Historical and ethnographic reference. Visit to the exhibition "Crimean Casket"

State state-financed organization Republic of Crimea "Crimean ethnographical museum» was founded in 1992. The museum building is a monument of architecture and urban planning. It was built and "consecrated" in 1869 as the building of the Shelter for Girls. Countess A. M. Adlerberg.

Today the Ethnographic Museum is one of the leading cultural, educational and scientific institutions of the Crimea. Its collection of more than 13,000 exhibits provides an insight into the cultures of 25 peoples and ethnic groups peninsula, employees are actively engaged in collecting, exhibition, research and educational work on ethnic history and ethnography of the Crimea.

Since 1999, visitors to the museum have been getting acquainted with the exposition "Mosaic of Crimean Cultures". It tells about the economic activity, material and spiritual culture, customs, rituals, traditions and holidays of more than 20 peoples of the peninsula - Armenians, Belarusians, Bulgarians, Greeks, Jews, Italians, Karaites, Crimean Tatars, Krymchaks, Germans, Poles, Russians, Ukrainians, French, Gypsies, Mordovians, Moldovans, Swiss, Mennonites, Czechs and Estonians.

In 2009, the museum opened unique exhibition"Crimean casket" about the arts and crafts of the peoples of the Crimea of ​​the XIX-XXI centuries.

In 2010, the Ethnographic Museum opened the Museum in the Russian Samovar Museum. Tea traditions.

In 2011, the German complex was re-exposed - ceiling paintings (15 fragments) from the former German-Swiss colony Kongrat (Crimea, Makovka village, Sovetsky district) were added.

In 2012, the opening of the Museum of Ukrainian Embroidery named after V. S. Roik took place. The Museum of "Ukrainian Embroidery" includes three exhibition areas - the memorial room of the embroiderer Vera Sergeevna Roik; hall "History of Ukrainian embroidery" and a changing exposition of the works of modern Crimean embroiderers - students of Vera Roik and embroidery masters in various techniques and materials.

In addition, the museum hosts monthly exhibitions on various topics.

The museum is an important information and educational center, a kind of "model" of the Crimea, a unique guide to its peoples and cultures. The museum is an important information and educational center, a kind of "model" of the Crimea, a unique guide to its peoples and cultures.

The accumulated experience allows the Crimean Ethnographic Museum to become one of the centers of research work in the field of ethnography and national cultures Crimea; a center for the collection, storage, study of material and spiritual monuments of the peoples of Crimea; center for the provision of methodological assistance; center of cultural and educational work among all social and age groups; universal center of children's national and aesthetic education.

Historical and ethnographic reference

• Read: Changes in the ethnic composition of the Crimean population in the Middle Ages

Science claims that about 250 thousand years ago, a man first appeared on the territory of the Crimean peninsula. And since that time, in different historical eras various tribes and peoples lived on our peninsula, replacing each other, there were different types of state formations.

The oldest peoples known to us who lived in the Crimea were the Cimmerians, who inhabited the southeastern part of the peninsula in the 15th-7th centuries. BC e. Around the same time, in the 1st millennium BC. e. the southern mountainous part of the Crimea was mastered by the Tauri tribes, who here were engaged in both agriculture and cattle breeding. Exactly By the name of the Taurian tribes in written sources until the 13th century, the Crimean peninsula was called Taurica.

In the 7th century BC e. the Iranian-speaking tribes of the Scythians invaded the steppe and foothill regions of the peninsula. Here they settled and began to engage in agriculture and cattle breeding. On the peninsula, they created a whole Scythian kingdom, and the city of Scythian Naples, which existed from the 3rd century BC, became its capital. BC e. according to the III century. n. e.). The Scythians knew pottery, as well as jewelry.

Almost a thousand-year rule of the Scythians in the III century. n. e. was replaced by the arrival of the Goths in Crimea, who conquered and destroyed the Scythian kingdom. The Goths themselves lived mainly in the south and southwest of the Crimean peninsula.

Even in the time of the Scythians, from about the VI century. BC e. Greek colonization of some areas of the peninsula originates. As a result, the Bosporan state and the Chersonese Republic are created here. Following the Greeks, in the I century. BC e. in the south and in the southwestern part of the Crimean peninsula, the Romans appear.

And in the steppe regions of the Crimea, following the Goths in the IV century. the Turkic-speaking nomadic tribes of the Huns appear, and four centuries later, in the 8th century, Crimea was invaded by those who came from the Lower Volga and North Caucasus Khazar tribes.

After the Khazars, in the VIII-IX centuries. in the steppe part of the Crimea, settlements of Turkic-speaking tribes were created, which were called Proto-Bulgarians. Proto-Bulgarians in the 4th c. lived in the steppes of the South of Eastern Europe, and in the second half of the 7th c. they began to move east. Some of their tribes went to the area of ​​Kama and the Middle Volga, they were called the Volga-Kama Bulgarians. Another part of the Proto-Bulgarians, led by Asparukh, penetrated the Balkans, and here, together with Slavic tribes, formed in 681 the First Bulgarian kingdom. Later, the Proto-Bulgarians dissolved into the Slavic population, together with whom they participated in the formation (ethnogenesis) of modern Bulgarians.

In the VIII-IX centuries, small communities of Karaites (Karai) and Krymchaks appeared in Crimea, which can be attributed to the indigenous Turkic-speaking peoples of Crimea, who have survived to this day.

New Turkic-speaking nomadic tribes of the Pechenegs appeared in the Crimea by the end of the 9th century, and already in the middle of the 11th century. the Turkic-speaking tribes of the Polovtsians (Kipchaks) invade the peninsula.

Christianity penetrated into the Crimea from Byzantium in the III century. According to available written sources, in Chersonesos Kyiv prince Vladimir adopted Christianity, which later spread to Rus'...

UDC 338.48: 39 (477.75)

CULTURAL AND ETHNOGRAPHIC CENTERS OF CRIMEA: PROBLEMS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS

Parubets Olga Viktorovna 1 , Fedorchenko Yulia Nikolaevna 2
1 Sevastopol Institute of Economics and Humanities (branch) IN AND. Vernadsky, candidate geographical sciences, Senior Lecturer, Department of Tourism
2 Sevastopol Institute of Economics and Humanities (branch) IN AND. Vernadsky, Master of the Department of Tourism

CULTURAL AND ETHNOGRAPHIC CENTERS OF CRIMEA: PROBLEMS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS

Parubets Olga Viktorovna 1 , Fedorchenko Yuliya Nikolaevna 2
1 Sevastopol Institute of Economics and Humanities (branch) of the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution higher education "Crimean Federal University Vernadsky", Ph.D in Geographical Science, senior lecturer of Tourism Department
2 Sevastopol Institute of Economics and Humanities (branch) of the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution higher education “Crimean Federal University Vernadsky”, master’s degree of Tourism Department

Bibliographic link to the article:
Parubets O.V., Fedorchenko Yu.N. Cultural and ethnographic centers of the Crimea: problems and development prospects // Modern Scientific research and innovation. 2016. No. 2 [ Electronic resource]..03.2019).

Crimea is rich in its composition of the population. In addition to Russians, Ukrainians, Crimean Tatars, Germans, Czechs, Estonians, Armenians and other peoples live here. These peoples are unique cultural and ethnographic centers, each of which is unique in its own way and is an interesting tourist product. In these centers, you can meet architectural traditions, culture, way of life and national cuisine of peoples, as well as to take part in national holidays and rituals.

The purpose of this article is to consider the cultural and ethnographic centers of the Crimea, as well as to identify problems and prospects for their development.

There are many places in the world that represent a unique cultural and historical memory of millennia, as well as evidence of the presence of peoples and their cultures. Undoubtedly, Crimea belongs to such places with its multicultural diversity. Ethnographic tourism is a type of cultural and educational tourism, the main purpose of which is to visit an ethnographic object to learn about the culture, architecture, life and traditions of the people who have ever lived or now live in this territory.

The Crimean ethnic heritage is multifaceted and therefore is an extremely interesting object of ethnographic tourism. Despite the ups and downs of history, the peoples living on the territory of the peninsula today preserved their traditions, way of life, language and culture, pass them on from generation to generation. Cultural and ethnographic centers serve to preserve the ethno-cultural heritage of the Crimean peoples and to familiarize everyone with it. Tourists involved in this process show interest in new culture through participation in folk crafts, dances, rituals, festivals, national cuisine, etc.

There are 77 cultural and ethnographic centers in Crimea, among which the Crimean Tatar, Ukrainian, German and Czech cultural and ethnographic centers are of particular interest. Little-known ones include Armenian and Estonian. In order to see the difference in the preservation of the culture of the centers, the most famous ones, as well as those centers that almost no one knows about, will be considered.

Ukrainian cultural and ethnographic center in the Crimea "Ukrainian hut" is located in the village. Novonikolaevka, Leninsky district. Here dwellings of the 19th century have been preserved, and one of them is equipped as a museum "Ukrainian hut". It recreates the interior of Ukrainian settlers of the 19th - early 20th centuries. Inside, everything is sustained in Ukrainian traditions: a characteristic layout, household items, National costumes and jewelry, folklore sketches, embroidered shirts. No less attractive is the two-story house where the Klymenko family used to live (the founder of the cultural and ethnographic center). There is a library with more than three thousand volumes of books of all kinds. There are also poems, legends, and various studies conducted by Yu. Klimenko. IN great hall there is a kind of "kunstkamera". It contains paintings, reproductions, carpets, tapestries, embroideries. Also, tourists can taste national cuisine, buy handicrafts.

The German cultural and ethnographic center "Kronental" is located in the village. Kolchugino Simferopol region. Kronenthal (from the old German - the Royal Valley) was founded in 1810 by Lutheran and Catholic families from Baden, Alsace, the Palatinate and Rhine Bavaria. Initially, it was the German camp "Kronental". A trip to this center will introduce tourists to the hard-working German people who were engaged in agriculture, grew vineyards and was engaged in winemaking. In the museum building itself, you can see national costumes, folk crafts, and household items. And in the basement there is a beer center. Here you can get acquainted with the technology of making beer, as well as taste the famous German sausages. In addition, you can buy folk embroidery, ceramics and toys.

The Crimean Tatar cultural and ethnographic center "Kokkoz" is located in the village. Sokolinoye, Bakhchisarai region, near the Kokkozka river. Kokkozy in Turkic means "Blue Eye". The village is located in one of the valleys of the peninsula, which is surrounded on three sides by mountain ranges: Boyko, Ai-Petri and Orliny Zalet. In the village, ancient Tatar dwellings, gardens, caravanserais, mosques, fountains have been preserved to this day - tourists can see all this. At one time, a caravanserai was a resting place for wanderers, where they could spend the night. Near the caravanserai there is a deepening of the fountain. This fountain is named after Prince Ali Bey Bulgakov, the owner of these territories until 1917. Not far from the estate of Ali Bey Bulgakov there is a mosque building, which was built in XIX century. The mosque is asymmetric with an arched front entrance framed by pilasters shifted to the right. Another attraction of the village is the Kurtler Maale mosque. The mosque was built around mid-nineteenth century. This is a squat building made of Gaspri limestone. The mosque is decorated with polygonal masonry with curly lintels made of dense wedge-shaped sandstone and symmetrical facades.

The Crimean Tatar center "Rich Gorge" is located in the village. Rich in the Bakhchisarai region in the Second Ridge of the Crimean Mountains, in the valley that arose thanks to the Suatkan River, a tributary of Belbek. The exact date of the appearance of this village is not known, but only the old name of the village is known - Kokluz. At the same time, there is no translation of this name, but it is assumed that the name comes from one of the languages ​​spoken in the Crimea in the pre-Turkic era. Here the attention is given to the Tatar courtyard with a house, where everything is done according to national characteristics ancient Crimean Tatars. There is a garden, and there are many different flowers, paths and a pond in it. During the tour you can get acquainted with the life, culture, rituals and national cuisine. In the estate itself, objects of the ethnographic museum are presented. And it is here that you can try the best Tatar dishes, taste tea from mountain herbs and attend a coffee ceremony.

Crimean Tatar center "Karasubazar" in Belogorsk. The traditional building of houses of the 19th century is located in the old town. At that time, the houses were erected one-story, built of adobe bricks. The center itself is located in the building of an old Crimean Tatar house, on the walls of which are hung products of Crimean Tatar embroidery with gold threads, photographs, historical documents, old household items from the beginning of the last century. Visitors are treated to national coffee, tea and sweets. Not less than interesting place are the ruins of the Tash-Khan caravanserai. It served to stop and rest travelers, and was built in the 15th century, along the perimeter of which there were 2 floors of the premises. Unfortunately, only the gates and part of the walls have survived to this day.

The Czech cultural and ethnographic center is located in the village. Alexandrovka, Krasnogvardeisky district. In the village, traditional dwellings have been preserved with their characteristic layout of rooms and the peculiarities of the national situation of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. Main Feature cultural and ethnographic center is the Czech Church of the Heart of Jesus Christ. The building was built in the Neo-Gothic style in 1910 by Czech and German settlers, and the church was one of the richest churches in Crimea. Three bells and an organ were brought from the Czech Republic for the church. On the ceiling were three large crystal chandeliers, three Persian carpets lay on the floor, velvet capes lay on the benches, silk tablecloths on the tables, and the altar was made of white marble. Over time, the church was closed, the spire was broken. The ownerless church of the Heart of Jesus Christ arrived for several decades. In the 90s there were attempts to restore the building, but they were unsuccessful. So to this day the church continues to turn into ruins. Not far from it, parts of the cemetery are noticeable, where Czech and German settlers were buried in the first half of the 20th century.

Estonian cultural and ethnographic center "Konchi-Shavva" is located in the village. Krasnodarka, Krasnogvardeisky district. Initially, two independent villages Konchi and Shavva were located here, but in the second half of the 19th century. they were merged. Now about 50 Estonian families live in this village. The village is located 25 km from Krasnogvardeysk. Regular buses do not run now. There is no post office, shops, school, first-aid post in the village. Civilization did not affect this place, preserving, in a way, the originality of the center in question. The people were able to preserve their culture, customs, national cuisine, traditional dwellings and language. One of characteristic features Estonian culture is choral singing, whose traditions have been preserved among the Estonians of the Crimea.

Surb-Khach Armenian Cultural and Ethnographic Center is 3 km away. from the city of Stary Krym. Surb Khach is an Armenian monastery. On the territory of the monastery there are: the Church of Surb-Nshan (St. Signs); refectory of the monastery, 18th century completed in late XIX V. second floor; cells (fraternal building) of 1694; two springs and stairs in the monastery garden of the 18th-19th centuries. The church was built in 1358 during the Armenian colonization of Crimea. Later, a gavit (porch) with a bell tower was added to the temple, and in 1719 a fraternal building with cells for monks was added. The refectory is located to the west of the temple. Under the building were basements located above the refectory. In the northern hall of the building there is a fireplace with an arched lintel and a stove. The cells (fraternal building) and the courtyard are adjacent to the southern facade of the church and the gavit. The garden of the monastery was laid out in several terraces on a gentle mountain slope. All these attractions are free for tourists.

Consideration of the most famous cultural and ethnographic centers of the Crimea gives the realization that the Crimea is unique and rich in its cultural heritage. Even those cultural and ethnographic centers that are almost unknown to anyone managed to preserve their original way of life and culture. However, there are factors hindering the development of ethnographic tourism. As you know, ethnographic objects are divided into movable and immovable. The real estate includes outbuildings, architectural structures, buildings of religious buildings, cemeteries, places of ritual worship, etc., to movables - decoration of dwellings, household items, objects of religious worship, traveling ethnographic exhibitions, etc. The use of these objects in recreational activities is associated with a number of problems. Some of the ethno-objects identified in the Crimea, due to their uniqueness, deserve the attention of tourists, but are in an unattractive condition or have poor transport accessibility. Lack of funding leads to the fact that many of the buildings and structures of the centers that have dilapidated from time to time are being destroyed more and more every year, falling into an emergency state.

Their low popularity is also a serious problem. Many residents of Crimea do not know about ethnographic centers, not to mention those who come to summer season tourists. To overcome these problems, it is necessary to develop comprehensive program to popularize and promote the cultural and ethnographic centers of Crimea at the state and regional levels, offering, among other things, options for interesting excursions to the cultural and ethnographic centers of the peoples of Crimea. Funds received from ethnographic tourism can serve as financial support for the functioning of the centers and contribute to the development of tourism infrastructure around them. In addition, by attracting tourists deep into the peninsula, it will be possible to somewhat “unload” the coastal areas, which suffer from oversaturation of tourists during the high season.

It is important to emphasize that cultural and ethnographic tourism in the Crimea is promising direction development of the tourism industry, as there is a rich resource base for this. In addition, the interest of tourists in the culture, history, craft of the peoples of Crimea is growing.

Taurida is a corner of Russia, interesting not only for traces of bygone civilizations, but also for the creativity of the peoples living here today. As well as possible, this is proved by the capital of the peninsular republic - Simferopol. The Crimean Ethnographic Museum is located right in the center of this city. It has already collected thousands of sincere responses from visitors from many CIS countries and even far abroad. Here the traveler understands how spiritually rich Crimea is thanks to different nations.

Where is the exposition located in Simferopol?

The institution is located on the street. Pushkin. It is adjacent to the Taurida Theological Seminary (and its), the Museum of Taurida and. It is extremely popular in the city!

Museum on the map of Crimea

The history of the attraction

The biography of the institution is not very long - it was organized only in 1992, as a branch of the republican institution. It became an independent object only in 2009. However, by that time KEM had already managed to acquire thousands of exhibit collections.

We are talking about the objects of the spiritual and material environment of the Crimean Tatars, Ukrainians, Russians, Karaites, descendants of the Goths, Armenians, as well as the traditions of another 21 diasporas that once lived on the peninsula. The building itself can be called an attraction - it is a prominent monument of architecture and urban planning in the city. It was built back in 1869 to serve as a home for orphans. The shelter is organized by Countess Adlerberg, who has done a lot for Simferopol residents.

In the 20th century, the masterpiece of architecture was misused many times, but as a result, it managed to maintain its function as an educational center. In 2009, it turned into a venue for vibrant ethnographic festivals, creative meetings and conferences on the topic of combating national chauvinism.

Crimean Ethnographic Museum - Treasury of Nations

The Ethnographic Museum in Simferopol keeps in its funds unique works of art and economic activities of various ethnic groups of the Crimea, a total of 13 thousand items on display. They are connected, among other things, with such little-known Crimean communities as Protestant Mennonites and Gypsies. Many people from Western, Balkan and Eastern Europe left a creative mark in - Poles, French, Germans, Swiss, Bulgarians, Greeks, Moldavians, Czechs and Estonians.

This can be seen in the pavilions of the Mosaic of Crimean Cultures, which presents visitors folk costumes and attributes, household items (ceramics, fabrics, metal, wood), tools and weapons. There are many books, documents, photos and paintings in the premises of this department. Undeniable value is an archive of national Ukrainian shirts, a collection of fashionable oriental dishes, a collection of Armenian and Crimean Tatar women's belts and jewelry,
as well as vests that went out of fashion in the 18th century.

Another department - "Crimean Casket" - exhibits unique works of arts and crafts on its shelves. Among them are embroidery, beautiful household utensils, women's jewelry, and the exposition of Ukrainian embroidered separate room. IN last decade two new subsections appeared here - an exhibition location for fragments of ceiling painting and samovars.

In Simferopol, the Ethnographic Museum has become a kind of educational center. There are lessons on ethnography, the basics of world religions, local history and aesthetics for local schoolchildren, students of art studios, as well as students of many universities. There is also an information and methodological center dealing with intercultural education. He organizes discussion clubs on the topics of interethnic interaction and tolerance.

The building often hosts a photo exhibition "Orthodox churches of Crimea", acquaintance with the work famous artists resort republic. The institution has its own guide, which can be purchased at the checkout. It has a set work schedule as shown below. Video and photography are paid separately. Senior citizens, students and children under 16 are preferential categories visitors.

How to get to the museum?

It is easy to get into this "fairy tale" with. You should walk 2 km along the Shatalov lane and st. Gorky. You can also use bus number 4. It follows through, which is next to the train station. You need to get off at the Trenev park.

By car from the city center, you can get to the Ethnographic Museum as follows:

Note to the tourist

• Address: Pushkin street, 18, Simferopol, Crimea, Russia.
• Coordinates: 44.948401, 34.095845.
• Phone: +7-3652-25-52-23, +7-978-096-45-02.
• Official website: http://ethnocrimea.ru/
• Opening hours: from 9:00 to 18:00, Tuesday - day off, on Fridays - from 11:00 to 20:00.
• Ticket prices: for adults - 200 rubles, for students - 150 rubles, for children under 16 years old and beneficiaries - free of charge.

The Crimean Ethnographic Museum in Simferopol is a popular object of excursions. Photos of expositions, updated prices for admission and reviews of tourists can be found on his website. One of the permanent projects of KEM is the republican biennale "Pattern on the canvas" - an exhibition of East Slavic embroidery. Secondly, the institution is a venue for folklore festivals, because hundreds of folk musical instruments. Among the values ​​of the “temple” of culture there are also postcards.