XVI century. Mexico was colonized by Spain. In 1810, the Mexicans began the struggle for independence, which was proclaimed in 1821. At present, the country occupied an area of ​​5 million km 2, and its southern borders reached the Isthmus of Panama. In 1824, the federation of Central American republics seceded from Mexico. The continuous political struggle weakened the country, which the United States took advantage of. As a result of the war of 1846-1848. From the US, Mexico lost another 2,200,000 km2 of territory.
In 1910-1917. A democratic revolution took place in the country. In 1917, a constitution was adopted - one of the most advanced for its time.

According to this constitution, with some amendments valid until, Mexico is a federal republic. The head of state and government is the president, who is elected for a six-year term without the right to re-election. The legislature is the National Congress, which consists of the Senate (64 senators) and the Chamber of Deputies (500 deputies), who are elected for three years.
Main political parties: Institutional Revolutionary Party (IRP), Democratic Revolution Party (SRP), National Action Party (NAP). Other parties are few and not very popular among the population. The PRI, which was founded in 1929, has been in power since its inception.
Geographically, Mexico is divided into 31 states and the metropolitan federal district. States have their constitutions, legislatures and governors.
Mexico is one of the most developed countries in Latin America. In terms of GDP, it ranks second in the region (after Brazil). According to this indicator, it is ahead of other countries, ranking 13th in the world. In 2000 Mexico's GDP was $875 billion, or 25% of Latin America's combined GDP.
According to the main macroeconomic indicators, Mexico is an industrial-agrarian country. According to the level of socio-economic development, as well as the nature of economic and social problems that still need to be solved, it belongs to the group of developing countries. According to the UN classification, Mexico belongs to the newly industrialized countries.
The rich and diverse natural conditions and resources of Mexico are favorable for the development of extractive and manufacturing industries, as well as diversified agriculture.
Relief. Mexico - Mountain country. Most of its territory lies above 1000 m above sea level.
About 2/3 of the country's territory is occupied by the Mexican Highlands. From the west and east, the mountains of the Western and Eastern Sierra Madre extend to the highlands, and from the south it is surrounded by the mountain ranges of the transverse Volcanic Sierra Madre.

Economy. GDP per capita 6150 (9000) USD m Structure of GDP 5% - 26% - 69%. Industry: mining (including oil, natural gas, non-ferrous metal ores, fluorspar), petrochemical, metallurgy, mechanical engineering (including transport, radio electronics), light (including textile, shoe), food . Agriculture: crop production (cotton, sugar cane, coffee, corn, beans, tomatoes), animal husbandry (cattle, sheep, goats). Tourism (17 million tourists per year).​

International trade. Export: +158400 million USD (per capita USD 1532). Manufactured products (including engineering and light industry), oil and oil products, silver, fruits, vegetables, coffee, cotton (USA 88%, Canada 2%).

Imports: +168400 mln USD (per capita USD 1629). Equipment for metallurgical and engineering plants, components and spare parts for the production of mechanical engineering (including transport), chemical products, food (USA 68%, Japan 5%).

Den. unit: peso. 10.1 for 1 US dollar (2003).

The territory of Mexico is characterized by high seismic activity. In the volcanic Sierra Madre there are volcanoes Orizava (5700 m) - the highest peak of the country, Popocatepel (5452 m) and others. Earthquakes often occur in the southern part of the Pacific coast of Mexico.
Plains occupy about a third of the country's territory. The most extensive plain is located on the Yucatan Peninsula. The lowlands stretch in narrow strips along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean.
Minerals of Mexico are characterized by different component structure. In Latin America, it is distinguished by large reserves of oil and natural gas, manganese, silver, sulfur, lead and zinc ores. Mexico accounts for 15% of the region's mineral resource potential. Ore minerals are genetically related to the Pacific ore belt, which crosses the territory of Mexico. They are located in hard-to-reach mountainous or desert and semi-desert areas, which makes their exploitation difficult. Ores of non-ferrous and precious metals are of high quality.
Fuel minerals. Among the explored fuel minerals, Mexico stands out for its reserves of oil and natural gas. The country's oil reserves are estimated at 7811.0 million tons, which is 43% of its total reserves in Latin America. The main deposits are confined to the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. New fields have been discovered in the states of Tabasco and Chiapas, as well as offshore the Gulf of Mexico.
Natural gas reserves in Mexico are estimated at 2100000000000. m3, which is 28% of its total reserves in the region. This is the third place in America (after the USA and Canada) and tenth in the world. The main deposits are located in the northeast, on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, as well as in the southeast of the country.
The explored reserves of coal are small and are estimated at 5 billion tons. The main deposits are located in the north of the country in the Sabinas basin. Several large uranium deposits have been explored.
Metal minerals. Iron ore reserves are insignificant and are estimated at 0.7 billion tons, which is about 1% of the total reserves of the region. Explored deposits of iron ore High Quality(60-65% iron), are at shallow depths and are available for open pit mining.
In terms of manganese reserves, Mexico ranks second in the region (after Brazil). It accounts for about 40% of the total reserves of Latin America. The largest deposit of manganese ore is located in the state of Hidalgo.
In Latin America, Mexico stands out for its reserves of lead-zinc ores. Explored reserves of lead ores are estimated at 8 million tons, which is half of the total reserves of the region. In terms of their reserves, the country ranks first in the region. A quarter of the total zinc ore reserves of Latin America is also concentrated in the north of the country. In terms of their reserves, Mexico is second only to Peru in the region.
Explored reserves of copper ores in the country are small. They are estimated at 8 million tons, which is only 6% of the total reserves of the region. The main deposits of copper ores are located on the California Peninsula and in the northwestern part of the country.
About 200 mercury deposits are known in the country. In terms of its reserves, Mexico ranks third in the world. The largest of them are located in the north. Mexico's pipe reserves in the region are second only to Bolivia.
In Latin America, Mexico is distinguished by reserves of valuable metals - silver and gold. Silver reserves are estimated at 65 thousand tons, which is almost half of the region's reserves. They are located everywhere. Most of the silver is found in combination with lead-zinc ores, although there are also independent deposits. Mexico holds a quarter of Latin America's gold reserves.
Explored reserves of sulfur are estimated at 89 million tons (about 40% of the total sulfur reserves of Latin America). The main sulfur deposits are associated with salt domes on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.
The climate of Mexico is due to its position in tropical and subtropical latitudes between two oceans. The northern tropic divides the territory of the country into approximately two equal parts. Mountain systems prevent the penetration of moist oceanic air masses into the interior. As a result, the Mexican Highlands is characterized by an arid climate. Absence high mountains in the north allows cold air masses to penetrate into the interior of the country.
In the north of Mexico, the average temperature in July is + 25 ° C, and in January - 10 ° C. In summer, the heat here reaches + 45 ° C. In the Mexican Highlands, sharp drops in temperature in winter and night frosts in summer harm agriculture. In the tropical part, the average annual temperatures do not exceed + 25 ° ... + 27 ° С.
Precipitation is distributed extremely unevenly. The northern and inner regions are experiencing a lack of moisture. There drops out from 100 to 200 mm. precipitation per year. The minimum amount of precipitation falls on the California Peninsula (20 mm.), And the maximum (5000 mm.) In the southeast of the country. On the Mexican Highlands, an average of 300-500 mm falls, and on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico - more than 4000 mm. in year.

The southern part of Mexico, which is under the constant influence of moist air masses from the ocean, is characterized by excessive moisture. The main amount of precipitation falls on April - October.
Soil resources. The soil cover of Mexico is very diverse and changes from east to west, due to a decrease in precipitation in this direction.
About a quarter of the country's territory is occupied by soils of tropical and subtropical deserts - gray soils. their development for agriculture is possible only with irrigation. They occupy the California Peninsula, large areas in the north and northwest of the country. In the steppe regions with a moderately humid climate, brown soils are common, and in the steppe regions with an arid climate, chestnut soils are common. In the central regions of the country, fertile red-brown and brown-red mountain soils, formed on volcanic rocks, predominate. they are used mainly in traditional consumer cultures. In the southern plains, red-yellow red lateritic soils are common, formed in a humid tropical climate. Bog soils occupy waterlogged areas in the southeast of the country. About a quarter of the territory is occupied by infertile soils of high mountain regions, which are almost never used in agriculture.
Half of the country's territory and almost all cultivated land is heavily eroded.
Water resources. The problem of water supply is one of the most important. About half of the people live in settlements with poor water supply conditions. In most of the territory, agriculture is impossible without irrigation.
A dense river network is developed only in the south. There are few large rivers in the country. their length does not exceed 200 km. The largest river - the Rio Bravo del Norte - flows mainly through arid regions.
Navigable only small stretches of rivers on the plains. However, they are important for irrigation, especially the Rio Bravo del Norte, the lower reaches of the Colorado, etc.
The rivers are rich in water resources. their hydropower potential is estimated at 15 million kW. The energy of the Eastern Sierra Madre is used more year.
There are many small lakes in the country. The largest of them is Chapala.
Groundwater resources are almost twice the surface runoff of all rivers. In the northern part of the country and on the Yucatan Peninsula, they are the main source of water supply.
Forest resources. Forests cover 20.2% of the country's territory. The largest forests have been preserved in the mountains and in the flat part of tropical Mexico.

The species composition of forests is very diverse. The most common are coniferous and mixed forests, which occupy 60% of the forested area, and tropical forests - about 40%. The main species from which wood is harvested are pine, red cedar, and oak. They are the main timber exports and are used in the pulp and paper and wood chemical industries. Dyes and tannins are extracted from some tree species. Medicinal and other wild plants are collected in the forests. Mexico provides 80% of the world's chicle juice.
Reserves and national parks are open for nature protection. Now in Mexico there are more than 50 national parks with a total area of ​​about 1 million hectares.
population. the greatest ethnic group The population in what is now Mexico is mestizo. They make up 60% of the total population. There are about 45 Indian tribes in the country, among which the Aztecs and Mayans predominate. Indians live mainly in the central and southern regions, in the Yucatan and the Pacific Northwest. Europeans make up 9% of the total population and live mainly in large cities.
The first estimates of the population in the country date back to 1521. According to the data collected at that time, 9 million Indians lived in New Spain. By the end of the XVIII century. their number decreased to 5 million. In 1803, A. Humboldt estimated the country's population at 5,800,000 people. During the first census, which was conducted in 1895, 12,600,000 people lived in Mexico.
At the beginning of the XX century. the population in the country began to increase rapidly, mainly due to natural growth, and for the period 1920-1950. has doubled. High population growth rates were observed in the 50s and amounted to 3.5% per year. For the period 1950-1970. The country's population doubled again.
In 2001 99,600,000 people lived on the territory of Mexico. According to this indicator, the country ranks second in the region and eleventh in the world. The country's population is growing annually by about 1,800,000 people. For the past five years, the average population growth rate in the country has been 2.1% per year.
Fertility rate in Mexico in 2001 It amounted to 24 people per 1000 inhabitants, and mortality - 5 people per 1000 inhabitants. main reason high natural population growth in the country has been a decrease in mortality, especially among children. The infant mortality rate in Mexico is 25 per 1,000 births, almost half the world average.
The age structure is dominated by young age groups. Children under 15 make up 34% of the total population, while those over 65 make up only 4% (2000). In terms of average life expectancy in the region, Mexico lags only behind Costa Rica. Average life expectancy for men is 70 years, for women - 76 years.
The population is distributed very unevenly throughout the country. The average population density is almost 50.9 people per 1 km 2 (2001). According to this indicator, the country ranks only 111th in the world.
The population lives in the form of isolated areas, which is primarily due to the mountainous terrain, problems of water supply in dry areas, as well as difficult conditions for the development of tropical areas. The highest population density is observed in the federal district - over 6,000 people per km 2 in the state of Mexico - about 300 people. The least populated tropical forest and desert areas of California, where the population density does not exceed 2 people per km 2.
Mexico is one of the countries with high level urbanization. If in 1900 only 12% lived in cities, in 1950. - 29%, then in the late 90s - 75% of the country's population. The growth rate of the urban population is 1.5 times higher than the average growth rate of the country's population as a whole.
There are about 50 large cities in Mexico, of which four cities are millionaires, in which more than a quarter of the country's population lives. In terms of numbers, importance and variety of functions, the capital, Mexico City, stands out. The city was founded on the site of the destroyed Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan. At the beginning of the 16th century, according to scientists, it was one of largest cities world, where about 300 thousand people lived. The city is located in the Mexican Valley at an altitude of 2240 m above sea level. 16,900,000 people live in Greater Mexico City (1996). Mexico City forms one of the largest metropolitan areas in the world. In terms of population, it is the second city in Latin America and the second city in the world. More than 3 million people live in Guadalajara, the country's largest city on the Pacific coast. The cities of Monterrey and Puebla have over 1 million inhabitants.
Mexico is characterized by a largely homogeneous religious composition of the population. About 95% of the population professes the Christian religion. Catholics predominate among Christians. In addition, many Indians adhere to traditional beliefs.
Features of development and general characteristics of the economy. In ancient times, agriculture developed in Mexico, gold and silver were mined. The native Indians have reached a fairly high level of social development. However, their original civilization was destroyed by the Spaniards.
During the colonial period, the mining industry began to develop in the country, mainly the extraction of precious metals. Mexico became an important supplier of gold and silver to the mother country.
In the post-colonial period, the structure of the extractive industry expanded - copper, lead, zinc, coal, iron ore and oil began to be mined. An important role in the development of this industry was played by foreign capital, mainly British and American.
From the middle of the XIX century. began to develop manufacturing industry - food and textiles. With the participation of American capital, the construction of railroads began, which connected the country from the USA and were intended for the export of mining products.
By the end of the 19th century, three types of land ownership had developed in Mexico's agriculture: latifundia, livestock farms - ranches and communities. The importance of agriculture as an export industry has increased. The Gulf Coast and the northern states became the main areas of cotton production. Tropical crops were grown for export - sugar cane, coffee, bananas, and in the northern states - cattle for transportation to the United States.

By the end of the XIX century. in Mexico, two important cells of economic life were formed - the Northern states and the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, where the plantation economy and the mining industry developed.
In the 30s of the XX century. Mexico began the process of industrialization. The manufacturing industry for the needs of the domestic market developed rapidly. Its share in the creation of GDP gradually increased, while that of agriculture decreased. In the post-war period, the country turned from an agrarian into an agro-industrial one.
In 1983 Mexico moved to an open economy. Important economic reforms were carried out in the country - the privatization of state enterprises, the reorganization of property in agriculture, the liberalization foreign trade, attracting foreign investment. In the late 80s, the government revised the basic principles of agrarian policy - completed the reform of agriculture and created conditions for market relations in the countryside. In 1991, a law was passed across the country, according to which the peasant became the owner of the land and could sell it or rent it out.
In the early 1990s, Mexico embarked on the path of intensive development of a market economy. Three recent years GDP growth has already outpaced population growth and amounted to 3%. Inflation dropped to 8%.
Industry is the most dynamic branch of the country's economy. It creates 29% of GDP and employs 26.3% of the economically active population of the country. In terms of industrial production, Mexico ranks second in Latin America (after Brazil) and third among developing countries (after India, Brazil).
The industrial structure is dominated by manufacturing industries. Such modern branches of industry as electrical engineering, instrument making, the production of synthetic fibers, etc., are developing. Since the 1970s, the role of the extractive industry has been growing in connection with the inclusion of oil in the structure of the country's exports.
Among the most acute problems in the development of industry in Mexico is the hypertrophied concentration of industry in three centers: Mexico City, Monterrey and Guadalajara.
The mining industry is a traditional industry that developed during the colonial period and was represented mainly by the extraction of precious metals.
Mexico accounts for 15% of the value of the gross output of the extractive industry in Latin America. 7.2% of the country's GDP is created here. In the structure of the industry, the leading place is occupied by fuel industry dominated by the oil industry.
For local needs, oil began to be produced back in mid-nineteenth V. in the state of Tabasco. In 1901. An American company has begun developing oil fields in the area. Tampico, the so-called "Golden Belt". In the 20s of the XX century. this area was one of the important areas of world oil production. Mexico has become the world's second largest oil producer after the US. And the oil fields were exploited by foreign companies and for more than 20 years Mexico could not use its oil wealth to develop the national economy.
In 1938 the country's oil industry was nationalized and transferred to the state company Pemex. Since that time, oil has been produced in the country mainly for domestic needs.
In the 1970s, new oil fields were discovered in Mexico on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. The main oil production area was the "New Golden Belt", which stretched from the city of Reynosa in the north to the states of Campeche and Tabasco in the south, as well as the shelf of the Gulf of Mexico. Since 1975 Mexico has become an oil exporter.
In the mid-1990s, the country annually produced about 140 million tons of oil, which accounted for 38.6% of its total production in the region. Almost half of the oil produced is exported. The United States is the main importer of Mexican oil. The increase in oil production in the 90s is associated with an increase in domestic consumption. Mexico is a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Moreover, it coordinates with OPEC only its oil policy and is not connected with the restrictive quotas of this organization for the production and sale of oil.
Mexico has a modern oil refining industry. The production capacity for oil refining has reached 70 million tons. The oil company "Pemex" has about 200 oil refineries. About 2/3 of these enterprises are located on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico far from many large consumption areas.
Natural gas. In Mexico, mainly associated gas is produced - annually about 30 billion m3, which is one third of its total production in the region. In terms of natural gas production, the country ranks second in Latin America (after Argentina). About 2/3 of natural gas production comes from the southern regions of the Gulf of Mexico. Significant deposits have been discovered in areas bordering the United States.
The coal industry in the country began to develop in the second half of the 19th century.
The main coal deposits are found in the Sabinas Basin in the state of Coahuila. Coal is of low quality and is developed only for own needs.
The uranium industry began to develop in the early 80s in connection with the development of nuclear energy in the country. The main region for the extraction of uranium ore is the state of Sonora.
Mining is a traditional industry that dates back to the pre-colonial period. For its development in Mexico are a variety of mineral resources. And the share of the mining industry in the creation of GDP is only 1%. American capital plays an important role in the development of the industry.
The traditional branch of the mining industry is the extraction of precious metals (silver and gold). The main share of gold is obtained during the processing of lead-zinc and copper ores, and silver - during the processing of polymetallic ores.
Mexico ranks first in the world in silver mining. Annually, 2.5 thousand tons of silver is mined in the country, almost half of its total production in the region.
Iron ore is mined exclusively for domestic use. The annual production is about 8 million tons. The main deposits are the Sierra de Mercado near Durango and La Perla near Monclova. Iron ore is high in sulfur, making it difficult to use.
Mexico is among the top manganese producers in the region. About 500 million tons of manganese ore are mined annually in the country.
Significant positions not only in the region, but also in the world are occupied by Mexico in the extraction of lead and zinc ores. In terms of sulfur production, the country continues to hold the sixth place in the world. Since the 1980s, Mexico has become a fairly large producer of phosphates thanks to the development of deposits in Baja California. Tin is mined for the needs of the domestic market.
Manufacturing industry. The share of this industry in the creation of GDP is 25.5%. The structure of the manufacturing industry is dominated by heavy industries: oil refining, petrochemical, non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, machine building. The metallurgical and petrochemical industries are marked by a high level of concentration.
Ferrous metallurgy is a traditional branch of heavy industry. For its development, the country has a well-developed raw material base - iron ore, coking coal and manganese.
Ferrous metallurgy in Mexico originated at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1903, the first steel plant. For four decades it was the only enterprise of its kind, not only in Mexico, but also in Latin America.
During the Second World War, the production capacity of ferrous metallurgy enterprises expanded. The main enterprises smelting ferrous metals are located in the Northern and Central regions. Near the capital, electrometallurgical plants have been built that operate on imported raw materials. In the 70s, a metallurgical complex in Las Truchas on the Pacific coast was put into operation in the country, which works on local iron ore and imported coking coal.
The largest centers of ferrous metallurgy are Monclova, Monterrey and Piedras Negras.
Despite the growth in production, Mexico's iron and steel industry does not meet the needs of the country. Mexico imports a significant part of ferrous metals.
Non-ferrous metallurgy. Precious metals - gold and silver in Mexico began to be mined in the early years of colonization. From the second half of the XVI century. Mexico occupied a leading place in the world in silver mining, and at the end of the 20th century. was already in first place.
About 2/3 of the produced silver is exported, mainly to the USA. In the domestic market, silver is used in folk art crafts, as well as for the production of coins.
From the end of the 19th century Mexico develops the smelting of heavy non-ferrous metals - lead, zinc, copper and tin. After the Second World War, in connection with the development of new branches of technology, light metals - titanium, beryllium, aluminum and magnesium - became increasingly important. The most position in the region is occupied by Mexico in the production of lead and zinc.
Non-ferrous metallurgy in Mexico is dominated by part-time enterprises. For example, zinc in Mexico is smelted only a quarter of its total production, the rest is exported to the United States in the form of concentrates.
Mechanical engineering is a new branch of the manufacturing industry. In the sectoral structure of mechanical engineering, the leading place belongs to the transport engineering, especially the automotive industry.
In terms of the pace of development of production and export of products, this is one of the most dynamic industries. 350 thousand cars are produced annually in the country. In terms of the automotive industry, Mexico ranks second in Latin America (after Brazil) and is among the second ten countries in the world.
The first car storage enterprise appeared in Mexico in 1925 and belonged to the American company Ford. In the post-war period, American, German and Japanese companies opened their branches here.
In the 1970s, the Mexican automobile industry grew at twice the rate of the economy as a whole. Its share in the creation of GDP.
There are two sectors in the automotive industry in Mexico: a modern, export-oriented sector, and a traditional one, which produces less competitive products for the domestic market.
The automotive industry in Mexico is characterized by a high level of concentration of enterprises in Mexico City, Puebla and Toluca.
Enterprises of the electronic and electrical industries are located in the border zone with the United States. These are mainly factories that produce simple products from imported parts. The main centers are Mexicali and Tijuana. The shipbuilding industry of the modern type emerged after the Second World War. This industry produces fishing vessels, tankers, bulk carriers. The main shipbuilding centers are Veracruz and Mazatlán.
The chemical industry arose during the Second World War. The natural resources of Mexico can provide the development of many branches of the chemical industry. With the participation of foreign capital, enterprises have been created in the country that produce sulfuric acid, mineral fertilizers, pesticides, and artificial fibers.
In basic chemistry, the main place is occupied by the production of sulfuric acid, which is used for the production of mineral fertilizers. Mexico entered the top ten largest producers of nitrogen fertilizers in the world, annually producing 1,300,000 tons of this product.
The largest centers for the production of sulfuric acid and mineral fertilizers are Monclova and Cuautitlán.

Since the 60s, the organic synthesis industry has been developing in Mexico, represented by the production of synthetic rubber, plastics, and synthetic detergents. The main region of the chemical industry has become the coast of the Gulf of Mexico with numerous resources of oil, natural gas and sulfur.
The food industry is one of the most important industries both in terms of the cost of production and the number of employees. Its oldest branch is the sugar industry, the first enterprises of which appeared in the colonial period. Until the 1960s, the sugar industry worked mainly for the domestic market, and only a small part of the sugar was exported to the United States. In the second half of the 60s, a "sugar boom" began in Mexico, due to the fact that the United States stopped importing sugar from Cuba. Sugar has become one of Mexico's important exports. Canned food and coffee are also of export importance. Mexico is among the top ten largest producers of coffee and sugar, ranking third and seventh respectively in the world.
The largest center of the food industry is Mexico City, where half of the industry's enterprises are concentrated.
The textile industry in Mexico began to develop earlier than in other countries of the region. The first enterprises appeared in the 30s of the XIX century. It works mainly on local raw materials - cotton, artificial and synthetic fibers. Only woolen fabrics are partially produced from imported raw materials. The main centers of the textile industry are Mexico City and Puebla.
Agriculture. The level of agricultural development of the territory in Mexico is low. The share of agricultural land is 50.7% of the total land fund. In the structure of agricultural land, cultivated land accounts for only 12.9%.
The level of land security per inhabitant is low, especially considering the rapid population growth. If at the beginning of the XX century. for every person in Mexico, there were 0.38 hectares. cultivated land, then in the 90s this figure decreased by 2 times and is 0.2 ha.
Agricultural land is distributed very unevenly throughout the country. A high level of agricultural development of the territory is observed in the Central, Central Pacific and South Pacific states, where 3/4 of the rural population lives. In the Northern states, half of the territory is occupied by pastures. The development of land on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico is constrained by unhealthy climatic conditions and swampy areas.
To increase the area of ​​cultivated land, irrigation is important, which in Mexico has a long history. The indigenous people of the country were engaged in irrigation agriculture even before colonization. Today, a quarter of cultivated land is irrigated in Mexico. In terms of the area of ​​irrigated land, the country ranks first in the region and is among the top ten countries in the world.
According to the post-colonial period of development, the sectoral structure of agriculture has not undergone significant changes. Agriculture continues to be the leading branch of agriculture. It accounts for 2/3 of the value of gross agricultural output.
The specialization of agriculture is determined by cotton, coffee, sugarcane and tomatoes. For the needs of the domestic market, corn, rice, sorghum, beans and sugar cane are grown. Vegetables and fruits are grown for domestic needs and for the external market. Cotton, coffee, tomatoes and henequen are of great export importance.
Food crops dominate in the structure of sown areas - corn, wheat, rice, sorghum and beans. they are grown in small plots throughout the country. Cereals predominate among food crops. The main grain crop is corn.
Corn is grown in Mexico everywhere up to a height of 3000 m. It occupies almost 2/3 of the total sown area. The main share of crops is located in the central states. In terms of corn acreage, Mexico is second only to the United States.
Wheat occupies the second place in the structure of sown areas of grain crops. It is grown in areas of non-irrigated agriculture and on irrigated lands in the northern and northwestern regions of the country.
Rice has been grown since the colonial period in the mountain valleys in the central regions. Today, 2/3 of the gross harvest of rice is provided by the North Pacific states and the coast of the Gulf of Mexico.
The grain economy of Mexico is characterized by a fairly high level of development. The wheat yield is the highest in the region, averaging 42.0 q/ha. More than 25 million tons of grain are harvested annually in the country, which is one third of the gross harvest of Latin America. In terms of grain production, Mexico ranks 15th in the world (1996). However, grain farming does not satisfy the country's internal needs.
Beans are the second most important food crop in Mexico. In terms of cultivated area, the country is second only to India and Brazil. The main crops of beans are concentrated on land lands in the central and southern states.
Potatoes have been grown since ancient times in mountain valleys. Potato areas are also found in the central states at an altitude of 2000 m. The low yield of potatoes is due to unfavorable climatic conditions for growing this crop. In tropical regions, sweet potatoes are grown.
Mexico is the birthplace of tomatoes. they are grown for domestic consumption and for export, mainly in the United States.
Various varieties of pepper are grown everywhere. Its largest cultivated areas are concentrated in the central states, where pepper is grown at an altitude of up to 2000 m. Most of the crop is exported to the United States.
Technical ones are grown on plantations and in peasant farms. Under them, about a third of the cultivated area is occupied.
Cotton is the main industrial crop of Mexico, which has been grown in Mexico since ancient times. Even before colonization, the indigenous people knew how to make fabrics from cotton fiber. During the colonial period, cotton was grown only in tropical coastal regions. From the 30s of the XX century. irrigated lands in the northern and northwestern states became the main area of ​​its cultivation in the country. In the post-war period, cotton growing has become the leading branch of agriculture. An average of 150,000 tons of fiber is harvested annually in the country, accounting for 10% of the total gross harvest in Latin America. According to this indicator, Mexico in the region is second only to Brazil. Mexican varieties of cotton are common in many countries of the world, primarily in the United States. Only a third of the total gross harvest of this crop is consumed on the domestic market.
Agaves occupy a place in Mexican agriculture. It is a versatile crop whose leaves are used to make a coarse fiber used for roofing and livestock feed. Agave stems in baked form are eaten, and the alcoholic drink pulque is made from the juice.
Coffee is an important plantation crop that gained commercial importance as early as the 19th century. Mexico is the second coffee producer in Latin America and the third in the world, after Brazil and Colombia. Annually, the country produces an average of more than 300 thousand tons. Coffee accounts for 10% of its total production in the region.
The coffee tree in Mexico is grown in the shade of other trees. The main region for growing coffee is the southeast of the country. On the tropical coast, varieties of coffee are grown, which are consumed in the domestic market. Export varieties of coffee are grown on plantations located on mountain slopes with a height of 500-1000 m.
Mexico has favorable conditions for growing sugar cane. This culture was brought to the country at the beginning of colonization. Sugar cane is grown in irrigated land and in the state of Veracruz on the Gulf Coast.
Sugarcane is Mexico's second most exported crop. In terms of its production, the country ranks second in Latin America. About 40 million tons of sugar cane are harvested annually. There are sugar factories near the sugarcane plantations.
Of the oilseeds in Mexico, sesame, soybeans are grown. The most common oilseed crop in the country is sesame. It is grown mainly in the Pacific states. About 170 thousand tons of sesame seeds are harvested annually in the country. Mexico is the world's third largest producer of this seed after India and Sudan.
In the post-war period, areas under peanuts and soybeans were expanded in Mexico. A significant amount of edible and technical fats are obtained during the processing of palm fruits.
Plantation fruit growing in Mexico began to develop at the end of the 19th century. The most important fruit crops are bananas, pineapples and oranges.
Much attention is paid to viticulture. More than 500 thousand tons of grapes are harvested annually in the country. Mexico is the fourth grape producer in Latin America after Argentina, Chile and Brazil.
Animal husbandry is a traditional branch of the country's agriculture, which accounts for a third of the value of agricultural products.
Natural fodder lands in the north and northeast of the country create favorable conditions for the development of grazing. However, animal husbandry in Mexico is still underdeveloped. The low purchasing power of the population hinders the production of meat and dairy products.
Mexico is dominated by extensive pastoralism, which specializes in cattle breeding.

The economic core of the region forms the city of Monterrey - the second largest city in Mexico after Mexico City, with a developed ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, electrical and chemical industries, as well as food and textile industries.
Other important cities in the area: Monclova, Durango, Saltilbo, Chihuahua, The Gulf Coast region includes five states. It occupies 12% of the territory, where 12.5% ​​of the population lives. The highest population density is in the state of Veracruz, where half of the district's population is concentrated.
The territory of the region is predominantly flat. The climate is humid tropical. Its territory is crossed by fairly large rivers that flow into the Gulf of Mexico. The region has large potential water resources. A significant part of the territory is covered with tropical forests. Dense forests, vast swampy areas and frequent river floods make it difficult to develop the area. Of the mineral resources, oil and sulfur are of the greatest importance.
The specialization of the region is determined by the extraction and processing of oil and natural gas. Large oil refineries and petrochemical complexes operate here. Agriculture specializes in the cultivation of tropical plantation crops - sugar cane, coffee, tobacco, citrus fruits. Heneken is grown on the Yucatan Peninsula. Rich natural pastures contribute to the development of animal husbandry. Almost all types of transport are well developed in the region. Wide roads leading from the hinterland to the coast predominate.
The economic core of the region forms m. Veracruz. Today it remains the main sea gate on the east coast. This is one of the oldest ports in the country, built by the Spaniards for the export of precious metals. It developed such industries as shipbuilding, ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, textile and food industries.
Important cities of the region: Minatitlán, Coatzacoalcos, Xalapa, Campeche, Meride, Ciudad Pemex, etc.
The North Pacific region includes five states and occupies 21% of the territory, where 8.4% of the country's population lives.
The territory of the region is predominantly flat, mountains occupy a significant part of the California Peninsula. The climate is arid, the amount of precipitation gradually decreases in the direction from the south. east to Mon.-West. The territory is crossed by rivers flowing into the Pacific Ocean. Water resources are widely used for irrigation. Of the mineral resources, manganese and copper ores, table salt are of the greatest importance.
The specialization of the region is determined by irrigated agriculture, which gives marketable products for domestic and foreign markets - cotton, wheat, tomatoes, tobacco, sugar cane. In addition to agriculture, the mining industry is developing in the region, mainly the extraction of non-ferrous metal ore.
The manufacturing industry is developing in the areas bordering the United States. So-called "maquiladoras" are widespread here - assembly enterprises that depend on the main US factories and specialize in the production of export products.
The main cities of the region: Mexicali, Tijuana, Yermosilbo.
The South Pacific region includes four states and occupies 12% of the territory, where 11.4% of the population lives. Fishing is an area of ​​specialization, a significant part of the products of which is exported, mainly to the United States. Most of the inhabitants of the area are Indians. Half of all indigenous people in Mexico live here.
The territory of the region is mountainous, the plains stretch in a narrow strip along the Pacific coast. From mineral resources, oil and iron ore are of great importance. This is one of the most backward areas. Plantation agriculture specializes in the cultivation of coffee, sugarcane and tropical fruits. Fishing is developing along the coast. Of great importance for the economy of the region was the construction of one of the largest metallurgical complex in Mexico in Lazaro Cardenas. The rich oil fields discovered in the state of Chiapas open up broad prospects for development in the area. The area has great potential for tourism development. The center of foreign tourism is the seaside resort of Acapulco.

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