Russian architecture of the first half of the 19th century. Presentation on Russian architecture XIX Central facade of the Moscow Polytechnic Museum

The presented material is intended for use in the study of the course of the History of Russia in grades 8 and 10 on the topic “Russian culture of the first half of the 19th century”. Additionally, it can be used in the lesson on World Artistic Culture when studying the architectural style of late classicism-Empire.

The purpose of the lesson: form a holistic view of the development of architecture in the first half of the 19th century.

Tasks:

• increase the level of cognitive abilities of students;
• active development of the material;
• to cultivate a sense of pride in the great Russian culture, patriotism, to raise the level of general culture;

New terms: Empire, “Moscow Empire”, “Petersburg Empire”

New names: A. Voronikhin, A. Zakharov, Thomas de Thomon, C. Rossi, O. Bove, Gilardi, A. Grigoriev.

Form of conducting: A combined lesson for obtaining new knowledge using a training presentation, input and final control of knowledge with elements of developing thinking technology. The lesson is conducted in a computer class .

During the classes

Stage 1. Motivation

The theme of the work is Russian architecture I half of XIX century, Empire architecture. This style was a bright but short page in the history of Russian and Western European architecture.

In Russia, he established himself after the victory in the war of 1812, when Russian society experienced an upsurge, the unity of all the inhabitants of the state, therefore architectural style carried with him the pathos of heroism, the assertion of the strength of the human mind, the power of the state. He was imbued with a life-affirming, victorious spirit, that is, he contained a creative principle.

learning task

The majestic and harmonious architecture of the Empire style of the first half of the 19th century does not lose its attractiveness even today, what is the secret of its eternal youth? Can the first half of the 19th century be called the “golden age” of Russian architecture?

Stage 2. Activation of knowledge

And we will start with a repetition, with the solution of an introductory test, in order to recall the historical conditions under which Russian culture developed in the first half of the 19th century.

Stage 3. Main part of the lesson

Working with a tutorial presentation

Today we will learn how architecture developed in the first half of the 19th century in the Russian state.

The study of this topic will be on schedule.

1. Empire: origin and features.

2. Petersburg Empire:

A.N. Voronikhin,

J.Thomas de Thomon,

A. K. Rossi,

O. Montferrand.

3. Moscow Empire: O. Bove, D. Gilardi, A. G. Grigoriev.

4. Conclusion, verification test.

You will work in the lesson on your own in front of each student on the computer screen, a training presentation. Carefully study it at the end of the study - proceed to the completion of the control questions of the test

Test questions

If the results of the final test are not satisfactory, then the students turn to the memo material, after studying which, they repeat the attempt to solve the test.

4. Final stage

Students briefly formulate the features of the development of architecture learned in the lesson in the first half of the 19th century

In architecture, classicism was transformed into "Empire", combining the severity of lines and the richness of decorations.

After the war of 1812, Moscow and St. Petersburg underwent a detailed restructuring. In St. Petersburg, Palace and Senate squares were formed, in Moscow - Teatralnaya.

A significant contribution to the architecture of St. Petersburg was made by A. Zakharov (Admiralty), A. Voronikhin (Kazan Cathedral, the building of the Mining Institute, K. Rossi (Russian Museum, Palace Square and the General Staff, the ensemble of the Mariinsky Theater, the Senate and Synod building) O.. Montferrand (Issakievsky Cathedral, Alexander Column)

O. Bove worked in the Empire style in Moscow (reconstructed Red Square, Bolshoi Theater Triumphal Arch,) D. Gilardi (the building of Moscow University, the House of the Lunins.)

In the 30s uniform style disintegrates, eclecticism or historicism appears.

After that, we return to the learning task and try to answer the question posed at the beginning of the lesson.

What is the secret of the eternal youth of the architecture of the 1st half of the 19th century? Can the first half of the 19th century be called the “golden age” of Russian architecture?

A journey into the world of architecture of the first half of the 19th century convinces that talented works created in any architectural style exist outside of time and continue to excite modern man. Empire architecture is a living source of creative ideas!

These magnificent works of architecture go to Russia to look at just like the masters of the Renaissance go to Italy.

Architecture of the first half of the 19th century.

Architecture
The leading style in Russia in the first half of the 19th century
Empire became a militant, victorious classicism.
The style developed during the period of the empire of Napoleon I
in France, where he was distinguished by ceremonial splendor,
monumentality of architecture and rich decor.
J.F.T. Schalgren
Triumphal Arch
B. Vignon
Church of Saint Madeleine
P.F.L. Fontaine
Triumphal Arch

Empire features:
Sample - the art of Imperial Rome
distinguished by pomp, devotion to
military topics;
in the decoration of buildings: swords, shields, helmets,
banners;
Triumphal Arch
O. Bove
the special role of sculpture, sculpture, as
would “talk” began to explain
design of an architectural structure;
Kazan Cathedral
A. Voronikhin.

Empire architecture
Petersburg
Avenue architecture
and squares
K.I.Rossi
(1775-1849)
A.N. Zakharov
(1761-1811)
A.N. Voronikhin
(1759-1814)
Moscow
Individual architecture
buildings
D.I.Gilardi
(1785-1845)
O.I. Bove
(1784-1834)
A.G. Grigoriev
(1782-1868)

Architectural ensembles appeared in St. Petersburg and Moscow
transformed both capitals. Large public buildings were built
buildings - theaters, stock exchanges, government and military institutions.
The customer state did not spare any effort or money for the construction
, which contributed to the extraordinary scope of construction in
empire style.

Kazan Cathedral
(1801-1811)
View of the Kazan Cathedral
Artist Fedor Alekseev

The author of the cathedral is the former serf of Count A.S. Stroganov-
A.N. Voronikhin
He studied architecture with famous architects V.I. Bazhenov and
M.F.Kazakova.
The temple was built on the eve of the war of 1812.
Soon the cathedral became a monument to the victory of the Russian people in
Patriotic war. The architecture of the cathedral is worthy of this Glory.

The main decoration of the cathedral: majestic stone columns 144 - outside from Pudost stone and 56 inside from granite.
The temple is a brilliant example of the synthesis of art..
From the north in the niches are installed bronze statues St. Vladimir,
Al. Nevsky, John the Baptist, Andrew the First-Called.
The outdoor sculpture was made by sculptors I.P. Martos,
S.S. Pimenov, I.P. Prokofiev
and V.I. Demut-Malinovsky.

The building is being decorated
sculptures:
"Hercules
suffocating Antaeus"
sculptor Pimenov,
And "The Abduction of Proserpina
Pluto"
Demuth-Malinovsky;
Building of the Mining Institute
(1806-1808) arch. A.N. Voronikhin

IN
Ensemble of the Spit of Vasilyevsky Island
includes:
semicircular
square
in front of the building
Two Rostral
columns
Thomas de Thomon (1805-1810)
Exchange building

Exchange Building
(1805-1810)
The architect took as a model the form of an antique
a temple periptera, surrounded on all sides by columns. Important
sculpture plays a role. The god of the seas swims up to the course of the Neva
Neptune in
chariot drawn by sea horses.

Rostral columns - lighthouses,
personifying the sea
the power of Russia. They are decorated
anchors and prows of ancient ships, rostras.
At the base carved in stone
figures representing
Russian rivers: Volga, Dnieper,
Neva and Volkhov.

Admiralty
(1805-1823) A.D. Zakharov
The building consists of 5 parts:
central tower, two
wings and two hulls.
Spire - boat, crowning
tower, became
symbol
Petersburg.

Sculpture plays an important role: here it is not
decoration, but part of a single whole. co-authors
Zakharov were: F.F. Shchedrin, S.S. Pimenov,
I.I. Terebenev, V.I. Demut-Malinovsky.
Sculpture enhances the value of the building as
monument of Russian naval glory.

The main idea of ​​the building: Russia is great
sea ​​power. Bas-relief above the Arch
"Establishing a Fleet in Russia": Neptune
presents Peter I with a trident as a sign of dominion
over the seas.

Ensemble
Palace
area.
(1819-1829)
K. Rossi completed the half-kilometer
arc of buildings, and in the center designed
travel gate - the arch of the General Staff.

fan out
2 arches (view from Nevsky
prospectus.)
The Rossi Arch resembles a triumphal gate.
Military armor is placed on both sides of the passage.
Between the columns are the figures of warriors.
The arch is crowned with a chariot in which the goddess stands
Victory. Its authors are sculptors - S.S. Pimenov,
IN AND. Demuth-Malinovsky.

Ensemble
Mikhailovsky Palace
(1819-1834)
One of the most beautiful halls, Belokolonny, whose model
was sent to English
king.

Ensemble
Alexandrinsky
theater (1816-1834)
C.Rossi: “The dimensions of the alleged
my project
surpass those that the Romans
considered worthy for their
monuments Are we afraid
compare with them in splendor ... "

The theater building is an example of synthesis
arts. Sculpture reveals
purpose of the building:
antique theatrical masks,
laurel wreath garlands,
statues of muses in niches
magnificent quadriga
Apollo on the main attica
facade.
Dramatic
theater named after A.S. Pushkin

Rossi Street (1828-1834)
Recognized as one of
the most beautiful streets in the world!
consists of two long buildings built
for the directorate of theaters and for the Ministry of Education.

Senate building
and Synod
(1829-1834)
Ensemble of two equal buildings:
Senate - closer to the Neva and
Synod - closer to St. Isaac's Cathedral.

Senate and Synod united
arch thrown over the Galley
street

Elagin Ensemble
palace (1818-1826)
It currently houses a museum.
C. Rossi.

Isaakievsky
Cathedral
(1818-1858)
Height: 101m
Dome diameter25m
4th place in the world in size;
accommodates 12,000 people
Construction and decoration
cost the state
23 million 256 thousand rubles
"The lack of a cathedral" - an accusation of congestion
rare and precious
materials used for its construction.

It is decorated with:
112 columns
from granite monoliths
up to 114 tons each
About 400 reliefs and
bronze sculptures
Decoration of the cathedral: more than 150 works of monumental
painting; among them are the works of V. Shebuev, K. Bryullov, F. Bruni;
Over 300 statues, sculptural groups and reliefs made
I. Vitali; more than 60 mosaics made by Russian masters.

Mosaics of the cathedral in 1862. on
world exhibition in
London
highly rated:
“The Russians have brought the production of smalt to such
perfection like nowhere else
Europe"!
The cathedral houses one of
the largest stained-glass windows in Russia
area of ​​28.5 sq.m

Many breeds are used in interior decoration
valuable stones: malachite, lapis lazuli, porphyry, marble.

"New Life" of St. Isaac's Cathedral.

Alexandrovskaya
Column
(1830-1832)
Contemporaries of the 19th century:
“The view of the column is a real pleasure
a satisfied eye gazes lovingly
details and rests on the whole.

Column height-47.5 m
the highest monolith in the world, weight-600 tons.
Is a monument
Russian military glory, a symbol of victory in the war
1812
The column is crowned with a 4.26 m figure.
angel trampling a snake
(Sculptor B.I. Orlovsky).
O.Montferrand, a participant in the Napoleonic Wars, together with
Russian craftsmen erected a monument of glory to the winners
war with Napoleon. This is the highest triumphal
column in the world!

Moscow Empire
Its originality stemmed from the combination
new ideas of the 19th century with national traditions;
Before the war of 1812, the image of Moscow was created by M.F. Kazakov.
The building of the City Hospital arch. M.F.Kazakov.

Moscow after the fire
1812
out of 9 thousand houses survived
2.5 thousand
In the capital in 1813-1830.
major
architectural ensembles,
the most important public
structures.
Created in 1813, the Commission for the construction of Moscow (from
students and followers of M.F. Kazakov), provided
stylistic integrity of the city's development.
.

O.I. Bove
The commission was headed by the architect O.I. Bove,
who created the architectural ensemble
city ​​center. He spent:
red square reconstruction
(shopping malls)
Breakdown of the Alexander Garden;
Created Theater Square, at the expense of
"burials" of the Neglinka River.
Rauch. " Red Square"
Upper shopping malls

theatre square(1816-1824)
arch. A.A. Mikhailov and O. Bove
The center of the square is the building of the Bolshoi
theater with a height of 37 meters,
along its axis was located 8-column
portico surmounted by a magnificent
figure of Apollo on a chariot
The hall could accommodate 3,000 people. spectators.
Moskovskie Vedomosti about
the birth of the Bolshoi Theatre:
"most beautiful building
charming noble
simplicity combined with
grace, majesty and
ease" January 17, 1825.

Rebuilt by an architect after a fire
A.K. Kavos (he enlarged
height, changed
proportions and
architectural decor).
The fire of the Bolshoi Theatre, 1853
Apollo quadriga
Sculptor P.K.Klodt

The Bolshoi Theater is the pride
Russian culture.
Since 1842,
Russian operas and ballets
composers.
In 1941, a broken German
the bomber dropped 500kg.
theater bomb.
Every year at the Bolshoi Fountain
theater veterans gather
Great Patriotic War.

The building of the Maly Theater of the "second Moscow University" is also located on Theater Square. Its opening took place in
1824. The architects were O. Bove and
A.F. Elkinsky (rebuilt in 1838 by the architect K.A. Ton).
This theater is also called "Ostrovsky's house",
47 plays by A.N. Ostrovsky were staged on his stage.
A.N. Ostrovsky about theaters on Theater Square:
“National theaters are a sign of the coming of age of a nation,
as well as academies, universities, museums.”

Alexander Garden
O. Bove designed the Alexandrovsky device
Garden to Troitsky Bridge. The best have been planted
trees and bushes, flowerbeds were laid out, a grotto was built.
It was supposed to arrange ponds with a cascade in the garden
and illumination. This idea of ​​O. Bove was brought to life
In the XX century during the reconstruction of Manezhnaya Square.
A separate exit from the Alexander Garden led to
Manezh.

Manezh building (1817).
Built for the 5th victory of the Russian
weapons in the war of 1812.
Intended for viewing
and teachings of the troops.
a unique engineering structure 166m long and 45m wide.
Without intermediate supports inside. IN
The arena could maneuver
infantry regiment of
2 thousand people. Built to
project of engineers A.A.Carbone,
and L.L. Betancourt.

triumphal gate O. Bove (1834)
Erected at the Tverskaya Zastava on
place of wooden erected in
1814 to meet the victorious
Russian troops from a foreign campaign.
In 1936, the arch was dismantled, its parts
kept in the Museum of Architecture
territory of the Donskoy Monastery. IN
1983 the arch was restored to
Kutuzovsky prospect. Sculptures
on the arch were made by I.T. Timofeev and
I.P. Vitali. At the heart of the project
the famous arch of Titus was laid.

temple buildings
O. Bove
In the cult architecture of the 20-30s, the temple
domed rotunda.
Church of All Who Sorrow
Joy on Ordynka.
Church of the Ascension near Nikitsky
gate

O. Bove
House N.S. Gagarin on Novinsky Boulevard (destroyed
during the war)
Church of the Intercession

D.I. Gilardi (1788-1845)
D.I.Gilardi by origin
Italian. From 1810-1832 he worked in Russia.
Restored the building of the University (18171819)
A.F. Merzlyakov: “Temple of Minevra, rebelled
clothed in splendor that surpasses
even the one in which he was before the fire.
He kept the volume of the building,
Ionic portico of Kazakov
has been replaced by a larger
Doric. Used decor
in the form of masks, torches, wreaths.

The Lunin House on Nikitsky Boulevard
now the Museum of Oriental Art
D.I.Gilardi
(1823)
This building showed a Moscow trait - a common
picturesque composition, dynamism,
imbalance. Asymmetric in construction
consisting of structures various forms and sizes
the ensemble develops, as if following the direction of the street
movement.

A.G. Grigoriev (1782-1868)
The fame of the architect brought the construction of residential buildings.
Interesting among them are 2 houses on Prechistenka:
Khrushchev-Seleznyov (now the Museum of A.S. Pushkin, 1814)
Lopukhins-Stanitskys (now the Leo Tolstoy Museum 1817-1822)
Museum since 1920
A.S. Pushkin
Since 1968, the Leo Tolstoy Museum.

D.I.Giliardi and A.G.Grigoriev.
Board of Trustees building
(1821-1826)
The estate of the Usachovs of the Naydenovs (18291831)
Together they carried out the reconstruction of the Widow's House,
Sloboda Palace in Lefortovo, the Catherine Institute, in

D.I.Giliardi and A.G.Grigoriev
Mausoleum-rotunda in Sukhanovo
Ceremonial monumentalism
underlined by powerful columns
facades, clear rhythm
ornamental
inserts and sculptural decoration.
equestrian pavilion
in Kuzminki

The crisis of classicism and the emergence of eclecticism.
In 30-40g, a single style that fastened
before all Russian architecture
falling apart, falling apart
ensemble,
architecture leaves its former grandeur and
simplicity. It's time for eclecticism
or historicism.
Synodal
printing house
A. Balakirev
I.Mironovsky
Temple of Christ
Savior
K.Ton

A. Grigoriev.
O. Bove
C.Rossi
M.Kazakov
D. Gilardi
A. Voronikhin
O. Montferrand.
V. Bazhenov

Architecture of the second half of the 19th century

In the architecture of the second half of the 19th century
classicism finally outlived itself.
With the development of capitalism, changes have taken place in urban planning. Scientific and
technical discoveries in industrial production, construction of iron
roads, streamlining the transport network of cities, street lighting led to
the search for a new structure of cities and the emergence of new structures: railway stations,
factories, plants, administrative buildings, sports facilities, trade
buildings, etc.
Architects were looking for changes in the past, in styles: Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque. This
led to the dominance of the eclectic style.

IN mid-nineteenth- early XX centuries in palace architecture
a direction appeared that proclaimed the “Russian-Byzantine” style. For example, in the facades of the Bolshoi
Kremlin Palace in Moscow (architect K. Ton)
mechanically combined techniques of composition of that time
with details of ancient Russian and Byzantine architecture.

Facade of the Grand Kremlin Palace in Moscow

Central facade of the Moscow Polytechnic Museum

The third direction was based on
imitation of elegant Moscow
architecture of the middle of the 17th century, but created
dry, pretentious architecture, for example in
Moscow - building Historical Museum
(architects V. Sherwood, A. Semenov) with
complicated composition of the facade, in
whose architectural divisions
17th century decor motifs are mechanically introduced.

The building of the Historical Museum in Moscow

At this time, tent completions come into fashion,
turrets, patterned decorations, figured architraves. This
can be observed in the example of such buildings as:
City Duma in Moscow (architect D.N. Chichagov), and
Upper trading rows (architect A.N. Pomerantsev).

"Artistic culture of the 19th-20th centuries" - 20th century. Russian artistic culture. Ideas for a brighter future Ideal free personality. Artistic culture of the 19th and 20th centuries. The history of culture of the 20th century - in the Great french revolution. European art 19th-20th century. World art culture of two centuries.

"Impressionism in art" - Field of poppies. Van Gogh. (1848 - 1903). Kiss. (1839 - 1906). Ravel. Style directions artistic culture in Western Europe XIX century. (1830 - 1903). Pierre. A woman holding a fetus. Sails in Argenteuil. Aznagulova Natalya Alexandrovna Absinthe. Sulfur. Impressionism.". Degas. Monotype. Ball at the Moulin de la Galette.

"Architecture of the 19th century" - The erected tower. 19th century architecture. The Eiffel Tower was built by 300 workers. Everything in the interior is subject to strict geometric laws. Neoclassicism. Masterpieces. Victorian Gothic Revival. The structure will be crowned with eighteen towers. Church of the Holy Family. Fairytale Neuschwanstein. Eclecticism. outdoor device.

"Fine Art Nouveau" - Aubrey Beardsley "Climax". art modern. Salome. Salome, the femme fatale who beheaded John the Baptist. O. Beardsley "Siegfried". ART of the XX century. Beardsley. O. Beardsley "Skirt of peacock feathers." Aubrey Beardsley's Salome's Toilet. Aubrey Vincent Beardsley 1872 - 1898.

"Artists of the XX century" - Woman in an armchair. "Guernica" and pacifism. Ghost cow. Three women. "Breakfast on the Grass" based on Edouard Manet. Raised knee. Woman in a hat. The paintings included in the golden fund of surrealism were painted in the 1930s. Three figures. Henri Matisse (fr. Fauvism Matisse. One of the most well-known representatives surrealism.

"Impressionism in painting" - "Camilla in a Japanese kimono". Boulevard Montmartre. Edouard Manet (1832-1883). "Spring Bouquet". Great Impressionists. Auguste Renoir, The Frog. Gorich Angelina. Impressionism. "White Peonies". "Dance at Bougival". French painter, one of the first and most consistent representatives of impressionism.

In total there are 34 presentations in the topic

At the beginning of the 19th century, public interest in works of art increased significantly, which contributed to the development of artistic culture. An important feature development of art of this period was a rapid change artistic directions and the simultaneous existence of different artistic styles.

In the architecture of the first half of the century, classicism lingered longer than in other areas. artistic creativity. He dominated almost until the 40s. Its pinnacle at the beginning of the 19th century was the Empire style, expressed in massive forms, rich decorations, and the severity of lines inherited from imperial Rome. An important element of the Empire was also sculptures that complemented the architectural design of buildings. Palaces and mansions of the nobility, buildings of higher government institutions, noble assemblies, theaters and even temples were built in the Empire style. Empire was the embodiment of the ideas of state power and military strength.

Early XIX V. was a time of rapid development of the capitals - St. Petersburg and Moscow. As well as the central part of large provincial cities. A feature of the construction of this period was the creation architectural ensembles- a number of buildings and structures combined into a single whole. In St. Petersburg during this period, Palace, Admiralteyskaya and Senatskaya squares were formed. in Moscow - Teatralnaya. Provincial cities rebuilt according to special plans. Their central part now consisted not only of cathedrals, palaces of governors and mansions of the nobility, buildings of noble assemblies, but also new institutions - museums, schools, libraries, theaters.

The largest representatives ZAKHAROV Andreyan (Adrian) Dmitrievich, Russian architect. Empire representative. The creator of one of the masterpieces of Russian architecture of the Admiralty building in St. Petersburg ().

Zakharov created a monumental building in the strict forms of the Russian Empire according to the traditional three-axis scheme: a tower surrounded by a colonnade at the top and crowned with a dome with a spire, and two wings, each of which has a central portico and two side six-columned loggias. Numerous statues (allegorical figures) and reliefs of facades and interiors by V. I. Demut-Malinovsky, F. F. Shchedrin, I. I. Terebenev and S. S. Pimenov are organically connected with the architectural forms of the building. The Admiralty, to the tower of which three highways of the city converge, is the center of the architectural composition of St. Petersburg.

VORONIKHIN Andrey Nikiforovich (), Russian architect, representative of the Empire style. His works in St. Petersburg Kazan Cathedral (), which laid the foundation for a large urban ensemble on Nevsky Prospekt, the Mining Institute () are marked by monumental and strict solemnity. Participated in the creation of architectural ensembles of Pavlovsk and Peterhof.

BOVE Osip Ivanovich (), Russian architect. Empire representative. Chief Architect of the Commission for the Restoration of Moscow after the Fire With the participation of Bove, Red Square was reconstructed, Theater Square was created with Bolshoi Theater(), Triumphal gates ().

MONFERRAN August Augustovich () - Russian architect, decorator and draftsman. A representative of late classicism, his work marks the transition from classicism to eclecticism. French by origin. From 1816 he worked in Russia. Such buildings of Montferrand as St. Isaac's Cathedral and the Alexander Column played a significant role in shaping the ensembles of the center of St. Petersburg.

Ton Konstantin Andreevich - (), Russian architect, "Russian-Byzantine" style in Russian architecture. In under his leadership, the Grand Kremlin Palace was erected. In 1837, according to his project, the construction of the grandiose Cathedral of Christ the Savior began in Moscow in memory of the heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812. In 1839, the architect designs the Grand Kremlin Palace and the Armory of the Moscow Kremlin () and becomes their main builder. In Moscow, Ton also built the first railway station in Russia, the Nikolaevskaya Road (now Leningradsky Station, 1849; in St. Petersburg, now Moscow).

Karl Ivanovich Rossi - () Russian architect. He made a new contribution to the history of Russian classicism. His largest works: the Mikhailovsky Palace in St. Petersburg (now the Russian Museum) with the entire area of ​​​​arts, an ensemble Palace Square with the building of the General Staff and the arch, etc.

First half of the 19th century went down in history as the beginning of the "golden age" of Russian artistic culture. It was distinguished by: the rapid change of artistic styles and trends, the mutual enrichment and close interconnection of literature and other areas of art, the strengthening of public sound created works, organic unity and complementarity of the best examples of Western European and Russian folk culture. All this did artistic culture Rossi diverse and polyphonic, led to an increase in its influence on the life of not only the enlightened strata of society, but also millions ordinary people. First half of the 19th century went down in history as the beginning of the "golden age" of Russian artistic culture. It was distinguished by: the rapid change of artistic styles and trends, the mutual enrichment and close interconnection of literature and other areas of art, the strengthening of the public sound of the created works, the organic unity and complementarity of the best examples of Western European and Russian folk culture. All this made the artistic culture of Russia diverse and polyphonic, led to an increase in its influence on the life of not only the enlightened strata of society, but also millions of ordinary people.