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Features of the geopolitical position of Russia. Geopolitical position of Russia

The geopolitical position of the state reflects its place on the political world map. In addition, this term implies the relationship of a power to different countries or groups of countries.

The first global geopolitical reshuffle in the history of mankind ended with the defeat of the Austrian-German bloc, the signing of Saint-Germain and in 1919 and the formation of the Versailles-Washington system. As a result, the defeated states collapsed, new powers began to form, the redistribution of colonies and the formation of new political alliances began.

The status of great states was confirmed by England, America and France. However, the United States strengthened its geopolitical position most of all, having grown rich at that time on military supplies. During that period, American influence was very significant.

After the collapse of the USSR, Russia did not have a convenient access to the sea, well-equipped Baltic (Riga, Tallinn, Ventspils, Klaipeda) and Black Sea (Odessa, Sevastopol, Nikolaev). In addition, it lost many naval bases.

Territorial losses also led to the loss of part of the resource potential. At the same time, Russia also lost powerful fixed assets in the form of military bases, factories, sanatoriums, resorts and other institutions of all-Union subordination. To make up for these losses, it was necessary to re-form the production base.

According to many researchers, the group of leading states, like a hundred years ago, remains rather limited and has a practically unchanged composition. Experts believe that the only change, perhaps, is the replacement of Austria-Hungary by Canada and China.

The position of the leading countries today, determined by the dynamics and indicators of changes in their geopolitical potentials and statuses, is considered as part of the global geopolitical configuration, in the form of geopolitical rotation. Important characteristics in this matter are the rotational vector and speed, which increases during the war period. As a general trend of changes in the geopolitical situation, researchers note a permanent increase in the potentials of almost all leading states, with their gradual degradation in the countries of the "third world". Thus, the leading countries, together with a relatively small number of so-called "new industrial powers", are increasingly separated from the rest of the group.

Many experts note that the largest concentration of leading countries is observed in the regions North America, Western Europe, Central Eurasia. The three countries occupying these territories (Russia, the USA and Germany) during the entire 20th century exerted a powerful influence on the dynamics and nature of the world geopolitical configuration.

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Federal State Educational Budgetary Institution

higher professional education

"Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation"

(Financial University)

Omsk branch of the Financial University

Department of "Social Sciences"

TEST

By discipline "Political science»

Geopoliticalposition of the Russian Federation

Performed by a student of the ZB-MN 201 group

Gabbasova Aina Galiatovna

Checked by teacher

Candidate ist. Sciences, Associate Professor

uch. degree, position

Kormiltseva Elena Alexandrovna

Introduction

The relevance of the topic lies in the fact that geopolitics is understood as a tool that is used in the development of Russia's foreign policy and allows taking into account geographic, demographic, environmental and some other factors. Such a tool is also very useful in building a hierarchy of foreign policy goals and priorities, in determining the strategic potential, as well as global, regional and national interests of Russia.

Throughout the last decade, geopolitics as a science has been of great interest in Russia.

So, the purpose of the work is to consider the geopolitical position of the Russian Federation.

Geopolitical position modern Russia

Russia (Russian Federation) is the largest state in the world in terms of territory. Its area is 17.1 million km2, which is more than 1/9 of the land area. Russia is located in three hemispheres (northern, eastern and western) and occupies the northeastern part of the largest continent - Eurasia. The territory of Russia is located in 11 time zones (from the 2nd to the 12th), but the 11th and 12th zones are combined into one, so the standard time in Russia differs not by 11, but by 10 hours.

Russia is washed by the waters of three oceans: the Arctic in the north, the Atlantic in the west and the Pacific in the east, and has the longest borders - 62.3 thousand km, of which 24.6 thousand km fall on land, 37 on sea .7 thousand km. Such a huge size of the territory and extended borders determine many features of the geopolitical position of the country.

The geopolitical position of a country is its place in political map of the world and its relation to various states or groups of states.

Geopolitical position of modern Russia. Geopolitics in Russia today is experiencing a renaissance. This interest is quite understandable, because. modern stage world history is characterized by serious shifts in the existing balance and requires the adoption of a number of urgent political decisions.

The change in the balance of power on the world stage is accompanied by the collapse of the entire international order that took shape after the Second World War. In this situation, the most significant event was the collapse of the USSR and the socialist camp, which was a natural factor historical process. With the collapse of the USSR, qualitative changes in the structure of international relations, the geopolitical and geostrategic position of the successor of the USSR, Russia, has changed. Russia's global geopolitical situation should be considered in two aspects: military (military-strategic); geoeconomic.

A characteristic feature of today's Russia as a former superpower has been its weakening in almost all areas of politics, economics, social sphere and culture, but at the same time, Russia remains the world's second largest nuclear power after the United States. The current situation resembles the redistribution of the world, although, unlike its previous manifestations, the current situation is distinguished by a different basis for the interaction of force fields.

Here's what it looks like today. NATO is advancing towards Russia's borders from the west and effectively controls the former sphere of influence of the USSR. The NATO leadership has declared Transcaucasia and Central Asia to be its sphere of responsibility. In the regions of Transcaucasia and Central Asia, Türkiye is also showing geopolitical activity. The assertion of Turkey in this region is not acceptable for Russia. But at the same time, Russia should develop relations with Turkey as a Black Sea power. This is also necessary because there are projects of Russian-Turkish gas pipelines.

Once again, Russia faced the problem of using the Bosporus and Dardanelles. Certain political circles in Turkey have again returned to the "Black Sea - Turkish Sea" doctrine, using the environmental risk factor for the passage of Russian tankers. Such prohibitions are a violation of the international convention adopted in Montreux (Switzerland) in 1936, according to which the Black Sea countries conduct ships through the straits without restrictions, subject to established conditions; the passage of warships of non-Black Sea countries is limited by class, tonnage and duration of stay in the Black Sea. Another problem no less serious for Russia is China. Russia and China have a common border about 4200 km long. A number of experts believe that China's progress in the economy poses a threat to Russia in the form of a gradual Sinification of sparsely populated areas of Siberia and the Far East, especially since the gap in the demographic potential between the two countries is huge (Russia - 154 million people, China - 1.3 billion people). ). According to some reports, there are about 200,000 Chinese illegally in this region of Russia.

In this regard, one of the urgent tasks is to limit Chinese expansion.

Russia's relations with Japan run into the problem of the Kuril Islands (Iturup, Kunashir, Shikotan, Khabomai). Japan wants to annex them to its territory and on these terms agrees to sign a peace treaty with Russia. Russia does not deny the existence of a territorial problem between the two countries, but the return of the South Kuriles is not regarded as satisfaction of Tokyo's legitimate claims. Russian-American relations are characterized by instability.

As a result of the collapse of the USSR, the United States and the West as a whole did not lose anything, and an economic crisis erupted in Russia and the former Soviet republics, allied ties broke up, the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Central and Eastern Europe and Afghanistan began, which required huge funds. Russia is not an equal partner for the United States, but they need it primarily as a counterbalance to China. The expansion of NATO, which means approaching the immediate borders of Russia, is, of course, pressure on it. Therefore, all proposals for partnership must be considered from the point of view of necessity and benefit for Russia.

IN Lately The United States began to restructure the security structure in Eurasia and in Europe in particular. Russia considers this as an infringement of its state interests, since time is needed to figure out how reasonable such a restructuring is, whether it meets the requirements of state sovereignty, the right ethnic groups for self-determination, etc. In this regard, the main requirement for partnerships called for by the United States is that the actions of the United States and NATO should not be aimed at destroying the territorial integrity of Russia and its integration within the CIS. It is known that until the middle of the XX century. one of the main aspirations of world powers was to maintain their influence over vast territories in order to ensure control over resources.

This supported the existence of colonial empires.

Since the middle of the 20th century, as the process of decolonization has developed, the strategy of the great powers has changed. Developed states seek to establish control over the flow of information, goods, services, capital and work force than over territories. The struggle for spheres of influence was carried out mainly with the help of geo-economic strategies. For Russia, the geo-economic strategy means, first of all, the transition to a deliberate, mainly export-oriented model for the development of foreign economic relations, which, over time, will give it levers of influence on world processes.

The export-oriented model of the development of the country assumes that the exporting country is oriented in exports and imports to the leading countries. Japan has passed this way, and today China passes. A kind of geo-economic "pressure" is being exerted on Russia, since it is surrounded by the economic Triad of the world - in the west the European Union, in the east - Japan and closely related industrial countries of the Asia-Pacific region, in the southeast - China. This alignment of forces is called the system of large spaces (spheres). Designated Large spaces at the beginning of the XXI century. are transformed and interact under the influence of the general process of globalization.

The geopolitics of interaction in combination with the processes of globalization of finance, the transnationalization of various sectors of the economy, the creation of intertwining strategic alliances between TNCs within the entire geospace, etc. turns into geoeconomics.

In this regard, not only the reform of the army to increase its combat effectiveness is relevant for Russia, but, above all, the adoption of serious decisions in the field of geo-economics. Russia will have to solve the problem of transferring foreign economic relations to geo-economic strategies, the main content of which is the transnationalization of the economy. The modern world economy is not only a set of economies of national states interconnected by the exchange of goods and factors of production, but also open-type reproduction chains within many states and interstate groupings.

Many highly developed countries that use geo-economic strategies are increasingly blurring the boundaries between domestic and foreign economies. How and where Russia will fit in depends on many factors, including the will and analytical skills of Russian politicians.

Thus, the geopolitical influence of Russia in the world is largely determined by the course of its economic development, the strategy in the choice of geo-economic spheres and a clearly formulated geopolitical code corresponding to the real economic, social, political and cultural potential of the country. 3. Foreign policy of the Russian Federation The concept of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation is reflected in the document of the same name, approved by the President of the Russian Federation on June 28, 2000. The concept of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation is a system of views on the content, principles and main directions of Russia's foreign policy.

The basis of the Concept is the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, generally accepted principles and norms international law, international treaties of the Russian Federation, normative legal acts of the Russian Federation regulating the activities of federal state authorities in the field of foreign policy, as well as the National Security Concept of the Russian Federation, the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation and other similar documents.

The evolution of international relations at the beginning of the 21st century and the strengthening of Russia demanded a fresh look at the general situation around it, a rethinking of the priorities of Russian foreign policy, taking into account the increased role of the country in international affairs, increasing its responsibility for what is happening in the world and the opportunities that have opened up in connection with this to participate not only in the implementation of the international agenda, but also in its formation.

In the international situation, along with a positive trend - the strengthening of the position of the Russian Federation in the international arena, there are also negative trends that must be taken into account when pursuing Russia's foreign policy in specific areas. In accordance with the highest priority of national security - protecting the interests of the individual, society and the state - the main foreign policy efforts should be focused on achieving the following main goals: l ensuring the country's security, maintaining and strengthening its sovereignty and territorial integrity, strong and authoritative positions in the world community, to the greatest extent meeting the interests of the Russian Federation as one of the influential centers of the modern world and necessary for the growth of its political, economic, intellectual and spiritual potential; l creation of favorable external conditions for the modernization of Russia, the transfer of its economy to an innovative development path, raising the standard of living of the population, consolidating society, strengthening the foundations of the constitutional order, the rule of law and democratic institutions, the realization of human rights and freedoms and, as a result, ensuring the country's competitiveness in globalizing world; l influence on global processes in order to establish a just and democratic world order based on collective principles in solving international problems and on the rule of international law, primarily on the provisions of the UN Charter, as well as on equal and partnership relations between states with the central and coordinating role of the UN as the main organization that regulates international relations and has a unique legitimacy; l formation of good-neighbourly relations with neighboring states, assistance in eliminating existing and preventing the emergence of new hotbeds of tension and conflicts in the regions adjacent to the Russian Federation and other regions of the world; l search for agreement and concurring interests with other states and interstate associations in the process of solving problems determined by Russia's national priorities, creating on this basis a system of bilateral and multilateral partnerships designed to ensure the stability of the country's international position against fluctuations in foreign policy conjuncture; l comprehensive protection of the rights and legitimate interests of Russian citizens and compatriots living abroad; l promoting an objective perception of the Russian Federation in the world as a democratic state with a socially oriented market economy and an independent foreign policy; l support and popularization in foreign countries of the Russian language and culture of the peoples of Russia, making a unique contribution to the cultural and civilizational diversity of the modern world and to the development of partnership of civilizations.

Conclusion

russia geopolitical world

The very history of Russia has assigned the role of an atlas of the world civilized balance between the West and the East. Fragmented, it will not be able to fulfill the role of a world power barrier.

We have to admit that in terms of total geopolitical power at this stage, Russia is inferior to almost all global centers of power. This means that she is left with a choice in favor of a positional strategy, which in the specific Russian case consists of two main components. First, keeping the maximum number of CIS countries in the orbit of Russian attraction. There are not enough political intentions and declarations that can change overnight.

Material ties and dependencies are important - the preservation of the remaining and the development of new economic contacts between Russia and the CIS countries, the expansion of Russian state and private capital to the near abroad, which is for him a "soft", still accessible zone (in this case, such local expansion would be aimed at preservation of traditional Russian spheres of influence and therefore would be part of a common positional strategy), encouragement of CIS investments in Russia, as well as the development of broad Russian-centrist military cooperation in the Commonwealth space. Secondly, with far-abroad countries, and, above all, with global centers of power, the most rational strategy is "balancing equidistance" (even a certain detachment of Russia from international affairs under the pretext of preoccupation with domestic affairs). Today, instead of being offended and issuing more and more menacing, but unsupported and without real consequences, political statements about its "greatness", Moscow should modestly go into the foreign policy "shadow" for the time being, continuing, however, as actively as possible foreign economic activity. Over the past decades, this is exactly how China behaved, being, as it were, outside the international political fuss and, without much hindrance, accumulating forces to enter the forefront of world politics as a global power.

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Geographical position and security of Russia

1. Features of the geopolitical position of Russia

In its spatial and territorial expression, Russia occupies a unique geopolitical position. The majority of modern authors studying the problems of Russian geopolitics agree that Russia, due to its special geopolitical position, is objectively recognized to play quite a role. essential role in all global, international and regional processes.

Considering the geopolitical position of the Russian Federation, it should be emphasized that it will be dominated by a more continental geopolitical location and the size of the territories.

The geopolitical position of Russia is characterized by a number of features.

Natural and geographical specificity of the territory of Russia.

Russia occupies most of eastern Europe and northern Asia. The area of the territory is 17075.4 sq. m. km. Washed by the seas of the Atlantic, Arctic and Pacific Oceans. Near? The territory is occupied by plains and lowlands. Mountainous areas dominate in the south and east of the country.

There are about 120 tons of rivers in Russia (more than 10 km long). The largest of them are: the Ob with the Irtysh tributary (5410 km), the Amur with the Argun (4440 km), the Lena (4400 km), the Yenisei (4102 km), the Volga (3530 km). There are about 2 million fresh and salt lakes. The most significant of them are: Baikal, Ladonezhskoye, Onega, Chudskoye, Taimyr.

Forests occupy 41% of the territory of Russia, in the north - arctic deserts and tundra, in the south - steppes and semi-deserts.

The climate of most of Russia is temperate continental, in the extreme northwest - maritime, in the south of the Far East - monsoon. On northern islands and the Taimyr Peninsula the climate is arctic and subarctic, on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus - subtropical.

The bowels of Russia are rich in minerals: oil and natural gas, coal, iron and manganese ores, apatite, phosphorites, non-ferrous and precious metal ores, diamonds, etc.

On the territory of the Russian Federation there are joint energy systems. In the Russian Federation, there are systems of main gas pipelines - Central, Volga, Siberia - Center, etc. Gas pipelines to neighboring countries, as well as gas pipelines - Urengoy - Western Europe, Yamburg - Western border of the Russian Federation.

There are 3 metallurgical bases in Russia: Ural, Central and Siberian. Mechanical engineering is represented everywhere, but it is most developed in the Central region, the Volga region, in the North-West, the Urals and Western Siberia. The most important areas of the chemical industry: Central, Northwestern, Volga, Ural and West Siberian. The Russian Federation is an important exporter of metallurgical products.

Russia is a federal state: it includes 21 republics, 49 regions, 6 territories, 10 autonomous regions, 1 autonomous region. The length of Russia's external borders is 90,532 km. At the same time, sea borders are almost twice as long as land borders. The number of border states is 16 (more than anyone else in the world). As part of Russia, 45 subjects (administrative and political units) are border regions.

The uniqueness of the territorial and geographical location of Russia in geographical terms is associated with its location on two continents, between two oceans. Sometimes you can find the expression "Russia is characterized by dualism squared."

For dozens of countries in the southern and western hemispheres, washed by two oceans at once, predominantly aquatorial dualism is characteristic.

Russia has a special specificity of transport infrastructure.

Ground communications include:

Automobile communications; they are characterized by: poor development, low throughput, in the Asian part there are practically no highways;

Railways (quite developed in the European part; beyond the Urals (Siberia, the Far East are fairly developed in the European part; beyond the Urals () th ability, in the Asian part there are practically no highways) are underdeveloped. In practice, these regions are connected with European part only the Trans-Siberian Railway built at the beginning of the century. BAM remains unsuitable for operation of both passenger and freight traffic).

There is a problem of railway connection between Russia and Europe. It is well known that the railway track in Russia is wider than in Europe. For direct communication with Europe, additional resources are needed, and stations for transferring wagons to European bogies are now located in neighboring countries, which creates additional difficulties;

The oil and gas pipeline is one of the most problematic areas for modern Russia. The fact is that built in Soviet time oil and gas pipelines from Siberia to European countries run through Ukraine and the Baltic States. The experience of the sovereign existence of these countries has brought a lot of difficulties for Russia in pumping oil and gas. For example, Ukraine appropriates about 10% of the pumped gas to itself without the knowledge of Russia.

The use of oil terminals of the Baltic States and Ukraine largely depends on the well-being of relations with these countries.

In connection with the well-known events in the South of Russia, the problem of pumping oil products and gas from the Caspian region arose.

The absence of oil and gas pipelines to the South (to China, Mongolia, and other states) makes Russia dependent on Ukraine, the Baltic countries, and Europe.

The most promising for Russia is the implementation of existing projects for the transportation of petroleum products through Belarus, as well as to China;

Power lines are one of the most promising directions modern communications. However, after the collapse of the USSR, it became practically impossible for Russia to export electricity. The entire electric power complex of the USSR intended for export (11 nuclear power plants) was concentrated in Ukraine. After the collapse of the union, Russia, despite the rather large capacity for generating electricity, is experiencing some difficulties.

Sea and river communications. Since the time of Peter the Great, Russia has always sought to expand and maintain access to the seas and to have river communications. These are cheap and effective channels of trade, their military-strategic importance can hardly be overestimated, and in the end, thanks to them, Russia became directly involved in the world of maritime powers. For almost the last three hundred years, Russia has only increased its maritime capabilities. However, with the collapse of the USSR, difficulties arose in the implementation of projects for the development of water communications. For example, with the loss of direct control over the ports of Chernoy and Baltic Seas, Russia has lost two water areas of non-freezing ports: in the Far East, due to the underdevelopment of land communications, the ports continue to be ineffective; direct connection "river - sea - ocean" is also inefficient due to the reduction in the number of deep-water ports and deep-water rivers

Russia has lost the most important river "artery" - the river. The Danube, and a number of rivers of the southern direction, have sharply reduced their effectiveness in connection with the transition of most of the ports of the Caspian and Azov Seas to the possession of new sovereign states.

The peculiarity of the geopolitical position of Russia is expressed in the demographic contradiction. As you know, the population of the Russian Federation is 147.2 million people. (1999). At the same time, most of the population is concentrated in the European part of the country, the main reserves of raw materials and energy resources are located in Siberia and the Far East. In Russia, the birth rate continues to decline, and the disproportion in the age and sex characteristics of the population is increasing. In addition, migration processes leave their mark on the democratic situation.

The problem of ethnic contradictions within the country and at its borders is an important factor, which determines the features of the geopolitical position of Russia:

Russia is a biracial country;

More than 150 ethnic groups and ethnic groups live in the country;

The state structure on the basis of national-territorial features affects a number of problems, first of all, the awakening of the self-consciousness of ethnic groups with their options for building a territorial state;

Problems of compatriots abroad.

Russia is characterized by features of a confessional nature.

Russia is a country where three world religions (Christianity, Islam and Buddhism) are widespread; There are many different religious associations (sects). A distinctive feature of Russia is its multi-confessionalism with ethnic diversity.

The most important feature characterizing the geopolitical position of Russia is the presence of territorial problems. There are disagreements on such territories as:

Kuril Islands - Japan claims ownership of these islands;

The Amur and Ussuri lands are disputed by China;

Crimea is considered by a number of domestic politicians as a territory of Russia;

Part of the lands of the Pskov region, which are claimed by Latvia and others.

The geopolitical features of Russia include the landscape and climatic conditions.

Thus, the features of the geopolitical position of Russia are determined by such factors as: the natural-geographical imperative; economic, demographic, environmental features; territorial, ethnic and confessional contradictions both within the country and between the states of the near abroad and their closest neighbors.

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The collapse of the USSR led to colossal geopolitical losses for Russia. Along with the growing backlog in Russian economy, unfavorable and weakening military potential, this creates a number of potential geopolitical threats, which include: the growth of Islamic fundamentalism on the southern borders, the expansion of NATO and the EU from the West, the growing power of the Asia-Pacific region.

The geopolitical position of Russia in recent years has changed significantly due to the complication of its relations with NATO. Thus, the former allies of the USSR under the Warsaw Pact (and in the future - a number of other countries) are included in this bloc. Thus, the NATO bloc, as it were, begins to move eastward, towards the former borders of the USSR. Russia was worried about the possibility of deploying nuclear and other types of weapons on the territory of future NATO members. After long and difficult negotiations, a special agreement between NATO and Russia was reached that defines peaceful relations between Russia and NATO in the 21st century. and a number of CIS countries have concluded a Partnership for Peace agreement with NATO. At present, Russia's relations with NATO are beginning to improve, and in the future, Russia, if its positions are taken into account, may itself join NATO.

Several important agreements have been concluded between Russia and the countries of the European Union (especially with, and), with international and European financial organizations.
In 1998, Russia joined the countries of the Asia-Pacific Cooperation (it now includes 21 countries, including major states Asia-Pacific zone: China, Japan, Canada, etc.). This strengthens the economic and geopolitical positions of our country in the East. Russia will supply gas and electricity to China, build a nuclear power plant in China; will supply electricity and gas. Japan will participate in offshore oil development and in almost 40 joint projects with Russia. Recently, Russia's economic ties with. The joint Russian-Vietnamese company for oil production on the shelf of Vietnam is expanding. At the same time, with, primarily with, Vietnam, agreements were concluded on the supply of Russian military equipment, especially aircraft. An important project for Russia to supply gas to the pipeline through.

An important task of Russia's foreign policy is to strengthen the geopolitical position on the southern borders, the Middle East and in. The Black Sea-Caucasian-Caspian region is a zone of collision of the geopolitical interests of Russia and the United States. The policy in recent years towards these states actually means a desire to oust Russia from the strategically important Central Asia-Caucasus-Europe corridor. Defending its geopolitical interests in the Asian-European system of oil and gas transportation, Russia managed to conclude an important agreement with Turkey on the construction of the offshore section of the Blue Stream gas pipeline, which will directly connect Russians with consumers in Turkey through the water area.

Our country has strengthened its geopolitical positions in the East by signing a number of important agreements with Iran, including in the field of Russian military equipment supplies.

The most significant positive changes are connected with the conclusion of an alliance between Russia and Belarus, which changes the geopolitical position of our country in the west, since Russia not only receives an important transit corridor to NATO, but also a reliable border ally and a possible powerful military foothold.

The Customs Union (Russia, Belarus, and Kyrgyzstan, with the prospect of joining Tajikistan) provides an opportunity to significantly reduce distribution costs in the Eurasian space.

At the micro level, in order to assess the geopolitical position, it is important to consider not only the border countries, but also the border territories of Russia itself. After all, not only traffic flows pass through these sections, but also in some cases - flows of forced migrants and refugees. A difficult situation is characteristic along the south, in connection with the attempts of the international bandit-terrorist regime that existed in the Chechen Republic to spread its influence from to the Black Sea. At present, the bandit formations have been destroyed, but, firstly, the problems of the border remain, through which the remnants of the fled bandits, supported by international terrorist organizations, can continue their intrigues. Secondly, flows of internally displaced persons and refugees are concentrated along this and a number of other borders in the border areas. To maintain overall stability on the southern flank of Russia, in agreement with, several Russian military bases have been created. The border of Tajikistan with is the most vulnerable section of the common external borders of the CIS. To prevent the flow of drugs that drug traffickers are trying to smuggle from Afghanistan to

Before the collapse of the USSR, it was in a "bipolar" (bipolar) world. Two economic and military blocs (NATO and the Warsaw Pact), which were headed by the largest economic, political and military leaders (superpowers) - the USA and the USSR were at the stage of confrontation and the Cold War. The collapse of the USSR, the cessation of military confrontation completely changed the geopolitical situation around Russia. The world is gradually returning to a normal state, becoming multipolar and at the same time more secure. Therefore, Russia should be guided in its geopolitics by more than one grouping of countries.

Its geopolitical position is determined by the fact that, firstly, Russia is the largest part of former USSR must, first of all, establish new forms of interrelations with the independent states formed on its territory. Secondly, Russia, being a huge Eurasian country in terms of territory, stretched from the countries of Europe and the seas of the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the countries of Asia and the Pacific coast in the east. Thirdly, its main territory (64%) belongs to the planetary zone of the North, overlooking the coast of the Arctic Ocean.

The geopolitical position of Russia, i.e. its position on the political map in relation to various states of the world is determined by the action of a number of factors within the country and beyond its borders.

A huge positive impact on him is the nature of the transformations in the economy, in the domestic and foreign policy of the country, which have taken place in recent years. Chief among them are the transition to market relations and the openness of the economy, the rejection of the Cold War policy, military confrontation between the United States and other NATO countries, and the elimination of Russia's military presence abroad. These and other factors raised the country's international prestige and changed the attitude of the world community towards it.

From external factors Of particular importance is the formation as a result of the collapse of the USSR on the western and southern borders of the country of new border states, called the "near abroad", the status of members of the CIS (with the exception of the Baltic countries), and the Economic and Military-Political Union created within its framework. Their formation alienated from the borders of our country European and Middle Eastern countries. The difficulties that arose in connection with this in organizing trade and economic relations between Russia and the far abroad in the western (European) and southern (Middle East) directions (a number of important communications of Russia - railways and highways, pipelines and air routes, now pass through the territory of the new independent states ) cannot block all the advantages that it has received due to security in these sections of the border (in the context of the ongoing expansion of NATO to the east, the threat of expansion in the south of Islamic fundamentalism).

Another factor influencing the current geopolitical position of Russia is the growth of economic power and political weight in the world of states neighboring it or close to it in the east and southeast (China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, etc.). It is this Asian subregion that plays an increasingly prominent role in the development of economic ties with Russia.

In the modern world economy of the countries of Eastern and South-East Asia have the highest rates of development (with the exception of Japan, which has already reached a very high level development of the economy), have a significant amount of gold and foreign exchange funds, are the largest suppliers to the world market of footwear, clothing, textiles, consumer electronic equipment, personal computers, cars and other types of high-tech and labor-intensive products. However, the narrowness of the domestic market, the limited territory, its own mineral resource base, the inability to provide work for the rapidly growing population, etc., make the countries of the subregion more dependent on the external market.

The eastern regions of Russia, huge in area, but sparsely populated, on the contrary, are distinguished by a powerful natural resource potential, developed industries heavy industry (including the production of military equipment, non-ferrous metals, fuel, timber and other types of products that are competitive abroad), a vast domestic market with increased demand for light industry products and high technology industries, the absence of large domestic sources of financing, i.e. e. are in every respect complementary to the Asian subregion. This creates prerequisites for the development of economic cooperation and political rapprochement between Russia and the countries of East and Southeast Asia. The economic and geographical position of Russia favors this.

Within the state borders of the country, customs space is especially distinguished. The customs territory of the Russian Federation, according to the Customs Code, consists of the land territory, territorial and inland waters and the airspace above them. It also includes artificial islands located in the marine exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation, installations and structures over which the Russian Federation has exclusive jurisdiction in relation to customs (see Article 3 of the Customs Code of the Russian Federation, as amended on February 15, 1999).

Free customs zones are being removed outside the national customs territory of the Russian Federation - areas within the spatial framework of which a special customs regime is introduced, i.e. a certain system of incentives and benefits is applied (for example, the abolition of export-import customs duties and fees; the use of reduced rates of customs taxation when importing goods intended for the domestic market of Russia; exemption from tax; simplified procedure for entry and exit; freedom of choice of sources financial transactions) not used in other parts of the country. Such territorial formations, isolated from the rest of the national economic space by a certain set of basic incentives and norms, differ in the direction of economic activity, set economic tasks, etc. Free customs zones, being part of the sovereign state territory of the Russian Federation, due to their economic and legal status remain outside the customs borders, i.e. are considered as being outside the customs territory of the Russian Federation.

Recently, claims against Russia have been raised at the official and unofficial levels:

In Japan, they want to get the southern islands of the Kuril arc (the islands of Kunashir, Shikotan, Khaboshan, Iturup). They are northern for Japan.

In Estonia - the Pechora region (in Russia - the Pskov region).

In Latvia - Pytalovsky district.

In Finland - on the land of Karelia - the Karelian Isthmus and some islands in the Gulf of Finland.

The states of the Baltics, Belarus, Ukraine, as it were, fenced off Russia from the countries of Europe. Meanwhile, a network of gas and oil pipelines is stretched from Russia to the countries of Western and Eastern Europe. The international highway Moscow - Minsk - Warsaw - Berlin - Paris and Railway Prague - Budapest - Vienna and other European capitals.

The current situation creates many problems. Russia's "geographical distance" has reduced its participation in European affairs. The former international organizations of the SEP and the Warsaw Pact have collapsed, and new ones have not been created. Ukraine and Georgia are on the verge of joining NATO.

In the conditions of the new geopolitical picture of the world, the policy of good neighborly relations in all directions corresponds to Russia's interests. By pursuing a cocked far-sighted policy, Russia is able to secure such a place for itself by integrating into international decision-making mechanisms. First of all, into the mechanisms of the dominant system of international relations, into the Western system of regulation of interstate relations. Without giving up independence, guided by national interests, Russia is obliged to integrate into a greater Europe. Despite all Eurasianism, Russia is a European country by its deep roots. Being a part of European culture, it took the religious ideology and the ideology of Marxism from Europe. Another philosopher Vl. Solovyov noted that Russia was able to create everything truly great only through "close external and internal communication with Europe, but without asserting itself in its national egoism and separating itself from the rest of the Christian world." Whether we are talking about a long-term line, a specific policy, the priority for Russia should be the desire to obtain the status of a full-fledged European participant in the decision-making system. This policy opens up new opportunities for bringing Russia closer to Slavic countries and, above all, with Belarus and Ukraine, the restoration of its influence in the states of Eastern Europe.

Of great importance in the political integration of Russia with Europe are the growing economic ties between them. Even today, the European Union is Russia's main trading partner. It accounts for 32% of exports and 35% of imports of Russia, Western Europe imports more than 40% of energy from Russia. Western investors have a good prospect of participating in the joint development of the wealth of Siberia and the Far East.

The development of all-round ties with Europe as a strategic partner does not mean that Russia's relations with the West will be without conflict. Conflicts of interest are inevitable. But they should be seen not as part of an incompatible confrontation, but as a means for Russia to achieve its rightful place in the system of European states. It is in this way, and not through confrontation and military build-up, that our country can have a great future.

Relations between Russia and NATO are a key issue of the military security of Europe and Russia. In the absence of the Warsaw Pact organization, the preservation of NATO in its current form is a historical anachronism. The increase in the combat potential of the alliance and its simultaneous advance to the East infringes on the military-political and economic interests of Russia. She cannot agree with this. At the same time, it does not have the opportunity to use the traditional way of responding to force to respond with force. NATO has a 4-5-fold advantage over Russia in conventional weapons and a 2-3-fold advantage in strategic ones. Under these conditions, its policy should be aimed primarily at getting the opportunity to influence the decision-making mechanism of NATO.

To achieve such a European status of modern Russia is not easy. This problem could be solved successfully in the late 80s - early 90s, when the issue of Russia's withdrawal from Eastern Europe and the dissolution of the Vasava Treaty was being considered. Then the West depended on Russia, and as compensation it would have made big concessions related to the inclusion of the USSR (Russia) at all levels of decision-making. But the moment was lost.

Today, in the context of the economic integration of Europe and the inevitable advance of NATO to the East, it has become much more difficult to achieve these goals. However, the chances of success remain. NATO and Russia are objectively interested in European security. Therefore, while resolutely condemning the dangerous policy of NATO, Russia stands for cooperation with it. Such cooperation, together with activities in other international organizations will allow Russia to take an active part in the construction new system European security, raise its international prestige and in a certain way influence the activities of NATO in the direction desired by Russia.

Serious potential for cooperation lies in a number of lofty agreements between Russia and NATO and, above all, in the fundamental act on mutual relations, cooperation and security between NATO and Russia. This document contains a number of important military and political obligations of the parties that can significantly strengthen security in Europe (the parties do not consider each other as adversaries, NATO's unilateral obligations to revise its strategic doctrine, carry out transformations of the organization, renounce the deployment of nuclear weapons on the territory of new members and etc.). A system of practical cooperation bodies has been created and is operating: the NATO-Russia Council, committees and working groups. A permanent representation of Russia to NATO has been established, etc. Practical cooperation with NATO is being developed within the framework of the Partnership for Peace program in the field of peacekeeping operations. It also opens up opportunities to positively influence NATO policy. Useful experience of military cooperation has been acquired in peacekeeping operations in Yugoslavia. However, extremely limited funding does not allow the full use of these programs for these purposes.

What is needed is Russia's persistent and constant activity to transform NATO from an organization that threatens security into an organization that strengthens European security. And this is not excluded. Even such a traditional ill-wisher of ours as Z. Brzezinski has recently begun to consider NATO as an organ for reconciliation of the peoples of Europe. In his opinion, "in the future, a moment may come when Russia's participation in NATO will become acceptable for both NATO and Russia."

The history of interaction within the Russia-NATO framework is less than two years old. During this time, taking into account the 40-year confrontation between them, it is difficult to achieve much. The results are modest. The mechanism of cooperation has not yet touched upon the most acute problem - the expansion of NATO. But the process of cooperation has begun, Russia is on the right track here.

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