Presentation e in a gogol's forger's overcoat. Presentation on the topic H

Literature lesson in grade 9.

Conducted by: Pleskacheva N.V.,

teacher of Russian language and literature.

MKOU "Kislovskaya secondary school"

Bykovsky district

Volgograd region.

Theme: "Man, Face, Thing" "(Based on the story" Overcoat ")

Goals and objectives of the lesson:

- to acquaint with the story of N. V. Gogol “The Overcoat”;

- determine the topic, idea,

To reveal Gogol's artistic innovation in the development of the "little man" theme.

- trace the development of the theme of the “little man” in Russian literature;

- teach text analysis;

Work with literary concepts “portrait”, “detail”, etc.

Skill Development monologue speech;

Development of skills for working with critical literature;

Education of love and respect for the individual person.

epigraphs :

"He preached love with a hostile word of denial"

A. N. Nekrasov

2. "When people are completely robbed ... they seek salvation from otherworldly power!"

M. A. Bulgakov

3. "We all came out of Gogol's Overcoat"

F. M. Dostoevsky

Equipment : computer, projector, presentation for the lesson

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

Greeting students.

II. Knowledge update.

Teacher. The theme of our lesson is “Man, Face, Thing” (Based on the story “The Overcoat”).slide 1

List the objectives of the lesson.

Epigraphs.slide 2

At the beginning of the lesson, I want you to watch a short video based on N.V. Gogol's story "The Overcoat" and once again remember the plot and the characters you met while reading Gogol's work.Slide video 3

slide 4

What is the history of the story? Listen to what contemporaries of N. V. Gogol say about this.

Once, under Gogol, an anecdote was told that inspired him to create the story “The Overcoat”. It sounded like this: there lived one poor official, but a passionate hunter. He saved up for a long time for the gun he dreamed of. His dream came true, but he lost it while sailing in the Gulf of Finland. Returning home, he died of frustration.

III. Examination homework. slide 5

Target : reveal students' knowledge of the plot of the story.

The rank of a Gogol official? (Eternal titular adviser)

Who is this? Guess from the description:

a) “There are in St. Petersburg strong enemy everyone who receives 400 rubles a year of salary or so ”(Moroz)

b) “And for a long time, in the midst of the most merry minutes, he imagined (?) a short official with a bald head on his forehead, with his penetrating words” (One young man)

c) “At first he was simply called Grigory and was a serf for some gentleman ...” (Petrovich).

3. Restore the offer.

“It is not enough to say: he served zealously, no ... (he served with love)

Slide 6 - "The parable of a man"

IV. teacher's word.

On a hot summer day, the ancient Athenians saw Demosthenes in the square with a burning lantern in his hands.

What are you looking for?” they asked.

I am looking for a man, - Demosthenes answered and continued on his way. After a while, the Athenians again turned to Demosthenes:

So what are you looking for, Demosthenes?

I'm looking for a person...

Whom: him, me ..?

I'm looking for Che-lo-ve-ka!

- So what does it mean to be human?

- How is a person different from a thing?

N.V. Gogol and his story "The Overcoat" will help us answer these and other questions.

- So what is this story about? (About the "little man", a man not just humiliated, but killed)

Slide 7

What does the term " small man And when did we meet with him?

(When they studied A. S. Pushkin. S. Vyrin - “ Stationmaster»).

slide 8.

Exercise: In the course of studying the topic, write down the definitions: “little person”, person, individuality, person, person, thing.

Slide 9 - Design Theme

What is the basis of the writer's intention?

(The idea of ​​​​N.V. Gogol is based on the conflict between the "little man" and society, the conflict leading to rebellion, to the uprising of the humble. The story "The Overcoat" describes not only an incident from the hero's life. We see the whole life of a person: we at his birth, naming, we learn how he served, why he needed an overcoat and, finally, how he died. Karamzin and Pushkin, Gogol and Dostoevsky stood at its origins. In their works: " Poor Lisa”,“ Stationmaster ”,“ Overcoat ”and“ Poor people ”- they revealed to readers inner world common man, his feelings and experiences..)

What caused the conflict between the "little man" and society? (The fact that his only property is taken away from him: Samson Vyrin loses his daughter, Evgeny loses his beloved, Akaki Akakievich loses his overcoat)

We have decided on the topic, but what is the idea of ​​the story?

Slide 10 - Idea

(Gogol showed not only the life of the “little man”, but also his protest against the injustice of life. Let this rebellion be timid, almost fantastic, but the hero stands up for his rights, against the foundations of the existing order)

Gogol's story is short, but meaningful.

Slide 11.

Let's take the first problem - the state and the individual.

slide 12

Is the state represented in the story? By whom or what?

slide 13

(by officials, and by St. Petersburg itself, as the capital of the state)

V. Work with the textbook.

Slide 14 - textbook

Exercise : Open the textbook to page 263, Read the introductory article

slide 15

Find and read the description of the capital city in the story "The Overcoat".

How do we see Petersburg?

The city is magnificent, the city is poor,

Spirit of bondage, slender appearance,

The vault of heaven is green-pale,

Boredom, cold and granite.

Page 270, 281, 282, 284

slide 16

Petersburg is shown in contrast: the city of the rich and the poor

What emphasizes the wealth and grandeur of the capital?

(Rich architecture, shop windows where things are displayed, clothes of passers-by - things)

And what are the officials of different levels doing?

(They are busy with their own affairs, they all look the same!)

Slide 17 . Conclusion.

The description of the capital emphasizes the contrast of the state of the state; the story about officials of various levels expresses the writer's bitter thought about the worthlessness and vulgarity of state power - everyone is busy with their own affairs, no one thinks about order or about citizens. According to Gogol, everything looks the same.

VI. Story work.

slide 18.

Teacher. Consider the second problem - Man.

Assignment: find a portrait of Akaky Akakievich - a “little man”, read it out.

Who do we see in this description? (Officer)

What is wrong with this officer? (Faces, unique human face)

Can you call him a person?

What do we mean by personality?

Prove that there is an official, but there is no unique human face, just as there is no personality?

(Internal monologues of Akaky Akakievich, loss of the right to given name)

What is the scariest part of the story? Robbery scene? The final? (No. The strangest thing is the name)

Why is the story called "The Overcoat", and not a robbery of a person, for example?

slide 19 conclusion

The thing replaced the person, and as a result, the portrait of the hero also disappeared.

Is it only Akaky Akakievich who has no face?

(No, Petrovich has no face, and significant person, officials)

Teacher. Remember Petrovich's snuffbox. Some general with a sealed face. White paper instead of a face.

Why?

(The uniform replaced the personality, Chin eclipsed the person.)

What is a man to do in this world?

Slide 20

There are several. The first one is rather ghostly: in spite of everything, to become different, to remain a person, and therefore a person.

Which of the heroes of the story felt sorry for Akaky Akakievich when he heard his plaintive voice, and what did he experience? Page 267

Second, you can repeat the path of the protagonist and become ... a nobody, an easily replaceable wheel and cog in a huge bureaucratic mechanism.

Read out the lines proving that Akaky Akakievich is just a cog - page 292

Conclusion: Akaki Akakievich did not take place as a person, did not become a significant person.

But this is also the path offered by Gogol - to become significant.

Teacher. Guys, think about who was struck by this disease - to become significant?

(It turns out that all heroes are subject to it. Petrovich p. 279)

Significant person who "was in the shower a kind person, good with comrades. Helpful, but the rank of general completely confused him. Page 288

A main character? Isn't he afflicted with this disease? Even for him, the author does not make an exception!

Remember what kind of overcoat Akaki Akakievich dreams of? Gogol emphasizes that the overcoat for Akaky Akakievich has become something more than a piece of clothing.

Did Bashmachkin feel his significance and why?

(Yes, once in a lifetime, and thanks to the overcoat, and not thanks to its virtues)

Tell me, was the desire for significance natural for Akaky Akakievich?

(For him - no, for others - yes)

Let's prove it.

(At the party he is uncomfortable, on the way home he feels uncomfortable in the best way, a ridiculous attempt to find protection from a significant person)

slide 21- Visit to a "significant person"

Could a conversation with a significant person have turned out differently?

(Yes, don’t have a third person in his waiting room, in front of whom you need to play the role of a big boss)

slide 22 - video clip

Life quickly puts everything in its place: the loss of an overcoat, illness, death. And the doctor advises to order a pine coffin, as oak is expensive forAkaky Akakievich.

slide 23

Conclusion: Cold Petersburg met and saw off Akaky Akakievich Bashmachkin by clothes. The value of a person is determined by formal signs, by external data - clothing, rank, home, but it cannot be otherwise: this is the essence of state structure.

Could it be otherwise? (No. Such is the essence of the state structure)

What bitter conclusion does Gogol make about Akaky Akakievich? Read an extract. (page 292)

What does he claim? (There is nothing more valuable than a person! It is bitter that the very title of a person perishes when people are divided into "significant" and "small"

Has something changed in St. Petersburg, in the state after the death of Akaky Akakievich?

Does Akaky Akakievich rise to the point of protest against the authorities?

(No, he searched and found his overcoat)

Exercise. Now look at the screen.

slide 24

I. Little man: Samson Vyrin, Evgeny, Akaki Akakievich Bashmachkin

II. Little man: Samson Vyrin,

Eugene

Akaky Akakievich Bashmachkin

Which entry do you think is correct?

I. All of the same quality, in the same row.

II. All "little people", but different species.

What specific features of each would you note?

(Vyrin - external poverty and high spiritual morality in the Christian sense.

Eugene - external poverty, but internal integrity: a dream of human happiness

Akaky Akakievich - external poverty, but also internal poverty, spiritual poverty, not a person, but "a creature worse than a fly").

Teacher. Summarize by relating to the topic of the lesson.

Slide 25 - total

With his story, Gogol wanted to say that it’s scary when a person’s value is determined by formal signs: uniform, rank, house ... but it’s also scary that in a world with such values ​​a person cannot remain a person, which means a person. This means he loses a unique human face.

Is everything so hopeless? Is there anything positive in the story?

Slide 26. - Gogol

Yes, it's in the narrator.

Slide 27

Pay attention to the first epigraph, to the words of Nekrasov "He preached love with a hostile word of denial." Here it is a positive beginning: the position of the narrator. his bitter irony, the rejection of such a state, such officials, such people.

Slide 28 - Reflection

Why did all Russian literature come out of Gogol's "Overcoat"?

Slide 29 - conclusion

"The Overcoat" N.V. Gogol laid the foundation for the defense of the "little man" from the injustice of the ruling society in all world literature. Gogol's direction in art began to be called natural school. The story "The Overcoat" marked the beginning of this trend

slide 30

Homework: Answer the question in writing.

In what way, in your opinion, did Gogol's traditions and innovation manifest themselves in creating the image of the "little man"

Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol. The story "Overcoat".

Lesson Objectives:

• to acquaint with the story of N. V. Gogol “The Overcoat”;
• trace the development of the theme of the “little man” in Russian literature;
• teach text analysis;
• work with literary concepts “portrait”, “detail”, etc.
• development of monologue speech skills;
• education of love and respect for the individual person.

… it is necessary that behind the door each satisfied, happy person someone stood with a hammer and constantly

would sound like a knock what are the unfortunate...

A. P. Chekhov

The history of the creation of the story "OVERNEL"

• In the mid-1930s, Gogol heard a joke about an official who had lost his gun. The first draft of the story was called "The Tale of the Official Stealing the Greatcoat." In this sketch, anecdotal motifs, comic effects were visible. The official bore the surname Tishkevich. In 1842, Gogol completes the story, changes the hero's surname, and the story is printed, completing the cycle of Petersburg Tales. ”The scene of action - St. Petersburg - was not chosen by chance.

• Why was St. Petersburg chosen as the venue?

The main character is the official Akaki Akakievich Bashmachkin. Can he be called a "little man"?

In which story is the main character a "little man"?

• “Little Man” in literature is a designation for rather heterogeneous heroes, united by the fact that they occupy one of the lowest places in the social hierarchy and that this circumstance determines their psychology and social behavior (humiliation, combined with a sense of injustice, wounded by pride). Therefore, the "Little Man" often acts in opposition to another character, a high-ranking person, a "significant person" (according to the word usage adopted in Russian literature under the influence of "The Overcoat", 1842, N.V. Gogol), and the development of the plot is built mainly as a story of resentment, insult, misfortune.

vocabulary work

• Zealously- diligently
• Favorites- pets
• Department- part or department of a government agency
• Swiss- servants' room at the door
• sybaritized on the bed- pampered
• Vanka- passenger cab; usually a peasant who came to work in the city
• alarm clock- the lowest police officer
• Halberd- foot weapon on a long pole
• Private- bailiff, police rank, who is entrusted with part of the city
• Chukhonka- Petersburg nickname for suburban Finns

V. I. Dal " Dictionary living Great Russian language"

• Tell us about the main character. How was the name given? What lines speak of the predetermination of fate?
• - What is the life of Akaky Akakievich? How does this person live?
• - What is the attitude of his colleagues towards him?
• - What comparison does Gogol use to show the humiliation of this man's position?
• - See what the illustrators tried to show? Pick lines from the text.

• Gogol does not hide the limitations, the scarcity of the interests of his hero, tongue-tied. But something else brings to the fore: his meekness, uncomplaining patience. Even the hero's name carries this meaning:

AKAKIY - humble, gentle, not doing evil, innocent

• - Why do you think the writer gave this name to his hero?
• What feelings does the character evoke in you? When did you laugh and when did you sympathize with him?
• Read the scene of the conversation with Petrovich. And what is author's attitude to the hero?

• Bashmachkin - unfortunate or a laughing stock?

• The appearance of the overcoat slightly opens peace of mind hero.
• -Why does Gogol talk in such detail about the acquisition of the overcoat, even about what kind of fur was put on the collar?
• - Read the episode depicted by the illustrators.
• - Let's pick up epithets for the overcoat from the point of view of Akaky Akakievich.
• - Follow the text for a change in the portrait, behavior, speech of the hero at the time when he first put on his overcoat.

• - What changes does the appearance of the overcoat bring to the life of the hero?
• -Are these changes fundamental, permanent or only external, temporary? Why?

• - Is Bashmachkin worthy of a human title or is he a complete nonentity?
• - Where is the climax of the story?
• - What is happening with Akaky Akakievich?
• A shock, a storm of emotions, feelings, but Gogol does not give a direct speech of the character - only a retelling. Akaky Akakievich remains wordless even at a critical moment in his life.

• - How did the watchman react to Bashmachkin's words?
• - What is the special drama of this situation?
• - What feelings does it evoke this moment Akaki Akakievich?

• - To whom does Akaki Akakievich address?
• -Look at the illustration. What did the illustrators manage to portray?
• - Let's read the scene of the meeting with a significant person, trying to correctly convey the intonation.

• - How did you see the official?
• - Why doesn't he even have a name, only a middle gender-face?

• - Let's remember the end of the story and think about why the story ends this way? Why does Gogol need the hero's death and his "fantastic life after death"?

• - What is a significant person punished for?
• - How do you understand the author's position?
• - What is this piece about?
• Despite the absence love line, This work about love for a person about the need to see God's creation in everyone.
• -Bashmachkin - unfortunate or a laughingstock?
• - Let's return to the epigraph of our lesson (Chekhov's words). Why is this reminder necessary?

Homework

• Bashmachkin - unfortunate or a laughing stock? Reflect on this question (in writing).
• "History of one city", pages 3 - 14 of the textbook to read, retell.

The riddle of the name of the protagonist of the story "Overcoat" by N.V. Gogol Author Parfenyuk Tatiana Anatolyevna comprehensive school No. 31 with in-depth study of individual subjects "

"Pedagogical world"

The riddle of the name of the protagonist of N.V. Gogol's story "The Overcoat" Many writers of the 18th - 19th centuries gave the characters "speaking" names and surnames in their works. This satirical device they used as a means of characterizing the hero. N.V. Gogol also often called his characters so that the reader could better understand the character. It can be assumed, that unusual name the hero of the story "The Overcoat" Akaky Akakievich Bashmachkin was given to him for a reason. “Little Man” on the pages of Gogol's story Akaki Akakievich is a pitiful little man who could live his miserable life calmly and happily (!) He is happy at the beginning of the story: senselessly copying, but filled with love for letters. Akaky Akakievich is absorbed in his letters like a child. He even goes to bed, “smiling in advance at the thought of tomorrow”- only children fall asleep like that. And in this sense, he is an absolutely harmonious personality. "Little Man" on the pages of Gogol's story Immediately after the "Overcoat" a large number of literary works, in which writers also began to talk about the crushed "little man"; it seemed to them that if other conditions were created, the little man would reveal himself in all human beauty. But this did not happen with Akaky Akakievich. He is happy and harmonious only in his little world, in his circle. As soon as Gogol takes him out of this state into another circle, he dies, since he is not able to live there. dream about new overcoat - the meaning of the hero's life The usual regularity of life is violated by an unforeseen incident - the need to buy a new overcoat. The life of a poor official is now completely changing: he has a dream that fills existence with meaning - the dream of a new overcoat. When the dream came true, Akaky Akakievich was robbed on the same evening on the street, and after visiting a "significant person" and his "proper scolding" he died of fear and grief. What is the cause of the tragedy? There are very important words in the Gospel with which we can explain the reason for the tragedy that happened to Akaky Akakievich: "Where your treasure is, there your heart will be." Akaky Akakievich could not stand the shock when his overcoat was stolen from him, because it was his only treasure. Letters were another treasure. But he exchanged the letters for an overcoat. That is why, with the loss of the overcoat, the meaning of life is lost for him - and he dies. Surname - Bashmachkin All men in the family wore boots: "both father, and grandfather, and even brother-in-law." They lived despite the surname, and Akaky Akakievich - to match. Shoe - low, closed shoes for the street, often rough, heavy and uncomfortable. There were no more indecent shoes than shoes. So the surname Gogol determined the status of the protagonist. Moreover, it was formed not even from the word "shoe", but from the word "shoe" - "to a little man" and a surname with a diminutive suffix. Name - Akaky Akakievich When he was born, his mother offered a choice of many names: Mokkiy, Sossy, Khozdazat, Trifiliy, Dula, Varakhasy, Pavsikahy and Vakhtisy. But these names were so strange that she decided: “... it would be better to call him like his father. The father was Akaki, so let the son be Akaki. Poor Akaky Akakievich didn't even get his own name. The core of the existence of Akaky Akakievich is rewriting. Therefore, the name can be perceived as the result of rewriting - his favorite pastime. They took the name of the father: Akaki - they rewrote it, and it turned out: Akaki Akakievich. As if fate itself had doomed him to a miserable and faceless existence. Features of speech and name Akaki Akakievich's speech was inconsistent, stupid. It is a speech devoid of meaning as insignificant as its owner himself was. One of the striking signs of the hero's speech and the narrative as a whole is the very frequent repetition of the root "how". The abundance of particles “how” turns into one continuous question-shout: “How is it?! But as?!" The meaning of the name Akaki and the character of Bashmachkin The name "Akaky" means "innocence, innocent, gentle, harmless, not doing evil." And in Gogol's hero this quality is doubled by his patronymic. Therefore, we can say that he is the most innocent, the most harmless. Already in Gogol's time, the name Akakiy was rarely used; holy martyrs and the most devout priests were called by this name. The holy martyrs received the name Akakiy posthumously, which pointed directly to their suffering without guilt. The legend of the Monk Akaki of Sinai and the characters of the story "The Overcoat" There is a legend about the Monk Akaki of Sinai, who lived in the VI century and was a novice in one monastery. The humble monk was distinguished by patience and unquestioning obedience to his elder, who forced the monk to work unreasonably, starved him, and beat him mercilessly. Saint Akakiy meekly endured hardships and thanked God for everything. Some time later Saint Akakiy died. The elder told another elder about the death of his disciple, who did not believe that the young monk had died. Then the teacher Akakiy called this elder to the grave and loudly asked: “Brother Akakiy, are you dead?” A voice came from the grave: "No, father, he has not died; he who endures obedience cannot die." The astonished elder fell down in front of the tomb with tears, asking for forgiveness from his disciple. After that, he changed his temper, shut himself up in a cell near the burial place of St. Akakios, and ended his life in prayer and meekness. The Legend of the Monk Akakiy of Sinai and the Characters of the Story "The Overcoat" This legend was cited in the "Ladder" by the Monk John of the Ladder as an example of patience, obedience and reward for them. The images of Akaky Akakievich and the "significant person" closely echo the images of Saint Akakiy and the "unrighteous old man." Most likely, this similarity is not accidental: giving the name to his hero, N.V. Gogol remembered the legend of John of the Ladder. The legend of the Monk Akaki of Sinai and the characters of the story "The Overcoat" Just as the unrighteous old man is the persecutor of St. Akaki, who is in his obedience, so Akakiy Akakievich is subordinate to the "significant person", and the "significant person" acts as his persecutor in the finale. As in the life of Saint Akakios, the conscience of the “unrighteous elder” is awakened under the influence of a conversation with the deceased novice Akakios, so the “significant person” changes greatly in better side after meeting with the "living dead" Akaky Akakievich. Conclusion At the beginning of our study, we assumed that the name Akaky Akakievich Bashmachkin is a means of characterizing its bearer, it contains a deep semantic and emotional content. We believe that we managed to unravel the mystery of the name of the Gogol hero. Thus, our hypothesis was confirmed. Sources of information and illustrations 1. Gogol N. V. Overcoat - M: Children's Literature, 1995 2. Norshtein Yu. http://dlib.eastview.com/browse/doc/6408601 3. Kulikova L. M. Akaki Akakievich. In defense of the name http://zhurnal.lib.ru/k/kulikowa_l_m/cakakijdoc.shtml 4. Venerable Akaki of Sinai http://www.mospat.ru/calendar/svyat1/nov29-akaki.html 5. Full Orthodox nomenclature - http://supercook.ru/name-imenoslov.html?d49fa180 6. Let's talk about magic? - http://lib.rin.ru/doc/i/189115p27.html 7. http://www.liveinternet.ru/users/3830109/post203277143/ 8. http://www.clir.ru/blogs/latest-274.html

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"The Overcoat" - a story by Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol. Included in the cycle "Petersburg Tales". The first publication took place in 1842.

At the heart of N.V. Gogol's plan lies the conflict between the "little man" and society, a conflict leading to rebellion, to the uprising of the humble. The story "The Overcoat" describes not only an incident from the life of the hero. The whole life of a person appears before us: we are present at his birth, naming him, find out how he served, why he needed an overcoat and, finally, how he died. Akaky Akakievich spends his whole life in “rewriting” papers in the service, and the hero is quite pleased with this. Moreover, when he is offered an occupation that requires “to change the capital title, and in some places change the verbs from the first person to the third”, the poor official is frightened and asks to be relieved of this work. Akaky Akakievich lives in his small world, he “not once in his life paid attention to what is done and happens every day on the street”, and only in “rewriting did he see some kind of diverse and pleasant world of his own”. In the world of this official, nothing happens, and do not happen incredible story with an overcoat, there would be nothing to tell about him.

Bashmachkin does not strive for unprecedented luxury. He is simply cold, and by rank he must appear in the department in an overcoat. The dream of sewing an overcoat on wadding becomes for him a semblance of a great and almost impossible task. In his system of world values, it has the same meaning as the desire of some "great man" to achieve world domination. The thought of an overcoat fills the existence of Akaky Akakievich with meaning. Even his appearance is changing: “He has become somehow more alive, even firmer in character, like a person who has already defined and set a goal for himself. Doubt, indecision disappeared by itself from his face and actions... Fire is sometimes shown in his eyes...” And now, having finally reached the limit of his aspirations, the hero of the story once again faces injustice. The overcoat is stolen. But even this does not become the main cause of the death of the unfortunate Bashmachkin: the “significant person”, to whom the official is advised to turn for help, “scolds” Akaky Akakievich for disrespect for his superiors and kicks him out of his house. And now “a creature that is not protected by anyone, is not dear to anyone, is not interesting to anyone, does not even attract attention ...” Bashmachkin’s death, as expected, almost no one noticed.

The ending of the story is fantastic, but it is precisely such a ending that allows the writer to introduce the theme of justice into the work. The ghost of an official rips off the overcoats from the noble and rich. After his death, Bashmachkin rose to a previously inaccessible height, he overcame miserable ideas about rank. The rebellion of the “little man” becomes the main theme of the story, the rebellion of Akaky Akakievich is akin to the rebellion of Eugene from The Bronze Horseman, who for a moment dared to become equal with Peter I, only the value systems of these two heroes are different.

The story of the poor official is written in such detail and authenticity that the reader involuntarily enters the world of the hero's interests and begins to sympathize with him. But Gogol is a master of artistic generalization. He deliberately emphasizes: “one official served in one department ...” Thus, a generalized image of a “little man” arises in the story, a quiet, modest person whose life is unremarkable, but who, however, also has his own dignity and has the right to own world. Perhaps that is why we finally pity not Akaky Akakievich, but “poor mankind.” And probably, that is why our anger is provoked not by a robber, but by a “significant person” who failed to pity the unfortunate official.

And at the end of the story, we come to a terrible conclusion: the subject of the narration is by no means the story of how the hero’s overcoat is stolen, but of how a person’s life was stolen. Akaki Akakievich, in fact, did not live. He never thought about high ideals, did not set any tasks for himself, did not dream of anything. And the insignificance of the incident underlying the plot characterizes Gogol's world itself.

N.V. Gogol makes the tone of the story comical. The text shows constant irony over Bashmachkin, even his daring dreams turn out to be nothing more than a desire to put marten fur on his collar without fail. The reader must not only enter the world of Akaky Akakievich, but also feel the rejection of this world. In addition, there is an author's voice in the story, and N.V. Gogol thus becomes, as it were, a messenger of the Russian humanistic tradition. It is on behalf of the author that the young man speaks, who, having unsuccessfully joked with Akaky Akakievich, “shuddered many times later in his life, seeing how much inhumanity is in a person, how much ferocious rudeness is hidden in refined, educated secularism, and, God! even in that person whom the world recognizes as noble and honest.

In N.V. Gogol's story "The Overcoat" two aspects of the author's condemnation of the world are clearly traced. On the one hand, the writer comes out with sharp criticism of the society that turns a person into Akaky Akakievich, protesting against the world of those who “taunted and sharpened enough” over “eternal titular advisers”, those whose salary does not exceed four hundred rubles a year. But on the other hand, much more important, in my opinion, is N.V. Gogol's appeal to all mankind with a passionate appeal to pay attention to the "little people" who live next to us.

In the story of N.V. Gogol, “The Overcoat” among the images of the details of St. Petersburg life is most often repeated, passing through all the works and eventually making up a through image, - artistic detail"ladder".

1. “Seeing what was the matter, Akaky Akakievich decided that the overcoat would need to be taken to Petrovich, a tailor who lived somewhere on the fourth floor along the back stairs, who, despite his crooked eye and rowan all over his face, was engaged in rather successful repair bureaucratic and all sorts of pantaloons and tailcoats, of course, when he was in a sober state and did not harbor any other enterprise in his head.

2. “Climbing the stairs that led to Petrovich, which, to be fair, was all smeared with water, slop and penetrated through and through with that alcoholic smell that eats the eyes and, as you know, is constantly present on all the back stairs of St. Petersburg houses, - climbing stairs, Akaki Akakievich was already thinking about how much Petrovich would ask for, and mentally decided not to give more than two rubles.

3. “The assistant clerk lived on a big footing: a lantern shone on the stairs, the apartment was on the second floor.”

4. “So that somehow the owner would not take it into his head, he slowly left the room, found in the front overcoat, which he saw without regret lying on the floor, shook it off, removed every fluff from it, put it on his shoulders and went down the stairs to the street ".

5. “However, he tried to increase his significance by many other means, namely: he ordered that lower officials meet him on the stairs when he came to office; so that no one dares to come to him, but that everything goes in the strictest order: the collegiate registrar would report to the provincial secretary, the provincial secretary - to the titular or whatever, and so that things would reach him in this way.

6. “How I got down the stairs, how I went out into the street, Akaki Akakievich didn’t remember anything.”

7. “So, a significant person went down the stairs, sat down in a sleigh and said to the coachman: “To Karolina Ivanovna”, and he himself, wrapping himself very luxuriously in a warm overcoat, remained in that pleasant position, better than which you can’t imagine for a Russian person, then there is when you don’t think about anything yourself, but meanwhile thoughts themselves climb into your head, one is more pleasant than the other, without even giving you the trouble to chase after them and look for them.

At the end of the story, Gogol expands the boundaries of the notorious service ladder of urban planning to the expanses of the universal life's road, where the significance of a person is determined not by rank or bank account, but each is rewarded according to his humanity. And the one whose arrogant arrogance brought the despair of poor Akaky Akakievich to the catastrophe that destroyed him, himself for a moment descends from his usual earthly “ladder” and experiences the state experienced by the robbed official. Other regulars of the St. Petersburg Soviet "ladder" find themselves in the same position.

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Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol

The story "The Overcoat" Lesson - presentation of the teacher of the Russian language and literature of the State Educational Institution School No. 102 of St. Petersburg Porechina E.N.

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The story "Overcoat"

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Despite the fact that "The Overcoat" came out almost simultaneously with Gogol's central work " Dead Souls(1842), she did not remain in the shadows. The story made a strong impression on contemporaries. Belinsky, who apparently read The Overcoat while still in manuscript, said that it was "one of Gogol's most profound creations." Known catchphrase: "We all came out of Gogol's "Overcoat"". This phrase was recorded by the French writer Melchior de Vogüe from the words of a Russian writer. Unfortunately, Vogüet did not say who was his interlocutor. Most likely Dostoevsky, but it has been suggested that Turgenev could have said the same. One way or another, the phrase aphoristically accurately characterizes Gogol's influence on Russian literature, which mastered the theme of the "little man", deepening its humanistic pathos.

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Subject. Issues. Conflict

In "The Overcoat" the theme of the "little man" is raised - one of the constants in Russian literature. Pushkin is the first to touch on this topic. His little people are Samson Vyrin ("The Stationmaster"). Eugene (" Bronze Horseman"). Like Pushkin, Gogol reveals in the most prosaic character the ability for love, self-denial, selfless defense of his ideal.

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In the story "The Overcoat" Gogol poses social and moral-philosophical problems. On the one hand, the writer sharply criticizes the society that turns a person into Akaky Akakiyevich, protesting against the world of those who “fought and sharpened enough” over “eternal titular advisers”, over those whose salary does not exceed four hundred rubles a year . But on the other hand, Gogol's appeal to all mankind with a passionate appeal to pay attention to the "little people" who live next to us is much more significant. After all, Akaky Akakievich fell ill and died not only and not so much because his overcoat was stolen from him. The reason for his death was the fact that he did not find support and sympathy from people.

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The conflict of the little man with the world is caused by the fact that his only property is taken away from him. The stationmaster loses his daughter. Eugene - beloved. Akaki Akakievich - overcoat. Gogol intensifies the conflict: for Akaky Akakievich, the thing becomes the goal and meaning of life. However, the author not only lowers, but also elevates his hero.

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Akaky Akakievich Bashmachkin

The portrait of Akaky Akakievich is drawn by Gogol as emphatically unfinished, incomplete, illusory; the integrity of Akaky Akakievich must be subsequently restored with the help of an overcoat. The birth of Akaky Akakiyevich builds a model of an illogical and grandiose-cosmic Gogol's world, where not real time and space, but poetic eternity and man in the face of Fate, operate. At the same time, this birth is a mystical mirror of the death of Akaky Akakievich: Gogol's mother, who had just given birth to Akaky Akakievich, is called the "deceased" and "old woman", Akaki Akakievich himself "made such a grimace", as if he had a presentiment that he would be an "eternal titular adviser"; the baptism of Akaky Akakievich, which takes place immediately after birth and at home, and not in the church, is more reminiscent of the funeral of the deceased than the christening of the baby; Akaky Akakiyevich's father also turns out to be, as it were, an eternal dead person (“The father was Akaki, so let the son be Akaki”).

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The key to the image of Akaky Akakievich is Gogol's hidden opposition between the "outer" and "inner" man. “External” is a tongue-tied, nondescript, stupid copyist who is not even able to “change verbs from the first person to the third in some places”, slurps his cabbage soup with flies, “not noticing their taste at all”, dutifully endures bullying of officials pouring “on the head papers to him, calling it snow.” The “inner” man seems to say to the incorruptible: “I am your brother.” In the eternal world, Akaky Akakievich is an ascetic ascetic, a “silent man” and a martyr; secluded from temptations and sinful passions, he carries out the mission of personal salvation, as if he bears the sign of being chosen. In the world of letters, Akaky Akakievich finds happiness, pleasure, harmony, here he is completely satisfied with his lot, for he serves God: “Having written to his heart’s content, he went to bed smiling at the thought of tomorrow: will God send something to rewrite tomorrow?”

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Petersburg northern frost becomes a diabolical temptation, which Akaky Akakievich is unable to overcome (the old overcoat, mockingly called the bonnet by officials, has leaked). The tailor Petrovich, flatly refusing to renew Akaky Akakievich's old overcoat, acts as a demon-tempter. The brand new overcoat, in which Akaky Akakievich puts on, symbolically means both the gospel “robe of salvation”, “bright clothes”, and the female hypostasis of his personality, making up for his incompleteness: the overcoat is “an eternal idea”, “friend of life”, “bright guest” . The ascetic and recluse Akakiy Akakievich is seized by love ardor and sinful fever. However, the overcoat turns out to be a lover for one night, forcing Akaky Akakievich to make a number of irreparable fatal mistakes, pushing him out of a blissful state of closed happiness into an anxious external world, in the circle of officials and night street. Akaky Akakievich, thus, betrays the "inner" person in himself, preferring the "outer", vain, subject to human passions and vicious inclinations.

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Work with text

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The pernicious thought of a warm overcoat and its acquisition dramatically change the whole way of life and character of Akaky Akakievich. He almost makes mistakes while rewriting. Breaking his habits, he agrees to go to a party with an official. In Akaky Akakievich, moreover, a womanizer wakes up, rushing in pursuit of a lady, "whose every part of her body was full of unusual movement." Akaki Akakievich drinks champagne, overeats "vinaigrette, cold veal, pate, pastry pies." He even betrays his beloved work, and the retribution for betraying his career was not slow to overtake him: the robbers "removed his overcoat from him, gave him a kick with his knee, and he fell backwards in the snow and did not feel anything anymore." Akaki Akakievich loses all his quiet meekness, commits acts unusual for his character, he demands understanding and help from the world, actively advances, achieves his goal.

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On the advice of officials, Akaki Akakievich goes to the "significant person." The clash with the general occurs just when Akaky Akakievich ceases to be an "inner" person. Immediately after the threatening cry of the "significant person" Akaky Akakievich was "carried out almost without movement." Departing from life, Bashmachkin rebels: he "badly slandered, uttering terrible words" that followed "directly after the word" Your Excellency "". After death, Akaki Akakievich changes places with the "significant person" and, in turn, carries out the Last Judgment, where there is no place for ranks and ranks, and the general and titular adviser are equally accountable to the Supreme Judge. Akaky Akakievich appears at night as an ominous dead ghost "in the form of an official looking for some kind of dragged overcoat." The ghost of Akaky Akakievich calmed down and disappeared only when a “significant person” came under his arm, justice seemed to have triumphed, Akaki Akakievich seemed to carry out God’s terrible punishment, put on a general’s overcoat.

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Fantastic ending works - a utopian implementation of the idea of ​​justice. Instead of the submissive Akaky Akakievich, a formidable avenger appears, instead of a formidable "significant person" - a face that has become kinder and softened. But in fact, this ending is disappointing: there is a feeling that the world has been abandoned by God. The immortal soul is seized with a thirst for vengeance and is forced to create this vengeance itself.

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P.S. The famous little man Bashmachkin remained, in general, a mystery to the reader. The only thing known about him is that he is small. Not kind, not smart, not noble, Bashmachkin is just a representative of humanity. The most ordinary representative, a biological individual. And you can love and pity him only because he is also a man, “your brother,” as the author teaches. This "too" contained a discovery that Gogol's ardent admirers and followers often misinterpreted. They decided that Bashmachkin was good. That you need to love him because he is a victim. That in it you can discover a lot of virtues that Gogol forgot or did not have time to invest in Bashmachkin. But Gogol himself was not sure that the little man was an unconditionally positive hero. Therefore, he was not satisfied with the "Overcoat", but took up Chichikov ...

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Questions and tasks for the story "The Overcoat" (1) 1. Prove that the narration in the story is on behalf of the narrator, who does not coincide with the author. What is the meaning of the change in the narrator's attitude towards Akaky Akakievich throughout the story? 2. Confirm with examples the idea that the main character of the story is deprived of a "face" from birth (name, surname, portrait, age, speech, etc.). 3. Prove that the image of Akaky Akakievich "lives" in two dimensions: in impersonal reality and in the infinite and eternal Universe. Why is it the hero's attempt to find his "face" that leads him to death?

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Test 1. "A crooked eye and ripples all over the face" - this is about whom: a) about Akaky Akakievich; b) about Petrovich; c) about a "significant person". 2. The name Akaki Akakievich received: a) according to the holy calendar; b) the godfather insisted; c) mother gave. 3. The name of the "significant person": a) Grigory Petrovich; b) Ivan Ivanovich Eroshkin; c) either Ivan Abramovich or Stepan Varlamovich.

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7. The story "The Overcoat": a) fantastic; b) lifelike; c) romantic. 8. Akaky Akakievich: a) synonymous with Pushkin's "little man"; b) it is a different species; c) it cannot be attributed to small people. 9. The main conclusion of the author: a) the "little man" is worthy of respect; b) he is the product of an inhuman state; c) he himself is to blame for his “smallness”.

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Questions and assignments for the story "The Overcoat" (2) 1. Once Gogol was told a story that one official passionately wanted to have a gun. With extraordinary savings and hard work, he saved up a considerable amount of 200 rubles for those times. That is how much the Lepage gun cost (Lepage was the most skilled gunsmith of that time), the envy of every hunter. The gun, carefully placed on the bow of the boat, disappeared. Obviously, he was pulled into the water by thick reeds, through which he had to swim. The search was in vain. The gun, from which not a single shot was fired, is forever buried at the bottom of the Gulf of Finland. The official fell ill with a fever (a detail preserved in the story). Colleagues took pity on him and pooled together bought him a new gun. Why did Gogol replace the gun with an overcoat and rethink the ending of the story? 2. Why does the author describe in such detail how the money for the overcoat was collected, how the cloth, lining, collar were bought, how it was sewn? 3. Tell us about the tailor Petrovich and the place of this character in the story. 4. How does the hero change, carried away by the dream of an overcoat? 5. How does Gogol feel about his hero, and when does this attitude begin to change? 6. Is Bashmachkin funny or pathetic? (Justify with quotes from the work.)

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Pick up quotes from the story "The Overcoat"