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Lesson “The use of ъ (er) and ь (er). Spelling of a soft sign after hissing at the end of a word

In Russian, there are no two types of letters for denoting hard consonants and soft consonants. In writing, paired hard and soft consonants are indicated by the same letter (see paragraph 1.5. Sounds of speech and letters).

To designate a soft consonant in Russian, there is a special letter b (soft sign, or "er").

Wed: a table - so, a bank - a bathhouse.

b is spelled	Examples
1. At the end of a word.	A thread[n'it'], seven[Sam'].
2. In the middle of a word after a soft consonant before a hard consonant.	Fate[sud'ba], dark[t'maʹ].
3. In the middle of a word between two soft consonants, if, when the word changes or in related words, the second consonant becomes hard, and the first retains its softness.	Kuzmich[Kuz'm'ich'] - Kuzma[Kuz'ma], but: bow[ban't'ik] - bow[bow].
4. After a soft consonant l[l'] before any consonants.	Ballroom[bal’nyj], herring[s'el'd'].
5. In instrumental forms plural.	People, children, horses.
6. In the middle of numbers ending in -ten, -hundred.	Fifty, nine hundred.
7. At the end of numbers ending in -twenty.	Eleven fifteen.
8. In adjectives formed from the names of months with the help of a suffix -sk.	September, October(But: January).

b is not written in combinations	Examples
-chk-	Barrel, river, stove.
-ch-	final, heart
-LF-	Corolla, babysit.
-nsch-	Bath attendant, bricklayer.
-rsch-	Lamplighter, welder.
-rch-	Spoiled.
-st-	Bridge, ponytail.
-nt-	Screw, bow.
-schn-	Assistant.

Note!

1) Words to be distinguished: nannyb ka And nyaLF it; toneb she And ThatLF aishy.

In words nannyb ka, toneb she the second consonant is hard, the softness of the first consonant is indicated by the letter b .
In words nyaLF it, thenLF aishy there is a combination LF which is written without b .

2) b not spelled between two l and two n .

All her, tsell yulose, rann uy.

1.11.2. Use b to denote grammatical forms

Soft sign, or er ( b ), can be used as an indicator of a certain grammatical form.

b is spelled	Examples
1. After hissing in the names of feminine nouns III declension in the form of a singular nominative and accusative case.	Night[night '], silence[t'ish].
2. After hissing in adverbs (exceptions: already, married, unbearable).	Entirely[solid], jump[fskach '].
3. After the hissing in the second person singular verbs of the present and simple future tenses - questions What are you doing? what will you do?	you go[id'osh], you carry[raise].
4. After hissing and other consonants in the imperative mood - questions what are you doing)? what do(s) do?	eat[sjesh], eat; get up[fstan '], stand up.
5. In the indefinite form of the verb (after T And h) - questions what to do? what to do?	Take[Brother'], take, cut[str'ich '], get a haircut.
6. In the genitive plural of nouns on -nya(I declension), if before -nya there is a vowel, as well as in four exception nouns ( ).	Apple tree - apple trees, slave - slaves. Young lady - young ladies, hawthorn - hawthorn, village - villages, kitchen - kitchens.

b is not written	Examples
1. After hissing nouns in nouns male II declension in the singular form of the nominative case.	Knife[nosh], doctor[doctor'].
2. After sizzling in short form adjectives (masculine).	hot, hot.
3. After hissing in three adverbs-exceptions.	Already, married, unbearable.
4. After the hissing in the genitive plural of feminine nouns on -A(I declension).	Cloud - clouds, grove - groves.
5. In the genitive plural of nouns on -nya(I declension), if before -nya is a consonant (exceptions: young lady, hawthorn, village, kitchen).	Tower - towers, cherry - cherries.
6. In verbs in the form of the third person singular and plural of the present and simple future tenses - questions what is he doing? what will he do? what do they do? what will they do?	He hopes, he does not believe, they hope.

1.11.3. The use of dividing b And Kommersant

As noted, separation b And b indicate the presence of a sound in a word [j](after a consonant and before a vowel) e, yo, yu, i ).

1. Dividing Kommersant written after a consonant before letters e, yo, yu, i V the following cases:

after a prefix ending in a consonant;

INb ride, beforeb anniversary, aboutb to reveal aboutb eat.

in compound words, the first part of which is numerals two, three, four ;

Dvuhlongline,three longline.

in words of foreign origin after a prefix to a consonant: ad-, dis-, in-, inter-, con-, counter-, ob-, sub-, super-, trans- or compound particle pan- .

Hellyutant,diz junction,ying section,inter section,horse junction,counter tier,volume ect,sub ect,trance European,pan European.

Note!

1) Letter b not written before letters a, o, u, uh, i, s .

Wed: between atomic,counter hit,trance ocean,three storey.

2) Letter b not written in the middle of a word (not after a prefix!).

Wed: dress, deacon. Exception – feldb gamekeeper.

3) Letter b is not written at the junction of parts of a compound word.

Wed: children(children's nursery), Foreign language(University of the Foreign languages).

4) Letter b not written as a noun underb yachiy(there is no prefix in this word) under- !). Separator is written in the middle of the word b , since the prefix stands out here By- and root clerk (-deacon- ).

5) In the middle of a word (at the root) arb ergard is written dividing b , but not b , because prefixes ar- not in Russian.

6) In a word fromb yang(Turk.) is written b by analogy with the verb withdraw.

2. Dividing b written in the following cases:

in the middle of a word (not after a prefix!) after a consonant before letters e, yo, yu, i if after a consonant before a vowel sounds [j];

Vyot [v'jot], loach [v'jun], dyak [d'jak]).

in some borrowed words (as a sound signal [j]) after a consonant before a letter O .

Bouillon[bul'jon], sir[sin'jor], minion[min'jon].

STATE AUTONOMOUS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

SECONDARY VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

NOVOSIBIRSK REGION

"BARABINSKY MEDICAL COLLEGE"

Cycle methodological commission of general humanitarian,

socio-economic disciplines

METHODOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

combined lesson

for the teacher

Discipline: Russian language

Section 2

Subject 2.9. The use of b and b. b after sizzling

Speciality: 34.02.01 "Nursing" a basic level of learning

WellI

Developer: teacher of Russian language Khritankova N.Yu.

Motivation for studying topic 4

Extract from thematic plan disciplines "Russian language" 5

Approximate lesson timeline 6

Information block 7

Plan of independent work of students 8

Appendix 1 9

Appendix 2 10

Appendix 3 11

Sample answers 13

List of sources used 16

Methodical sheet

Class type: combined.

Level of assimilation of information: first (recognition) + second (reproduction).

Learning goals: to form the concept of basic units and levels of the language, their features and relationships; learn to build your speech in accordance with linguistic, communicative and ethical standards; to form the concept of punctuation norms of the modern literary Russian language; to teach to analyze your speech from the point of view of its normativity, relevance, expediency; to form the ability to eliminate errors and shortcomings in their oral speech, to observe spelling and punctuation norms modern Russian literary language.

educational goals: to promote the formation of the ability to exercise speech self-control, evaluate written statements in terms of design; observe in the practice of writing the punctuation norms of the modern Russian literary language.

Development goals: develop the ability to analyze life situations draw conclusions, make independent decisions, be organized and disciplined; to form and develop practical creative thinking, understanding the essence and social significance of one's own future profession, sustained interest in it

Teaching methods- reproductive.

Lesson time: 90 minutes.

Motivation for studying the topic

The norms of written speech are studied in general education school in Russian language lessons. It is at school that students learn the rules of spelling and punctuation, as well as the rules for writing letters. However, not every school graduate is fully versed in the norms of written speech, and, as you know, no expressive, logical, accurate and rich speech will make the proper impression if the author of the speech writes illiterately, makes mistakes in punctuation. In this regard, it is necessary to replenish their knowledge in the field of the norms of written speech of the Russian literary language for every educated person, including future medical workers. In this lesson, the ability to analyze life situations, draw conclusions, make independent decisions, be organized and disciplined is formed and developed.

Extract from work program disciplines "Russian language"

Name of sections and topics		Watch volume	Level of development

Section 2	Norms of the modern Russian literary language	84
Subject2.9. The use of b and b. b after sizzling		2
	Spelling of vowels. Spelling of consonants. The use of the letters b and b. Compliance with the spelling norms of the Russian literary language in the practice of writing.
	Laboratory works
	Practical lessons
	Test papers
	Independent work of students: Working with a textbook, doing exercises; Work with lecture notes.

EXAMPLE TIMELINE OF THE LESSON

Stage name	Time	Purpose of the stage	Activity			Equipment
Stage name	Time	Purpose of the stage	teacher	students		Equipment

Organizational stage		Organization of the beginning of the lesson, preparation of the workplace for students	Marks absent students in the journal	The headman calls the absent students. Students adjust the appearance, prepare jobs.	Journal, notebooks
Motivational stage		Developing interest in a new topic	Explains to students the importance of studying this topic	Listen, ask questions
Lesson objectives		Setting priorities when studying a topic	State the purpose of the lesson	Listen, write in a notebook new theme	Methodological development of the lesson
Control of initial knowledge of students				Complete assignments and answer teacher questions	Annex 1.
Statement of background information		To contribute to the development of the formation of the ability to observe the spelling and punctuation norms of the modern Russian literary language in the practice of writing; understanding the essence and social significance of one's future profession, a steady interest in it	Presents new material	Listen, read the material in the textbook, write down	Methodological development of the lesson
Completing tasks to consolidate knowledge		Consolidation of knowledge, the formation of the ability to analyze life situations, draw conclusions, make independent decisions, be organized and disciplined	Instructs and controls the execution of tasks, discusses the correctness of answers	Perform tasks, check, make adjustments	Annex 2 (task 1, 2)
Ultimate control of new knowledge		Evaluation of the effectiveness of the lesson and identification of shortcomings in new knowledge	Instructs and supervises	Perform tasks	Annex 3
Task for independent extracurricular work of students		Formation and consolidation of knowledge	Gives a task for independent extracurricular work of students, instructs on the correct implementation	Write down the task	Working with a textbook, doing exercises; Work with lecture notes.
Summarizing		Systematization, consolidation of the material, the development of emotional stability, objectivity in assessing one's actions, the ability to work in a group	Evaluates the work of the group as a whole, individually, motivation for evaluation	Listen, ask questions, participate in the discussion	Group log

Information block

Usage b

1. To indicate the softness of consonants (except for hissing), the letter b is written:

1) at the end of a word (including in the indefinite form of the verb and the imperative): eight, pour, horse;

2) in the middle of a word - after a soft l before any consonant (hard or soft): album, flatter, boy, but the letter b is not written between two l: illustration, allergy; after a soft consonant before a hard consonant (braid); after a soft consonant standing before soft g, k, b, m, which are the result of a change in the corresponding hard ones (earrings - earring). In other cases, ь in the middle of a word is not written to indicate the softness of consonants (bush).

Note: it is useful to remember that the letter ь is not written in combinations of h and u with other consonants: chk, ch, nch, nsch, schn, rch, rsch (to nurse) (although a nanny), a predator); the letter ь is preserved before the suffix -sya in the indefinite form of the verb, before the ending -te in the imperative mood (meet - meet.)

2. Since sibilants are either only hard ([g], [w]), or only soft ([h], [u]), when writing the letter b after them does not serve as an indicator of softness. After hissing, the letter ь is used primarily to denote the grammatical form of a word and is written in the following cases:

1) in nouns g. R. 3 declensions in the form of units. h. (a trifle, but a noun m. p. rich man without a soft sign);

2) in the following forms of verbs: in an indefinite form (to captivate, to get carried away); in the imperative mood (hide, hide); in the 2nd person singular. h. present (and future) time (wash, wash). In addition, according to tradition, after hissing it is written: in adverbs), except for unbearable, already, married (wide open, completely); in particles (only, ish).

3. Separating b is written in the following cases:

1) before e, e, u, i inside the word, not after prefixes: career, sparrow;

2) in some foreign words before about: broth, companion.

Usage b

Separating b is written before the letters e, e, u, i in the following cases:

after a prefix ending in a consonant (entry, internuclear);

2) in foreign words in which there is a prefix ending in a consonant (ab-, ad-, diz-, in-, inter-, con-, counter-, ob-, sub-, trans-), the compound particle pan– (injection);

3) in compound words, the first part of which is formed by numerals two-, three-, four- (two-tiered).

As the rule shows, the letter ъ is not written under the indicated conditions before the vowels a, o, y, e (cloudless, limit).

Note: this rule does not apply to compound words: foreign language, children.

Plan for independent work of students

Stage name	Stage description
Identification of the level of training Control of the initial level of knowledge	Performing tasks to control the initial level of knowledge. Application No. 1	Identification of the degree of preparation of students for the lesson and the degree of assimilation of the material of this topic by school curriculum
Performing tasks to consolidate current theoretical and practical knowledge	1. Completing tasks with various occasions spellings ь and ъ. Application No. 2	Systematization, consolidation of the material, the formation of skills, instilling accuracy, the ability to work in a group. Developing the ability to correctly determine the spelling ь and ъ, as well as use knowledge of the norms in your written speech
	Students report on the work done, prove their point of view	Developing the ability to defend one's point of view
Ultimate control	Performance of the task for the final control. Application No. 3	Finding out the degree of achievement of the goal of the lesson

Annex 1

Task to control the initial level of knowledge of students

Rewrite with missing letters.

1. But Shurka could not even cry. He kept looking ... at the stove, at a pile of fiery black ... p ... pkov and for some reason thought that everything in life ... lives beats for happiness - so said Aunt Nastya, and her words ... once Impossibly miraculously fulfilled: the father has risen from the dead. And the grandmother demanded that the first pot be broken at random ... to smithereens ... zgi. Where is sch ... ste? (Smyrn.) 2. “Yes, she, the truth, whatever it is!” - cracked sound ... neel, clearing his throat with a cough, Mitriy Sidorov. He rubbed his face red-hot ... with his shirt sleeve, deftly hung his old hair ... n ... flax on one shoulder ..., somehow daringly pleasantly shook his blond b ... bom, softly x ... x ... poked and became the same old talker ... m-liar. (Smyrn.) 3. The heat was rising, and the boys and girls close to the good fire ... began to quietly move away, t ... dream away, without taking their eyes from the flame enthusiastically widened, motionless. (Smirn.) 4. It is possible for a soldier to quietly exchange secret words with another servant ... about dry ... ryah, canvas ... out to ... volumes and a distant d ... horn. (Smyrn.) 5. Once a black ... black, maybe even black ... more than a rook's wing, a scythe, time is slightly swirling ... lo with ... a dyne, but the eyebrows that they were in their youth, see ... sheets, remained so. (Babaev.) 6. Sprinkled with burning debris, the tank rushed at self-propelled guns, which were already retreating along the highway. (Skin.) 7. The builder enjoys the view of ... growing factory buildings, new residential ... buildings, in ... khalls, t ... atras erected according to his projects. (Ov.) 8. And the z ... rya flared up, and the wind ... r from the steppe flowed towards the blue-blue r ... coy. (Aitm.) 9. In the black ... roguish, like those of a qan, Shvydchenko's eyes, Peter caught ... a silent question. (Versh.) 10. The rest was all summer: boats, s ... nd ... summers, two calico ... out dresses, two s ... r ... fans and one more dress - silk, without hands ... vov. (Sim.) 11. In front of ... really appeared ... fields of floating ice, and among them there were streaks. (Cap.) 12. For some reason, it was my lungs that made an unfavorable impression on the old ... ruddy line of the medical service. (Kae.) 13. Timko saw the dark forces…you of the bulls and a short man who hovered around them. (Tyutyun.)

Annex 2

Tasks to consolidate knowledge

Exercise 1.Listen to the sentences, select and write down only those words that require the spelling b or b.

1. Perky ... furious, I burst into the meeting with an avalanche (M.). 2. P ... er remembered that under the princess there were always companions ... onki (L. T.). 3. I am mainly afraid of everyday life ... (Ch.). 4. Valleys of the night ... still about ... embraces (P.). 5. He stands at the bust, leaning on the p...pedestal (Got.). 6. And in ... reality, I see before me the days of the past proud traces (P.). 7. Kashtanka ate a lot, but did not eat, but only got drunk from food (Ch.). 8. The ascent became steeper and harder (Closed). 9. Life is arranged in such a way ... yavolsky skillfully ... but that, not knowing how to hate, it is impossible to sincerely love (M. G.). 10. Bagration shouted to him from the mountain so that he would not go further than the stream ... I, but Rostov pretended not to hear his words (L.T.). 11. The shooting was creatively unproductive (Cherk.). 12. And the rumble rises ... flies around (L.). 13. He got better on the saddle and touched the horse in order to once again go around ... his hussars (L.T.). 14. Nikolai could not, as it seemed to him, endure this situation longer and went to explain himself to his mother ... (L.T.). 15. Never take on the next one without mastering the previous one ... the previous one (I.P.). 16. It was September ... September, windy and wet, when Artamonov approached ... drove to Dremov (M. G.). 17. The lanky subject sighed and shrugged.

Task 2. Write down words with different uses of ъ and ь, grouping these words according to the rules.

1. The camp woke up early, only the morning dawn was engaged. (Fedos.) 2. Polina Vasilievna is now embarrassed both in front of her daughter and in front of herself for this involuntary lie. (Lip.) 3. Believe me, Staszek, in war it is better to be a sergeant major than an ordinary soldier, and it is better to be a general than a colonel. (Sart.) 4. One must enter science on a white horse, and not knock on the pauper's door, having nothing for one's soul. (Grand.) 5. It was high time to take the suitcases and go down to the entrance. (Malts.) 6. How did the earth not part and swallow Mark Bovkun, how dare he walk the streets, breathe the same air with honest people! (Sobko) 7. The foliage on the trees was not sluggish, but only, paying tribute to the beautiful, changed colors. (V.) 8. The patient was given every day chicken bouillon. (Cover.) 9. An early December frost bound the earth. (Kazan.) 10. The Soviet state border stretches for more than sixty thousand kilometers. (Cover.) 11. The lush branches of apple trees froze. (Bet.)

Appendix 3

Tasks for final control

Exercise 1. Rewrite, inserting, where necessary, the missing letters.

I. 1. Savvatey advised to try ... happy ... I'm on black grouse. He explained the way to the fieldfare, where at that time the birds that had eaten during the autumn pecked at the berry touched by frost. (Half century) 2. It was a sultry afternoon ... - not a cloud in the sky ... ka, over the steppe ... a haze, in boots it bakes legs, and skinesh ... boots, steps ... pain ... but: so prickly ... stubble. (Ketl.) 3. But every time they ... go ... to the streets of the city, either sultry ... hot in summer, then cold and sticky from the mud of late autumn ... th, then smoothly polished sleigh runners ... in winter, it was an inexpressible joy for him ... Yu. (Sart.) 4. So subdue the gray-haired Syr-Dar ... to your will, forcing ... they rush ... water along the path that you yourself indicate to her ... order her to be ... a servant of the Soviet land, and you will once again hear ... fraternal praise of your strength and perseverance. (Rush.) 5. From ... driving should have conveniently, simply and courageously resolved ... this rigmarole ..., and Krylov now experienced a sweet feeling of freedom from Dan, from his restless demanding ... nose ... ty, from the need ... to do ... then, in that you don't believe... (Gran.) 6. Trees ... I bent under the weight ... of wet snow ...; small ... chicks in all the yards sculpted snow fortresses, snow women, came home with soaked sleeves and floors fell ... now and then in the corridor, hiding ... from the all-seeing mother's eyes, they began to undress .... (Prosk.) 7. Mijas ... now sitting in the underground ... by the wall, remembered in detail ... ty and even with pleasure, as on a quiet, warm night ... refreshed by rain, he went out to new operation- again ... on the Sava. (Neil.) 8. Even people are very ... adults, mentally strong ... long-accustomed to with perseverance ... th and severity manage ... their own court ... battle, sometimes they fall into such a state when they want ... to someone else to think about what will happen ... to them at least in a day ... or an hour - even if ... if this day ... or hour threatens ... them with serious ... troubles. (Nil.) 9. At one time, Snigirev proposed a theory explaining the exit of material from the elevator bucket. Productivity ... t ... elevators must increase all the time. The simplest thing is to make ... bigger ... buckets by volume. But at the same time, the dimensions and weight of the machine increase. It is necessary, then ..., increase ... the speed ... t ... of the movement of the buckets. But then, from the centrifugal force, the material scatters ... from the bucket in all directions, falls to the same place where the buckets took it from. And so Oleg and Anatoly, half ... knowing ... Snigirev's theory, spent more ... more than two years ... with buckets and gave them a shape in which you can still speed up ... their movement by one-fifth. The result is excellent, production needs work, everyone is happy. (Dem.)

II. And no matter how right Klimovich and his tankers felt in their hearts and how much ... no matter how many battles and inflicted on the Germans were rubbed ... behind them, it was still unbearable for them to ride ... along this highway clogged with people ... mi, no one about ... explaining why and why they are going east, because they will explain ... they were not given the right. So it was on the seventeenth of October. And today, in twenty ... days, he will pass through Red Square with his eight ... ten ... tanks ... . Six ... ten ... "thirty ... fours" - vehicles that only ... a sword can ... tat ... any tanker, and twenty ... "KV" - heavy, not so maneuverable, but practically not penetrated by small-caliber artillery ... Eh, if only has ... them in the brigade on the very first day ... of the war! Eighty ... tanks ... (K. Simonov)

Sample answers

Annex 1

1. But Shurka could not even cry. He sees everything O trilled on the stove, on a pile of fiery h e R e pkov and for some reason thought that everything was And zni beats to mid A stu - so ck A hall aunt Nastya, and her words O Once upon a time, it was impossible, miraculously fulfilled: the father rose from the dead. And grandmother demanded that the first pot be broken at random O to the vreb e zgi. Where is the A stye? (Smyrn.) 2. “Yes, she, the truth, whatever it is!” - cracked sound e neel, clearing his throat with a cough, Mitriy Sidorov. He reddened his faces O sleeve of his shirt, deftly hung up his old And slack on one shoulder O somehow daringly pleasantly shook the fair-haired h at bom, quietly x O X O poked and became the same trepach O m-lie. (Smyrn.) 3. The heat was coming, and the boys and girls close to the good fire O nk began to quietly move away, t e dream away, never taking his eyes off the flames with rapturous, wide, immovable eyes. (Smirn.) 4. It is possible with O ldat unnoticed to throw secret words O m with another service And oh dry A ryakh, canvas O exit to O tomkah and far d O horn. (Smyrn.) 5. Once upon a time e rnuyu, maybe even h e earlier than the rook's wing, the scythe time is slightly swirling And lo s e Dina, but what were the eyebrows in his youth, see O leafy, and remained so. (Babaev.) 6. Sprinkled g O roaring debris, the tank rushed at the self-propelled guns, which were already retreating along the O ses. (Leather) 7. Builder A waiting for the view A shrinking factory buildings, new And buildings, in O kzalov, t e atres erected according to his pro e ktam. (Ov.) 8. A z A rya flared up, and wind e r from the steppe flowed towards the blue-blue r e coy. (Aitm.) 9. At h e rnyh, roguish, like c s Ghana, in the eyes of Shvydchenko Petr st O a dumb question. (Versh.) 10. The rest was all summer: boats, with A nd A years, two calicos e out dresses, two s A R A fana and one more dress - sh e dexterous, without hands A wow. (Sim.) 11. Vp e redi really good A the fields pl A swollen ice, and among them waters. (Cap.) 12. On the old e dear mother yo for some reason, it was my lungs that produced an unfavorable effect on the medical service. A smoldering. (Kae.) 13. Timko saw dark forces uh you are bulls and a short man who su e hovered around them. (Tyutyun.)

Annex 2

Exercise 1.

Vz b furious, P b er, company b onki, everyday life, night b about b emlet, p b edestal, in b reality, with b go, op b yanela, under b eat, d b yavolsky, ruch b I'm with b tank, under b eats, about b go, mother b yu, previous, september, under b went, sub b ect.

Task 2.

b at the end of the word to soften the consonant sound: camp, take, tribute, apple trees, be, parted, walk, breathe, day.

b in the middle of the word: dawn, involuntary, sergeant major, sick, sixty.

Separating b: Vasilievna, daughter, people, trees, December.

b after hissing: lie, only.

b in verbs: knock, believe me, go down.

b in foreign words: broth.

Ъ before e, e, u, i: enter, entrance.

Appendix 3

Exercise 1.

I. 1. Savvatey advised to try b happy b I'm on black grouse. He explained the road to the fieldfare, where at that time from b eaten in autumn b birds peck at a frost-touched berry. (Half century) 2. It was a hot afternoon b- not a cloud in the sky chk a, above the step b yu haze, in boots bakes legs, and skinesh b boots, steps b bol b but: so ts i'm a stubble. (Ketl.) 3. But every time in b they drive b in the streets of the city, then sultry ardor b nye in summer, then cold and sticky from the mud of late autumn b yu, then a smoothly brushed snake b yami sleigh in winter, for him it was an inexpressible joy b Yu. (Sart.) 4. So subdue the gray-haired Syr-Dar to your will b yu, outpost b they rush her b water along the path that you yourself indicate to her b, order her life b servant of the Soviet land, and you will hear again b brotherly praise for his strength and perseverance. (Rash.) 5. From b the ride should have been convenient, simple and courageous b this rigmarole b, and Krylov was now experiencing a sweet sensation of freedom from Dan, from his restless demanding b But st and, from necessary st and do b what you don't believe b. (Grand) 6. Wood b I'm under weight b yu wet snow gnulis b; small b chicks in all yards sculpted snow crepes st and, like snowmen, came home with soaked sleeves and fallen floors b now and then in the corridor, hiding b from the all-seeing maternal eyes, they began to undress b sya. (Prosk.) 7. Mijas b, sitting underground now b e by the wall, remembered in detail st yakh and even with pleasure, as in a quiet, warm night b, refreshed by the rain, he went out on a new operation - again b or on Sava. (Neil.) 8. Even people are very b adults, mental strength b nye, long accustomed with perseverance b yu and severity govern b own court b fight, sometimes fall into such a state when they want ts I want someone else to think about what will happen to them at least in a day b or an hour - even if this day b or the hour will threaten b im ser b unpleasantly st yami. (Nil.) 9. At one time, Snigirev proposed a theory explaining the exit of material from the elevator bucket. productive st elevators should increase all the time. The simplest thing to do b bol b about b buckets for him. But at the same time, the dimensions and weight of the machine increase. It must be increased b soon st bucket movements. But then, from the centrifugal force, the material scatters ts I am out of the bucket in all directions, falling to the same place where the buckets took it from. And here is Oleg with Anatoly, the floor b zuyas b Snigirev's theory, bol b spent more than two years b with buckets and gave them a shape in which you can still accelerate by one-fifth b their movement. Rezul b tat is excellent, production needs work, everyone is happy b us. (Dem.)

II. And no matter how right Klimovich and his tankmen and b ko would fight and inflicted on the Germans rubbed b no matter what they had behind them, it was still unbearable for them to ride b for this downtrodden people b mi highway, nobody about b explaining why and why they are going east, because about b clear b they were not given the right. So it was on the seventeenth of October. And today, twenty b days, he and his b m b ten b tanks will pass through Red Square b. Pole b ten "thirty b fours "- cars about which tol b to me thu at b any tanker, and twenty b"KV" - heavy, not so maneuverable, but practically not penetrated by small-caliber artillery ... Eh, if it had b them in the brigade on the first day b war! eighty T tanks ... (K. Simonov)

Criteria for evaluation

Grade " 5 » is set if the student completed all the tasks correctly.

Grade " 4 » is set if the student has completed at least ¾ of the task correctly.

Grade " 3 » is given for work in which at least half of the tasks are correctly completed.

Grade " 2 » is set for work in which more than half of the tasks have not been completed.

Note . Spelling and punctuation errors made during the performance of additional tasks are taken into account when deriving the grade.

Rating "5" exhibited for error-free work, as well as if it contains one non-rough spelling or one non-rough punctuation error.

Rating "4" exhibited in the presence of two spelling and two punctuation errors, or 1 spelling and 3 punctuation errors or 4 punctuation errors in the absence of spelling errors. Grade "4" can be set for 3 spelling errors, if among them there are the same type.

Grade "3" is set for a dictation in which 4 spelling and 4 punctuation errors or 3 spelling and 5 punctuation errors or 7 punctuation errors in the absence of spelling errors are made. In grade 4, it is allowed to give a mark of "3" for dictation with 5 spelling and 4 punctuation errors. A mark of "3" can also be given if there are 6 spelling and 6 punctuation errors, if among those and others there are the same type and not gross errors.

Grade "2" is set for a dictation in which up to 7 spelling and 7 punctuation errors are made, or 6 spelling and 8 punctuation errors, or 5 spelling and 9 punctuation errors, or 8 spelling and 6 punctuation errors.

With a greater number of errors, the dictation is rated with a score of "1".

List of sources used

Grekov, V.F. Manual for Russian language classes in seniors
classes [Text] / - M .: Education, 2008. - 286s.

Rosenthal D.E. / Directory [Electronic resource] / Access mode http://evartist.narod.ru/ .

Dictations / Collection of dictations on spelling and punctuation [Electronic resource] / Access mode http://dictations.ru/

21. Use of ь and ъ

1. To indicate the softness of consonants except for hissing) letter b it is written:

1) at the end of a word (including in the indefinite form of the verb and the imperative mood): eight, pour, horse;

2) in the middle of a word - after a soft l standing before any consonant (hard or soft): album, flatter, boy, however, between the two l letter b not written: illustration, allergy; after a soft consonant before a hard consonant ( braid); after a soft consonant before soft g, k, b, m, resulting from changes in the corresponding solids ( earrings - earring). In other cases b in the middle of a word to indicate the softness of consonants is not written ( bush).

Note: It is useful to remember that the letter b not written in combinations h And sch with other consonants: chk, ch, low, nsch, schn, rch, rch (babysit)(Although nurse), predator); letter b stored before suffix -sya in the indefinite form of the verb, before the ending -those in the imperative mood ( to meet - to meet.)

2. Since sizzling are either only hard ([g], [w]), or only soft ([h], [u]), then when writing the letter b after them does not serve as an indicator of softness. After the hissing letter b is used primarily to denote the grammatical form of a word and is written in the following cases:

1) in nouns g. R. 3 declensions in the form of units. h. (a trifle, but a noun m. p. rich man without a soft sign);

2) in the following forms of verbs: in an indefinite form ( captivate, indulge); in the imperative mood ( hide, hide); in the 2nd person singular. hours of present (and future) time ( wash, wash). In addition, according to tradition b after hissing is written: in adverbs), except imbecile, already, married (wide open, completely); in particles ( just, uh).

3. Divider b written in the following cases:

1) before e, e, u, i inside the word, not after prefixes: career, sparrow;

2) in some foreign words before about: broth, companion.

Dividing b written before letters e, yo, yu, i in the following cases:

1) after a prefix ending in a consonant (entry, internuclear);

2) in foreign words in which there is a prefix ending in a consonant (ab-, ad-, diz-, in-, inter-, con-, counter-, ob-, sub-, trans-), the compound particle pan– (injection);

3) in compound words, the first part of which is formed by numerals two, three, four– (bunk).

As the rule shows, the letter b not written in the specified conditions before vowels uh uh uh (cloudless, restrain).

Note: this rule does not apply to compound words: foreign language, children.

www.e-reading.mobi

1.11. The use of the letters b and b

To designate a soft consonant in Russian, there is a special letter ь ( soft sign, or "er").

Wed: a table - so, a bank - a bathhouse.

In words nanny, tone the second consonant is hard, the softness of the first consonant is indicated by the letter b.

In words nya low it, then low there is a combination of nch, which is written without ь.

2) b is not written between two l and two n.

1.11.2. Use b to denote grammatical forms

A soft sign, or er (b), can be used as an indicator of a certain grammatical form.

1.11.3. The use of dividing b And Kommersant

As noted, dividing b and b signal the presence of a sound in the word [j] (after the consonant letter and before the vowels e, e, u, i).

1. The separating b is written after the consonant before the letters e, e, u, i in the following cases:

after a prefix ending in a consonant;

In the ride, before the anniversary, to announce, volume.

in compound words, the first part of which is made up of numerals two-, three-, four-;

Two tier, three tier.

in words of foreign origin after a prefix on a consonant: ad-, dis-, in-, inter-, con-, counter-, ob-, sub-, super-, trans- or compound particle pan-.

Adjutant, disjunction, injection, interjection, conjunction, counter-tier, object, subject, trans European, pan European.

Wed: inter atomic, counter strike, trans oceanic, three-story.

2) The letter ъ is not written in the middle of a word (not after a prefix!).

Wed: dress, deacon. Exception – field huntsman.

3) The letter ъ is not written at the junction of parts of a compound word.

Wed: children(children's nursery), Foreign language(University of the Foreign languages).

4) The letter ъ is not written in a noun under yachiy(There is no prefix sub- in this word!). In the middle of the word, a dividing b is written, since the prefix po- and the root dyak (-diach-) stand out here.

5) In the middle of a word (at the root) ar ergard the separating ь is written, and not ъ, since there is no prefix ar- in Russian.

6) In a word from ъ yang(Turk.) is written ъ by analogy with the verb withdraw.

2. Separating b is written in the following cases:

in the middle of the word (not after the prefix!) after the consonant before the letters e, ё, u, i, if after the consonant before the vowel sounds [ j ] ;

in some borrowed words (as a sound signal [ j ]) after a consonant before the letter o.

Bouillon[bul'jon], sir[sin'jor], minion[min'jon].

The rule of using hard and soft signs

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In this lesson, you will observe the structure of words with b and b signs, solve the mystery of choosing b or b in words, study the rule for using the separating b and b signs, and practice applying this rule.

Introduction

After a consonant before a vowel, denote the sound [y ’] with the letters e, e, u, i (u) help b and b. In this case signs are called separators.

In the lesson you will learn how to choose from two delimiters the desired one.

Theme of the lesson: "The rule for the use of separating b and b signs."

We observe the structure of words with b and b signs

Let's observe the structure of words with b sign. To find the root, we select words with the same root.

fun, fun, fun(root -fun-),

bear, bear cub, she-bear(root -bear-, -bear-),

sparrows, sparrows, sparrows(root -sparrow-).

Let's observe the structure of words with the b sign.

I'm going, I'm going, I'm going(root -ed-, prefix c-),

entrance, drive(root -ride-, prefix under-),

announcement, statement, announce(root -yavl-, prefix ob-).

We formulate the rule for the use of separating b and b signs

The dividing b is written at the root of the word after the consonants before the letters e, e, u, i, and.

The separating b is written between the prefix and the root after prefixes ending in a consonant, before the letters e, e, u, i.

How to use the rule

1. Say the word, listen if it has a sound [y '] after a consonant sound before a vowel.

2. Select the root in the word.

3. Look where you need to write the separator sign - at the root or between the prefix and the root. If in the root - write b, if between the prefix and the root - write b.

Applying new knowledge

Using the rule, determine what you need to write in place of the gaps - a separating b or b.

Ul_i, nightingales, pre-anniversary, travel, edible, brother_ya.

Hives - root -ul-, we write b;

nightingales - nightingale, root -nightingale-, we write b;

pre-anniversary - anniversary, root - anniversary-, prefix pre-, ends in a consonant, we write b;

razezd - ride, root -ride-, prefix raz-, ends in a consonant, we write b;

edible - food, root -ed-, prefix c-, ends in a consonant, we write b;

brothers - brother, root -take-, we write b.

Apply new knowledge, write down the words with the root -EX- correctly, do not fall into traps.

from? went, went? went, went in? went, went to

moved out, went, drove in, arrived, drove up, drove off, drove in

In words went, arrived, drove prefixes on-, do-, end in a vowel sound, therefore You don't need to write a b sign.

In words moved out, drove in, drove up, drove off prefixes s-, v-, under-, - end in a consonant, therefore you need to write b.

Write the words in letters.

[with y'e l] - ate. After the consonant [c] before the vowel [e], the letter E helps to denote the sound [th '] b. C - prefix, root -e-. [vy'un] - loach. After the consonant [v] before the vowel [y], the letter Yu helps to denote the sound [y ’]. Root - loach -. [p'er'y'a] - feathers. After the consonant [p '] before the vowel [a] to denote the sound [th '] letter I helps b. Root - feather -. Listen to yourself and write down the words with sounds.

wings - [wing'y'a], 6 b., 6 stars. I'll go - [sy'edu], 5 b., 5 stars. You noticed that the number of sounds and letters in words is the same.

b, b sounds do not denote, and the letters e, e, u, i denote two sounds[y'e], [y'o], [y'y], [y'a].

We are looking for words with b and b signs in poetic lines

Find in the poetic lines the words with b and b.

It suddenly became twice as bright,

Yard in the sun

This dress is golden

At the birch on the shoulders.

In the morning we go to the yard -

Leaves fall like rain.

Who will have the opportunity

Travel to hot places

Ride a camel!

Right, great, friends!

Rain, rain pours down

Beats the drums. A. Barto

An evil blizzard has flown away.

The rooks brought warmth.

Run after each other

I see a wonderful pleasure

I see fields and fields.

This is Russian expanse,

This is Russian land.(Song)

Gray hare under a pine tree

He announced that he was a tailor ...

The hare cuts, the hare sews,

And the bear is waiting in the den.

Dress(root -dress-),

leaves(root -leaf-),

go(root -ezd-, prefix s-, ends in a consonant),

Friends(root -druz-),

freedom- space, free life (root -vol-),

expanse- dol, valley (root -dol-),

announced(the root -yav-, the prefix about-, ends in a consonant).

note: in words sews, pours, beats and related words sew, shed, beat b is written in the root (roots: -sh-, -l-, -b-).

We are looking for words in the text with separating b and b signs

Find the words in the text with b and b separators.

A small pichuga hovered over the river in a frosty haze. She quickly dives into the water. In a moment, rise. This is a dipper, a guest from northern forests. The bird's feathers are greased. This is how you can explain why the dipper is not afraid of water.(See Fig. 1)

winds- twist, twist, root -v-, write b,

climb- you can see in the books two options for highlighting the root: root -em-, prefix under-, root -rise-, we write ъ,

guest- living room, stay, root -guest-, write b,

explain- clear, clear, explain, root -clear-, prefix ob-, ends in a consonant, we write ъ.

Explain what letters are missing

The birthplace of the Russian samovar is the city of Tula. In Rus', samovars of various shapes and volumes have long been made. There were even samovars with removable handles. The Russian family loves to sit by the samovar. The proverb says: "He who drinks tea will live a hundred years."

Volume- used to allocate the prefix ob-, now they allocate the root -volume-;

removable- shooting, before they singled out the prefix c-, now they single out the root -sem;

family- family, root -seven-;

drinks- drink, root -p-.

We observe the words that answer the question whose?

Here you are, hare, and fox teeth!

Here you are, gray, and wolf legs!

That would be for you, oblique, and lynx claws!

- Uh, what do I need fangs and claws?

My soul is still hare.

In words that answer the question whose?: fox, wolf, lynx, hare, deer, squirrel, birdin the root is written b.

We listen to proverbs

Listen to the proverbs, find words with b and b signs.

Streams will merge - the river will be. People will unite - their strength cannot be defeated.

Happiness is not a fish, you can't catch it with a fishing rod.

Friendship is strong not by flattery, but by truth and honor.

streams- stream, at the root - stream - after the consonant before the letter and is written ь.

Will merge- pour, pour, at the root -l- after the consonant before the letter Yu is written e.

Unite- union, single, root -one-, after a prefix ending in a consonant, before a root starting with a letter e, is written b.

Happiness- happy, at the root - happiness - after the consonant before the letter e is written e.

By flattery- at the root - flattery - after a consonant before a letter Yu is written e.

Honor- at the root - honor - after the consonant before the letter Yu is written e.

We memorize foreign words.

Remember foreign words with b:

object, subject, adjutant, injection(drug injection, injection)

Remember words with b:

bouillon- decoction of meat

battalion- unit in the army

pavilion- a small building in the garden, in the park

postman- mail carrier

champignon- edible mushroom

Conclusion

The dividing b is written at the root of the word after the consonants before the letters e, yo, yu, i, and.

Separating Ъ is written between the prefix and the root after prefixes ending in a consonant, before letters e, yo, yu, i.

Bibliography

M.S. Soloveichik, N. S. Kuzmenko "To the secrets of our language" Russian language: Textbook. Grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
M.S. Soloveichik, N. S. Kuzmenko "To the secrets of our language" Russian language: Workbook. Grade 3: in 3 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
TV Koreshkova Test tasks in the Russian language. Grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
T. V. Koreshkova Practice! Notebook for independent work in Russian for grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
L.V. Mashevskaya, L.V. Danbitskaya Creative tasks in the Russian language. - St. Petersburg: KARO, 2003.
G.T. Diachkova Olympiad tasks in Russian. 3-4 classes. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2008.

Homework

Write the words in two columns: in the left - with a separating soft sign, in the right - with a separating hard sign.
Sh.yet, p.yut, l.yut, b.yut, s.ate, healthy, announcement, rise, from.yan, hug, sparrow, and, leave, happy. e, bad weather, cheerful, present, unification, clarification.
Insert b or b. In words with a separating hard sign, highlight the prefixes.

In winter, the titmouse Zinka liked it in the forest. So many trees? She jumped on the branches. Bale with a sharp spout into a crack in the bark. He pulls out a bug and eats.

Zin?ka looks: a forest mouse jumped out from under the snow. Trembling, all ruffled. She explained to Zinke her fear. A mouse fell into a bear's den.

Read the entries. Which one is not a mystery? Why? Solve riddles. Solve spelling problems.

1. They beat him, but he is not angry,

He sings and has fun

Because without a bit. I

There is no life for the ball. (To Berestov)

2. Itself, like a rocker,

It hung in the air.

The mosquito wants to eat.

3. Dust underfoot, winding and spinning.

Lies, and runs, and circles. What's the name?

Internet portal School-collection.edu.ru (Source).
Internet portal Gramota.ru (Source).
Internet portal Festival.1september.ru (Source).
Internet portal Dictionary.liferus.ru (Source).

Letters b And b

The letter ъ is written only before e, e, u, i in the following cases:

When combining a prefix ending in a consonant and a root, for example: under the driveway, volume, over natural, volitional phenomenon, inter tiered.
In compound words, after the numerals two-, three-, four-, for example: three b tiered.
In foreign words, after foreign prefixes ab-, ad-, diz-, in-, inter-, con-, counter-, ob-, sub-, trans- and after the initial compound particle pan-, for example: ad jutant, dis junction, injection, interactional, conjuncture, counter-tier, object, subject, trans-European, pan-European.

The letter ь is written inside the word not after prefixes to separate the pronunciation of the consonant from the ones following it and, e, e, u, i, for example: career, v yun, storm yang, subyachy, seven i, rouge b yo, night yu, rye yu, sparrow other, curious, fox, fox yu, fox u, ch ya, ch yo, ch yu, p yu, sh yu .

Note. The letter b before about is written in some foreign words, for example: battalion, broth, guillotine, pocket, companion, minion, pavilion, postman, champignon.

The letter ь is written to indicate the softness of the consonant, except for h, u (see § 75), at the end of the word, for example: whether, those, horse, and in the middle of the word before a hard consonant, for example: grind ba, please ba, nya, less.

To indicate the softness of a consonant in front of another soft consonant, ь is written in the following cases:

If, when the word changes, the second soft consonant becomes hard, and the first consonant retains its softness, for example: nanny (nanny), wedding be (wedding), eight (eighth).
To indicate the softness of l, for example: herring, flatter, smaller, finger.

In all other cases, before soft consonants, including before h, u, the letter b is not written, for example: bones, early, nurse, tip, mason.

Note. Between two soft l, the letter b is not written, for example: and ll yuziya, gu ll ivy.

The letter b is also written in the following cases:

In the numerals formed from the numerals five, six, seven, eight, nine complex numerals in which both parts decline, for example: five ten (fifty, fifty), six ten, seven ten, eight ten, nine hundred, but : fifteen (fifteen, fifteen), sixteen, etc.
In creative forms. pad. plural hours, for example: children, people, also four.
In an indefinite form before -sya and in an imperative mood before -sya and -te, for example: drink drink; fix fix it, fix it; weigh in weigh in, weigh in.

The letter ь is not written:

In adjectives with the suffix -sk-, formed from nouns in -ь, for example: Kazan (Kazan), Kemsky (Kem), Siberian (Siberia), beastly (beast), January (January).

Note. Adjectives September, October, November, December, June, day (day-day) are written with ь; adjectives formed from Chinese titles into -n, for example: Yunnanese (from Yunnan).

In the genus pad. plural hours from nouns ending in -nya with a preceding consonant or й and in those formed from them with the help of a suffix -to- diminutives, for example: cherry cherries, cherry; slaughterhouse slaughterhouse; reading room reading room; but bathhouse bathhouse, bathhouse; apple tree apple trees, apple tree; also village villages, village; young lady young ladies; kitchen kitchens, kitchenette.

After hissing (x, h, w, u), the letter b is written only in the following cases:

At the end of feminine nouns in them. and wine. pad. units hours, for example: rye, night, mouse.
At the end of the 2nd person singular. hours of the present and future tenses of the verb after the final w, for example: you carry you carry you, you wear you you wear you, you will accept you will accept.
At the end of the verb in singular h. imperative mood, and the letter b is preserved and before -sya, for example: smear smear; hide hide; eat
In plural h. imperative mood before -te, -tes, for example: smear smear; hide hide; eat.
At the end of the verb in an indefinite form, and the letter b is written before -sya, for example: strich b, strich b.
In all adverbs after the final w and h, for example: completely, jump, away, and also in the adverb wide open.
At the end of the particles: you see, that is, only, you see.

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ORTHOGRAPHIC DICTIONARY

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Spelling words into letters from A before I look at the list of letters >>>

The most important spelling rules.

The letters b and b.

4. Letter b written to indicate the softness of consonants other than sibilants at the end of a word, e.g. con b , Sol b , topics b .

Note. At the end of a word after a hissing letter b put to indicate
word forms, for example: backwoods b (see paragraph 20), strich b (see par. 66), cut off b (see par. 67).

5. Letter b is written to denote the softness of a consonant before a hard consonant, for example: WHO b mu, hammer b ba, nanny b ka, vos b my.

6. Letter between soft consonants b it is written in the event that when the word changes, the second consonant becomes hard, and the first retains its softness, for example: WHO b mi WHO b mu, hammer b be hammer b ba, nanny b ki nanny b ka, vos b mi vos b my, (compare words in which a letter is not written between soft consonants b ; branches(because branch), worms(because worm-hole), death(because mortal).

Note 1: In some cases, the letter b is placed between consonants to indicate the grammatical form: 1) in imperative mood verbs ( ready b those, sit down b those, familiar b tes); 2) in the indefinite form of the verb ( cook b Xia, sits down b Xia, will introduce b Xia); 3) when declining some nouns and numerals ( children b mi, people b mi, horse b mi, four b me).

Note 2. After the hissing letter b is used either to indicate the form of a word, or as a separate sign: 1) yes b those, dir b those(form of the imperative mood); 2) you wash your face b Xia(form of the second person singular); 3) sharp b Xia (indefinite form verb); 4) erysipelas b Yu(as a separator).

7. Letter b used after soft l , standing before any consonant (both hard and soft), for example: in eh ny, me eh nitsa, se eh d, soon eh sz.

Note. between two soft l letter b not written, for example: gu ll willow, uh ll in(Greek).

8. Letter b used only as a separator before letters her) , Yu , I in the following cases:

a) between a prefix on a consonant sound and a root starting with letters her) , Yu , I , For example: under b rides, about b eat, above b natural, volition b phenomenon, between b longline;

b) in compound words after numerals two-, three-, four-, For example: two b longline, three b lingual;

c) in foreign words after foreign prefixes, for example: hell b dutant, in b section, con b juncture, counter b tier, about b ect, sub b ect, trance b European and so on.

dictionary.liferus.ru

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Subject: The use of ъ (er) and ь (er). Spelling of a soft sign after hissing at the end of a word.

Goals: to form a solid idea of the spelling of soft and hard signs, to form the ability to differentiate the conditions for using b and b signs; to see the difference between the use of b and b signs in words; be able to apply knowledge theoretical material in writing; cultivate a desire for competent speech; pride in their language and its uniqueness.

Tasks:

teaching students practical methods of using theoretical provisions;

the acquisition by students of the skills and abilities to use various methods in solving specific practical problems;

development of creative professional thinking, professional and cognitive motivation;

repetition and consolidation of knowledge;

development of scientific thinking, speech;

application of skills of cooperation, communication with the audience.

Equipment: Table “Soft sign after hissing at the end of the word”, text “Use of initial letters Yer (b) and Yer (b)”, lyrics of the song of the group “Alisa” (Album “Single”, 2010) “Hard sign”.

Class type: integrated.

Educational technologies : interactive, developing, game.

Methods classes: verbal, visual-illustrative, research, reproductive, heuristic conversation, creation of problem situations, relaxation pause, vocabulary work, creating an association cloud, working with reference diagrams.

Evaluation criteria:

"5" is given if the student completed all the tasks correctly.

"4" is given if the student completed at least 3/4 of the tasks correctly.

"3" is given for work in which at least half of the tasks are correctly completed.

"2" is given for work in which more than half of the tasks are not completed.

"1" is set if the student did not complete any task.

Lesson progress

I. Organizational stage

1. Greeting.

2. Checking those present.

3. Communication of the topic and tasks of the lesson.

4. Introduction of the teacher

Very often we make mistakes in words with b and b signs. What is common, what is the difference, what are these letters interesting for?

The letters b and b are called soft and hard signs, but this name is conditional. One should not think that the b sign always indicates the softness of consonants, and the b sign always indicates hardness. Their functions often coincide: both signs can be separating, and then many consonants that stand before a hard sign, as well as before a soft one, are pronounced softly (compare: adjunct - a horse).

In other cases, the use of the b sign does not indicate the softness of consonants, for example: mouse, you say, cut off ( w, and always solid in Russian).

However, there are also spellings in which the b sign indicates a softening of the consonant sound (love, fate). All this causes spelling difficulties when using b and b.

II. Knowledge update.

1. Using the brainstorming method, compile a reference table "The use of b and b signs"

Instructor's clarification:

The letters ъ (er) and ь (er) in modern Russian do not denote sounds, although in ancient times they were very short sounds [o] and [e]. Now the letters ъ and ь are the formal delimiters of consonant sounds, one of which is [j],

cf .: congress [sjest], shooting [sjomka], beat [b "jyt], weeds [byp" jan], etc.

Usage b

The separating b is written before the letters e, e, u, i:

1) after prefixes ending in a consonant: tongueless, ruffle, express, inter-tiered, association, entrance, removable, etc. In single-root words, withdraw, embrace, immense, hug, take away, integral, etc., b is written, since historically the root is here -i- (corresponding to the roots -im-, -em-, cf.: vz-i-t - vz-im-at, ot-i-t - from-im-at - colloquial), and prefixes end in a consonant . We find the same root in the words volume, rise, detachable, etc.).

Instructor's clarification:

1) This rule does not apply to complex abbreviated words such as detyasli, inyaz (Institute of Foreign Languages), organizational unit, as well as complex words that are written with a hyphen, such as half-yurt, half-core, trade unions;

2) in compound words after numerals two-, three-, four-:

two-tier, trilingual, four-yard (cf.: two-atom, three-act, quadrangular);

3) after foreign prefixes ending in a consonant:

ad-, dis-, in-, con-,

4) after morphemes close to prefixes: counter- (meaning “against”), pan-, trans-: adjuncture, adjutant, disjunctive, injection, conjuncture, conjunctive, counter-tier, pan-European, trans-Japanese.

Instructor's clarification:

Ъ is not written before other vowels: counter-journey, counter-attack, counter-strike, pan-Atlantic, transuranic, etc.

Note. Inside the word (not after the prefix) is written b only in some words: courier, object, subject. In the word interior, it is written b, since there is no prefix here.

The use of b

The letter ь is used not only as a dividing one, but also as a sign for denoting the softness of a consonant, and also as a means of distinguishing morphological features.

1. Dividing b is written:

1) inside the word (not after the prefix) before the letters e, e, u, i: imposing, blizzard, weeds, interviews, foxes, etc .;

2) in some borrowed words before o: battalion, broth, guillotine, companion, pavilion, postman, signor, champignon; V proper names: Cola Breugnon.

Instructor's clarification:

The word piano and its derivative piano have spelling variants: piano, piano.

2. As a means of indicating the softness of the preceding consonant, the letter b is written:

1) at the end of words: shipyard, eight, swell, see, blood; at the end of the first part of compound words: copper-containing, mill, salt-losing.

Instructor's clarification:

The preposition near is written without a soft sign, unlike the noun near;

the nouns gnus (moshkara) and gnus (simple “something vile, vile”) are also distinguished;

2) in the middle of a word between two soft consonants, if, when the word changes or in related words, the second consonant becomes hard, and the first one retains its softness: take (I'll take), eight (eighth), about a request (request),

But: bow (bow), cramp (close), massacre (cut);

3) in the middle of a word between two consonants, if the first is soft and the second is hard: mowing, threshing, bitter, etc .; also after a soft l [l "], regardless of whether a hard or soft consonant follows it: viola, balm, casual, lioness, linen, smoothie, benefit.

3. As a means of distinguishing morphological features, b is used in feminine nouns (as opposed to masculine nouns), cf.: night, furnace, power,

But: sword, cloak;

in the imperative form of verbs: cry - cry,

But: crying (loud);

in adverbs and particles ending in hissing (except for adverbs already, unbearable, married): jump, unbearable, completely, only, etc.

4. The letter b is not written in the following cases:

1) between two soft consonants l: alley, gait, appeal, porthole, illusion, rally, etc.;

2) in combinations nn, lf, rch, rsch, chk, ch, schn: cheat, finished, tavern, compositor, juicy, powerful, etc.;

3) between two soft consonants at the absolute end of a word (with the exception of writing b after l: parallel): nail, revenge, apart, death, tornado, power, etc. Here the softness of the consonant preceding the final consonant is not original, but acquired from the adjacent soft consonant (cf.: [gvos"t"], [cm"er"t"]).

II. Control of the initial level of knowledge

1. Complete the table on your own, remembering the material studied at school.

	Part of speech		not spelled
	Noun
	Adjective

2. Checking independent work.

b at the end of words after hissing

Part of speech		not spelled
Noun	feminine 3 slope. in im.p be quiet, daughter	1. masculine 2 slope. in im.p: knife, sword 2. feminine 1 cl. in plural: problem solving
Adjective		short adjectives: mighty, melodious
	wide open, upside down	excl.: already, married, unbearable
	1. in n.f. ver.: save, burn 2. in command. incline. verb: hide, hide 3. 2 persons units numbers: decide, sing
	vysh, bish, only, ish

3. Work on cards

Exercise 1.

Write off, inserting b or b where necessary.

Ad ... jutant, ad ... ektiv, without ... nuclear, logs ... chat, drill ... yan, gil ... otina, racer ... driver, interview ... yu, from. ..yan, curse...chit, companion...he, courier...er, eight...hundred, million...he, unbelievable, ob...egor, about... yaty, objective, discouraged, ... rider, rider, ... revealed, presenting ... presenting, foreseeing, before ... autumnal, p ... edestal, before ... anniversary, pan ... European, landowner ... th, once ... daring, gun ... eat, fisherman ... him, once ... assure, angry ... furious, beyond. ..poisonous, with...saving, super...natural, with...removable, three...lingual, two...storey, three...axle.

III. Consolidation of the studied material.

1. Work in groups. Problem task.

Explain the spelling of words and make phrases with them. In case of difficulties consult in dictionaries.

1 group

Adjunct - adequate,

atomless - non-nuclear,

two-element - two-anchor,

injection - instruction,

counterplay - countertier.

2 group

Interinstitutional - interlingual,

teach - announce

pan american - pan japanese,

to disunite - to disunite

untie - enrage.

2. Individual survey. Presentation in front of an audience.

Opening brackets, form words with prefixes. Use where necessary, ъ and ь. Explain the spelling and meaning of the words to the audience.

(survey of 5 students):

Without - (emergency, capacitive, appeal);

ob- (explanatory, appear, teach, go, eat);

from- (examine, revealed, learn, ride, beat);

times- (single, driven, garden, communicate);

over- (dimensional, capacious, natural, regular, task).

3. Commented dictation.

Dictate, explaining the spelling of the words.

(students dictate in a chain):

1. Looked ... furious, I burst into the meeting with an avalanche (Mayakovsky).

2. P ... er remembered that under the princess there were always companions ... onki (L. Tolstoy).

3. I am afraid mainly of everyday life ... (Chekhov).

4. The valleys of the night ... still embrace ... embrace (Pushkin).

5. She stands at the bust, leaning on the pedestal, and watching him (Goncharov).

6. And in ... reality, I see proud traces of past days before me (Pushkin).

7. Kashtanka ate a lot, but didn’t eat, but only got drunk from food (Chekhov).

8. At the beginning of the ascent, Herbert noticed fresh tracks that belonged to some large animals, possibly dangerous predators (Jules Verne).

9. Life is arranged in such a way ... yavolsky skillfully ... but that, not knowing how to hate, it is impossible to sincerely love (M. Gorky).

10. Bagration shouted to him from the mountain so that he would not go further than the stream ... I, but Rostov pretended not to hear his words (L. Tolstoy).

11. The shooting was creatively unproductive (Cherkasov).

12. And the rumble rises ... descends around (Lermontov).

13. He got better on the saddle and touched the horse in order to once again go around ... his hussars (L. Tolstoy).

14. Nikolai could not, as it seemed to him, endure this situation longer and went to explain himself to his mother (L. Tolstoy).

15. Never take on the next one without mastering the previous one ... the previous one (I. Pavlov).

16. It was September ... September, windy and wet, when Artamonov approached ... drove to Dremov (M. Gorky).

17. The lanky subject sighed and shrugged (Chekhov).

4. Complex analysis text.

Read the text and answer the questions after the text.

The use of initial letters Er (b) and Er (b)

Before entering school, every child is forced to learn the letters of the Russian alphabet: A, B, C, D, D, etc. And for almost everyone, the learning process mother tongue already at the very beginning turns into torture. The child sees the ball in front of him and easily remembers the word "ball". "Car", "doll", "book" ... Each word is associated with the object in his hands and is easy to remember. What is A, B, C, D, D? It is not easy for children to find the answer to this question. And not every adult will be able to explain the semantics of their native alphabet. Why does the Russian alphabet bear such names of letters? What is the history of the native alphabet, what was the letter system in different historical eras? Where did some letters disappear, for example, b and b? There are a lot of questions, and even more answers.

The initial letters Yer and Yer in the Old Russian script denoted short vowel sounds, and conveyed the image of creation in various phases:

Er means that it must be created (the process of creation).

Yer means that it has already been created (the finished version of creation).

The meaning conveyed by these letters is easy to grasp on concrete examples: the word "sleep" in the Old Russian language had the spelling СЪНЪ (by the way, the presence of alternation in modern language o // zero sound is precisely explained by the spelling of this word through a reduced vowel), at the root of the word, b (ep) was used to convey the sound, the meaning of the word conveys to us the meaning of creating certain conditions for the realization of the phenomenon, and in the word PN (modern "stump" ) the letter b conveys the meaning of what has already been done with the subject. In fact, it is so: the tree turned into a stump after the sawing of the tree had already been made.

And if initially they sounded at least briefly, but after the Christians made substitutions (Er - short "O"; Yer - short "E"), they began to sound only under stress.

Here are examples of how these letters are used:

POST (complete cleansing of one's own bodies) - i.e. we are creating a cleansing of the body, the system is in the process of creation, therefore the letter Yer stands.

LS (forest) - this word uses two forms, i.e. the forest already exists (b), but at the same time it continues to grow, which means it is in the process of creation (b).

FLAX (laziness) - there is no creation here, everything has stopped.

STOP (stump) - nothing grows anymore. The plural form of "pnki" or "pni", i.e. the accent shifts to the last letter. But do not confuse with the word "stump" - a slap on the floor below (just kidding).

МЪХЪ (moss) - the plural form of "moss", the stress is transferred, and the common indication "makhm" (moss or moss) is overgrown.

РЪТъ (mouth) - when children are asked: “What do you need to breathe?”, They answer “рътъ” (mouth), i.e. children know their native speech better ... but then they begin to “teach” them. Soviet literate people came up with the rule of disappearing letters, so the children begin to get confused, there is a letter, but it has disappeared. Where did she disappear to? And they answer: “it’s supposed to be so,” and they teach them to speak incorrectly.

VENGEANCE (revenge) - and another form of "mstiil" (revenge), i.e. the emphasis has shifted.

FLATTERY (flattery) - flattering (flattering).

K'NIGA (koniga or book) - the basis of the word "K'N" (kon) is the highest foundation; "I" - allied form; "GA" is the way. Those. kniga is a habit that describes life paths, or we read on the right - “to move in accordance with the foundation”. КЪН is a habit, what is accepted by our Relatives. And everything that is beyond the foundation, that does not fit in, is the “law”.

KЪNYAZ (horse) - the keeper of the foundation, literally "the guardian of the foundation of light on Earth", i.e. the one who was chosen to save Kohn. The “horse” is correctly read, the fourth letter Yen (e-nasal).

K'NUNG (king) - the one who is entrusted to move Kon to another place. Those. they chose a person whom they trusted, and he endured the habit, explained to people that it was necessary to observe it. Therefore, when our Clans went to Scandinavia, kings appeared there. Now translators say that the King is also a Prince; but this is not so, the king CARRIES, and the prince KEEPS.

You see what rich and deep images.

In addition, in the first Russian alphabet, created by the enlighteners, the brothers Cyril and Methodius, the letter Ъ was the 29th letter, denoting an ultra-short vowel sound, and was used to correctly break the line into words (before switching to the use of spaces). For example: to God's chosen king.

The loss of “b” and “b” also affected the spelling of prefixes for “ze” and “es”, a new rule appeared: we write deaf before the deaf, voiced before the voiced. For example, the word "powerlessness". At the end of the prefix we write the letter "es", because. the root begins with a deaf consonant [s]. This is the modern rule. And earlier, everything was simpler, the prefix "demon" did not exist at all, the letter "ze" was always written in this place without power, since after the prefix there was a reduced sound. There was no need to memorize the rules. When the “unnecessary” letters were removed from the language, a new rule appeared.

Designers, stylizing the text at the beginning of the century, try to take “a la russe” fonts and put a solid sign after each final consonant in a word. Basically, such creativity is an example of very bad taste and illiteracy. The rules of the old spelling were a little more complicated and were not limited to the placement of solid characters at the end of words.

Questions to the text

Define the style and type of text.

Indicate the topic and main idea of the text.

Plan the text.

Prepare 3 questions for a classmate on the text.

Compiling an association cloud

The process of creation  creation  creation  art  world  GOD  result  action.

Role-playing games text-based

“I am a writer” (explain the idea of creating this text),

“I am a guide” (to conduct a tour of the Old Russian alphabet).

IV. Summarizing.Relaxation break.

Listening to the song "Solid Sign" performed by the group "Alisa"

(Album "Single", 2010)

Working with lyrics

Where arrogance boasts of temper,
Where bohemia is more often with a dialect,
time is like sand
Turns to stone for repentance
Melts in broken antics
from heel to toe.

In undercover casuistry
Rot defames the truth with mysticism,
tina is like water.
There in the debate between feasts,
Wiping with euphemisms,
covered in three rows.

How do I
fear and doubt
Take in a fist.

Into the battle of words
call to rejoice
Solid sign.

Where they wander around in a circle and around,
Calling a toad a falcon -
faith on a penny.
Where consonants for "and short",
Turn sharp to smooth
I put a "hard sign".

Between Essence and Reading
combustion trajectory,
do you interpret?
Whoever catches up, stays with him
Who will take, from that it will become -
do not crush hard!

Assignments to the text

Explain the meanings of the phrases “arrogance boasts of temper”, “bohemia is more often with a dialect”, “time is like sand”, “it turns to stone for repentance”, “in undercover casuistry”, “rotten defames the truth with mysticism”.

How artistic speech contributes to the expression of the author's intent?

Explain the genre and specificity of the work.

V. Tasks for independent work.

Run test tasks:

Option 1

1. In what row is b written in all words?

1) speech .. ka, deprivation .. yana, leash ..

2) hide.., l..steal, nanny..cheat

3) sky .. wide open .., under .. mesh

4) without .. nuclear, thoughtful .. xia, knife ..

2) to perform carcasses .., the wind is fresh ..

3) distract .. from business, five dachas ..

4) rushing .. from the mountain, winter birth ..

1) cut .. pie, no TV shows ..

2) very skinny.. already shaving..sya

3) dear broch .., beware .. from fire

4) fall back .., pear compote ..

1) pick a lily of the valley .., obvious false ..

2) the athlete is powerful .., help .. friends

3) hope .. for the best, wait unbearably ..

4) wake up .. at night, carried away by .. sports

1) figure it out .. in everything, from narrow shoulders ..

2) battle cry .., break through ..

3) the soup is hot .., submit .. to fate

4) cut .. completely, buy alkaline ..

1) you have fun .. from the heart, the forest is dense ..

2) ignite .. from the wind, get into the wasteland ..

3) a rook arrived .., badly reflected ..sya

4) lie down .. relax, play carcass ..

1) The morning starts .. with a mother's smile.

2) We need to meet friends more often.

3) After a hard day's work, sleep well..sya.

4) You can’t tie a knot with one hand ..

Option 2

1. In which row, in both cases, b is written at the place of the pass?

1) get out .. in people, put on a raincoat ..

2) love .. science, beware .. from adversity

3) the day is good .., indomitable power ..

4) large circulation.., cut off .. those bread

2. In which row, in both cases, b is written at the place of the pass?

1) ripe vegetable .., had to strain ..sya

2) soft kalach .., smear .. those with butter bread

3) lie down .. sleep, full of nonsense ..

4) compete .. with them, play touches ..

3. In which row, in both cases, b is written at the place of the pass?

1) strengthen .. positions, delicious kalach ..

2) eat .. those pie, bitter .. in your mouth

3) create luxury .., get married ..

4) secure luggage.., long speech..

4. In which row, in both cases, b is written at the place of the pass?

1) skillful trumpeter .., get into the wilderness ..

2) quickly get old ..sya, hit backhand ..

3) nastich .. the enemy, the suit is good

4) burn .. garbage, solve five problems ..

5. In which row, in both cases, b is written at the place of the pass?

1) send .. those, take on board .., hide ..

2) notches .., combustible .., lovely young ladies ..

3) so on .., understand ..sya, nine .. hundred

4) animal ..sky, hide .., speech ..

6. In which row, in both cases, b is written at the place of the pass?

1) curtain .. those, a glass of cherries .., wasteland ..

2) hair .. no-thinking, caring .., from old bowls ..

3) waffles .. nitsa, neglect .., some kind of bliss ..

4) leave .., from the dark thickets .., white .. chonok

7. In which answer option are all the examples correctly indicated, where b is written at the place of the gap?

1) The bell fills with a wonderful ringing..

2) Only stupid people can quarrel over trifles.

3) We won’t be able to get to the play today.

4) You can’t chase the wind..sya.

VI. Homework.

1. Prepare a message by answering the questions:

The history of initial letters EP and ER.

When is b written after hissing words at the end?

When is b used?

2. Compose a miniature essay using as many of these words as possible:

Wilderness, lily of the valley, only, fragrant, you go, admire, look, back, mighty, protect.

Main:

Glazunova O.I. Russian language and culture of speech [Text]: a textbook for students of higher educational institutions/ O.I. Glazunov. - 2nd ed., erased. - Moscow: KnoRus, 2015. - 243 p.

Rudenko A.M. Culture of speech and business communication in diagrams and tables [Text]: tutorial/ A.M. Rudenko. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2015. - 334 p.

Chernyak V.D. Russian language and culture of speech [Text]: textbook for bachelors / [Chernyak V.D. and etc.]; under general ed. V.D. Chernyak; Russian state Pedagogical University im. A.I. Herzen. - Moscow: Yurayt, 2014. - 505s.

Additional:

Valgina N.S. Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation: a complete academic reference book Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Complete academic reference book / Ed. V.V. Lopatin. - M: AST, 2009. - 432 p.

Vlasenkov A.I. Russian language. Grades 10-11 [Text]: textbook for educational organizations: basic level / A.I. Vlasenkov, L.M. Rybchenkov. - 6th ed. - Moscow: Education, 2014. - 287p.

Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation: A complete academic reference book / Ed. V.V. Lopatin. - M.: Eksmo, 2011.

Rosenthal D.E. Universal reference book on the Russian language [Text]: spelling, punctuation, practical style / D.E. Rosenthal. - Moscow: World and Education, 2015. - 702 p.

Isn't it strange that a consonant followed by a soft sign can be hard? Why then do you need b? In the lesson, students will learn about the rules for using b and b, their functions in the word.

Subject: Syntax. Punctuation

Lesson: Separating b and b

Dividing Kommersant written before letters E, Yo, Yu, I in the following cases: - after prefixes to a consonant

(entrance, connector, explain, pre-anniversary); - in compound words after numerals two-, three-, four-

(two-tier, trilingual); - in a number of borrowed words

(adjutant, subject, object).

Please note: Ъ is not written before other vowels: accident-free, counterattack, transarctic, save, three-story.

Separating b is written in the root and suffix of the word before the letters E, E, Yu, I, I(blizzard, weeds, drink, dress, fox), as well as in some borrowed words before the letter O (broth, pavilion, postman, medallion).

The exceptions are complex abbreviated words (detyasli, foreign language) and complex words written with a hyphen (half-yurt). These words do not need a hard or soft sign.

Rice. 1. Rules for the use of dividing b and b ()

Homework.

Task number 1

Write the words in three columns. In the first column - words with b, in the second - with b, in the third - words in which neither b nor b is written.

In ... the south, from ... rides, children ... nurseries, f ... esa, with ... narrow, serious ..., with ... there, bul ... he, with ... capacious, with ... monkeying, nightingales ... other, super ... natural, super ... interesting, champagne ... he, three ... tiered, four ... storey.

Task number 2

Fill in the missing b and b

Everyone around is enveloped in fear: Once ... a furious ogre Announced ... that he was eating a Wonderful dinner today. In super ... natural anxiety All the beast ... takes away its legs. Even carried ... edible hedgehog C ... shivered in fear too. Once ... a furious ogre Instantly with ... ate a bag of sweets, Took a bite of the liver ... I eat tightly. He is from ... a manifest villain, But he does not eat animals at all And does not touch people.

(S. Bondarenko)

Task number 3

Guess the crossword.