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Types of orchestras and their differences. Types of orchestras

Paul Mauriat Orchestra, Glenn Miller Orchestra
Orchestra(from Greek ορχήστρα) - a large group of instrumental musicians. unlike chamber ensembles, in an orchestra some of its musicians form groups playing in unison.

1 Historical outline
2 Symphony Orchestra
3 Brass band
4 String Orchestra
5 Orchestra folk instruments
6 Variety Orchestra
7 Jazz Orchestra
8 Military Band
9 History of military music
10 School Orchestra
11 Notes

Historical outline

The very idea of simultaneous music-making by a group of instrumental performers goes back to ancient times: back in Ancient Egypt small bands of musicians played together at various celebrations and funerals. An early example of orchestration is the score of Orpheus by Monteverdi, written for forty instruments: that is how many musicians served at the court of the Duke of Mantua. during the 17th century, ensembles were formed, as a rule, from related instruments, and only in exceptional cases was the practice of combining dissimilar instruments. By the beginning of the 18th century, an orchestra was formed on the basis of stringed instruments: first and second violins, violas, cellos and double basses. Such a composition of strings made it possible to use a full-sounding four-part harmony with an octave doubling of the bass. The leader of the orchestra simultaneously performed the part of the general bass on the harpsichord (in secular music-making) or on the organ (in church music). later, oboes, flutes and bassoons entered the orchestra, and often the same performers played flutes and oboes, and these instruments could not sound simultaneously. In the second half of the 18th century, clarinets, trumpets and percussion instruments(drums or timpani).

The word "orchestra" ("orchestra") comes from the name of the round area in front of the stage in ancient Greek theater, where the ancient Greek choir was located, a participant in any tragedy or comedy. Renaissance and further in the XVII century the orchestra was transformed into orchestra pit and, accordingly, gave the name to the collective of musicians located in it.

Symphony Orchestra

Symphony orchestra and choir Main article: Symphony Orchestra

A symphony is an orchestra composed of several heterogeneous groups of instruments - a family of strings, winds and percussion. The principle of such unification took shape in Europe in the 18th century. Initially, the symphony orchestra included groups of bowed instruments, woodwinds and brass instruments, which were joined by a few percussion instruments. musical instruments. Subsequently, the composition of each of these groups expanded and diversified. Currently, among a number of varieties of symphony orchestras, it is customary to distinguish between a small and a large symphony orchestra. The Small Symphony Orchestra is an orchestra of predominantly classical composition (playing music from the end of the 18th - early XIX century, or modern stylizations). it consists of 2 flutes (rarely a small flute), 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 2 (rarely 4) horns, sometimes 2 trumpets and timpani, a string group of no more than 20 instruments (5 first and 4 second violins, 4 violas, 3 cello, 2 basses). A large symphony orchestra (BSO) includes trombones with a tuba in the copper group and can have any composition. The number of woodwind instruments (flutes, oboes, clarinets and bassoons) can reach up to 5 instruments of each family (sometimes more clarinets) and include their varieties (pick and alto flutes, oboe d "amour and English horn, small, alto and bass clarinets, contrabassoon).The brass group can include up to 8 horns (including Wagner (horn) tubas), 5 trumpets (including small, alto, bass), 3-5 trombones (tenor and bass) and tuba. Saxophones are sometimes used (all 4 types, see jazz orchestra) String group reaches 60 or more instruments A huge variety of percussion instruments is possible (the basis of the percussion group is timpani, small and big drum s, cymbals, triangle, tom-toms and bells). Often used harp, piano, harpsichord, organ.

Brass band

Main article: Brass band

A brass band is an orchestra consisting exclusively of wind and percussion instruments. Brass bands form the basis of the brass band. wind instruments, the leading role in a brass band among brass wind instruments is played by wide-scale brass wind instruments of the flugelhorn group - soprano-flugelhorns, cornets, altohorns, tenorhorns, baritone-euphoniums, bass and contrabass tubas (note that only one contrabass tuba is used in a symphony orchestra). Parts of narrow-scaled brass instruments, trumpets, horns, trombones, are superimposed on their basis. Also in brass bands, woodwind instruments are used: flutes, clarinets, saxophones, in large ensembles - oboes and bassoons. large brass bands wooden tools are doubled many times (like strings in a symphony orchestra), varieties are used (especially small flutes and clarinets, English oboe, viola and bass clarinet, sometimes contrabass clarinet and contrabassoon, alto flute and amurgoboe are used quite rarely). wooden group is divided into two subgroups, similar to two subgroups of brass: clarinet-saxophone (single-reed instruments are bright in sound - there are a little more of them in number) and a group of flutes, oboes and bassoons (weaker in sound than clarinets, double-reed and whistle instruments). The group of French horns, trumpets and trombones is often divided into ensembles, specific trumpets (small, rarely alto and bass) and trombones (bass) are used. such orchestras have a large group of percussions, the basis of which is all the same timpani and the “Janissary group” small, cylindrical and large drums, cymbals, a triangle, as well as a tambourine, castanets and tam-tam. Possible keyboard instruments are piano, harpsichord, synthesizer (or organ) and harps. A large brass band can play not only marches and waltzes, but also overtures, concertos, opera arias and even symphonies. Giant Pivots brass bands in parades are actually based on the doubling of all instruments and their composition is very poor. These are just multiply enlarged small brass bands without oboes, bassoons and with a small number of saxophones. A brass band is distinguished by its powerful, bright sonority and therefore is often used not indoors, but outdoors (for example, accompanying a procession). It is typical for a brass band to perform military music, as well as popular dances of European origin (the so-called garden music) - waltzes, polkas, mazurkas. Lately brass bands of garden music change their line-up, merging with orchestras of other genres. So, when performing Creole dances - tango, foxtrot, blues jive, rumba, salsa, jazz elements are involved: instead of the Janissary percussion group, a jazz drum kit (1 performer) and a number of Afro-Creole instruments (see jazz orchestra). In such cases, keyboard instruments (piano, organ) and harp are increasingly used.

string orchestra

A string orchestra is essentially a group of bowed string instruments of a symphony orchestra. The string orchestra includes two groups of violins (first violins and second violins), as well as violas, cellos and double basses. This type of orchestra has been known since the 16th-17th centuries.

Orchestra of Folk Instruments

In various countries, orchestras made up of folk instruments have become widespread, performing both transcriptions of works written for other compositions and original compositions. An example is the orchestra of Russian folk instruments, which includes instruments of the domra and balalaika family, as well as psaltery, button accordions, zhaleika, rattles, whistles and other instruments. The idea to create such an orchestra was proposed in late XIX century balalaika player Vasily Andreev. in a number of cases, such an orchestra additionally introduces instruments that are actually not related to folk: flutes, oboes, various bells and many percussion instruments.

Variety Orchestra

Variety orchestra - a group of musicians performing variety and jazz music. The variety orchestra consists of strings, wind instruments (including saxophones, which are usually not represented in the wind groups of symphony orchestras), keyboards, percussion and electric musical instruments.

Variety Symphony Orchestra - a large instrumental composition capable of combining performing principles various kinds musical art. The pop part is represented in such compositions by a rhythm group ( drum kit, percussion, piano, synthesizer, guitar, bass guitar) and a full big band (groups of trumpets, trombones and saxophones); symphonic - big group stringed bowed instruments, woodwind group, timpani, harp and others.

The forerunner of pop- symphony orchestra was symphonic jazz, which arose in the USA in the 1920s. and created a concert style of popular entertainment and dance-jazz music. Symphonic jazz was performed by the domestic orchestras of L. Teplitsky (“Concert Jazz Band”, 1927), the State Jazz Orchestra under the direction of V. Knushevitsky (1937). The term "Variety Symphony Orchestra" appeared in 1954. This was the name of the Variety Orchestra of the All-Union Radio and Television under the direction of Y. Silantyev, created in 1945. In 1983, after the death of Silantyev, it was directed by A. Petukhov, then M. Kazhlaev. The variety symphony orchestras also included the orchestras of the Moscow Hermitage Theater, the Moscow and Leningrad Variety Theatres, the Blue Screen Orchestra (headed by B. Karamyshev), the Leningrad concert orchestra(head A. Badkhen), State Variety Orchestra of the Latvian SSR conducted by Raimonds Pauls, State Variety Symphony Orchestra of Ukraine, Presidential Orchestra Ukraine and others.

Most often, pop-symphony orchestras are used during song gala performances, television competitions, less often for performance instrumental music. Studio work (recording music for the radio and film fund, on sound media, creating phonograms) prevails over concert work. Variety symphony orchestras have become a kind of laboratory for domestic, light and jazz music.

jazz orchestra

The jazz orchestra is one of the most interesting and peculiar phenomena contemporary music. Arising later than all other orchestras, it began to influence other forms of music - chamber, symphony, music of brass bands. Jazz uses many of the instruments of a symphony orchestra, but has a quality that is radically different from all other forms of orchestral music.

The main quality that distinguishes jazz from European music is the greater role of rhythm (much greater than in a military march or waltz). In connection with this, in any jazz orchestra there is a special group of instruments - the rhythm section. A jazz orchestra has another feature - the prevailing role of jazz improvisation leads to a noticeable variability in its composition. However, there are several types of jazz orchestras (approximately 7-8): chamber combo (although this is the area of the ensemble, but it must be indicated, since it is the essence of the action of the rhythm section), dixieland chamber ensemble, small jazz orchestra - small big band , large jazz orchestra without strings - big band, large jazz orchestra with strings (not symphonic type) - extended big band, symphonic jazz orchestra.

The rhythm section of all types of jazz orchestra usually includes percussion, stringed plucked and keyboard instruments. This is a jazz drum kit (1 player) consisting of several rhythm cymbals, several accent cymbals, several tom-toms (either Chinese or African), pedal cymbals, a snare drum and a special kind of bass drum of African origin - the "Ethiopian (Kenyan) kick drum ” (its sound is much softer than the Turkish bass drum). In many styles of southern jazz and Latin American music(rumba, salsa, tango, samba, cha-cha-cha, etc.) additional drums are used: a set of congo-bongo drums, maracas (chocalo, cabasa), bells, wooden boxes, Senegalese bells (agogo), claves, etc. Other instruments in the rhythm section that already have a melodic-harmonic pulse: piano, guitar or banjo ( special kind North African guitar), acoustic bass guitar or double bass (played only by plucking). large orchestras sometimes there are several guitars, a guitar along with a banjo, both kinds of basses. The rarely used tuba is a wind bass instrument in the rhythm section. large orchestras (big bands of all 3 types and symphonic jazz) often use vibraphone, marimba, flexatone, ukulele, blues guitar(the latter two are slightly electrified, along with the bass), but these instruments are no longer included in the rhythm section.

Other groups of a jazz orchestra depend on its type. combo usually 1-2 soloists (saxophone, trumpet or bowed soloist: violin or viola). Examples: ModernJazzQuartet, JazzMessenjers.

Dixieland has 1-2 trumpets, 1 trombone, clarinet or soprano saxophone, sometimes alto or tenor saxophone, 1-2 violins. the Dixieland banjo rhythm section is used more frequently than the guitar. Examples: Armstrong Ensemble (USA), Tsfasman Ensemble (USSR).

In a small big band there can be 3 trumpets, 1-2 trombones, 3-4 saxophones (soprano = tenor, alto, baritone, everyone also plays clarinets), 3-4 violins, sometimes a cello. Examples: Ellington's First Orchestra 29-35 (USA), Bratislava Hot Serenaders (Slovakia).

In a large big band, there are usually 4 trumpets (1-2 high soprano parts play at the level of small ones with special mouthpieces), 3-4 trombones (4 trombone tenor-contrabass or tenor-bass, sometimes 3), 5 saxophones (2 alto, 2 tenors = soprano, baritone).

In an extended big band there can be up to 5 pipes (with specific pipes), up to 5 trombones, additional saxophones and clarinets (5-7 common saxophones and clarinets), bowed strings (no more than 4 - 6 violins, 2 violas, 3 cellos) , sometimes horn, flute, small flute (only in the USSR). Similar experiments in jazz were carried out in the USA by Duke Ellington, Artie Shaw, Glenn Miller, Stanley Kenton, Count Basie, in Cuba by Paquito d'Rivera, Arturo Sandoval, in the USSR by Eddie Rosner, Leonid Utyosov.

A symphonic jazz orchestra includes a large string group (40-60 performers), and bowed double basses are possible (in a big band there can only be bowed cellos, double bass member of the rhythm section). But the main thing is the use of flutes rare for jazz (in all types from small to bass), oboes (all 3-4 types), horns and bassoons (and contrabassoon) that are not at all typical for jazz. Clarinets are complemented by bass, alto, small clarinet. Such an orchestra can perform symphonies, concertos specially written for it, participate in operas (Gershwin). Its feature is a pronounced rhythmic pulse, which is not found in an ordinary symphony orchestra. It is necessary to distinguish from the sympho-jazz orchestra its complete aesthetic opposite - a variety orchestra based not on jazz, but on beat music.

Special types of jazz orchestras - brass jazz band (brass band with a jazz rhythm section, including guitar group and with the reduced role of flugelhorns), a church jazz band ( exists only in countries Latin America , includes organ, choir, church bells, the entire rhythm section, drums without bells and agogo, saxophones, clarinets, trumpets, trombones, bowed strings), a jazz-rock style ensemble (Miles Davis' team, from the Soviet ones - Arsenal, etc.).

military band

Main article: military band

military band- a special full-time military unit designed to perform military music, that is, musical works during drill training of troops, during military rituals, solemn ceremonies, as well as for concert activities.

Central Band of the Czech Army

There are homogeneous military bands, consisting of brass and percussion instruments, and mixed ones, which also include a group of woodwind instruments. The military orchestra is led by a military conductor. The use of musical instruments (wind and percussion) in war was already known to the ancient peoples. The chronicles of the 14th century already point to the use of instruments in the Russian troops: “and the voices of the military trumpets began to blow, and the jew’s harps teput (sound), and the banners roar unwavering.”

Admiralty Band of the Leningrad Naval Base

Some princes with thirty banners or regiments had 140 trumpets and a tambourine. The old Russian combat instruments include timpani, which were used under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in the Reiter cavalry regiments, and nakras, now known as a tambourine. in the old days, tambourines were small copper bowls covered with leather on top, which were hit with sticks. They were imposed in front of the rider at the saddle. Sometimes tambourines reached extraordinary sizes; they were carried by several horses, they were hit by eight people. These tambourines were known to our ancestors under the name of tympanums.

In the XIV century. alarms, that is, drums, are already known. Surna, or antimony, was also used in the old days.

In the West, the arrangement of more or less organized military bands belongs to the 17th century. Under Louis XIV, the orchestra consisted of pipes, oboes, bassoons, trumpets, timpani, and drums. All these instruments were divided into three groups, rarely joined together.

In the 18th century, the clarinet was introduced into the military orchestra, and military music acquired a melodic meaning. Until the beginning of the 19th century, military bands in both France and Germany included, in addition to the above-mentioned instruments, horns, serpents, trombones and Turkish music, i.e. bass drum, cymbals, triangle. The invention of caps for brass instruments (1816) had a great influence on the development of the military orchestra: trumpets, cornets, bugelhorns, ophicleides with caps, tubas, and saxophones appeared. Mention should also be made of an orchestra consisting only of brass instruments (fanfare). Such an orchestra is used in cavalry regiments. New organization military bands from the West passed to Russia.

On foreground the orchestra of the Czechoslovak Corps is visible, 1918 (g.).

History of military music

Military band at the parade in Pereslavl-Zalessky

Peter I took care of improving military music; were discharged from Germany knowledgeable people for training soldiers who played from 11 to 12 noon on the Admiralty tower. the reign of Anna Ioannovna and later at the opera court performances the orchestra was strengthened the best musicians from the Guards.

Military music should also include the choirs of regimental songwriters.

When writing this article, material from the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron (1890-1907) was used

school orchestra

A team of musicians consisting of school students, usually headed by a primary school teacher music education. For musicians, it is often Starting point their further musical career.

Notes

Kendall
VARIETY ORCHESTRA

Glenn Miller Orchestra, James Last Orchestra, Kovel Orchestra, Kurmangazy Orchestra, Field Moria Orchestra, Silantiev Orchestra, Smig Orchestra, Wikipedia Orchestra, Eddie Rosner Orchestra, Jani Concerto Orchestra

Orchestra Information About

Oratorios by George Frideric Handel and others). Beginning in the 17th century, chamber orchestras were often found in the courts of dukes and other nobles who could afford to keep a small orchestra. So, for example, Johann Sebastian Bach from 1703 was a violinist in the chamber orchestra of Duke Johann Ernst III.

Artworks for chamber orchestra in the 20th century, Arnold Schoenberg (Chamber Symphony No. 1), Alan Hovaness (Anahide, fantasy for chamber orchestra, Symphony No. 6 for chamber orchestra), Alfred Schnittke (Concerto No. 3 for violin and orchestra) and others wrote.

Among the well-known chamber orchestras of the 20th century are the Academy of St. Martin in the Fields (of the leaders, Neville Marriner is the most famous), the Lithuanian Chamber Orchestra (among the leaders - Saulius Sondeckis), the Moscow Virtuosos (conducted by Vladimir Spivakov), the Kazan State Chamber Orchestra La Primavera (conducted by Rustam Abyazov)

As soon as Pierre laid his head on the pillow, he felt that he was falling asleep; but suddenly, with the clarity of almost reality, a boom, boom, boom of shots was heard, groans, screams, the slap of shells were heard, there was a smell of blood and gunpowder, and a feeling of horror, fear of death seized him. He opened his eyes in fear and lifted his head from under his overcoat. Everything was quiet outside. Only at the gate, talking to the janitor and slapping through the mud, was some kind of orderly. Above Pierre's head, under the dark underside of the plank canopy, doves fluttered from the movement he made while rising. A peaceful, joyful for Pierre at that moment, strong smell of an inn, the smell of hay, manure and tar was poured throughout the courtyard. Between the two black awnings one could see a clear starry sky.
“Thank God that this is no more,” thought Pierre, again closing his head. “Oh, how terrible fear is, and how shamefully I gave myself up to it! And they…they were firm, calm all the time, to the very end…” he thought. In Pierre's understanding, they were soldiers - those who were on the battery, and those who fed him, and those who prayed to the icon. They - these strange, hitherto unknown to him, they were clearly and sharply separated in his thoughts from all other people.
“To be a soldier, just a soldier! thought Pierre, falling asleep. - Login to this common life whole being, imbued with what makes them so. But how to throw off all this superfluous, devilish, all the burden of this outer man? One time I could be it. I could run away from my father as I wished. Even after the duel with Dolokhov, I could have been sent as a soldier.” And in Pierre's imagination flashed a dinner at the club where he summoned Dolokhov, and a benefactor in Torzhok. And now Pierre is presented with a solemn dining box. This lodge takes place in the English Club. And someone familiar, close, dear, is sitting at the end of the table. Yes it is! This is a benefactor. “Yes, he died? thought Pierre. - Yes, he died; but I didn't know he was alive. And how sorry I am that he died, and how glad I am that he is alive again! On one side of the table sat Anatole, Dolokhov, Nesvitsky, Denisov and others like him (the category of these people was just as clearly defined in Pierre’s soul in a dream, as was the category of those people whom he called them), and these people, Anatole, Dolokhov loudly shouted, sang; but behind their cry was heard the voice of the benefactor, speaking incessantly, and the sound of his words was as significant and continuous as the roar of the battlefield, but it was pleasant and comforting. Pierre did not understand what the benefactor was saying, but he knew (the category of thoughts was just as clear in the dream) that the benefactor spoke of goodness, of the possibility of being what they were. And they from all sides, with their simple, kind, firm faces, surrounded the benefactor. But although they were kind, they did not look at Pierre, did not know him. Pierre wanted to draw their attention to himself and say. He got up, but at the same instant his legs became cold and bare.

Chamber Orchestra

An orchestra of small composition, the core of which is an ensemble of performers on strings. instruments (6-8 violins, 2-3 violas, 2-3 cellos, double bass). In to. the harpsichord often enters, which, along with cellos, double bass, and often bassoons, takes part in the performance of the bass general. Sometimes in K. about. the spirit is turned on. tools. In the 17-18 centuries. such orchestras (unlike church or opera ones) were used to perform concerti grossi, concertos with solo instruments, conc. symphony, orc. suites, serenades, divertissements, etc. Then they did not bear the name "K. o." This term came into use only in the 20th century. K. o., as well as large and small, is independent. orchestra type. The revival of K. o. largely due to the growing interest in preclassical. and early classic. music, in particular to the work of J. S. Bach, and with the desire to reproduce its true sound. The basis of the repertoire of the majority of K. o. make up the production A. Corelli, T. Albinoni, A. Vivaldi, G. F. Telemann, J. S. Bach, G. F. Handel, W. A. Mozart, and others. modern composers, due to the desire to find adequate means for the embodiment of the muses. ideas of a "small plan", a reaction to the "super-orchestra" that had grown to gigantic proportions at the beginning of the 20th century. (R. Strauss, G. Mahler, I.F. Stravinsky) and a craving for the economy of music. means, the revival of polyphony. K. o. 20th century characteristic means. freedom, irregularity, as if an accident of the composition, each time determined by one or another art. by design. Under modern K. o. often imply composition, in Krom, as in a chamber ensemble, each instr. the party is represented preim. one soloist. Sometimes K. o. limited to strings only. instruments (J. P. Ryaets, Concerto for chamber orchestra, op. 16, 1964). In cases where the spirit also enters it. tools, its composition can vary from several. soloists (P. Hindemith, Chamber Music No 3, op. 36, for cello obligato and 10 solo instruments, 1925) up to 20-30 performers (A. G. Schnittke, 2nd concerto for violin and chamber orchestra, 1970 ; D. D. Shostakovich, 14th symphony for soprano, bass and chamber orchestra, op. 135, 1971), without reaching, however, the completeness of the composition of the small symphony. orchestra. Borders between K. about. and chamber ensemble are rather vague. In the 20th century for K. o. write essays in a variety of genres. Among the modern zarub. orchestras: K. o. under ex. V. Stros (FRG, organized in 1942), Stuttgart Conservatory. under ex. K. Münchinger (Germany, 1946), Vienna Chamber Ensemble early music"Musica anticua" under control. B. Klebel (Austria), "Virtuosos of Rome" under dir. R. Fasano (1947), Chamber Orchestra of the Zagreb Radio and Television (1954), Chamber Orchestra "Clarion Concerts" (USA, 1957), Chamber Orchestra conducted by. A. Brotta (Canada) and others. are available in many major cities USSR: Moscow K. o. under ex. R. B. Barshaya (1956), K. o. Moscow Conservatory under the control. M. H. Teriana (1961), Leningrad K. o. under ex. L. M. Gozman (1961), Kiev K. o. under ex. I. I. Blazhkova (1961), K. o. Lithuanian State Philharmonic under the direction S. Sondecki (Kaunas, 1960) and others.
Literature: Ginzburg L., Rabey V., Moscow Chamber Orchestra, in collection: The skill of a performing musician, vol. 1, M., 1972; Raaben L., Leningrad Chamber Orchestras, in: Music and Life. Music and musicians of Leningrad, L., 1972; Quittard H., L "orchestre des concerts de chambre au XVII-e sícle, "ZIMG", Jahrg. XI, 1909-10; Rrunières H., La musique de la chambre et de l "écurie sous le rigne de François, 1 -er, "L" annie musicale", I, 1911; separate ed., R., 1912; Сuсue1 G., Etudes sur un orchestre au XVIII-e sícle, P., 1913; Wellesz E., Die neue Instrumentation , Bd 1-2, V., 1928-29; Carse A., The orchestra in the XVIIIth century, Camb., 1940, 1950; Rincherle M., L "orchestre de chambre, P., 1949; Paumgartner B., Das instrumentalen Ensemble, Z., 1966. I. A. Barsova.

Music Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, Soviet composer. Ed. Yu. V. Keldysha. 1973-1982 .

See what "Chamber Orchestra" is in other dictionaries:

A small orchestra, which is based on a string group, complemented by a harpsichord, sacred, now also percussion. The repertoire mainly includes music of the 17th and 18th centuries. (concertos with solo instruments, concerto grosso, suites, etc.), as well as ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

A chamber orchestra is a small group (usually 4-12 people) that performs chamber music. Before the advent of symphony orchestras (in the 19th century), they were actually the only type of orchestral group (the exception here is some ... ... Wikipedia

A small orchestra based on a string group, complemented by a harpsichord, brass, and now also percussion. The repertoire mainly includes music from the 17th–18th centuries. (concerts with solo instruments, concerti grossi, suites, etc.), as well as ... encyclopedic Dictionary

An orchestra of small composition, often with one performer for each part; see Orchestra... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Chamber Orchestra- (from late Latin and Italian camera room, chamber) abbreviated symphony. an orchestra consisting of 15 30 performers. Compositions of K. O. are very different. At the heart of K. O. is a small group of string instruments, woodwinds are added to the Crimea (up to 8 ... ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Czech Sukův komorní orchestr) Czech chamber orchestra, founded in 1974 by violinist Josef Suk and named after his grandfather, composer Josef Suk. The orchestra performs without a conductor; Suk Jr. remained his artistic ... ... Wikipedia

- (Eng. Chamber Orchestra of Europe; COE) academic Music band, founded in 1981 and based in London. Among the 50 musicians of the orchestra, representatives of 15 European countries. At various times, performances and recordings of the orchestra ... ... Wikipedia

Music is, first of all, sounds. They can be loud and quiet, fast and slow, rhythmic and not so…

But each of them, each sounding note in a certain way affects the consciousness of a person listening to music, his state of mind. And if this orchestral music, then she certainly will not be able to leave anyone indifferent!

Orchestra. Types of orchestras

An orchestra is a group of musicians who play musical instruments, works that are designed specifically for these instruments.

And from what this composition is, the orchestra has different musical possibilities: in terms of timbre, dynamics, expressiveness.

What types of orchestras are there? The main ones are:

symphonic;
instrumental;
orchestra of folk instruments;
wind;
jazz;
pop.

There is also a military band (performing military songs), a school band (which includes schoolchildren), and so on.

Symphony Orchestra

This type of orchestra contains string, wind and percussion instruments.

There is a small symphony orchestra and a large one.

Small - this is the one that plays the music of composers of the late XVIII - early 19th century. His repertoire may include modern variations. A large symphony orchestra differs from a small one by adding more instruments to its composition.

The composition of the small necessarily contains:

violins;
alto;
cellos;
double basses;
bassoons;
horns;
pipes;
timpani;
flutes;
clarinet;
oboe.

The big one includes the following tools:

flutes;
oboes;
clarinets;
contrabassoons.

By the way, it can include up to 5 instruments of each family. And also in the large orchestra there are:

horns;
trumpets (bass, small, alto);
trombones (tenor, tenorbass);
tube.

And, of course, percussion instruments:

timpani;
bells;
small and big drum;
triangle;
plate;
Indian tom-tom;
harp;
piano;
harpsichord.

A feature of a small orchestra is that there are about 20 string instruments in it, while in a large one there are about 60.

The conductor directs the symphony orchestra. He artistically interprets the work performed by the orchestra with the help of the score - a complete musical notation of all parts of each instrument of the orchestra.

Instrumental orchestra

This type of orchestra differs in its form in that it does not have a clear number of musical instruments of certain groups. And also he can perform any music (unlike a symphony orchestra, which performs exclusively classical).

There are no specific types of instrumental orchestras, but conventionally they include a variety orchestra, as well as an orchestra performing classics in modern processing.

According to historical reference, instrumental music began to actively develop in Russia only under Peter the Great. She, of course, had Western influence on herself, but she was no longer under such a ban as in earlier times. And before it came to such a point that it was forbidden not only to play, but to burn musical instruments. The Church believed that they had neither soul nor heart, and therefore they could not glorify God. And therefore instrumental music developed mainly among the common people.

They play in an instrumental orchestra on a flute, lyre, cithara, flute, trumpet, oboe, tambourine, trombone, pipe, nozzle and other musical instruments.

Most Popular instrumental orchestra XX century - this is the orchestra of Paul Mauriat.

He was its conductor, leader, arranger. His orchestra played a lot of popular musical works of the 20th century, as well as his own composition.

Folk Orchestra

In such an orchestra, the main instruments are folk.

For example, for a Russian folk orchestra, the most typical are: domras, balalaikas, psaltery, button accordions, harmonicas, zhaleika, flutes, Vladimir horns, tambourines. Also, additional musical instruments for such an orchestra are a flute and an oboe.

A folk orchestra first appeared at the end of the 19th century, organized by V.V. Andreev. This orchestra toured a lot and gained wide popularity in Russia and abroad. And at the beginning of the 20th century folk orchestras began to appear everywhere: in clubs, at palaces of culture, and so on.

Brass band

This type of orchestra suggests that it includes various wind and percussion instruments. It comes in small, medium and large.

jazz orchestra

Another orchestra of this kind was called a jazz band.

It consists of such musical instruments: saxophone, piano, banjo, guitar, percussion, trumpets, trombones, double bass, clarinets.

In general, jazz is a direction in music that has developed under the influence of African rhythms and folklore, as well as European harmony.

Jazz first appeared in the southern United States at the beginning of the 20th century. And soon spread to all countries of the world. At home it Musical direction developed and added new characteristic features that appeared in one region or another.

At one time in America, the terms "jazz" and "popular music" had the same semantic meaning.

Jazz orchestras began to actively form in the 1920s. And they remained so until the 40s.

In these music bands participants acted, as a rule, even in adolescence, performing their specific part - memorized or from notes.

The 1930s are considered the peak of glory for jazz orchestras. The leaders of the most famous jazz orchestras at that time were: Artie Shaw, Glenn Miller, and others. Their musical works sounded everywhere at that time: on the radio, in dance clubs and so on.

Nowadays, jazz orchestras and melodies written in the jazz style are also very popular.

And although there are more types of musical orchestras, the article discusses the main ones.

Chamber music is instrumental or vocal music for a small group of performers: solo compositions, various kinds of ensembles (duets, trios, etc.), romances and songs. Chamber music developed side by side with orchestral music from the 16th century and gravitated more toward instrumental than vocal music.

In its original meaning, chamber music was intended to be performed in relatively small (mostly domestic) spaces - in contrast to music intended to be performed in a church, theater or large concert hall, why the number of performers is very limited, instruments are chosen not particularly strong in sound, for example strings (quartets, quintets, sextets, octets), woodwinds are much less common (Mozart quintet for clarinet with strings, Beethoven quintet for piano, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horns, his own septet es-dur for piano, violin or viola, cello, double bass, clarinet, bassoon, horn).

Permanent execution chamber music in public concerts changed the meaning of the term. Since the end of the 18th century, the expression "chamber music" has been applied to works written for performance by an ensemble, in which each part is intended for one performer (and not groups, as in a choir and orchestra) and all parts are more or less equal (unlike works for a soloist). voice or instrument with accompaniment).

There are three periods in the history of chamber music:

The period from 1450 to 1650, which is characterized by the development of the technique of playing the viols and instruments of other families, the gradual separation of purely instrumental music with the predominance of the vocal style. Among the compositions that have come down to us from this period, written specifically for instrumental compositions without voices, are the fantasies of Orlando Gibbons and the canzones and sonatas of Giovanni Gabrieli.

Symphonic music

Symphonic music - musical works intended for performance by a symphony orchestra. Includes large monumental works and small plays. Main genres: symphony, suite, overture, symphonic poem. The symphony orchestra, a large group of musicians, includes three groups of instruments: wind, percussion, bowed strings.

The classic (double or double) composition of a small symphony orchestra has developed in the work of J. Haydn (brass pairs, timpani and string quintet). A modern small symphony orchestra may have an irregular composition.

In a large symphony orchestra (since the beginning of the 19th century), wind and percussion groups have been expanded, harps and sometimes a piano have been introduced; the group of bowed strings has been numerically increased. The name of the composition of a symphony orchestra is determined by the number of instruments of each wind family (double, triple, etc.).

Symphony (from the Greek symphonia - consonance), is a piece of music for a symphony orchestra, written in cyclic sonata form, the highest form of instrumental music. Usually consists of 4 parts. The classical type of symphony took shape in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. (J. Haydn, W. A. Mozart, L. V. Beethoven). Romantic composers great importance acquired lyrical symphonies (F. Schubert, F. Mendelssohn), program symphonies(G. Berlioz, F. Liszt).

An important contribution to the development of symphonies was made by Western European composers of the 19th-20th centuries: I. Brahms, A. Bruckner, G. Mahler, S. Frank, A. Dvorak, J. Sibelius and others. significant place occupy symphonies in Russian music: A.P. Borodin, P.I. Tchaikovsky, A.K. Glazunov, A.N. Skryabin, S.V. Rakhmaninov, N.Ya. D. Shostakovich, A.I. Khachaturian and others.

Cyclic forms of instrumental music, - musical forms, consisting of several relatively independent parts, revealing in the aggregate a single artistic concept. The sonata cyclic form usually consists of four parts - fast 1st in sonata form, slow lyrical 2nd, fast 3rd (scherzo or minuet) and fast 4th (finale). This form is typical for a symphony, sometimes a sonata, a chamber ensemble; an abbreviated cyclic form (without a scherzo or a minuet) is typical for a concerto, a sonata. Other type cyclic form form a suite, sometimes variations (orchestral, piano), in which the number and nature of the parts may be different. There are also vocal cycles (series of songs, romances, ensembles or choirs), united by a plot, words of one author, etc.

Suite (French suite, letters - series, sequence), an instrumental cyclic piece of music from several contrasting parts. The suite is distinguished from the sonata and symphony by the lack of strict regulation of the number, nature and order of the parts, and by the close connection with the song and dance. Suite 17-18 centuries consisted of allemande, chimes, sarabande, gigi and other dances. In the 19th and 20th centuries orchestral non-dance suites are created (P.I. Tchaikovsky), sometimes program ones (Scheherazade by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov). There are suites made up of music from operas, ballets, as well as music for theatrical productions.

Overture (French ouverture, from Latin apertura - opening, beginning), an orchestral introduction to an opera, ballet, drama, etc. (often in sonata form), as well as an independent orchestral piece, usually of a program nature.

Symphonic poem is a genre of symphonic program music. A one-part orchestral work, in accordance with the romantic idea of the synthesis of the arts, allowing various sources programs (literature, painting, less often philosophy or history). The creator of the genre is F. Liszt.

Program music - musical works that the composer has provided with a verbal program that concretizes perception. Many program works are associated with plots and images of outstanding literary works.

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