Leo Tolstoy Tales of Russian writers of the XIX century. The development of literature for children in the first half of the 19th century Russian fairy tales of the 19th and 20th centuries

slide 24

The opinion has taken root that literary tales about Beauty and the Beast, including The Scarlet Flower, have one primary source: the short story Cupid and Psyche from the novel The Golden Ass by Apuleius (2nd century AD).

Slide 25

CURIOSITY OF PSYCHE

Psyche was so beautiful that she aroused the jealousy of the goddess of beauty Venus, and she sent her son Cupid to her to inflict a wound on Psyche. But when Cupid saw the girl, he did not harm her, but carried her secretly to his chamber and visited her at night, in complete darkness, forbidding her to see her face.

slide 26

The insidious and envious sisters taught Psyche to break the ban, and she tried to examine her lover with the help of a night light.

Slide 27

At night, burning with curiosity, she lights a lamp and gazes admiringly at the young god, not noticing the hot drop of oil that has fallen on Cupid's tender skin.

Slide 28

In the fairy tale "Cupid and Psyche", envious sisters assured the beauty that her lover was a real monster. They also described it appearance:

Slide 29

“We certainly knew and cannot hide from you, sharing your sorrow and grief, that secretly sleeps with you at night a huge monster, whose neck is full of destructive poison instead of blood and whose mouth is open like an abyss.

slide 30

S. T. Aksakov in the fairy tale "The Scarlet Flower" literally constructs a monster from fragments of the bodies of various animals and birds: - Yes, and the forest beast, the miracle of the sea, was terrible: the arms are crooked, the nails on the hands are animal, the legs are horse, front-back humps are great camels , all furry from top to bottom, boar fangs stuck out of his mouth, his nose was hooked like a golden eagle's, and his eyes were owl's. In all likelihood, the writer himself composed it in a purely Russian taste. He himself came up with the name: “the beast of the forest, the miracle of the sea”

Amazing stories, beautiful and mysterious, full of extraordinary events and adventures, are familiar to everyone - both old and young. Which of us did not empathize with Ivan Tsarevich when he fought with the Serpent Gorynych? Didn't admire Vasilisa the Wise, who defeated Baba Yaga?

Creation of a separate genre

Heroes who have not lost their popularity for centuries are known to almost everyone. They came to us from fairy tales. No one knows when and how the first fairy tale appeared. But from time immemorial, from generation to generation passed on fairy tales, which over time acquired new miracles, events, heroes.

Charm old stories, fictitious, but full of meaning, A. S. Pushkin felt with all his heart. He was the first to bring the fairy tale out of second-rate literature, which made it possible to distinguish the fairy tales of Russian folk writers into an independent genre.

Thanks to the imagery, logical plot and figurative language, fairy tales have become a popular teaching tool. Not all of them are educational and educational in nature. Many perform only an entertaining function, but, nevertheless, the main features of a fairy tale, such as separate genre, is:

• setting for fiction;
• special compositional and stylistic techniques;
• targeting a children's audience;
• a combination of educational, upbringing and entertainment functions;
• the existence in the minds of readers of vivid prototypical images.

The genre of the fairy tale is very wide. This includes folk tales and author's, poetic and prose, instructive and entertaining, simple single-plot tales and complex multi-plot works.

19th century fairy tale writers

Russian writers of fairy tales have created a real treasury amazing stories. Starting from A. S. Pushkin, fairy threads were drawn to the work of many Russian writers. At the origins of the fairy-tale genre of literature were:

• Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin;
• Mikhail Yurjevich Lermontov;
• Pyotr Pavlovich Ershov;
• Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov;
• Vladimir Ivanovich Dal;
• Vladimir Fedorovich Odoevsky;
• Alexey Alekseevich Perovsky;
• Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky;
• Mikhail Larionovich Mikhailov;
• Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov;
• Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin;
• Vsevolod Mikhailovich Garshin;
• Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy;
• Nikolai Georgievich Garin-Mikhailovsky;
• Dmitry Narkisovich Mamin-Sibiryak.

Let's take a closer look at their work.

Pushkin's Tales

The appeal of the great poet to the fairy tale was natural. He heard them from his grandmother, from the courtyard, from the nanny Arina Rodionovna. Experiencing deep impressions from folk poetry, Pushkin wrote: “What a charm these fairy tales are!” In his works, the poet widely uses turns of folk speech, dressing them in an artistic form.

The talented poet combined in his fairy tales the life and customs of the Russian society of that time and the wonderful Magic world. His magnificent tales are written in a simple living language and are easy to remember. And, like many fairy tales of Russian writers, they perfectly reveal the conflict of light and darkness, good and evil.

The tale of Tsar Saltan ends with a merry feast glorifying goodness. The tale of the priest ridicules the ministers of the church, the tale of the fisherman and the fish shows what greed can lead to, the tale of the dead princess tells of envy and anger. In Pushkin's fairy tales, as in many folk tales, good triumphs over evil.

Writers-storytellers contemporaries of Pushkin

V. A. Zhukovsky was a friend of Pushkin. As he writes in his memoirs, Alexander Sergeevich, carried away by fairy tales, offered him a poetic tournament on the theme of Russian fairy tales. Zhukovsky accepted the challenge and wrote tales about Tsar Berendey, about Ivan Tsarevich and gray wolf.

He liked the work on fairy tales, and over the next years he wrote several more: “A Boy with a Finger”, “The Sleeping Princess”, “War of Mice and Frogs”.

Russian writers of fairy tales introduced their readers to the wonderful stories of foreign literature. Zhukovsky was the first translator of foreign fairy tales. He translated and retold in verse the story "Nal and Damayanti" and the fairy tale "Puss in Boots".

An enthusiastic admirer of A.S. Pushkin M. Yu. Lermontov wrote the fairy tale "Ashik-Kerib". She was known in Central Asia, in the Middle East and the Caucasus. The poet translated it into a poetic way, and translated each unfamiliar word so that it became understandable to Russian readers. Beautiful oriental tale turned into a magnificent creation of Russian literature.

With brilliance, the young poet P. P. Ershov also clothed folk tales in poetic form. In his first fairy tale, The Little Humpbacked Horse, imitation of the great contemporary is clearly traced. The work was published during Pushkin's lifetime, and the young poet earned the praise of his famous colleague in writing.

Fairy tales with national flavor

Being a contemporary of Pushkin, S.T. Aksakov, began to write at a late age. At the age of sixty-three, he began writing a biography book, the appendix of which was the work "The Scarlet Flower". Like many Russian writers of fairy tales, he opened to readers a story that he heard in childhood.

Aksakov tried to maintain the style of the work in the manner of the housekeeper Pelageya. The original dialect is palpable throughout the work, which did not prevent The Scarlet Flower from becoming one of the most beloved children's fairy tales.

The rich and lively speech of Pushkin's fairy tales could not but captivate the great connoisseur of the Russian language V. I. Dahl. The linguist-philologist in his fairy tales tried to preserve the charm of everyday speech, to bring meaning and morality. folk proverbs and sayings. Such are the fairy tales “The Half-Bear”, “The Fox-Badfoot”, “The Snow Maiden Girl”, “The Crow”, “The Picky Lady”.

"New" fairy tales

V. F. Odoevsky, a contemporary of Pushkin, was one of the first to write fairy tales for children, which was a rarity. His fairy tale "The City in a Snuffbox" is the first work of this genre in which a different life was recreated. Almost all fairy tales are about peasant life, which Russian writers of fairy tales tried to convey. In this work, the author spoke about the life of a boy from a prosperous family living in abundance.

"About the Four Deaf People" is a fairy tale-parable borrowed from Indian folklore. The most famous fairy tale of the writer "Moroz Ivanovich" is completely borrowed from Russian folk tales. But the author brought novelty to both works - he spoke about the life of the city house and family, included in the canvas the children who were pupils of the boarding house and school.

A. A. Perovsky's fairy tale "The Black Hen" was written by the author for Alyosha's nephew. Perhaps this explains the excessive instructiveness of the work. Need to mark, fabulous lessons did not pass without a trace and had a beneficial effect on his nephew Alexei Tolstoy, who later became a famous prose writer and playwright. Peru of this author belongs to the story-tale "Lafertovskaya Makovnitsa", which was highly appreciated by A. S. Pushkin.

Didactics is clearly visible in the works of K. D. Ushinsky, the great teacher-reformer. But the moral of his tales is unobtrusive. They awaken good feelings: fidelity, sympathy, nobility, justice. These include fairy tales: “Mice”, “Fox Patrikeevna”, “Fox and Geese”, “Crow and Cancer”, “Kids and Wolf”.

Other tales of the 19th century

Like all literature in general, fairy tales could not but tell about the liberation struggle and revolutionary movement 70s of the XIX century. These include the tales of M.L. Mikhailov: "Forest Mansions", "Duma". The well-known poet N.A. also shows the suffering and tragedy of the people in his fairy tales. Nekrasov. Satirist M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in his works exposed the essence of the landowner's hatred for the common people, spoke about the oppression of the peasants.

V. M. Garshin touched upon the pressing problems of his time in his fairy tales. Most famous fairy tales writer - "The Traveling Frog", "About the Toad and the Rose".

Many fairy tales were written by L.N. Tolstoy. The first of them were created for the school. Tolstoy wrote small fairy tales, parables and fables. Great connoisseur human souls Lev Nikolaevich in his works called for conscience and honest work. The writer criticized social inequality and unjust laws.

N.G. Garin-Mikhailovsky wrote works in which the approach of social upheavals is clearly felt. Such are the fairy tales "Three Brothers" and "Volmai". Garin visited many countries of the world and, of course, this was reflected in his work. While traveling in Korea, he wrote down more than a hundred Korean fairy tales, myths and legends.

Writer D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak joined the ranks of glorious Russian storytellers with such wonderful works as "The Gray Sheika", the collection "Alyonushka's Tales", the fairy tale "About Tsar Pea".

A significant contribution to this genre was made by later tales of Russian writers. The list of remarkable works of the twentieth century is very long. But fairy tales XIX centuries will forever remain a model of classic fairy tale literature.

Preview:

Extracurricular reading lesson

4th grade

Topic: Literary tales of the XIX century.

Goals:

Develop interest in reading through acquaintance with fairy tales;

To form the skill of competent, attentive reading;

To form moral, volitional qualities of a person, a culture of feelings;

Develop the ability to use literary and reference sources.

To form the need and ability to work with the book.

Equipment: slide presentation "Biographies of writers of the 19th century", fairy tales by V.F. Odoevsky "Town in a snuffbox", S.T. Aksakov "The Scarlet Flower", V. M. Garshin "The Traveling Frog", M.Yu. Lermontov "Ashik-Kerib", Dictionary, phraseological dictionary.

Form : work in mobile groups.

During the classes.

Self-determination to activity.

Books are ships of thought

wandering the waves of time

and carefully carrying their

precious cargo

from generation to generation.

bacon

U. I did not accidentally choose this epigraph for our lesson. Try to explain its meaning.

Children's answers.

2. Actualization of knowledge and fixation of difficulties in activity.

U. In the lessons of literary reading, we travel through the history of children's literature. We learned how children's literature appeared, who stood at its origins, what importance was attached to the first books, how these books appeared. We also learned many new names of those people who made a great contribution to children's literature. In front of you on the board is a timeline. Each group has a sheet with the names of writers. Think about what century these names might belong to and stick your cards on the board.

17th century

Savvaty

Simeon Polotsky

Karion Istomin

17th century

Andrey Bolotov

Nikolai Novikov

Alexander Shishkov

19th century

Ivan Krylov

Anthony Pogorelsky

Alexander Pushkin

19th century

Vladimir Dal

Vasily Zhukovsky

Alexandra Ishimova

U. At home, you read the tales of V.F. Odoevsky "Town in a snuffbox", S.T. Aksakov "The Scarlet Flower", V. M. Garshin "The Traveling Frog", M.Yu. Lermontov "Ashik-Kerib". Do you know how you can put the names of these authors on the timeline.(doubts arose).What do we not know in order to accurately answer this question?

D. Years of life of writers.

Acquaintance with the biographies of writers of the XIX century.

Slide presentation "Biographies of 19th century writers".

Children talk about writers (home preparation)

Aks a Kov Sergei Timofeevich 1791-1859, Russian writer.

Novo-Aksakovo

Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov came from an old but poor noble family. His father Timofei Stepanovich Aksakov was a provincial official. Mother - Maria Nikolaevna Aksakova, nee Zubova, a very educated woman for her time and social circle. Aksakov's childhood passed in Ufa and in the estate of Novo-Aksakovo, at that time still little touched by civilization, steppe nature. Significant influence on the formation of Aksakov's personality in early childhood rendered by his grandfather Stepan Mikhailovich.
At the age of 8, Aksakov was assigned to the Kazan gymnasium, and then entered the university.

He studied at the Mining Institute, but did not finish it. The war with the Turks interrupted his studies: he volunteered for the army, was wounded in the leg; retired, gave up literary activity. In 1880, shocked by the death penalty of a young revolutionary, Garshin became mentally ill and was placed in a mental hospital.
On March 19, 1888, Garshin, after a painful, sleepless night, left his apartment, went down the floor below and threw himself down the stairs into the flight.
Garshin entered the literary field in1876 with a story "Four days"which immediately made him famous. This work clearly expresses the protest against the war, against the extermination of man by man. Garshin wrote a number of fairy tales:"What Wasn't" , "Frog traveler", "The Tale of the ProudHaggee "and others, where the same Garshin theme of evil and injustice is developed in the form of a fairy tale full of sadhumor. The significance of Garshin is that he was able to keenly feel social evil.

Mikhail Yurjevich Lermontov ( - ) - Russianpoet, novelist, playwright, artist, Officer.

Lermontov lost his parents early, his mother died when he was a child, and his father, leaving his son, still a child, in the care of his grandmother Elizaveta Alekseevna Arsenyeva. The poet's grandmother passionately loved her grandson, who in childhood was not distinguished by good health. Energetic and persistent, she used every effort to give him everything that the successor of the Lermontov family can claim. His childhood passed on his grandmother's estate, Tarkhany, Penza province; he was surrounded by love and care - but he did not have the bright impressions characteristic of age.
A ten-year-old boy was taken by his grandmother toCaucasus, on water; here he met a girl of nine years old. First love is inextricably merged with the overwhelming impressions of the Caucasus. “The mountains of the Caucasus are sacred to me,” wrote Lermontov; they united everything dear that lived in the soul of a child poet. As a fifteen-year-old boy, he regrets that he did not hear Russian folk tales in his childhood. He is captivated by the mysterious "corsairs", "criminals", "captives", "prisoners".
Then he enters the university noble boarding school, and then the Moscow University. Lermontov diligently visits Moscow salons, balls, masquerades. Soon Lermontov becomes disillusioned with secular society and leaves the university.

self-portrait

He enters School of Guards Ensigns. This career change also met the wishes of my grandmother.
Soon, the poet was sent into exile in the Caucasus for his free-thinking. Here his attention is attracted by the nature of the Caucasus and he writes beautiful poems.

In the winter of 1841, while on vacation in St. Petersburg, Lermontov tried to retire, dreaming of devoting himself entirely to literature, but his grandmother did not share his passion for literature. Therefore, in the spring of 1841, he was forced to return to his regiment in the Caucasus.
In Pyatigorsk, he had a quarrel with a retired majorMartynov Nikolai Solomonovichwho served in the cavalry guards. Lermontov made fun of him. As long as these jokes were within the bounds of decency, everything went well, but water and stone wear away, and when Lermontov allowed himself inappropriate jokes in the company of ladies ... these jokes seemed offensive to Martynov's pride. Spoiled by the general attention, Lermontov could not yield and answered that he was not afraid of anyone's threats, but would not change his behavior.
The duel took place on 15 July. Lermontov shot to the sideMartynov- right in the chest of the poet.
There were always two people in Lermontov: one - good-natured, for those persons for whom he had special respect; the other is arrogant and perky, for all other acquaintances.

Monument to M. Yu. Lermontov inTarkhanakh (Penza region). .

Monument to M. Yu. Lermontov inPyatigorsk ().

Monument at the site of the duel M. Yu. Lermontov

Work in mobile groups.

Each group has a card with tasks for one work. On the tables is this work, in the group on Odoevsky's fairy tale - a phraseological dictionary, in the group on Aksakov's fairy tale - an explanatory dictionary.

Each group has 7 minutes to work. Then a call. The results of the work are evaluated by the jury. Each group comes up with a name in advance on the topic.

M.Yu. Lermontov "Ashik-Kerib".

Tasks.

Rich life in Halaf.

Promise.

Return.

Love the rose, so endure the thorns.

Cheek brings success.

Solve the crossword puzzle.

Horizontally:

The city where a wealthy Turk lived, the father of Magul-Megeri.

How many years did Ashik-Kerib promise to travel?

5. What helped the mother regain her sight.

6. What holiday did Ashik-Kerib go to when he came home.

Vertically:

Turkish balalaika.

What Kurshud-bek stole from Ashik-Kerib.

What Magul-Megeri gave to the merchant.

7. How the name "Ashik" is translated from Turkish.

Explain the meaning of the proverb.

Answers

Arrange the outline of the story in order.

1. Promise.

2. Rich life in Khalaf.

Magic help Haderiliaz.

Return.

Choose a proverb that fits this work.

Love the rose, so endure the thorns.

Cheek brings success.

A fun feast., Yes, for the wedding.

Solve the crossword puzzle.

Horizontally:

The city where a wealthy Turk lived, the father of Magul-Megeri. (Tiflis)

How many years did Ashik-Kerib promise to travel (seven)

5. What helped the mother regain her sight (earth)

6. What holiday was Ashik-Kerib on when he came home (wedding)

Vertically:

2. Turkish balalaika (saaz)

What Kurshud-bek stole from Ashik-Kerib (dress)

What did Magul-Megeri give to the merchant (dish)

7. How is the name "Ashik" translated from Turkish (singer)

Explain.

What is written on a person's forehead at his birth, he will not escape.

V. Odoevsky "Town in a snuffbox"

Tasks.

Arrange the outline of the story in order.

Mysterious snuffbox.

The story of a fabulous dream.

An extraordinary town.

Choose a proverb that fits this work.

bells

Hammers

Roller

spring

To go with the flow.

Important bird.

Dancing to someone's tune

Work tirelessly.

Solve the crossword puzzle.

Horizontally:

Music box containing tobacco.

The main character of the story.

4. How should I draw daddy in the picture.

7. Princess from the musical town.

Vertically:

A boy with a golden head and a steel skirt.

What should Misha learn in order to understand why music plays in the town.

Evil uncles.

Mr Overseer.

Answers

Arrange the outline of the story in order.

Mysterious snuffbox.

An extraordinary town.

Acquaintance with the inhabitants of the town.

The story of a fabulous dream.

Choose a proverb that fits this work.

Who soon helped, he helped twice.

Hard to find, easy to lose.

One is not strong enough, but joking with comrades.

Connect phraseological units with the characters they are suitable for.

bells

Hammers

Roller

spring

To go with the flow.

important bird

Dancing to someone's tune

Work tirelessly.

Solve the crossword puzzle.

Horizontally:

Music box containing tobacco (snuffbox)

The main character of the tale (Misha).

4. How should I draw daddy in the picture (small).

7. Princess from the musical town (Spring).

Vertically:

A boy with a golden head and a steel skirt (Bell).

What does Misha need to study in order to understand why music plays in the town (mechanics).

Evil uncles (Hammers).

Mr. Overseer (Valik).

Explain.

This happens to me too: when after school you start playing with toys, it's so much fun; and when on a holiday you play and play all day long, then by the evening it will become boring; and for this and for another toy you will take - everything is not cute.

V. Garshin "Frog Traveler".

Tasks.

Arrange the outline of the story in order.

Great wet weather.

Frog boast.

Travel on a stick.

The invention of the frog.

Choose a proverb that fits this work.

Greedy, stupid, caring, inquisitive, resourceful, courageous, modest, boastful.

Solve the crossword puzzle.

Horizontally:

The main character of the story.

Migratory birds.

4. From what the frog was breathtaking.

Where did the frog fall?

The character trait that killed the frog.

Vertically:

frog vehicle

5. What did the ducks keep a twig in?

6. What did the frog experience when the ducks carrying it changed on the fly, deftly picking up the twig.

Explain the meaning of this passage.

- It's me! I!

Answers.

Arrange the outline of the story in order.

Great wet weather.

The invention of the frog.

Travel on a stick.

Frog boast.

Choose a proverb that fits this work.

It is necessary to hurry to do good.

You can't throw a scarf over someone else's mouth.

In words, he will swim across the Volga, but in reality he will drown in a puddle.

Emphasize character traits that are suitable for a frog.

Greedy, stupid, caring,inquisitive, resourceful, brave, modest,boastful.

Horizontally:

The main character of the tale (frog).

Migratory birds (ducks).

4. From what the frog was breathtaking (heights).

Where did the frog fall (pond).

The character trait that killed the frog (bragging).

Vertically:

Vehicle for a frog (twig).

5. In what did the ducks keep a twig (beak).

6. What did the frog experience when the ducks carrying it changed on the fly, deftly picking up the twig (fear).

Explain the meaning of this passage.

So the frog could no longer stand it and, forgetting all caution, screamed with all its might:

- It's me! I!

And with that cry, she flew upside down to the ground.

S. Aksakov "The Scarlet Flower".

Tasks.

Arrange in order quote plan fairy tales.

“A house is not a house, a chamber is not a chamber, but a royal or royal palace, all in fire, in silver and gold and in semi-precious stones.”

“I will bring you such gifts as you yourself want ...”

“The honest merchant gave his blessing to his younger, beloved daughter, and to the young prince-king ... and immediately set about a merry feast, and for a wedding.”

“Bless me, my dear sir, my dear father: I will go to the forest beast, the miracle of the sea, and I will live with him.”

Choose a proverb that fits this work.

Fear has big eyes.

For good, good and pay.

Better water from a friend than honey from an enemy.

Match the words with their meanings.

belongings

Coffers

Eye

Cloth

food

false

Crown

fathom

Money, property belonging to the state or community.

Insincerity, hypocrisy.

Precious headdress, crown.

Food, meal.

An old Russian measure of length, equal to three arshins (2.13 m).

Woolen or cotton dense fabric with a smooth surface.

The same as the eye.

Belongings, all sorts of household items.

Solve the crossword puzzle.

Plan

Introduction

Main part

1 Tale of the first half of the 19th century.

2 Themes of literary fairy tales.

3 The appearance of fairy tales by V. A. Zhukovsky in literature

4 Artistic originality fairy tales by V. A. Zhukovsky

5 The history of the creation of fairy tales.

6 Thematic originality of the tales of V. A. Zhukovsky

Conclusion

Introduction

V. G. Belinsky called V. A. Zhukovsky "the literary Colomb of Rus', who opened her America of romanticism in poetry." Speaking of his great merit to Russian literature, Belinsky noted that "Zhukovsky introduced a romantic element into Russian poetry: this is his great work , his great feat, which was so unfairly attributed by our Aristarchs to Pushkin.

The fairy tales of Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky were also a significant phenomenon in Russian literature. One cannot fail to note their poetic perfection. Many fairy tales were written in verse of prose tales such as "Puss in Boots", "Tulip Tree". Zhukovsky processed them in hexameter, a poetic meter that was widely used in ancient Greek epic poetry.

We know that many writers created their works based on folklore and spiritual literature. This is no coincidence: it was folklore that became the source for many writers, including Vasily Andreevich. In the fairy tales written by Zhukovsky, the desire to “ennoble” folklore, to make an elegant literary processing of it, is palpable. Highly appreciating the interpretation of fairy tales, Pletnev wrote to Zhukovsky: "It is clear that the fairy tale comes not from a peasant's hut, but from a manor house."

In this work, I would like to turn to the diverse themes of fairy tales, to artistic originality.

Fairy tale of the first half of the 19th century

A fairy tale can be a creation

High when it serves as an allegorical

Clothes that clothe the lofty spiritual

Truth when it detects palpably

And apparently even a commoner's business,

Available only to the sage.

N.V. Gogol

The story is one of the most popular types epic folk art. For many centuries, she lived in oral performance, passed down from generation to generation, striking the attention of listeners with the poetry of a fantasy world that lives according to its fairy-tale laws. Originating in ancient times, the fairy tale in the process of existence lost some features and acquired others, included new motives and images. But people's dreams, ideas about goodness, truth, social justice, embodied in fairy tales, have always remained unchanged. Here, good necessarily triumphs over evil, treachery, violence and treason are severely punished, human vices and shortcomings are distinguished. This was also the reason that the fairy tale became a favorite reading among all peoples.

The first publications of Russian folk tales date back to the 18th century. At the beginning of the 19th century, the folk tale attracted the attention of Russian writers. V. A. Zhukovsky asks his friends to write down fairy tales for him; while in exile in Mikhailovsky, A. S. Pushkin listens with admiration and writes down the tales told by his nanny Arina Rodionovna; the famous philologist and writer V. D. Dal, who published his works under the pseudonym Cossack Lugansky, diligently collects and reworks folk tales, and in 1832 he publishes them as a separate collection. Impressed by the newly appeared fairy tales, A. S. Pushkin turns to the study of folk tales.

Themes of literary fairy tales

What is the reason for such an increased and sustained interest of Russian writers of the first half of the 19th century in the folk tale?

One of the most important events in the history of Russia at the beginning of the 19th century was Patriotic War 1812, in which the Russian people won an impressive victory over Napoleon. Ordinary peasants, dressed in soldier's greatcoats, together with the best representatives of the noble intelligentsia, showed heroism and courage in the fight against the invaders, protected from the enemy native land. The liberation war stirred up the patriotic feelings of the Russian nation, awakened national identity, gave rise to a close interest of the advanced part of Russian society in the victorious people, in their life, way of life, customs, customs, and creativity.

The search for the origins of folk heroism, courage, patriotism, humanism forced writers to turn to the study of the worldview, moral and aesthetic values ​​of the people. Folk ideas about life that have evolved over the centuries are best reflected in works created by the people themselves - in oral folk art: in legends, traditions, fairy tales, epics, songs. This is what main reason appeals of Russian writers to folklore, including folk tales.

In addition, the progressive part of the Russian intelligentsia actively advocated at this time for the creation of original national literature. In her opinion, literature should reflect the spirit of the nation, turn to national foundations, and above all to folk art.

For all the fictitiousness of the plot and the fantastic nature of the narrative, the tale expressed an active attitude to life, asserted the triumph of goodness and justice, the victory of the hero over adversity. Fairy-tale fiction is always subordinated to the idea of ​​the work, "morality", which are directly addressed to reality. And the phenomena themselves real life reflected in folk tales. “If in all these legends,” wrote N. A. Dobrolyubov in the article “On the degree of participation of the people in the development of Russian literature,” “there is something worthy of our attention, then it is precisely those parts of them that reflect living reality.”

One of the first Russian writers turned to the fairy tale genre, A. S. Pushkin.

The appearance of fairy tales by V. A. Zhukovsky in literature

Under the influence of A. S. Pushkin, his friend poet Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky turned to the genre of literary fairy tale.

About the talent, about the poems of V. A. Zhukovsky, Pushkin said brighter and more accurately than anyone:

His poetry captivating sweetness

Centuries of envious distance will pass ...

For at least two centuries now, his works have been studied by literary historians, and not only. Zhukovsky's books are published almost every year - and they do not lie on store shelves like a dead weight.

Vasily Andreevich is considered the founder of Russian romanticism, which, it must be said, was a completely original phenomenon that grew up on its national roots. In the elegies and ballads of Zhukovsky, for the first time, with extraordinary sincerity, the inner world was opened to the reader,shades of soul movements poet. Before him, perhaps, there was no such musical verse in Russian poetry, so melodious, rich in nuances and semitones. Along with Batyushkov, Zhukovsky actually created our lyrics. No less talented are the tales of Vasily Andreevich.

Artistic originality of the tales of V. A. Zhukovsky

Zhukovsky's fairy tales are written on the basis of Russian and Western European folk tales, they are well-known heroes - Tsar Berendey, his son Ivan Tsarevich, Baba Yaga, the Gray Wolf, Puss in Boots. While maintaining plot proximity with folk tales, Zhukovsky's tales differed in many respects from them in the author's attitude to the depicted, which is characterized by mild irony and good-natured mockery. He kindly laughs at Tsar Berendey:

He greedily pressed his lips to the water and the spring stream

He began to pull, not caring that his beard was drowned in the water ...

Having rescued an honest beard, the tsar dusted himself off like a goldeneye.

He sprayed all the courtiers, and all bowed to the king.

He meets in the yard

The darkness of people, and everyone sleeps:

He sits like a dug in:

He walks without moving;

He stands with his mouth open

Sleep interrupting the conversation,

And vustah has been silent ever since

Unfinished speech...

The fairy tales of Zhukovsky reflected a kind, humane and poetic view of the world, inherent in the representatives of common people. The same applies here perfect heroes endowed with beauty, physical and mental perfection, love for people, valor and courage. Defending justice, carrying out someone's order, they act in fabulous circumstances, end up in the "far-away kingdom, in the far-away state", invaluable help is provided to them by true friends - the Gray Wolf or Puss in Boots, as well as wonderful objects: an invisibility hat, a tablecloth - self-assembly and a magic baton.

Faith in the final victory of good is affirmed through the poetization of a bright fairy-tale world full of beauty and miracles. The magic of the beautiful Marya Tsarevna helps Ivan Tsarevich himself to free himself from the persecution of Koshchei the Immortal and free his father, Tsar Berendey, from the oath promise, cunningly wrested from him by Koshchei. The disinterested devotion and friendship of the Gray Wolf, his ability to work miracles, not only rendered an invaluable service to Ivan Tsarevich in fulfilling his father's order - to get the Firebird, but also resurrected the young knight from the dead, helped return Elena the Beautiful and punish the insidious Koshchei.

The kind view of the storyteller on the world was reflected in negative characters who face inevitable retribution for their crimes. In some cases, the exposed evil is generously forgiven, in others it is severely punished. So, knowing about miraculous rescue wife and son, Tsar Saltan graciously forgives the slanderers. On the contrary, just retribution awaits evil stepmother(“The Tulip Tree”) and the insidious brothers of Ivan Tsarevich (“The Tale of Tsar Berendey”). At the same time, it should be borne in mind that in both folk and literary fairy tales, retribution does not contradict the humane nature of a positive fairy tale hero. The punishment of an enemy, a slanderer, a rapist, a murderer is not a manifestation of spiritual cruelty, callousness, an egoistic sense of revenge, but the triumph of truth.

Thus, a wonderful invention, fabulous fantasy is nothing more than a poetic convention in which folk dreams, hopes, moral ideas are revealed - everything that can be called a bright view of the world, characteristic of the Russian national character.

Poetic tales Zhukovsky largely preserved the stylistic features of folk fairy tales. The poet deliberately focused on the epic regularity of the narrative, which is supported by the abundance of verb forms in the fairy-tale phrase. Here is how Zhukovsky tells about duck maidens, which Ivan Tsarevich watches on the shore of the lake:

Ducks swim, splash in streams, play, dive.

Finally, having played, diving, splashing, swam

To the shore; twenty-nine of them, running with transshipment

To the white shirts, they hit the ground, everyone turned

In red girls, dressed up, fluttered and disappeared at once.

The fabulous world of Zhukovsky, for all its fantasticness, did not break with the outside world. The features of reality declare themselves in beautiful landscape sketches filled with an abundance of bright colors and diverse sounds:

…Already rides

Day he, the other and the third; at the end of the fourth - the sun

Just managed to go in - he drives up to the lake; smooth

The lake is like glass; water is on a par with the shores;

Everything in the neighborhood is empty; ruddy evening glow

The covered waters are extinguished, and green is reflected in them.

The shore and the frequent reeds, and everything seems to be dozing;

The air does not blow; the reed does not tremble; rustle in the streams

Light is not heard ....

Message from V.A. Zhukovsky to folk tales opened up wide opportunities for him to depict folk characters. Fairy shape, fabulous images national heroes allowed the writer to express social and moral ideals people. It should be borne in mind that literary tale arose and developed in the general stream of Russian literature of the first third of the 19th century, predominantly romantic literature, which fought for national literature. And in this sense, the literary fairy tale met the progressive requirements that the writer presented to Russian literature - to find original forms for expressing the national content.

In the process of the development of literature, the assertion of the principles of realism in it, the literary fairy tale itself is modified. It retains its connection with folklore sources and folk worldview, but its ties with reality are becoming more and more strong. There is a literary fairy tale specially intended for children. In some cases, the tale continued the previous tradition and was a literary adaptation of a folk tale. In other cases, the writer strives to bring up good feelings and high moral principles in the child on the basis of modern everyday and life material.

The history of the creation of fairy tales

Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky is a talented Russian poet, contemporary and friend of A.S. Pushkin.

In the summer of 1831, Zhukovsky settled in the suburbs of St. Petersburg in Tsarskoe Selo, where he met daily with Pushkin, who at that time was enthusiastically working on his fairy tales. Pushkin's enthusiasm was transferred to Zhukovsky; between the poets began a kind of "competition" in writing fairy tales. N.V. wrote about this poetic rivalry. Gogol, who at that time often visited Pushkin Zhukovsky in Tsarskoe Selo. “Almost every evening we gathered - Zhukovsky, Pushkin and I. Oh, if only you knew how much beauty came out of the pen of these men. Pushkin's ... Russian folk tales - not like "Ruslan and Lyudmila", but completely Russian .... Zhukovsky also has Russian folk tales, some in hexameters, others in simple four-foot verses, and, a wonderful thing! Zhukovsky is unrecognisable. It seems that a new extensive poet has appeared, and already a purely Russian one.

Victory in the "competition" was on the side of Pushkin; great poet managed to more accurately convey the spirit and style of Russian folk tales. However, this in no way detracts from the merits of Zhukovsky's fairy tales, which were a significant phenomenon in Russian literature.

During this period, A.S. Pushkin wrote "The Tale of Tsar Saltan", and V.A. Zhukovsky three tales: "The Tale of Tsar Berendey", "The Sleeping Princess" and "The War of Mice and Frogs".

In the 40s of the 19th century, Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky wrote several more literary tales.

Thematic originality of the tales of V. A. Zhukovsky

Tale of Tsar Berendey

About his son Ivan Tsarevich,

About the tricks of Koshchei the Immortal

And about the wisdom of Mary the princess,

Koshcheeva's daughter

Pushkin handed it to Zhukrovsky. Pushkin's entry The plot is based on a recording of a folk tale, which was made in 1824 from the words of Arina Rodionovna. Zhukovsky transcribed this entry into verses, processed it in hexameter - poetic meter, widely used in

ancient Greek epic poetry.

sleeping princess

The source of the tale was literary adaptationsAnd German and French fairy tales ("Wild Rose" by the Brothers Grimm and "Beauty Sleeping in the Forest" by Charles Perrault). Zhukovsky combined both versions of these tales and arranged them in poetic meter, very close to the verse Pushkin's fairy tales"About Tsar Saltan", "About the Dead Princess", "About the Golden Cockerel".

War of mice and frogs

The tale is based on the ancient Greek poem "Batrachomyomania" ("The War of Mice and Frogs"), written, probably, by the poet of the late 6th - early 5th century BC Pigret of Caria. In addition, Zhukovsky was familiar with the poem German writer 16th century by G. Rollenchen "The Frog" and its later literary adaptations. Zhukovsky ironically, and sometimes even satirically, shows here his contemporary writers. Cat Fedot Murlyka denounced the corrupt writer and scammer Faddey Bulgarin. Zhukovsky portrayed himself in the wise rat Onuphria, and Pushkin in the poet of the mouse kingdom Klima.

Thumb boy

The poetic fairy tale was written by Zhukovsky in the 40s for his young children.

Puss in Boots

This tale is a poetic adaptation of Ch. Perrault's tale "Uncle's Cat, or Puss in Boots." Zhukovsky in some places developed the laconic text of the French storyteller, introduced features of humor into it.

tulip tree

"The Tulip Tree" is a verse adaptation of a prose tale from the Brothers Grimm collection "On the Almond Tree".

Tale of Ivan Tsarevich and the Gray Wolf

The plot of this tale is based on several Russian folk tales, as well as a number of motifs and images borrowed from the tales of other peoples.

Conclusion

Working on the topic "Artistic and thematic originality of the tales of V. A. Zhukovsky", I met with fairy world, for all the fantasticness of which the author does not break with the outside world. The fairy tales reflect the kind, humane and poetic view of the world inherent in the representatives of the common people. Zhukovsky's poetic tales largely retained the stylistic features of folk fairy tales. Zhukovsky's tales are written on the basis of Russian and Western European folk and author's tales. I studied the thematic variety of fairy tales by V. A. Zhukovsky.

Bibliography

Grikhin V. A. Over the mountains, over the valleys ... M; 1989

Karpov I. P. Starygina N. N. Public lesson according to literature M; 2001

Kalyuzhnaya L. Ivanov G. One hundred great writers M; 2000

Starobdub K. literary Moscow M; 1997