What are the values in Russian society now. The state of the basic values of Russian society
Content:
1. Introduction
2. Values of modern Russian society
3. Conclusion
4. References
Introduction
Values are generalized ideas of people about the goals and means of achieving them, about the norms of their behavior, embodying historical experience and expressing in a concentrated way the meaning of the culture of a particular ethnic group and of all mankind.
Value in general and sociological value in particular have not been adequately studied in Russian sociological science. It is enough to familiarize yourself with the content of textbooks and teaching aids in sociology, published at the end of the twentieth century and in recent years, to verify this. At the same time, the problem is relevant, socially and epistemologically significant both for sociology and for a number of social sciences and humanities - history, anthropology, social philosophy, social psychology, state studies, philosophical axiology and a number of others.
The relevance of the topic is presented in the following main provisions:
Understanding values as a set of ideals, principles, moral standards, representing priority knowledge in people's lives, have, both for a separate society, say, for Russian society, and for the universal level, a very specific humanitarian significance. Therefore, the problem deserves a comprehensive study.
· Values unite people on the basis of their universal significance, knowledge of the patterns of their integrative and consolidating nature is quite justified and productive.
Social values included in the subject field of problems of sociology, such as moral values, ideological values, religious values, economic values, national and ethical, etc., are of paramount importance for studying and accounting also because they act as a measure of social assessments and criterion characteristics.
Elucidation of the role of social values is also significant for us, students, future specialists who will carry out social roles in social reality in the future - in a work collective, city, region, etc.
Values of modern Russian society
The changes that have taken place over the past ten years in the sphere of state structure and political organization of Russian society can be called revolutionary. The most important component of the transformation taking place in Russia is the change in the outlook of the population. It is traditionally believed that mass consciousness is the most inertial sphere in comparison with the political and socio-economic sphere. Nevertheless, during periods of abrupt, revolutionary transformations, the system of value orientations can also be subject to very significant shifts. It can be argued that institutional transformations in all other areas are irreversible only when they are accepted by the society and fixed in the new system of values that this society is guided by. And in this regard, changes in the worldview of the population can serve as one of the most important indicators of the reality and effectiveness of social transformation as a whole.
In Russia, as a result of a change in the social structure during the transition from an administrative-command system to a system based on market relations, there was a rapid disintegration of social groups and institutions, the loss of personal identification with the former social structures. There is a loosening of the normative-value systems of the old consciousness under the influence of propaganda of ideas and principles of new political thinking.
People's lives are individualized, their actions are less regulated from the outside. In modern literature, many authors talk about the crisis of values in Russian society. Values in post-communist Russia really contradict each other. The unwillingness to live in the old way is combined with disappointment in the new ideals, which turned out to be either unattainable or false for many. Nostalgia for a gigantic country coexists with various manifestations of xenophobia and isolationism. Getting used to freedom and private initiative is accompanied by a reluctance to take responsibility for the consequences of their own economic and financial decisions. The desire to defend the newly acquired freedom of private life from uninvited intrusions, including from the "watchful eye" of the state, is combined with a craving for a "strong hand." This is only a cursory list of those real contradictions that do not allow us to unambiguously assess Russia's place in the modern world.
Assuming consideration of the process of development in Russia of new value orientations, it would not be superfluous first to pay attention to the very "soil" on which the seeds of a democratic social order fell. In other words, what the current hierarchy of values has become under the influence of the changed political and economic situation largely depends on the general worldview attitudes that have historically developed in Russia. The dispute about the eastern or western nature of spirituality in Russia has been going on for more than one century. It is clear that the uniqueness of the country does not allow it to be attributed to any one type of civilization. Russia is constantly trying to enter the European community, but these attempts are often hindered by the "eastern genes" of the empire, and sometimes by the consequences of its own historical fate.
What characterizes the value consciousness of Russians? What changes have taken place in last years? What was the old hierarchy of values transformed into? Based on data obtained from several empirical research on this issue, it is possible to identify the structure and dynamics of values in Russian society.
An analysis of Russians' answers to questions about traditional, "common human" values reveals the following hierarchy of Russians' priorities (as their importance decreases):
family - 97% and 95% of all respondents in 1995 and 1999, respectively;
The family, providing its members with physical, economic and social security, at the same time acts as the most important tool for the socialization of the individual. Thanks to it, cultural, ethnic, moral values. At the same time, the family, remaining the most stable and conservative element of society, develops along with it. The family, therefore, is in motion, changing not only under the influence of external conditions, but also due to the internal processes of its development. Therefore, all the social problems of modernity in one way or another affect the family, are refracted in its value orientations, which are currently characterized by an increase in complexity, diversity, and inconsistency.
work - 84% (1995) and 83% (1999);
friends, acquaintances - 79% (1995) and 81% (1999);
free time - 71% (1995) and 68% (1999);
religion - 41% (1995) and 43% (1999);
politics - 28% (1995) and 38% (1999). 1)
The very high and stable commitment of the population to such traditional values for any modern society as family, human communication, and free time draws attention. Let us immediately pay attention to the stability with which these basic "nuclear" values are reproduced. The four-year interval did not have a significant impact on attitudes towards family, work, friends, free time, religion. At the same time, interest in a more superficial, "external" sphere of life - politics, has increased by more than a third. It is quite understandable that for the majority of the population in today's crisis socio-economic situation, work is of great importance: it is the main source of material well-being and the opportunity to realize interests in other areas. Somewhat unexpected, at first glance, is only the mutual position in the hierarchy of values of religion and politics: after all, over the course of more than seven decades of Soviet history, atheism and "political literacy" were actively cultivated in the country. Yes and last decade Russian history was marked, first of all, by stormy political events and passions. Therefore, some growth of interest in politics and political life is not surprising.
Previously, the qualities that were desirable for the social system were, as it were, predetermined by communist ideology. Now, in the conditions of the liquidation of the monopoly of one worldview, a “programmed” person is being replaced by a “self-organizing” person, freely choosing his political and ideological orientations. It can be assumed that the ideas of political democracy of the rule of law, freedom of choice, and democratic culture are not popular among Russians. First of all, because in the minds of Russians the injustice of today's social structure, associated with the growth of differentiation, is activated. The recognition of private property as a value may have nothing to do with its recognition as an object and basis of labor activity: in the eyes of many, private property is only an additional source (real or symbolic) of consumer goods.
Today, in the minds of Russians, first of all, those values that are somehow connected with the activities of the state are actualized. The first of these is legitimacy. The demand for legality is the demand for stable rules of the game, for reliable guarantees that changes will not be accompanied by a mass ejection of people from their usual life niches. Legality is understood by Russians not in a general legal, but in a specific human sense, as a vital need for the state to establish such an order in society that actually ensures the safety of individuals (hence the high rating of the word “security” as the main need of the vital type). There is every reason to assume that in the minds of the majority of Russians, despite all the ideological shifts that have taken place in recent years, the correlation of the law with the usual functions of the former state as a guarantor of public order and a distributor of basic goods still prevails. A private person, who was formed in the Soviet era, sees in another private person (or organization) a competitor not in production, but exclusively in consumption. In a society where all sources and functions of development were concentrated in the hands of the state, in a society that tried to develop technologically without the institution of private property, such a result was inevitable. At present, one of the main values of Russians is an orientation towards private life, the well-being of the family, and prosperity. In a crisis society, the family has become for the majority of Russians the center of attraction for their mental and physical strength.
The concept of security, like no other, perhaps, captures the continuity with the consciousness of the “traditionally Soviet” type and at the same time carries an alternative to it. In it one can see nostalgic memories of the lost orderliness (traces of “defensive consciousness”), but at the same time, the ideas of the security of the individual, who felt the taste of freedom, security in the broadest sense of the word, including from the arbitrariness of the state. But if security and freedom cannot become complementary, then the idea of security, with increasing interest in it, may well be combined in Russian society with a demand for a new ideologized lack of freedom of the “National Socialist” kind.
So, the value "core" of Russian society is made up of such values as legality, security, family, prosperity. The family can be attributed to interactionist values, the other three - to the vital, the simplest, significant for the preservation and continuation of life. These values perform an integrating function.
Values are the deep foundations of society, then how homogeneous or, if you like, unidirectional they will become in the future, how harmoniously the values of different groups can be combined, will largely determine the success of the development of our society as a whole.
As already noted, fundamental transformations in society are impossible, incomplete without a change in the value consciousness of people who make up this society. It seems extremely important to study and fully monitor the process of transforming the hierarchy of needs and attitudes, without which it is impossible to truly understand and manage processes. community development
Conclusion
The most significant values are: the life and dignity of a person, his moral qualities, the moral characteristics of a person’s activities and actions, the content of various forms of moral consciousness - norms, principles, ideals, ethical concepts(good, evil, justice, happiness), moral characteristics of social institutions, groups, collectives, classes, social movements and similar social segments.
Among the sociological consideration of values, an important place also belongs to religious values. Faith in God, striving for the absolute, discipline as integrity, high spiritual qualities cultivated by religions are so sociologically significant that these provisions are not disputed by any sociological doctrine.
The considered ideas and values (humanism, human rights and freedoms, the ecological idea, the idea of social progress and the unity of human civilization) act as guidelines in the formation of the state ideology of Russia, which is becoming an integral part of the post-industrial society. The synthesis of traditional values, the heritage of the Soviet system and the values of the post-industrial society is a real prerequisite for the formation of a kind of matrix of the integrative state ideology of Russia.
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Introduction 3
Values in modern Russia: results of expert research 4
Dominant values 6
Material well-being 6
The value of "I" (individualism) 7
Career (self-realization) 7
Stability 8
Freedom 9
Respect for elders 9
God (faith in God) 10
Patriotism 10
Duty and honor 11
Antivalues 12
“Ideal” consolidating values 13
Conclusions: key trends in the development of the Russian value doctrine 14
Conclusion 15
References 16
Introduction
Value is a characteristic feature of human life. For many centuries, people have developed the ability to identify objects and phenomena in the world around them that meet their needs and to which they treat in a special way: they value and protect them, they are guided by them in their life. In ordinary word usage, “value” is understood to mean one or another meaning of some object (thing, state, act), its dignity with a “plus” or “minus” sign, something desirable or harmful, in other words, good or bad.
No society can do without values, as for individuals, they have a choice - to share these values or not. Some are committed to the values of collectivism, while others are committed to the values of individualism. For some, the highest value is money, for others - moral impeccability, for others - a political career.
At the present time, the problem of value is of great importance. This is explained by the fact that the process of renewal of all spheres of public life has brought to life many new, both positive and negative phenomena. Developing scientific and technological progress, industrialization and informatization of all spheres of modern society - all this gives rise to the growth of a negative attitude towards history, culture, traditions and leads to the devaluation of values in the modern world.
The lack of spiritual values is felt today in all spheres. Many of our ideals have changed drastically in the course of change. The spiritual balance was disturbed, and a destructive stream of indifference, cynicism, disbelief, envy, and hypocrisy rushed into the resulting void.
The purpose of my work is to study these changes and identify new, modern values of Russian society.
Values in modern Russia: results of an expert study
In the period from July 15 to September 10, 2007, specialists from the Pitirim Sorokin Foundation conducted a study entitled "Values in Modern Russia". It became the first stage of a large-scale project of the same name aimed at helping to develop a value base capable of consolidating various groups of Russian society.
The relevance of the study is due to the obvious demand of society for a new understanding of the value foundation. Various state and social institutions respond to such a request by intensifying the discussion of this topic, but it is not accompanied by a study of the fundamental foundations on which the expected correction of the value doctrine of society should take place. How do Russians understand the concept of “value”? What moral standards are capable of consolidating society? What ideology should these values serve to form? The initiators of the research project will try to find answers to these and other questions.
The purpose of the first - this - stage of work was to study the value trends of Russian society. In particular, the following tasks were proposed for solution:
To study opinions about the key values that dominate Russian society at the present stage.
Determine the vector of correction of axiological preferences of various religious, ethnic and age groups Russians.
To record the understanding of the concept of "national ideology" by various audiences, as well as experts' forecasts regarding the development national idea Russia.
Determine the value priorities of the Russian youth, associated political preferences and electoral plans.
The study was conducted through an expert survey and focus groups with various youth audiences.
According to the opinion of social scientists surveyed, the Russian value system is still chaotic, undergoing transformation, and in its new quality has not yet fully formed.
The reasons for such a long process of registration are " numerous cataclysms that befell Russia in the past century and reflected in the collective consciousness of the population. Experts believe that " people still have not recovered from the feeling of the ground knocked out from under their feet“According to the estimates of social scientists, today in Russia there is no single value system.
However, many value subsystems coexist in the country, spontaneously formed in accordance with the interests and needs of certain social groups.
Some experts called the modern value picture of Russia " a situation of valuable fragments", When " various parts of society use their wreckage».
Dominant values
Among the axiological attitudes characteristic of modern Russian society, the participants in the study - experts and actors of youth focus groups - indicated the following values (ranked according to the principle of descent of the noted significance):
Stability.
Respect for elders.
God (faith in God).
Patriotism.
Duty and honor.
Material well-being.
The value of "I" (individualism).
Career (self-realization).
Material well-being
The priority of the values of material well-being and consumer prosperity (colloquially - mercantilism) for most of the modern Russian society is noted by many experts. First of all, these values are highlighted by the social scientists surveyed, who have the opportunity to follow the dynamics of social demands in the course of their professional activities. They note that the consumer orientation for Russia is unconventional, since it began to take shape only in the period of the 90s, when “idealist” generations left the socially active life.
Analyzing the reasons for the dominance of consumer orientation as a value, the experts pointed out the massive propaganda of the consumer lifestyle and the urbanization of the country as such.
The value of "I" (individualism)
The respondents believe that it is precisely in the concentration of an individual on his own needs and, accordingly, “ in the perception of the surrounding world through an egocentric prism is the essence of individualism as a value.
Such a situation, according to experts, is a consequence of the introduction of the idea of a consumer society, when a hypertrophied orientation towards prosperity focuses a person only on personal interests. Individualism is a response to the empty niche of "common" values, the Soviet system of which was destroyed, and a new one was not created.
The dominance of individualist values, according to a number of respondents, limits the socio-psychological wealth and cultural prospects of the country.
Career (self-realization)
A kind of conversion of the individualistic priorities of modern Russian society is the presentation by experts as an important value of self-realization, which primarily means a successful career. According to a large part of the respondents, it is she who gives Russians, especially young people, “ feeling of worth in the eyes of others", testifies to" social standards" gives the feeling that " you have achieved something in life". Self-realization as the dominant value at the current stage was identified by both experts and young people who participated in focus groups.
Family
The basic nature of the value of the family was noted by all participants in the study without exception.
However, the nature of loyalty to family values differed in a number of expert groups. A significant part of the respondents confidently insist that the family in Russia has been and remains a key element of the social system.
Supporters of this position note that in the new Russia the trend of growing importance of the family is intensifying and they insist on the need for systematic work to introduce family values into the public consciousness.
For another number of experts, the appeal to the family as a value is external - inertial - in nature: this value is indicated as fundamental, but subsequent discussions about it demonstrate a peripheral attitude to the institution of the family in reality.
Separately, it is worth highlighting the position of young people regarding the family: an unexpected result of the study was the fact that, despite the erosion of the institution of the family in a modern globalized society, the vast majority of the young audience states the importance of the family, points to the importance of preserving and protecting the family institution.
Stability
The vast majority of respondents - experts and participants in youth focus groups - noted stability, which means the absence of socio-political and economic cataclysms, as a value that is basic for them.
Young people associate the likelihood of their success in life with stability. Experts of middle and older age explain the desire for stability by fatigue from the “epoch of change”.
Society's desire for stability, experts say, has socio-psychological and pragmatic aspects. Firstly, the correction of the circumstances of existence from extreme to comfortable requires the instinct of psychological self-preservation of society. Secondly, Russians associate the prospects for a personal and national economic breakthrough with stability.
Liberty
Freedom as a basic socially significant value in the course of the study was noted mainly by representatives of the youth audience. At the same time, it is worth pointing out the semantic dichotomy of the value of freedom, which manifested itself in connection with which youth groups spoke out on this issue.
Values are generalized goals and means to achieve them, acting as fundamental norms. They ensure the integration of society, helping individuals to make socially approved choices of their behavior in vital situations. The value system forms the inner core of culture, the spiritual quintessence of the needs and interests of individuals and social communities. It, in turn, has a reverse effect on social interests and needs, acting as one of the most important motivators of social action, the behavior of individuals. Thus, each value and value system has a dual basis: in the individual as an intrinsically valuable subject and in society as a socio-cultural system.
Typology of values
There are several reasons for the typology of values. Since values influence the behavior of people in all spheres of their life, the simplest basis for their typology is their specific predilection.
meticulous content. On this basis, social, cultural, economic, political, spiritual, etc. values are distinguished. Specialists count dozens, even hundreds of such values. And if you associate values with qualities, abilities, personality traits, then Allport and Odbert counted 18 such traits (XXI. and Anderson managed to reduce this list first to 555. then to 200 names. But the most common, basic values that form the basis of people's value consciousness and implicitly influencing their actions in various areas of LIFE. not so many Their number is minimal if we correlate values with the needs of people: Freud suggested limiting himself to two. Maslow, five needs-values. Murray formed a list of 28 values. Rokeach estimated the number of terminal values in one and a half dozen, and instrumental - five or six dozen, but empirically studied 18 of both. we are talking about two or four dozen basic values.
Taking into account the results of empirical studies, including ours, four groups of values can be distinguished on this basis:
Values of the highest status, the "core" of the value structure;
Middle-status values that can move to the core or to the periphery, so they can be thought of as a "structural reserve";
Values below the average, but not the lowest status, or "periphery" - they are also mobile and can move to the "reserve" or to the "tail";
Values of a lower status, or the aforementioned "tail" of the value structure, the composition of which is inactive.
The value core can be characterized as a group of values that dominate in the public consciousness and integrate society or another social community into a whole (according to our data, these include those values that are approved by over 60% of the population).
The structural reserve is located between dominance and opposition; it serves as the area where value conflicts between individuals and social groups, as well as intrapersonal conflicts, are most intense (on average, such values are approved by 45-60% of the population).
The periphery includes oppositional values (they are approved by approximately 30-45% of the population), dividing the members of this community into adherents of significantly different, sometimes incompatible values and therefore causing the most acute conflicts.
Finally, in the tail are the values of an obvious minority, which differs from the other members of the community in the greater stability of their orientations, inherited from past layers of culture (they are approved by less than 30% of the population).
Thus, in the process of transformation of Russia, two systems of values collided - the liberal one, which replaced the socialist one, and the traditional one, which has developed over many centuries and generational change. Outwardly, the choice seems to be simple: either the rights and freedoms of the individual, or traditional values, when the idea of communality, emphasized anti-individualism, comes to the fore.
However, such straightforwardness distorts and excessively ideologizes the real meaning of this value confrontation and is fraught with the loss of continuity. In a liberal society, its own "communality" is formed and functions, as well as in traditional society bright personalities appear, inner freedom is preserved, initiative and initiative are valued and encouraged in their own way.
Of course, in their ideological and cultural preferences, both types of society differ significantly and noticeably from each other, but in the sphere of everyday values - family, security, justice, well-being, etc. They have a lot in common and similar. If traditionalism is usually reproached with conservatism, etatism and paternalism, then on the same basis liberalism should be charged with destructive anthropocentrism and the substitution of rivalry for soulless competition.
In our opinion, a split in values is dangerous because, by constantly stimulating the growth of an uncomfortable state in a person, it can lead to such social consequences that will practically destroy all the achievements of modernization. Being the core of thoughts, actions, creativity of people, social groups, society as a whole, the conflict of values as a phenomenon of social pathology makes people maneuver, which leads to internal vacillations, to the struggle of both society and the individual with himself, to the constant reproduction of instability and, in in the end, to the emergence of a desire to overcome the state of such a split.
The reason for the split in modern Russian society can be associated, first of all, with the unpreparedness of Russian society for innovation. The formation of a new type of society necessarily requires the development by each member of society of new ideals, behavior patterns, rules of communication, other labor motivation, etc. Not all Russians were up to such a task. This was the reason for the split into those who are capable of innovative behavior and those who cannot master it.
Another reason for the split is social differentiation. The Russians turned out to be unprepared for the fact that the former "equality in poverty" was destroyed and gave way to a division into "rich" and "poor." Social stratification has led to the fact that the previously uniform scale of values for all members of society, illuminated by ideology, no longer seems to be a monolith, and the first positions of numerous “ladders” of social preferences are occupied by unequal values.
The situation in the field of ideology also generates a split situation. After the collapse of the communist ideology that permeated all levels and structures Soviet society, many group micro-ideologies have arisen that are insufficiently substantiated, internally unbalanced, but thanks to their leaders, quite convincing and shared by a part of society. There is a constant clash of some political ideas with others, some social programs with the opposite. To an ordinary person it is quite difficult to understand the nuances of the differences between them.
Another reason contributing to the reproduction of the split is the cultural heterogeneity of the response to modernization. Today, the discrepancy between the social changes taking place in Russian society and the assessment at the cultural level of their long-term significance is quite obvious. These discrepancies are due to the socio-cultural heterogeneity of society, in which today, at the level of the constitution, differences in economic, political, national, and cultural interests are officially recognized. Accordingly, they say different points view on the nature of the current socio-cultural situation in Russia. For example, Russia is understood as a "split society" (A. Akhiezer) or a "crisis society" (N. Lapin), in which a stagnant contradiction between culture and the nature of social relations blocks the mechanisms of social development. According to A. Akhiezer, the brake is a split in the public consciousness, blocking the transition of society to a state of more efficient reproduction and survival. So the authors converge in the diagnosis of society, in determining the limits of social transformations, to which they attribute value restrictions. public consciousness, insufficient prevalence of liberal innovation values.
Following the methodology of socio-cultural analysis, understanding and overcoming the split, A. Akhiezer believes, first of all, should be achieved in culture, in the growth of reflection of history, because split is a state of public consciousness that is unable to comprehend integrity, in this case- History of Russia.
The conflict of values in Russia also turned out to be connected with the destruction of the traditional scheme of socialization, which was always based on three foundations - family, teacher and social ideals. family like social institution is called upon to play a crucial role in the formation of personal qualities in a child, the foundations of morality, ideas about the norms and rules of behavior. But the family in modern Russia can no longer give children full-fledged socialization, lessons in morality and healthy life not only because many families are heavily infected with anomie and "deviant" behavior, but also because even culturally and morally healthy parents have lost clear guidelines regarding the values and norms to which one should strive.
Basically, for the same reasons, there was a strong degradation of the school as a carrier of positive values, an agent of socialization. Transformed in society and the teacher. The nature of his behavior in society and at school has changed. He ceased to combine in himself a teacher and an educator. The teacher has ceased to be a comrade, friend, adviser, he has become either an indifferent contemplative, indifferent to his work, or a cruel tyrant, deliberately using an authoritarian way to control his students. A poor teacher is no longer an authority for many students. Naturally, such a teacher and the values instilled by him met with resistance among adolescents, they were learned in a painful way or not learned at all, which led to conflicts in the "teacher-student" system.
It should also be taken into account that next to the state educational institutions private schools, lyceums, colleges, etc., which promise higher social statuses and roles in various fields the life of society. The process of socialization cannot but take into account this reality of breeding children through various educational systems to opposite social poles. Therefore, in general, socialization in childhood and in school age, i.e. in the most important period of the formation of a person's personality, contains deep contradictions and dysfunctionality, laying the foundations for the deviant behavior of a huge number of people.
The crisis of the family and teachers is accompanied by the crisis of former social ideals. It did not come with the start of market reforms. His influence was felt even before the era of glasnost. In order for the social system to continue to exist for some time, it is required that each generation inherit at least part of certain socio-cultural attitudes adopted by the older generation, otherwise the "connection of times" will break. In other words, in order to overcome the split, it is necessary that in modern Russian society the socio-cultural values and norms shared by the majority of members of society, and first of all, by the younger generation, be reproduced.
The marginalization of the transition period could not but be compensated. Therefore, in the area moral culture significantly increased the role of religion. In spiritual culture, pre-revolutionary works, works of foreign compatriots, traditional culture. The liberal-democratic ideologemes put forward did not correspond to the real economic and social relations, as well as the "crisis of consciousness" intellectual elite deprived of the usual ways of social self-affirmation. In fact, the unified field of moral guidelines turned out to be destroyed in Russian culture. Ideas about what is good and bad, what is desirable and undesirable, moral and immoral, fair and unfair, and many others, are extremely fragmented and most often reflect purely group interests. As a result, solidarity, consolidation, unity of purpose, mutual trust, and open dialogue have fallen into deep decline. Everywhere and at all levels, the principle "everyone survives alone" has prevailed. In sociology, such a state of the social system is denoted by the concept of "anomie". Anomie is the disintegration of moral values, the confusion value orientations, the onset of a value vacuum. Anomie is incompatible with the progressive movement of society.
The country experienced a crisis of national spirit and self-consciousness: the former collapsed; the communist system of values and, not having time to assert itself, its liberal alternative was called into question. Society found itself in a state of anomie, mismatch and loss of value orientations, and psychologically - confusion and depression in the face of the failure of two social experiments - communist and liberalist. Twice interrupted and broken connection of times over the course of one century has put society and the individual in a perplexed position in relation to their past, present and future. Frustration, existential vacuum, loss of the meaning of life have become typical states of mass and individual consciousness. Protagoras said that man is the measure of all things. The world is stable if this measure is solid, the world is shaky if it turns out that this measure is unstable. The loss of value orientations led to the emergence of a marginal "split" personality, thoughts, actions, decisions which were based on aggression, were characterized by disorganization. The reproduction of the "split man" continues today.
The "split man" of modern Russia, who, on the one hand, wants to live in a society that professes traditional values, and at the same time enjoy the achievements modern science and technology, is main problem in the process of reforming Russian society. This person still doubts the value of the individual and relies on the strength of an archaic, almost tribal "we", on the strength of authority. Existing in a situation of a value split, a fracture of cultures, such a person masters a contradictory culture, forms a tense conflict inner world. Hence, this conflict permeates all levels of Russian society, breaking the emerging positive developments.
The radical economic measures of the 1990s to bring Russia out of the crisis had to correspond to a different system of values compared to the then dominant one, capable of neutralizing anomie and consolidating society.
It is important to note that socio-cultural values could not and should not have been introduced by government decree. However, to believe that they could arise solely by themselves in the fabric of society - in the family, school, church, media, culture, public opinion etc. - is also erroneous. There should have been a counter movement of power and society, but this did not happen. Moral side Russian reforms was ignored by both the authorities and the leaders of social movements, the creative intelligentsia. In this case, it is appropriate to pay attention again to the fact that the Russian intelligentsia, always considered as a conductor of moral consciousness, did not fully fulfill its mission. historical role. As the humanitarian-politicized elite of the intelligentsia lost its monopoly on the development of value systems, entrepreneurs, bankers put forward their own values, and they selected from the values-symbols those that corresponded to their worldview and interests. In the key areas of ideological discussions of the 1990s, there has been a movement towards the synthesis of liberal-democratic and traditionalist values and attitudes, while radical value orientations are gradually being pushed to the periphery of public consciousness.
At the beginning of the new century, a synthesized system began to prevail in Russian society, including elements of various ideas - from liberal to nationalist. Their coexistence does not reflect the ideological clashes of irreconcilable opponents and not an attempt to synthesize the opposing principles, but rather the incompleteness of the processes of forming new value and political-ideological guidelines in the mass consciousness, in the perception of the Russian authorities and the elite as a whole. The successive modernizations carried out over the course of two centuries failed to establish Western values in Russia - individualism, private property, and the Protestant work ethic. The most active resistance to the reforms was provided by the traditionalist consciousness and its features such as collectivism, corporatism, the desire for equalization, the condemnation of wealth, etc.
Modernization in Russia has a deep specificity, connected with the fact that society has "split", polarized; value diversity turned not only into a conflict of values, but into a conflict clash of civilizational types. The civilizational dualism of Russian society (a split according to civilizational preferences between the modernization elite and the rest of the population) gave rise to contradictions that stopped the progress of modernization.
Basic national values- this is a set of spiritual ideals inherent in a certain ethnic community, which reflect its historical originality and unique specifics. Often they determine both social and national values. However, national values perform many functions. But first things first.
About the concept
The formation of such spiritual ideals as basic national values took place during historical development society culture, in accordance with geopolitical position states.
The main feature is that it is these attitudes that express the originality and originality Russian people, as well as its way of life, traditions, customs and essential needs. In other words, the basic national values are the core of the spiritual life of our society, the synthesis of its best qualities and hell.
Often they determine the position of a citizen, form an attitude towards the state, as well as towards its past, present and future. Often, a person's awareness of spiritual ideals and an indifferent attitude towards them helps him realize his responsibility for the preservation and subsequent increase of the national heritage.
A bit of history
The basic national values of Russian society, as a category, began to take shape in the early 1990s. This fact is easy to remember, since this process practically coincided with the assertion of the Russian Federation as a sovereign state.
It was also accompanied by active scientific debates. Which concerned the application of the concept of "national interests" in the conditions of our ethnically rich state.
In 1992, a certain certainty appeared. The law "On Security" was adopted, and it was in this document that the emphasis was placed on the value of the vital interests of the individual, as well as the state and the whole society. This wording was very convenient. Indeed, with its help, the problem of national interests was correctly bypassed, but at the same time, values were given a special, documented place.
But four years later, in 1996, in the Address to the nat. security of the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly received a different, more specific formulation. In which the term "national interests" was fixed normatively. And it was interpreted not only as a base laid in the basis of the formation of tasks of the external and domestic policy states. From that moment on, this concept began to denote the vital interests of the individual and the whole society. Their deployed system is indicated in the Concept of nat. security of the Russian Federation from 1997. In 2000, the document was supplemented with information on the interpretation of national interests in the field of border policy.
Turning to the Constitution
The basic national values of our people are defined by the main state document. After reviewing the Constitution, six main spiritual ideals can be identified.
The first includes the assertion of freedoms and human rights, as well as civil peace and consent. This value is not only indicated in the preamble. It can be said that it runs like a leitmotif through the entire text of the Constitution. And in the second article, the highest state values are listed at all. These include a person, his freedoms and rights.
The list, which outlines the basic national values of Russia, also includes self-determination and equality of peoples, faith in justice and kindness, as well as the memory of our ancestors, who gave us respect and love for the Fatherland.
The third spiritual ideal is the invincibility of democracy and sovereign statehood. It is customary to attribute the prosperity and well-being of our Fatherland to the fourth value. And to the fifth - responsibility for it. The last setting included in the list of values is the awareness of a citizen as part of the world community.
In addition to the above, the safety of people, their well-being and dignity are highly valued. It is also worth emphasizing the importance of such concepts as justice, morality, patriotism, humanity, citizenship and legality.
All this is the basic national values of Russian society. Which are traditionally perceived as citizens of our country, and even to some extent as a worldview.
Sphere of politics
The system of basic national values is of great national importance. It is the fundamental basis of the policy. And it provides an understanding of the main guidelines for the development of the entire nation as a whole. Without this, the strengthening of the power of the people is impossible.
The thing is that a nation is a political community of citizens of a certain country. Who live on its territory and identify themselves with it, regardless of their ethnic origin. A nation expresses the economic and cultural-historical community of the peoples that form it. And it also implies the preservation of the language of interethnic communication, the established way of life and traditions. All of the above is also applicable to our country, despite the diversity of peoples living on its territory.
National interests intersect with vital important needs society and the strategic goals of the nation, which are implemented in public policy. These are the realities of today. This is how the government contributes to the good of the nation-state. In politics, these interests and values are determined by the need for survival, development of the country, as well as the increase of national power.
Formation of values
Well, what is the designated concept in political sphere It's clear. Now it is worth turning to such a topic as the formation of basic national values.
We should start with the fact that spiritual and moral development and education today is carried out not only in the family, but also at school. The program according to which it takes place is developed taking into account the historical, cultural, aesthetic, demographic, as well as social and economic characteristics of the region. The requests of families and other subjects of the educational process are also taken into account.
Naturally, this educational aspect is stipulated in the Federal State Educational Standard. Basic national values are instilled in students at the first stage of education. Which is the most important in the entire educational period of a person. It is at this stage that children become familiar with Russian basic values, begin to realize the importance of the family, as well as belonging to a certain social, confessional and ethnic group.
But that is not all. It is important to remember that the upbringing of basic national values should form in the child not only love for the Fatherland, but also respect for the historical and cultural heritage their country and people. Often this contributes to students, makes them want to engage in a certain type of activity. Many cases are known when people began their journey to music, having been inspired in childhood by the work of Tchaikovsky. Many girls were inspired to take ballet classes by the legendary Maya Plisetskaya, and the paintings of talented Russian artists made children want to learn how to draw beautifully as well. Unfortunately, in the age of advanced technology, modern children are not as interested in art, creativity and national heritage as they used to be. And that's why even greater value acquire basic national values, spiritual and moral education and inculcation of cultural and historical education.
Educational landmarks
In continuation of the theme of the formation of national values, it is necessary to pay special attention to the importance of the teacher in this process. Its main task is to arouse the interest of students in everything previously listed. Children who are passionate about the topic will much faster understand what patriotism, freedom, human duties, citizenship are.
The teacher should be able to explain to them what each basic national value is. Work and creativity, health and family, law and honor, mercy and kindness… the essence of these and many other concepts should be conveyed to students.
It is also important to explain to students the traditions that reflect the continuity of the social experience of the Russian people through self-knowledge. It is they who help to expand knowledge about their people. After all, most holidays, ideals, rituals, rites and customs are purely national character. Having studied the history of their origin, it is possible to realize the uniqueness and versatility of the Russian people.
Functions of national values
They also need to be noted. As mentioned earlier, values have many functions. But if we talk about the educational sphere, then only a few of the most important stand out.
Basic national values in creativity are what unite all ethnic groups living on the territory of the Russian Federation on high moral foundations. They combine all the past, present and future of our people, and also orient students towards professional self-determination.
Raising children with regard to national values implies a specially organized process of becoming a citizen Russian Federation. Which helps students to form their own personality. In turn, the teacher involved in the national education of children should rely on their best practices, constructed on the basis of scientific and empirical knowledge.
About patriotism
In the process of forming national values, each student must be helped to realize that he is a part of his people and nation. Where is the patriotism? Despite the fact that he is a huge spiritual force capable of strengthening the energy of each individual and uniting him with the aspirations of the entire state and people.
But patriotism must not be blind. This is also important to convey to students. People are not born patriots, but they can become one. After they discover the truth about their people, make sure of the inexhaustible possibilities of the nation, study history and the heroic past. All of the above helps to understand what lies in such a concept as a nation. And this is primarily a spirit. And an understanding of one's own purpose and role in history. It is on the basis of national traditions that spirituality develops.
That is why patriotic education of the individual is extremely important. And this means not only instilling love for the Fatherland. Of great importance is respect for one's region, city, language. Moreover, love and respect for one's own small motherland more valuable and sublime than the same thing that concerns the entire Fatherland as a whole.
A question of individuality
Education with respect to national values is important, but the diversity of perceptions and interests leads to a wide range of assessments. What is important to one member of society may not matter to another. This must be remembered.
And taking into account this feature, a system of values is formed in society, which can be called a compromise. A prime example can be considered a subject of religious studies in schools of different confessional regions. Within the framework of which not only Christianity is studied, but also Islam and other religions. In this case, the interests of Orthodox students and Muslims are taken into account. This is an excellent example of a set of certain moral norms. which contributes to the formation inner rod society culture.
Moral
Well, as one could understand, national values are very diverse. And in this regard, it is impossible not to mention the topic of tolerance. Given the diversity of intercultural interaction, it is very important to instill in each growing member of society tolerance for other values, lifestyles, traditions and behavior. Students, on the basis of their "native" values, must master the basics of ethnic culture in the complex of its varieties. And one cannot but rejoice that today, due to the practice-oriented educational process, this is possible. The level of ethno-cultural knowledge of modern pupils and students is significantly increasing. Our reality allows us to verify this.
And, by the way, a considerable number of children, adolescents and young men are interested in this topic. There is an annual All-Russian competition“Basic national values in creativity”, in which representatives of the younger generation from all regions of our country take part with pleasure. And this gives hope that over time, educated and deeply moral people more in society. In fact, this is what is aimed at. modern system education.
