The image of a leader in school works. Composition "modern leader in school"
If a person lived to be 30 years old and never tried himselfas a leader, he may not be able to handle it whenthe hour strikes. He can be the perfect organizer, as long asSo far, so good. But suddenly, regardless of his desire,there will never be a situation where he just has to take matters into his own hands. And then what? It will be too late to start learning.
will ensure his success among those around him. This skill is brightspeaking and listening to others speak.The art of communication at all times recognized the obligationbody trait of a leader. Among all peoples, and among the ancients in the first place, it was considered as follows: a person striving to somehow advanceto become a leader, must have oratoryvom no less than military prowess. Only one heused in peacetime, and the other - in wartime. Leaders would-Are you sure that the power of speech has the same meaning as physicalchesky force in the war.
The speakers were distinguished by their demeanor and style of speech. Moreover, intonation, artistry, placement of the correctcents often had a greater impact on listeners thanthe meaning of words. The most revered were those who could long and figurativelyspeak before expressing your opinion. Good ora-tor had a sense of tact, skillfully took into account the nature of his Sednikov, knew the history of peoples and their relationships. "Big people" spoke at the end of the meeting, when the dotsvision were clarified and it was necessary to express the opinion of the patient shinstvo.
The art of public speaking and communication skillsis still highly regarded by others today. Many people's deputiesyou are promoted precisely because of your eloquence.
The ability to communicate with people is a skill that everyonecan gradually master. To make a good impression, you must write clearly and speak correctly.
When compiling a report or abstract on anysubject, remember that this is not an essay on literature, simplicity and clarity are needed here
One more rule. Do not try to impress the teacher with smartmi words and expressions taken from the textbook. TeachThe tel will still understand that they are not yours. If you are requiredjust collect information and present it in such a way thatwhoever reads this could get an idea of the pre-Mete, it is better to act according to a pre-planned plan.
Communication is not a one-way process in which wejust reporting information. When we communicate, we also receive information, and this process requires us to be able to listen.
Listening means more than just hearing.
We often We only hear what we want to hear. When we listen, we pass through ourselves the words, intonation and gestures of the interlocutor.Nika. To this we must add our own reactions,which make it clear to the interlocutor that we are attentive to himwe listen. These reactions include: facial expression, a smile, a nod of the head, and various remarks.
Upon receipt of information, it is necessary to fullypay attention to the speaker without guessing what youare going to report. If possible, write down as manymore valuable information. This is especially important when receivinginformation on the phone when what's happening in that placewhere they are calling from is unfamiliar to you and can easily confuse you.
When you listen That:
Do it with full attention;
Do not make hasty guesses about what is going to youtell the interlocutor;
Don't waste time trying to formulate an answer while listening another;
Looking into the eyes, show that you really carelisten to him carefully;
Listening to the interlocutor on the phone, do not let things happenwhoever is in the room to distract you;
Talking on the phone, let's understand the callerthat you listen to him attentively, from time to time pronounceXia: “So...”, “Yes...”, “Good...”, etc.;
Make notes if necessary.
Listening is a skill that you canwork. It consists in the correct answers to the postavquestions, in the ability to respond to currentfor the interlocutor of the topic. The latter should get the impression that you are keenly interested in him, and that you arepolite and willing to continue the conversation.
The response to questions should be calm and brief;such that it does not interfere with the train of thought of the speaker orspeaker. The reaction can be manipulative, wrongvile and ineffective if it is not entirely sincere. Re-action on the meaning of what was said is best expressed in the pause moment.
Sometimes the most valuable ideas can be gleaned not from famous businessmen at all, but in classic works.
When we talk about "books about leadership," works of a very specific genre come to mind, such as Dale Carnegie's famous work How to Win Friends and Influence People.
But by limiting ourselves to manuals, biographies, and studies, we are missing out on a vast body of literature. Sometimes the most valuable ideas can be found not at all with famous businessmen, but in classical literature.
Unlike traditional business books, here we see inner life heroes. We present a list of works that make you think about business and at the same time are outstanding in terms of literature.
1. The Great Gatsby, Francis Scott Fitzgerald
This timeless novel tells the story of a Midwestern farm boy who finds success through his feelings for his lost love.
What made Gatsby great, what made him different from the rest? His idealism and his dreams. What can we learn from him? The fact that you can change your life, not limited to daily activities, craving for security and the desire for power.
Many of us can afford such idealism only for a short time. But of course Fitzgerald's book challenges this idealism of Gatsby by showing the limitations of his ideals.
2. “The path of wisdom. Siddhartha, Hermann Hesse
"Path of Wisdom. Siddhartha" - another one literary example maintaining a balance between work and personal life.
The novel is about a man who is trying to reconcile spiritual development and business. He becomes a rich merchant, less interested in material success than in maintaining an ethical approach in dealing with clients.
But later, money nevertheless enslaves him, and he becomes not only capable of meanness, but also finds himself on the verge of suicide. He eventually finds peace of mind by becoming a ferryman and carrying travelers across the river. He tries to become their spirit guide, but finds that more often than not, they just want to get over to the other side.
3. "Outsider", Albert Camus
Books like these make you rethink your life. Pushing aside the topics of spirituality and religion for a while, they ask simpler and deeper questions: what is the meaning of life and does it exist at all?
4. The Zuckerman novels, Philip Roth's trilogy
The trilogy tells the story of Roth's fictional alter ego, Nathan Zuckerman, and is a tragicomedy that deserves the highest praise.
5. The Rest of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro
Ishiguro's book reveals the nature of the differences between East and West. This is the story of an elderly butler who is so deeply committed to his profession that he has abandoned the rest of the world. This piece is often referenced in discourses on leadership and work ethics.
6. Death of a Salesman, Arthur Miller
This play is a lesson in trust, trust in yourself and the world around you. Willy Lohman, a traveling salesman, thought he could control not only his own destiny, but also his children's, by trying to force both himself and the children into work that was against their nature.
How would his fate have turned out if he could trust the world and rely on others, instead of trying to control everything, and embrace his nature instead of trying to become someone else? It may very well be that she would be much happier than him.
7. The Last Tycoon, Francis Scott Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald's latest (unfinished) novel raises the ever-present issue of work-life balance.
Fitzgerald tells the story of Hollywood mogul Monroe Star (based on real life producer Irving Thalberg), in public depicting an incredible success, and at the same time deeply unhappy.
We see an example of unhealthy passion - a person who excels at work, but literally drives himself to death. And we ask ourselves: what would he have achieved if he had led a more moderate life?
8. Pension Miramar, Naguib Mahfouz
This is a book about a peasant woman named Zohra who leaves her family and takes a job in a small hotel in Alexandria. Based on the material of her life, issues of sexual harassment at work are considered.
But there is another reading of the text from which important business lessons can be learned. Mahfouz's book shows the conflict between eternal values(justice, freedom and courage) and fleeting (for example, an obsessive desire for profit at any cost).
9. All My Sons by Arthur Miller
Two actors show us how multifaceted a person can be, and make us think about our values.
American businessman Joe Keller decides to ship defective heads to buyers block cylinders that lead to numerous plane crashes during World War II; danger also threatens his son, pilot Larry. He says he is doing this for another son, Chris, who is to inherit his company.
Over time, Joe begins to feel responsible for the whole country and what is happening to her through his fault. He understands that he cannot be limited to caring for Larry and Chris, that "they are all his sons."
Having learned about his father's crime, Chris parted with naive idealism, understands that the world cannot be divided into black and white, and tries to develop a view of man as a combination of vice and virtue.
Epics about Ilya Muromets
Hero Ilya Muromets, son of Ivan Timofeevich and Efrosinya Yakovlevna, peasants of the village of Karacharova near Murom. Most popular character bylin, the second strongest (after Svyatogor) Russian hero and the first domestic superman.
Sometimes with epic Ilya Muromets is identified a real man, Reverend Elijah of the Caves, nicknamed Chobotok, buried in the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra and canonized in 1643.
Years of creation. 12th–16th centuries
What is the point. Until the age of 33, Ilya lay, paralyzed, on the stove in parental home, until he was miraculously healed by wanderers ("passable stones"). Having gained strength, he arranged his father's household and went to Kyiv, along the way capturing Nightingale the Robber, who terrorized the neighborhood. In Kyiv, Ilya Muromets joined the squad of Prince Vladimir and found the hero Svyatogor, who gave him the sword-treasurer and the mystical "real power". In this episode, he demonstrated not only physical strength, but also high moral qualities, not responding to the advances of Svyatogor's wife. Later, Ilya Muromets defeated the “great force” near Chernigov, paved the direct road from Chernigov to Kiev, inspected the roads from Alatyr-stone, tested the young hero Dobrynya Nikitich, rescued the hero Mikhail Potyk from captivity in the Saracen kingdom, defeated Idolishche, walked with his squad to Tsargrad, one defeated the army of Kalin Tsar.
Ilya Muromets was not alien and simple human joys: in one of the epic episodes, he walks around Kyiv with "goals of the tavern", and his offspring Sokolnik was born out of wedlock, which later leads to a fight between father and son.
What does it look like. Superman. Epics describe Ilya Muromets as "a remote, burly good fellow", he fights with a club "in ninety pounds" (1440 kilograms)!
What is he fighting for. Ilya Muromets and his squad very clearly formulate the purpose of their service:
“... stand alone for the faith for the fatherland,
... to stand alone for Kyiv-grad,
... to stand alone for the churches for the cathedral,
... he will save the prince and Vladimir.
But Ilya Muromets is not only a statesman - he is also one of the most democratic fighters against evil, as he is always ready to fight "for widows, for orphans, for poor people."
The way to fight. A duel with the enemy or a battle with superior enemy forces.
With what result. Despite the difficulties caused by the numerical superiority of the enemy or the dismissive attitude of Prince Vladimir and the boyars, he invariably wins.
What is it fighting against? Against the internal and external enemies of Rus' and their allies, violators of law and order, illegal migrants, invaders and aggressors.
2. Archpriest Avvakum
"The Life of Archpriest Avvakum"
Hero. Archpriest Avvakum made his way from a village priest to the leader of the resistance to church reform, Patriarch Nikon, and became one of the leaders of the Old Believers, or schismatics. Avvakum is the first religious figure of this magnitude, who not only suffered for his beliefs, but also described it himself.
Years of creation. Approximately 1672–1675.
What is the point. A native of the Volga village, Avvakum from his youth was distinguished by both piety and violent temper. Having moved to Moscow, he took an active part in church and educational activities, was close to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, but sharply opposed the church reforms carried out by Patriarch Nikon. With his characteristic temperament, Avvakum waged a fierce struggle against Nikon, advocating the old order of church ritual. Avvakum, not at all embarrassed in expressions, conducted public and journalistic activities, for which he repeatedly went to prison, was cursed and defrocked, and was exiled to Tobolsk, Transbaikalia, Mezen and Pustozersk. From the place of the last exile, he continued to write appeals, for which he was imprisoned in an "earthen pit". Had many followers. Church hierarchs tried to persuade Avvakum to renounce his "delusions", but he remained adamant and was eventually burned.
What does it look like. One can only guess: Avvakum did not describe himself. Maybe this is how the priest looks like in Surikov’s painting “Boyar Morozova” - Feodosia Prokopyevna Morozova was a faithful follower of Avvakum.
What is he fighting for. For the purity of the Orthodox faith, for the preservation of tradition.
The way to fight. Word and deed. Avvakum wrote accusatory pamphlets, but he could personally beat the buffoons who entered the village and break them musical instruments. Considered self-immolation as a form of possible resistance.
With what result. Avvakum's passionate sermon against church reform made resistance to it massive, but he himself, along with three of his associates, was executed in 1682 in Pustozersk.
What is it fighting against? Against the desecration of Orthodoxy by "heretical novelties", against everything alien, "external wisdom", that is, scientific knowledge, against entertainment. He suspects the imminent coming of the Antichrist and the reign of the devil.
3. Taras Bulba
"Taras Bulba"
Hero.“Taras was one of the indigenous, old colonels: he was all created for abusive anxiety and was distinguished by the rude directness of his temper. Then the influence of Poland was already beginning to appear on the Russian nobility. Many already adopted Polish customs, started luxury, magnificent servants, falcons, hunters, dinners, courtyards. Taras didn't like it. He loved simple life Cossacks and quarreled with those of his comrades who were inclined towards the Warsaw side, calling them serfs of the Polish pans. Eternally restless, he considered himself the legitimate defender of Orthodoxy. Arbitrarily entered the villages, where they only complained about the harassment of tenants and the increase in new duties on smoke. He himself carried out reprisals against his Cossacks and made it a rule for himself that in three cases one should always take up a saber, namely: when the commissars did not respect the foremen in anything and stood in front of them in hats, when they mocked Orthodoxy and did not honor the ancestral law, and, finally, when the enemies were the Busurmans and the Turks, against whom he considered it at least permissible to take up arms for the glory of Christianity.
Year of creation. The story was first published in 1835 in the collection Mirgorod. The edition of 1842, in which, in fact, we all read Taras Bulba, differs significantly from the original version.
What is the point. Throughout his life, the dashing Cossack Taras Bulba has been fighting for the liberation of Ukraine from oppressors. He, the glorious ataman, cannot bear the thought that his own children, flesh of his flesh, may not follow his example. Therefore, Taras kills Andriy's son, who betrayed the sacred cause, without hesitation. When another son, Ostap, is captured, our hero deliberately penetrates into the heart of the enemy camp - but not in order to try to save his son. His only goal is to make sure that Ostap, under torture, did not show cowardice and did not renounce high ideals. Taras himself dies like Joan of Arc, having previously presented Russian culture with the immortal phrase: “There are no bonds holier than camaraderie!”
What does it look like. Extremely heavy and fat (20 pounds, in terms of - 320 kg), gloomy eyes, black-white eyebrows, mustache and forelock.
What is he fighting for. For the liberation of the Zaporozhian Sich, for independence.
The way to fight. Hostilities.
With what result. With deplorable. All died.
What is it fighting against? Against oppressor Poles, foreign yoke, police despotism, old-world landowners and court satraps.
4. Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov
"A song about Tsar Ivan Vasilievich, a young guardsman and a daring merchant Kalashnikov"
Hero. Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov, merchant class. Trades in silks - with varying degrees of success. Moskvich. Orthodox. Has two younger brothers. He is married to the beautiful Alena Dmitrievna, because of whom the whole story came out.
Year of creation. 1838
What is the point. Lermontov was not fond of the theme of Russian heroism. He wrote romantic poems about nobles, officers, Chechens and Jews. But he was one of the first to find out that the 19th century is rich only in the heroes of his time, but heroes for all time should be sought in the deep past. There, in the Moscow of Ivan the Terrible, a hero was found (or rather, invented) with the now speaking surname Kalashnikov. The young oprichnik Kiribeevich falls in love with his wife and attacks her at night, persuading her to surrender. The next day, the offended husband challenges the oprichnik to a fistfight and kills him with one blow. For the murder of his beloved oprichnik and for the fact that Kalashnikov refuses to name the reason for his act, Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich orders the execution of a young merchant, but does not leave his widow and children with mercy and care. Such is royal justice.
What does it look like.
"His falcon eyes are burning,
He looks at the oprichnik intently.
Opposite him, he becomes
Pulls on combat gloves
Mighty shoulders straightens.
What is he fighting for. For the honor of his woman and family. Kiribeevich's attack on Alena Dmitrievna was seen by the neighbors, and now she cannot be seen honest people. Although, going out to fight with the guardsman, Kalashnikov solemnly declares that he is fighting "for the holy truth-mother." But heroes sometimes distort.
The way to fight. Fist fight with fatal. In fact, a murder in broad daylight in front of thousands of witnesses.
With what result.
“And they executed Stepan Kalashnikov
Death is fierce, shameful;
And the untalented head
She rolled on the chopping block in blood.
But on the other hand, Kiribeevich was also buried.
What is it fighting against? Evil in the poem is personified by an oprichnik with a foreign patronymic Kiribeevich, and even a relative of Malyuta Skuratov, that is, an enemy squared. Kalashnikov calls him "basurman's son", alluding to his enemy's lack of Moscow registration. Yes, and this person of Eastern nationality inflicts the first (aka last) blow not in the face of the merchant, but in Orthodox cross with relics from Kyiv, which hangs on the valiant chest. He says to Alena Dmitrievna: “I am not a thief, a forest murderer, / I am a servant of the king, the terrible king ...” - that is, he hides behind the highest mercy. So heroic deed Kalashnikov is nothing more than a deliberate murder on the basis of ethnic hatred. Lermontov, who himself participated in the Caucasian campaigns and wrote a lot about the wars with the Chechens, the theme of "Moscow for Muscovites" in its anti-Basurman section was close.
5. Danko "Old Woman Izergil"
Hero Danko. Biography unknown.
“In the old days, only people lived in the world, impenetrable forests surrounded the camps of these people on three sides, and on the fourth there was a steppe. They were cheerful, strong and courageous people ... Danko is one of those people ... "
Year of creation. The short story "Old Woman Izergil" was first published in Samarskaya Gazeta in 1895.
What is the point. Danko is the fruit of the irrepressible imagination of the very old woman Izergil, whose name is Gorky's short story. A sultry Bessarabian old woman with a rich past tells beautiful legend: at the time of ona, there was a redistribution of property - there were disassemblies between the two tribes. Not wishing to remain in the occupied territory, one of the tribes went into the forest, but there the people suffered a massive depression, because "nothing - neither work nor women exhaust the bodies and souls of people as exhausting dreary thoughts." At a critical moment, Danko did not allow his people to bow to the conquerors, but instead offered to follow him - in an unknown direction.
What does it look like.“Danko… a handsome young man. The beautiful are always bold.
What is he fighting for. Go know. For getting out of the forest and thereby ensuring freedom for your people. Where are the guarantees that freedom is exactly where the forest ends, it is not clear.
The way to fight. An unpleasant physiological operation, indicating a masochistic personality. Self-dismemberment.
With what result. With dual. He got out of the forest, but died immediately. Sophisticated mockery of one's own body does not go in vain. The hero did not receive gratitude for his feat: his heart, torn from his chest with his own hand, was trampled under someone's heartless heel.
What is it fighting against? Against collaborationism, conciliation and cringing before the conquerors.
6. Colonel Isaev (Stirlitz)
Corpus of texts, from "Diamonds for the Dictatorship of the Proletariat" to "Bomb for the Chairman", the most important of the novels - "Seventeen Moments of Spring"
Hero. Vsevolod Vladimirovich Vladimirov, aka Maxim Maksimovich Isaev, aka Max Otto von Stirlitz, aka Estilitz, Bolsen, Brunn. An employee of the press service of the Kolchak government, an underground Chekist, intelligence officer, professor of history, exposing the conspiracy of the followers of Nazism.
Years of creation. Novels about Colonel Isaev were created over 24 years - from 1965 to 1989.
What is the point. In 1921, Chekist Vladimirov liberates the Far East from the remnants of the White Army. In 1927, they decided to send him to Europe - it was then that the legend of the German aristocrat Max Otto von Stirlitz was born. In 1944, he saved Krakow from destruction by helping the group of Major Whirlwind. At the very end of the war, he was entrusted with the most important mission - the disruption of separate negotiations between Germany and the West. In Berlin, the hero does his hard work, saving the radio operator Kat along the way, the end of the war is already close, and the Third Reich is collapsing to the song of Marika Rekk "Seventeen Moments of April". In 1945, Stirlitz was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
What does it look like. From the party characteristics of a member of the NSDAP since 1933 von Stirlitz, SS Standartenführer (VI department of the RSHA): “A true Aryan. Character - Nordic, seasoned. Supports with workmates a good relationship. Fulfills his duty without fail. Merciless to the enemies of the Reich. Excellent athlete: Berlin tennis champion. Single; he was not noticed in connections discrediting him. Marked with awards from the Fuhrer and thanks from the Reichsfuehrer SS ... "
What is he fighting for. For the victory of communism. It is unpleasant for oneself to admit this, but in some situations - for the motherland, for Stalin.
The way to fight. Intelligence and espionage, in some places the deductive method, ingenuity, skill-disguise.
With what result. On the one hand, he saves everyone who needs it and successfully carries out subversive activities; reveals covert intelligence networks and defeats the main enemy - Gestapo chief Muller. However, the Soviet country, for the honor and victory of which he is fighting, thanks his hero in his own way: in 1947, he, who had just arrived in the Union on a Soviet ship, was arrested, and by order of Stalin, his wife and son were shot. Stirlitz is released from prison only after the death of Beria.
What is it fighting against? Against whites, Spanish fascists, German Nazis and all enemies of the USSR.
7. Nikolai Stepanovich Gumilyov "Look into the eyes of monsters"
Hero Nikolai Stepanovich Gumilyov, symbolist poet, superman, conquistador, member of the Order of the Fifth Rome, executor Soviet history and fearless dragon slayer.
Year of creation. 1997
What is the point. Nikolai Gumilyov was not shot in 1921 in the dungeons of the Cheka. From execution, he was saved by Yakov Wilhelmovich (or James William Bruce), a representative of the secret Order of the Fifth Rome, created back in the 13th century. Having acquired the gift of immortality and power, Gumilyov walks through the history of the 20th century, generously leaving his traces in it. He puts Marilyn Monroe to bed, along the way building chickens to Agatha Christie, gives valuable advice to Ian Fleming, out of absurdity of character starts a duel with Mayakovsky and, leaving his cold corpse in Lubyansky passage, runs, leaving the police and literary critics to compose a version of suicide. He takes part in the congress of writers and sits down on xerion - a magical dope based on dragon blood, which gives immortality to members of the order. Everything would be fine - the problems begin later, when the evil dragon forces begin to threaten not only the world in general, but the Gumilyov family: wife Annushka and son Stepa.
What is he fighting for. First, for goodness and beauty, then he is no longer up to high ideas - he simply saves his wife and son.
The way to fight. Gumilyov participates in an unthinkable number of battles and battles, owns hand-to-hand combat techniques and all kinds of firearms. True, in order to achieve special sleight of hand, fearlessness, omnipotence, invulnerability and even immortality, he has to throw xerion.
With what result. Nobody knows. The novel "Look into the eyes of monsters" ends without giving an answer to this burning question. All the continuations of the novel (both the Hyperborean Plague and the March of the Ecclesiastes), firstly, are much less recognized by Lazarchuk-Uspensky's fans, and secondly, and most importantly, they also do not offer the reader clues.
What is it fighting against? Learning about real reasons disasters that befell the world in the 20th century, he fights first of all with these misfortunes. In other words, with a civilization of evil lizards.
8. Vasily Terkin
"Vasily Terkin"
Hero. Vasily Terkin, reserve private, infantryman. A native of Smolensk. Single, no children. He has an award for the totality of feats.
Years of creation. 1941–1945
What is the point. Contrary to popular belief, the need for such a hero appeared even before the Great Patriotic War. Tvardovsky came up with Terkin during the Finnish campaign, where he, along with the Pulkins, Mushkins, Protirkins and other characters in newspaper feuilletons, fought with the White Finns for their homeland. So in 1941, Terkin entered an already experienced fighter. By 1943, Tvardovsky was tired of his unsinkable hero and wanted to send him into retirement due to injury, but letters from readers returned Terkin to the front, where he spent another two years, was shell-shocked and surrounded three times, conquered high and low heights, led fights in the swamps, liberated villages, took Berlin and even spoke with Death. His rustic but sparkling wit invariably saved him from enemies and censors, but he definitely did not attract girls. Tvardovsky even turned to readers with an appeal to love his hero - just like that, from the heart. Still do not have Soviet heroes the dexterity of James Bond.
What does it look like. Endowed with beauty He was not excellent, Not tall, not that small, But a hero - a hero.
What is he fighting for. For the cause of peace for the sake of life on earth, that is, his task, like that of any soldier-liberator, is global. Terkin himself is sure that he is fighting “for Russia, for the people / And for everything in the world”, but sometimes, just in case, he also mentions the Soviet government - no matter what happens.
The way to fight. In war, as you know, any means are good, so everything is used: a tank, a machine gun, a knife, a wooden spoon, fists, teeth, vodka, the power of persuasion, a joke, a song, an accordion ...
With what result. Several times he was on the verge of death. He was supposed to receive a medal, but due to a typo in the list, the award did not find the hero.
But imitators found him: by the end of the war, almost every company already had its own “Terkin”, and some even had two.
What is it fighting against? First against the Finns, then against the Nazis, and sometimes against Death. In fact, Terkin was called upon to fight depressive moods at the front, which he did with success.
9. Anastasia Kamenskaya
A series of detective stories about Anastasia Kamenskaya
Heroine. Nastya Kamenskaya, major of MUR, the best analyst of Petrovka, a brilliant operative, in the manner of Miss Marple and Hercule Poirot investigating serious crimes.
Years of creation. 1992–2006
What is the point. The work of an operative involves hard everyday life (the first evidence of this is the television series "Streets of Broken Lights"). But it is difficult for Nastya Kamenskaya to rush around the city and catch bandits in dark alleys: she is lazy, in poor health, and loves peace more than anything in the world. Because of this, she periodically has difficulties in relations with management. Only her first boss and teacher, nicknamed Kolobok, believed in her analytical abilities without limit; the rest have to prove that she is the best at investigating bloody crimes, sitting in the office, drinking coffee and analyzing, analyzing.
What does it look like. Tall, lean blonde, her features expressionless. She never wears make-up and prefers casual, comfortable clothes.
What is he fighting for. Definitely not for a modest police salary: knowing five foreign languages and having some connections, Nastya can leave Petrovka at any moment, but does not do it. It turns out that he is fighting for the triumph of law and order.
The way to fight. First of all, analytics. But sometimes Nastya has to change her habits and go on the warpath on her own. In this case, acting skills, the art of reincarnation and female charm are used.
With what result. Most often - with brilliant: criminals are exposed, caught, punished. But in rare cases, some of them manage to hide, and then Nastya does not sleep at night, smokes one cigarette after another, goes crazy and tries to come to terms with the injustice of life. However, so far there are clearly more happy endings.
What is it fighting against? Against crime.
10. Erast Fandorin
A series of novels about Erast Fandorin
Hero. Erast Petrovich Fandorin, a nobleman, the son of a small landowner who lost his family fortune at cards. He began his career in the detective police as a collegiate registrar, managed to visit the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, serve in the diplomatic corps in Japan and incur the disfavor of Nicholas II. He rose to the rank of State Councilor and retired. Private detective and consultant to various influential people since 1892. Phenomenally lucky in everything, especially in gambling. Single. Has a number of children and other descendants.
Years of creation. 1998–2006
What is the point. The turn of the XX-XXI centuries again turned out to be an era that is looking for heroes in the past. Akunin found his protector of the weak and oppressed in the gallant XIX century, but in the professional field that is becoming especially popular right now - in the special services. Of all Akunin's stylistic undertakings, Fandorin is the most charming and therefore the most enduring. His biography begins in 1856, the action of the last novel dates back to 1905, and the end of the story has not yet been written, so you can always expect new achievements from Erast Petrovich. Although Akunin, like Tvardovsky earlier, since 2000 has been trying to end his hero and write his last novel about him. The Coronation is subtitled The Last of the Novels; the “Lover of Death” and “The Mistress of Death” written after her were published as a bonus, but then it became clear that Fandorin's readers would not let go so easily. The people need, need an elegant detective, linguist and using wild success among women. Not all the same "Cops", in fact!
What does it look like.“He was a very pretty young man, with black hair (which he was secretly proud of) and blue (alas, it would be better also black) eyes, rather tall, with white skin and a cursed, indestructible blush on his cheeks.” After the experience of misfortune, his appearance acquires an intriguing detail for ladies - gray temples.
What is he fighting for. For an enlightened monarchy, order and law. Fandorin dreams of new Russia- ennobled in the Japanese manner, with firmly and reasonably established laws and their scrupulous execution. About Russia, which did not go through the Russo-Japanese and First world war, revolution and civil war. That is, about Russia, which could be if we had enough luck and common sense to build it.
The way to fight. A combination of the deductive method, meditation techniques and Japanese martial arts with almost mystical luck. By the way, there is also female love, which Fandorin uses in every sense.
With what result. As we know, the Russia that Fandorin dreams about did not happen. So globally, he suffers a crushing defeat. Yes, and in small things too: those whom he tries to save most often die, and the criminals never go to jail (they die, or pay off the court, or simply disappear). However, Fandorin himself invariably remains alive, as does the hope for the final triumph of justice.
What is it fighting against? Against the unenlightened monarchy, revolutionary bombers, nihilists and socio-political chaos, which in Russia can come at any moment. Along the way, he has to fight bureaucracy, corruption in the highest echelons of power, fools, roads and ordinary criminals.
Illustrations: Maria Sosnina
In school practice, teachers, parents and psychologists often raise the issue of identifying leaders among students.
The correct answer is that in school, among children, there are no and cannot be leaders. Because leader is a person who leads other people to a common goal for all. Schoolchildren no common goal. Everyone has their own goal: to get a certificate with the best marks. This goal does not directly depend on other students: everyone will receive your certificate co with their assessments. kids just study next to each other rather than moving toward a common goal.
I never did anything alone - maybe just passed the exams.
This statement by a born leader, Bill Gates, illustrates very well the fact that school is one of rare places where there is no ground for leadership. A lot is done there alone, although there are a lot of people nearby.
Who then is in the school if there are no leaders in it? There are children who are confused with leaders.
First of all, this aggressive children. Because they are dangerous and cruel, other children are afraid of them and sometimes obey them out of fear. This has nothing to do with leadership, because the leader is obeyed voluntarily out of respect for his merits.
Secondly, leaders are often mistaken for nice kids. With them, other guys want to be friends and spend time together. This, again, is not about leadership, but about sympathy.
Sociometry
There is a good method for identifying emotional preferences in a team, including children, - sociometry. Students are asked to answer the following questions:
- If you had to transfer to another school, which of your current classmates would you take to new class? Please name five people.
- And which of your current classmates would you not take to your new class? List five names.
Analysis of the responses received allows us to identify popular (stars) and unpopular members of the group (neglected, rejected, isolated). Psychologists usually say that sociometric "stars" are leaders identified using a professional tool.
However, leaders are needed to solve group-wide, difficult tasks, often associated with competition with other groups. There are no such tasks in the life of a school class. The transition from one school to another, used in sociometry, is a change from one neutral situation to another.
Since leaders solve difficult, risky tasks, they have such qualities as firmness, adherence to principles, will, audacity, and the ability to make unpopular decisions. Therefore, in real situations, the leader will most likely be one of the unpopular, from the point of view of sociometry, members of the group.
Sergeant Volkov in Alexander Bek's story "Volokolamsk Highway" is described as "eternally gloomy", "taciturn", "evil in service and in battle". An unpleasant person, however, he enjoyed great respect among his colleagues and the command: he was a leader among the soldiers. He, for sure, and in childhood was "evil", "taciturn", "gloomy". Who would want to take this with them to another school? Why do we need a gloomy silent man at the next desk? We will choose someone more cheerful, sociable and positive.
War is a completely different matter. The fight is definitely difficult task. To defeat a dangerous opponent, you need a leader. The soldiers called Sergeant Volkov "the right person." "Gloomy, "evil", "taciturn" but "correct". He was killed at a machine gun, covering the retreat of his comrades. If the soldiers were asked who they would take when moving to another regiment, then Sergeant Volkov would be one of the most popular. Why do we need a cheerful and sociable soldier in battle?In order to survive, we will choose someone brave, cold-blooded and correct, whose anger inspires confidence in victory.
Thus, sociometry is about the emotional structure of the group, likes and dislikes, but not about leadership and influence.
situational leader
Stephen Covey. The Leader in Me: How Schools and Parents Around the World Help Kids Become Great.Still, there are leaders in the school, but only in certain situations. For example, in a chemistry lesson, the teacher divided the class into groups and gave them tasks: the one who is best versed in chemistry will become a leader for his group, that is, he will lead his team to achieve a difficult goal common to all. But with the end of the lesson, the leader-chemist ceases to be a leader. The same thing can happen in gym class, when the most athletic guy can take the lead in a basketball game.
Personal leadership
ABOUT personal leadership they say when a person leads only himself to his goal. Many people are not leaders either for themselves or for others; they do not lead themselves to any goal, but simply, by borrowing, they react to external stimuli.
From this point of view, all children in the school can be leaders. Stephen Covey in The Leader in Me describes the implementation
1.2 Mechanisms for the formation of the idea of a leader (leader) in the mass consciousness.
2. Sociological research on the influence of the media on the formation of the image of a political leader
2.1. Research program
2.1.1 Methodological section
2.1.2. Methodical section
2.2 Analysis of the study results
Applications
1. Theoretical basis in the understanding of the leader
1.1 The concept of a leader in sociology
In any group, there is a leader, a leader. He may be appointed officially, or may not occupy any official position, but actually lead the team by virtue of his organizational abilities. The head is appointed officially, from the outside, and the leader is put forward "from below". The leader not only directs and leads his followers, but also wants to lead them, and the followers not only follow the leader, but also want to follow him. Studies show that the knowledge and abilities of a leader are always valued by people much higher than the corresponding qualities of the rest of the group members. Why does a person become a leader? According to the concept of "features" - the leader has certain properties, features, thanks to which he is promoted to the leader. The following psychological qualities are inherent in a leader: self-confidence, a sharp and flexible mind, competence as a thorough knowledge of one's business, strong will, the ability to understand the peculiarities of people's psychology, and organizational skills.
The leader of the group can only be the person who is able to lead the group to the resolution of certain group situations, problems, tasks, who carries the most important personal traits for this group, who carries and shares the values that are inherent in the group. The leader is, as it were, a mirror of the group, the leader appears in this particular group, what is the group - such is the leader. A person who is a leader in one group will not necessarily become a leader again in another group (a different group, different values, different expectations and requirements for a leader).
From the point of view of the scale of the tasks to be solved, there are:
Household type of leadership (in school, student groups, leisure associations, in the family);
Social type of leadership (in production, in the trade union movement, in various societies: sports, creative, etc.);
Political type of leadership (state, public figures).
There is an undoubted connection between the fate of the household leader, the leader of the social and the leader of the political. The first always has the opportunity to advance to the leaders of another type.
Leadership presupposes a certain character of the immediate environment. It should be selected on business, professional grounds. Personal devotion - important quality environment, but not enough in our time. Like-mindedness, mutual understanding, interest in the cause, mutual trust, confidence in the correctness of the choice, moral stability, conviction also give the right to take a place in the team surrounding the leader. Attractive for the environment are the prestige of the place, the possibility of a career, recognition in the team and outside it, in the areas of power and management, in society and in the country. But it is important that all this be at a high professional competence. Companion must have a clear understanding of general condition of the affairs in which he is engaged under the leadership of the leader, about his role, responsibilities in the group, have analytical, creativity. The qualities of his followers seem to be concentrated in the leader. Therefore, he should be interested in selecting people who are superior to him in some qualities. The talent for managing people is based on a whole range of socio-psychological qualities and properties. The trust and love of the masses for their leader plays an important role.
Trust in a leader is recognition of his high merits, merits and powers, recognition of the necessity, correctness and effectiveness of his actions. This is an internal agreement with the bearer of authority, a willingness to act in accordance with his instructions. After all, in the absence of means of coercion, it is possible to force to follow oneself only on the basis of trust. And this trust means that people are in inner harmony and unity with the leader.
The structure of the mechanisms of influence of leaders on the mass depends on the properties of followers. The leader is in the strongest dependence on the team. The group, having the image of a leader - a model, requires from a real leader, on the one hand, compliance with it, and on the other, the leader is required to be able to express the interests of the group. Only if this condition is met, the followers not only follow their leader, but are also willing to follow him.
A skillful analysis of reality depends on the leader. Based on the conclusions obtained as a result of the analysis, a line of conduct is formed - a program of action - and decisions are made. After that, the mobilization of forces and means begins. The leader seeks the support of the entire group or its overwhelming part to organize the execution decisions taken which provides for:
1) selection and placement of performers;
2) bringing decisions to them;
3) clarification and adaptation of decisions in relation to the place of execution;
4) creation of external and internal conditions for execution;
5) coordination of the activities of performers;
6) summing up and analyzing the results.
The first typology of leadership was proposed by M. Weber and still remains influential. It was based on the classification of the authority of persons exercising power. M. Weber distinguished: 1) traditional leadership based on faith in the sanctity of traditions; 2) rational - legal, or bureaucratic, leadership, based on faith in the legality of the existing order and its "reasonableness"; 3) charismatic leadership, based on the belief in the supernatural abilities of the leader, the cult of his personality. It occurs in critical situations. With the stabilization of the social system, it is transformed into a traditional, or bureaucratic one, there is a "routinization of charisma"
The authority of the traditional leader, according to M. Weber, is based on a long-standing custom. A person has the "right to leadership" due to the origin-belonging to the elite. This type of leadership is characteristic of a "pre-industrial" society.
Rational-legal, or bureaucratic, leadership, according to Weber, is inherent in " industrial society". It arises when one becomes a leader not because of some special personality traits (although the leader must demonstrate a certain level of competence), but with the help of "legitimate" bureaucratic procedures. According to Weber, leadership in the "ideal" bureaucracy is impersonal, it acts as an instrument of law, impersonal.
A feature of charismatic leadership, according to Weber, is that traditional and bureaucratic leadership function in stable social structures and are adapted primarily to solving everyday problems (which is why he calls these two types of routine), while charismatic leadership arises at the sharp turns of history. A charismatic leader must view his mission as a "recognition from above." This type of leadership is characterized by a fantastic devotion of followers to the leader, any doubt in his charismatic qualities is considered as sacrilege. This is the most important difference between Weber and rational-legal and traditional leadership. The latter have more or less objective grounds (law, traditions), charismatic leadership is purely personal.
In modern domestic literature There are many classifications of leadership. The most interesting is the typology of leadership proposed by Professor B.D. Parygin. It is based on three different criteria: first, by content; secondly, in style; third, by the nature of the leader's activity.
a) inspirational leaders who develop and propose a program of behavior;
b) leaders-performers, organizers of the implementation of an already given program;
c) leaders who are both inspirers and organizers.
As one of the foundations of the typology of leadership are the "styles" of leadership.
The style is:
a) authoritarian. This is a leader demanding monopoly power. He single-handedly defines and formulates goals and ways to achieve them. Communication between group members is kept to a minimum and passes through the leader or under his control. An authoritarian leader tries to increase the activity of subordinates by administrative methods. His main weapon is "iron exactingness", the threat of punishment, a sense of fear. By no means all authoritarian leaders are rude, impulsive people, but coldness and dominance make them related. The psychological climate in a group where this style of leadership is practiced is characterized by a lack of goodwill and mutual respect between the leader and followers, who become passive performers.
b) Democratic. The democratic style of leadership, according to most researchers, is more preferable. Such leaders are usually tactful, respectful, objective in dealing with group members. The socio-spatial position of the leader is within the group. Such leaders initiate the maximum participation of everyone in the activities of the group, do not concentrate responsibility, but try to distribute it among all members of the group, create an atmosphere of cooperation. Information is not monopolized by the leader and is available to members of the team.
c) "Non-interfering" leader. Such a leader is characterized by the absence of praise, censure, suggestions. He tries to avoid responsibility by shifting it to his subordinates. The installation of such a leader is, if possible, an inconspicuous stay on the sidelines. The leader avoids conflicts with people and is removed from the analysis of conflict cases, transferring them to his deputies and other people, tries not to interfere in the course of the group's activities.
