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Some trends in the formation of artistic trends in the Far East. Features of the formation of culture, science and education in the Far Eastern region of art and art education

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1. Features of the formation of culture, science and education in the Far East region

2. Cultural monuments of the Far East

List of used literature

1. Peculiaritiesformationculture,SciencesAndeducationVFar Eastregion

The discovery and economic development of the Far East was accompanied by cultural development. The development of the culture of the Far East region took place under the influence of all-Russian factors, in line with the national (Russian) culture. In the history of the development of the culture of the Far East, modern researchers chronologically distinguish several periods.

The first is the 17th century. - until the 80s of the XIX century. - this is the period of the birth and formation of Russian culture in the Far East and Russian America, the establishment of cultural and historical contacts with the indigenous peoples of the region.

The second period - the 80s of the XIX - the beginning of the XX century. - characterized by the emergence and development of professional artistic culture, the development of science and education.

The third period falls on the decades of Soviet power (from 1917 to the 1990s) and is associated with the creation and development of Soviet, socialist culture. Consider some characteristics these periods.

Discovery and development of the Russian people of the Far East in the XVII century. was accompanied by the spread of Russian culture in new lands and the establishment of contacts with the aboriginal population.

Between the 1780s and the mid-nineteenth century, in connection with the loss of the Amur region under the Nerchinsk Treaty (1689), the cultural development of the Far Eastern region proceeded mainly in its northern part (Okhotsk coast, Kamchatka, Russian America).

The Russian Orthodox Church and its ministers played a leading role in spreading Russian culture in the new lands and familiarizing the indigenous population with Russian culture.

This was explained, firstly, by the fact that the Orthodox religion remained the main moral pillar of the Russian people.

Secondly, the professional culture here took its first timid steps.

In addition, the basis of the Orthodox religion was humanism, the universal principle. Its commandments, its requirements were guided by Russian pioneers who came into contact with the indigenous inhabitants of the Far East. The ministers of the church, as the sources testify, both ordinary and invested with a high rank, spared neither strength nor life to fulfill their high mission.

The first clergy arrived in the Far East in 1639 together with the governors of the newly formed Yakutsk district. Already in 1671, two monasteries were founded in Albazin and Kumar prison by the priest Hermogenes. In 1681, the Selenginsky Trinity and Posolsky Spaso-Preobrazhensky monasteries were created - centers for the development of Russian Orthodoxy and Russian culture in the east of the country. In the 70s. 17th century almost every prison had a church.

With the advent of Russian explorers in the Far East, enlightenment began to be born: schools began to be created, and literacy appeared. Schools have become one of the links in the development of Russian culture in the Far East. The construction of schools is developing especially intensively with the creation of settlements on new lands, with the formation of cities and other settlements. It is characteristic that literacy schools were created not only at churches, monasteries, but also on the initiative of explorers and seafarers. Children of both the Russian and the aboriginal population studied there.

In the XVII - the first half of the XIX century. Literature also originated in the Far East. Its formation was influenced by books that came to the eastern outskirts from Russia in various ways: with expeditions, immigrants, spiritual missions, and private individuals. These were books of religious, reference, legal, artistic content; handwritten and printed books. Already in the XVII century. at prisons, monasteries, schools, educational institutions libraries began to emerge. The library of the Resurrection Church of Albazin had a rich liturgical literature. Among the inhabitants of Albazin there were literate people who knew not only the book, but also published them. These include the priest Maxim Leontiev, the governor of Albazin Alexei Tolbuzin, the merchants Ushakovs and Naritsin-Musatovs.

In the XVIII century. notes, memoirs, letters appear on the Far Eastern outskirts, dedicated to history region, its nature and population, new settlements, etc. Among them should be mentioned the notes of "the Russian merchant Grigory Shelikhov, wandering from Okhotsk along the Eastern Ocean to the American shores from 1783 to 1787" (published in 1791). The book aroused great interest among readers. The poet Gavriil Derzhavin called G.I. Shelikhov "Columbus of Russia".

Decembrists, talented writers N.A. Bestuzhev, D.I. Zavalishin, V.L. Davydov and others, who left numerous notes and memoirs. The work of the Decembrists, their high citizenship, protest against oppression and serfdom, their faith in a bright future, had a great influence on the young literature of Siberia and the Far East.

An important component of the spiritual life of Russian explorers, settlers of the Far East were songs, epics, legends. For example, among the Russian Cossacks in folklore, the legends “Terrible misfortune” (about the difficult trials that befell the Cossacks who mastered Transbaikalia in the 17th century), “About how life used to be” (about the construction of the first prisons and the conquest of the Buryat and Tungus tribes ). The song occupied a special place in the spiritual life of the pioneers and settlers. In the songs performed from Transbaikalia to Russian America, wherever the Russian people lived, the history of the discovery and development of the Far East was reflected. In this regard, the historical songs "In the Siberian, in Ukraine, in the Daurian side" are of great interest.

An extensive layer was made up of comic works that served as an accompaniment to a round dance or dance.

A characteristic feature of the formation of culture in the Far East was the interaction and mutual influence of cultures - Russian Orthodox Christianity and pagan - natives. Russian people, finding themselves not only in a specific natural and climatic environment, but also in an unusual ethnic environment, were forced to adapt to new conditions, to adopt material and spiritual culture from the local aboriginal population.

During the development of the Far Eastern lands, there was an active process of interaction between two cultures: Russian culture with the pagan culture of the natives.

Considering the influence of Russian culture on the culture of aborigines, scientists note that the sphere of traditional culture experienced the greatest changes as a result of cultural contacts. material culture natives, it was enriched with new elements.

The indigenous peoples of the Far East borrowed from the Russians new agricultural crops, farming techniques, certain ethnic groups in the southern part of the region switched to settled life and adopted peasant image life. Animal husbandry began to develop in the aboriginal economy, riding and draft horses appeared.

Gradually, all the peoples of the Far East mastered the technique of Russian log house building, Russian stoves appeared, and in place of the cans they began to install wooden plank beds, and later beds.

By the beginning of the 20th century, the Russian hut had become the main type of housing. The influence of Russian culture was reflected in the addition to the national food in the form of flour, cereals, potatoes, vegetables.

The natives borrowed from the Russians ways of preparing food: salting, frying; began to use earthenware and metal utensils. Very soon, the indigenous peoples of the region began to adopt Russian clothes, shoes, and the most prosperous of them (Nanais, Negidals) began to wear kosovorotka shirts, boots, caftans, caps, like Russian merchants. For tailoring and decorating clothes, materials such as fabrics, threads, and beads were widely used.

Under the influence of Russian culture, the decorative art of all indigenous peoples of the Far East became in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. a little richer. The influence of Russians in the art of the Itelmens and Aleuts was especially strong. These peoples in decorative arts satin stitch embroidery, Russian factory fabrics, Russian beads were widely used. Evenk and Even craftswomen very skillfully used Russian colored fabric and colored threads to decorate clothes, bags, belts.

From the middle of the 19th century, Russian influence became noticeable in the art of the Amur and Sakhalin peoples. So, the Nanais began to wear Russian-style shirts, and on traditional women's dressing gowns one could see a border of Russian lace braid. In home production, carpentry and joinery tools began to be used, which had an impact on the improvement of woodcarving.

In the second half of the 19th century, qualitative changes took place in the development of the culture of the Far Eastern region, associated with the level of socio-economic development and the nature of the formation of the population of the region, as well as its geopolitical position.

First, the geography of cultural construction has changed. Unlike the initial stage of the development of the Far East, when cultural processes flowed mainly in Kamchatka, the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk and in Russian America, from the middle of the 19th century. the southern regions became the centers of culture: the Amur, Primorsk and Trans-Baikal regions. This was explained by the fact that the Amur Region and Primorye, on the basis of the peace treaties concluded with China (Aigun in 1858, Beijing in 1860), were annexed to Russia. In 1867 Russian America (Alaska) was sold by Russia to the United States of America. The tasks of the economic development of the Far East region required the settlement of new Russian lands and ensuring their socio-economic and cultural development.

Secondly, the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway (1891-1916) and the CER (1897-1903) was of great importance for the cultural development of the region. Since 1893 it has been open sea route from Odessa to Vladivostok. The establishment of a railway and sea connection between the Far East and Siberia and European Russia accelerated the state migration of the population from the western provinces to the Far East and the socio-economic and cultural development of the region.

Thirdly, the peculiarities of the socio-economic development of the region also influenced the formation of the cultural environment. First of all, not only the government and local authorities played a significant role in cultural construction, but also the growing numerically Far Eastern intelligentsia - the core, the basis of the regional cultural environment. It was precisely the intelligentsia that particularly acutely expressed the public need to meet the cultural needs of the population. Thanks to her initiative, all kinds of professional art are born in the region.

A feature of the cultural development of the Far Eastern region in the second half of the XIX century - early XX century. there was a simultaneous development of all areas of culture and art: education, science, art and musical culture, theatrical business, that is, there was an active formation of the socio-cultural space of this region. It should be noted that one of the main features of the Far East is high level literacy of its population in comparison with Siberia and European Russia.

Received the development of secondary and higher special education. Here in the Far East, as well as in the center of the country, the following were created: the Naval School - in Nikolaevsk-on-Amur; river - in Blagoveshchensk; railway - in Khabarovsk. In 1899, in Vladivostok, the first in all of Eastern Siberia and the Far East, the Oriental Institute, was established.

Difficulties in the formation of public education were associated with a lack of not only schools, but also teachers. Suffice it to say that among all teaching staff region, only 4% had special education.

The development of industry, railway and naval construction, mass migration of the population to the Far East from the middle of the 19th century. accelerated the development of science.

The Oriental Institute, opened in 1899 in Vladivostok, had a positive influence on the development of Far Eastern science.

A distinctive feature of the Far East was a large number of periodicals. It testified to the socio-economic and cultural development of the region, and that a detachment of professional journalists, writers was formed in the region and a large readership appeared. The periodical press covered all the most populated and developed regions of the region, and reflected the interests of all segments of the population.

A characteristic sign of the formation of the culture of the Far East during this period is the emergence and development of professional artistic culture. However, unlike the artistic culture of Russia, it was created in the form of amateur associations (musical, theatrical, etc.). This can be explained, first of all, by the late entry of the Far East, in comparison with other regions of the country, into Russia. The remoteness of the region from European Russia, the lack of funding for culture and professional personnel also affected.

The birth of theater in the Far East began in the 1960s. XIX century with amateur performances for soldiers and officers. On December 24, 1860, in one of the barracks of Blagoveshchensk, the lower ranks of the line battalion and the artillery team presented the performance “ Stationmaster"(according to A.S. Pushkin) and the vaudeville "Much Ado About Nothing" by A.A. Yablochkin. The first mention of amateur theatrical performances in Vladivostok dates back to the early 1870s. In 1873, the reserve paramedic Bakushev, with the clerks of the naval crew and the garrison, as well as female convicts, presented to the audience a performance based on the play by A.N. Ostrovsky Poverty is not a vice. In Khabarovsk, the first amateur performance was staged at the City Public Assembly in 1873. Professional theater troupes in the Far East were formed in the early 1990s. 19th century Permanent theaters are being created in the cities of Vladivostok, Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk.

Musical culture in the Far East, like theatrical culture, developed from amateur to professional. Origin musical art began with naval bands. In 1860, a military orchestra with a staff of 51 people was established in Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, and in 1862 - in Vladivostok. In the 80s. In the 19th century, musical circles appeared in Blagoveshchensk, Vladivostok, Chita, Khabarovsk, which began to play a significant role in meeting the musical needs of urban residents.

Of great importance for the emergence of professional musical culture in the region, as well as the entire artistic culture, was the touring and concert activity of artists from Siberia and European Russia. Since the mid 90s. until the beginning of the twentieth century, touring became an integral part of cultural life region. The system of touring and concert practice influenced musical life Far Eastern cities, raised the cultural level of the population, shaped the tastes of the Far Eastern public, facilitated the adaptation of newcomers, and stimulated the development of the region.

2. monumentscultureFarEast

The Far East is a unique region. It is rich in its natural resources, the history of the peoples inhabiting it; it is full of various monuments of history and culture. All famous in the region historical monuments are of great value, most of them are of national importance, protected by the state.

The most wonderful monuments ancient art are rock carvings (petroglyphs or petroglyphs, as they are also called). On the territory of the Amur region and Primorye, several locations of rock carvings left by ancient masters on pliable stone are known. This is on the Amur River near Sikachi-Alyan, on the rocky bank of the Ussuri River above the village of Sheremetyevo and in the Kiya River valley on the road from Khabarovsk to Vladivostok.

The largest center of rock paintings is Sikachi-Alyan. Near the village, along the rocky shore of the Amur, blocks of basalt are piled up in long shafts - the remains of destroyed rocks. They have ancient drawings.

The drawings near the village of Sheremetyevo are no longer placed on separate blocks of stone, but on the even and smooth surfaces of the rocks of the Ussuri River.

Pegtymel petroglyphs are a unique cultural monument of the Far North-East of Asia. They are carved on 12 rocks on the right bank of the Pegtymel River, 50-60 kilometers from its confluence with the Arctic Ocean. At a height of 20-30 m, 104 groups of images have been preserved. This "picture gallery" was created during the first millennium BC. - the first millennium AD Older images are partially overlapped by later drawings. rock art reflected the main occupations of the ancient inhabitants of the North of the Far East - sea hunting and hunting for wild deer.

In different cities of the Far East, majestic monuments were erected to the fallen heroes in the harsh years civil war. The most expressive of them is located in Khabarovsk, on Komsomolskaya Square. The grand opening of the monument took place on October 26, 1956 in the presence of more than 300 Far Eastern partisans, among whom were former commanders partisan detachments, active participants in the revolutionary movement.

Monument to the Fighters for Soviet Power in the Far East in 1917-1922 installed on the central square of Vladivostok on April 28, 1961. Authors: sculptor A. Teneta, engineers A. Usachev and T. Shulgina. The largest monument in the city. It consists of three separate compositions - two group and central sculpture of a Red Army trumpeter, towering over the square at a height of thirty meters. It is the central figure who is "guilty" of the appearance of unofficial names of the monument among the local informal and bohemian public: "The trumpeter in his own juice" and "Vasya Trubachev and comrades." The right sculptural group depicts participants in the events of 1917 in Vladivostok. Left - Red Army soldiers of the NRA FER, who liberated Vladivostok in 1922.

A vivid and demonstrative example of how the seemingly irreconcilable is reconciled in history is the Memorial section of the Marine Cemetery in the city of Vladivostok. It arose in 1905 during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. The memorial section of the Sea Cemetery is a vivid and demonstrative example of how the seemingly irreconcilable is reconciled in history. People are buried here different eras, ideologies and religions. Next to the veterans of the "red" partisan movement during the Civil War lie English and Canadian soldiers and officers, Czech legionnaires who died in the same years, but professed completely different values.

In Khabarovsk, on the high bank of the Amur, there is the youngest square in the city - Glory Square, opened on the 30th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic war 1941-1945 A 30-meter obelisk of three pylons rises in the center of the square. The Memorial Square of Glory appeared in Khabarovsk in 1985. On its plates - the names of the Far East, who died in the Great Patriotic War. The names of 47 thousand people are engraved on the granite slabs of the local memorial - all those who were called to the front from the Khabarovsk Territory.

On June 23, 1972, in the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Grand opening a unique memorial monument to the Komsomol heroes who died in 1941-1945.

Monumental sculpture has become a specific phenomenon of the culture of the Far East. Monuments to historical figures have become landmarks of cities. It is characteristic that all sculptural monuments were united by one big topic: development and protection of the Far Eastern lands of Russia. The main purpose of the sculptures is to affirm the positive, the heroic in the minds of contemporaries, and then their descendants. All created monuments were the result of social activity.

For 40 years now, there has been a monument to Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov in the city of Khabarovsk, erected on the centenary of the city. The monument was opened on May 29, 1958 in a solemn atmosphere. The height of the sculptural figure is 4.5 meters, and the total height of the monument (including the pedestal) is 11.5 meters.

There can be no question of a portrait resemblance to Khabarov, because neither portraits nor even descriptions of Yerofei Khabarov's appearance have been preserved. Therefore, the monument that adorns the forecourt of the city is a kind of collective image of those brave Russian explorers who were the first to reach these remote lands.

In 1891, a monument to Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Amursky was erected on a cliff in the city garden of Khabarovsk with the names of the participants of all alloys of the Amur expedition carved: G. Nevelsky, N. Boshnyak, M. Venyukov, K. Budogossky, L. Shrenko, R. Moake , K. Maksimovich and others.

A monument dedicated to the outstanding Russian officer, Admiral G.I. Nevelsky, stands in a cozy square on Svetlanskaya Street in the city of Vladivostok. The name of this person is widely known and very revered in Russia. The work of the Amur Expedition headed by him (1851-1855) played a decisive role in the formation of Russian statehood in Primorye.

A monument dedicated to G.I. Nevelsky was also built in the city of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur. A monumental obelisk made of granite with a relief and copper plates with inscriptions was opened on August 31, 1813.

And in Khabarovsk over the Amur, the bronze Nevelskoy stands just as naturally as in Nikolaevsk. The monument to this famous navigator and explorer of the Russian Far East was erected in 1951 in Central park culture and recreation. With his head uncovered, with a telescope in his hand, he stands on a high bank and follows the waves of the Amur with his eyes, running towards the expanses of the Pacific Ocean. The author of this expressive sculpture is A.Bobrovnikov from Khabarovsk.

In the city of Arsenyev, in the area of the Uvalnaya hill, a monument was erected to V.K. Arsenyev, a famous explorer, archaeologist, ethnographer, and writer. It reaches a height of about four meters. In a small distance from it, a huge stone block is installed. Part of its facade is occupied by the Dersu-Uzal bas-relief. Udege ornaments are carved on the reverse surface. The monument was erected in honor of the 100th anniversary of the researcher's birth. It was built with the money of the inhabitants of the city of Arsenyev and the scientific intelligentsia of Russia.

Among great variety cultural heritage a special place is occupied by architectural monuments - a kind of chronicle of the world. Architectural monuments, silent witnesses of the past, studying them, we simultaneously know ourselves, because in the monuments are the deeds of our ancestors. Architectural monuments, embodied in wood and stone, reflect the social and economic state of cities at different stages of development, the level of culture and education. In the Far Eastern cities, despite the fact that they developed far from cultural centers, many beautiful buildings. Their construction used different architectural styles: classicism, eclecticism or modern.

One of the most beautiful architectural sights of Khabarovsk is considered to be the House of City Government, well known as the Palace of Pioneers.

In 1868, the first wooden church was built in Khabarovsk, and two years later the first wooden church was consecrated, named Innokentievskaya in honor of St.

From 1899 to 1901 a beautiful building was being built - the Public Assembly. The building was built according to the project of the Irkutsk architect V.A. Rassushin. The building turned out to be really beautiful, and for more than a hundred years it has been decorating Khabarovsk with its unusual architecture.

A significant and unique building of pre-revolutionary Khabarovsk is a three-kilometer railway bridge built in 1916. It has been called "the miracle of the 20th century". This is the longest railway bridge in the Old World. Before today The Amur Bridge is an example of engineering art.

The city of Blagoveshchensk is notable for its wealth of historical and cultural monuments: there are eighty-three monuments on its territory that are under state protection: fifty monuments of architecture and urban planning, four monuments of archeology, twenty monuments of history and monumental art. The most significant of them is the Amur Regional Theatre.

A remarkable building is the building of the Blagoveshchensk railway station. It was built in 1908-1912. in tradition ancient Russian architecture Novgorod and Pskov.

The history of the creation of the building of the Blagoveshchensk Regional local history museum. This is a national monument. The building was built in 1911 by the Far Eastern commercial and industrial company " Trading house Kunst & Albers" to host its department store in Blagoveshchensk.

Vladivostok, the largest center of Primorye, has more than two hundred monuments. The architecture of the city is a mixture of old and new. Building late XIX- the beginning of the twentieth century are adjacent to buildings built at the end of the twentieth century. Very interesting in terms of architecture is the station square, the central place of which is the building of the railway station. Its architectural and artistic image decorated in the style of old Russian architecture and reminiscent of the palace-terem of Russian tsars of the 17th century. The building was built in 1894 by the architect A. Bazilevsky. In 1908, it was expanded and partially reconstructed by the architect N.V. Konovalov.

Vladivostok fortress - unique monument military-defensive architecture. It (the fortress) is one of the two Russian sea fortresses built in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. in accordance with the concepts of fortification, new for those years, that developed after Franco-Prussian War 1870

culture far east monument

Listusedliterature

1. Russian Far East: Economic potential. Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2006.

2. Dunichev V. M., Zhukova Z. I. Factors affecting the state and prospects of education in the Far East // Culture, science and education of the peoples of the Far East of Russia and the Asia-Pacific countries. - 2006. - No. 4.

3. History and culture of the peoples of the Far East. - Vladivostok, 2005.

4. Essays on the culture of small peoples of the Far East of the USSR (History, decorative arts, musical folklore, folk sports). Khabarovsk, 1980.

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The article is devoted to understanding the formation of some tendencies of artistic trends in the Far East, their influence on the development of the unique features of the fine arts of the region. The stylistic features of the Far Eastern art education, their differences and influence on the development of the socio-cultural background modern period. The dependence of the general level of cultural development of the region on the stylistic trends of modern art education. Separate stylistic features of teaching by Veniamin Goncharenko and Nikolai Zhogolev are singled out, which were passed on to their individual graduates.

style directions of artistic creativity

Primorsky Krai

art education

1. Glinshchikov A.V., Obukhov I.B., Popovich N.A., Chugunov A.M. Far Eastern State Academy of Arts. Memoirs and materials. - 2007. - No. 2. - P. 54–86.

2. Glinshchikov A.V., Obukhov I.B., Popovich N.A., Chugunov A.M. Far Eastern State Academy of Arts. Memoirs and materials. - 2012. - No. 3. - P. 97–114.

3. Kagan M.S. Social Features art / M.S. Kagan / Knowledge. - 1978. -S. 34.

4. Kandyba V.I. Artists of Primorye. - L .: Artist of the RSFSR. - 1990. - S. 126.

5. Moleva N.M. Outstanding Russian artists-teachers / N.M. Moleva. – M.: Enlightenment. - 1991. - S. 147-158.

The relevance of the topic chosen for this article is due to the fact that art education is an important link in artistic life region. The general level of artistic preparedness of both the producing and consuming circles of the artistic intelligentsia depends on the degree of its development. Art education, on the one hand, forms traditions in the teaching of artistic skills, and on the other hand, contributes to the development of the unique features of the fine arts of the region.

Modern art education in Primorye is actively developing, including in its chain all new institutions of additional education, specialized institutes, colleges.

At the same time, the question arises about the degree of study of the history of the development of art schools in the Far East, since there are not enough works covering this topic yet. IN Lately works devoted to the fine arts of the Far East appear, dissertations are defended (Zotova O.I., Levdanskaya N.A.). However, a complete picture of the development of fine arts in the Far East has not yet been formed.

Modern Russian culture has several important features characteristic of it from the beginning of the existence of the state - geographical dispersion, as a result, the remoteness of regions from each other, and total centripetal tendencies in the development of all political institutions. These features directly affect the disunity of the country, causing artificial cultural isolation in a number of regions.

Primorsky Krai can also be attributed to similar regions of the Russian Federation. The problem of the cultural isolation of the Far East is also noted by the government authorities in the adopted document "Strategy for the socio-economic development of the Far East and the Baikal region for the period up to 2025".

Having considered the problems of a thinned cultural layer directly in the city of Vladivostok, we can draw objective conclusions. Developing in the conditions of cross-border, colossal remoteness from the cultural centers of Russian culture and monuments of classical fine arts, the artistic culture of the city of Vladivostok, in the context of the specifics of the port city, tends to develop imitation in the artistic and visual techniques of the creativity of students and graduates of the Far Eastern Academy of Arts.

This is understandable. The search for an independent style of artist's expression is complex and time consuming. The author's style, which often requires abstraction from the material aspects of life, is difficult to achieve in the conditions of the existence of a modern author.

In this regard, a large number of regional artists, on the way to becoming the style of their narrative, choose the easiest way, appealing in his statements to the artistic expressive methods of his teachers, at the same time creating the original style of the fine arts of the region.

The institute of art education in the Far East is relatively young, so that we, being contemporaries of its founders, can easily trace its evolution, using the examples of the direct founders of the institute and their followers, who, having picked up the baton, continue the traditions of the “Far Eastern school of painting”.

Veniamin Goncharenko and Nikolai Zhogolev can be called one of the first founders of the Far Eastern art and educational school. Having dedicated a significant portion of his career to teaching artistic disciplines the first students of the Far Eastern State Academy of Arts, these professional artists became the basis on which the pictorial and pedagogical system of education in the Far East grew in the future.

A huge contribution to the methodology of teaching profile disciplines was made by Veniamin Goncharenko - painter, member of the Union of Artists of Russia, Honored Artist of Russia, graduate of the Institute of Painting and Architecture. I. E. Repin, faculty of painting, workshop of B.V. Ioganson. From 1974 to 1993 - Rector of the Far Eastern Pedagogical Institute of Arts. As rector of the Far Eastern Pedagogical Institute of Arts, Veniamin Alekseevich published a number of articles on the problems of art education and upbringing.

Nikolai Pavlovich Zhogolev played an equally important role in the development of art education. Honored Artist of the Russian Federation, graduated from the Vladivostok Art College and State Institute painting, sculpture and architecture. I.E. Repin, famous master figure composition, portrait and still life.

From the point of view of teaching methodology, the masters of special disciplines did not go beyond the tradition of the Russian realistic school, of which they were adherents. Particular attention was paid to the in-depth study of the fundamentals compositional construction, academic drawing and painting. Since the founding of the art faculty of the Far Eastern Pedagogical Institute of Arts, the teaching of special disciplines has been carried out according to the plan of standard programs.

At the same time, the workshops of artists of the same St. Petersburg school gradually began to form new, authorial features. While the students of Veniamin Goncharenko actively turned to the sculptural possibilities of impasto painting, often breaking the light-air perspective, moving away from classical realism into pure impressionism, the students of the Zhogolev workshop perfected their mastery of the color spot. The "calling card" of their work is bold color solutions in sustainable compositions.

Even with a superficial analysis of the canvases, art historians can talk about students borrowing the pictorial narrative of their masters of the course. Since the characteristic features of the author’s artistic language are quite stable, and being developed in the course of the formation of the author’s figurative-semantic system, reflect his creative way, they are quite simply read by the iconological method.

Gradually, in the educational process, there appears what can be called a mechanism for assimilating influences, adopting the traditions of performing artistic expressive means of painting, moving away from the mechanical repetition of studies that relentlessly lead to craft.

Under the guidance of two masters of the same art school, two artistic lines, two directions are being formed, the students of each of which in their works operate with figuratively expressive systems that have been clearly formed within these directions.

The graduates of the workshop of Veniamin Goncharenko demonstrate their desire for a laconic palette, the desire to work with fewer colors, focusing on a greater variety of shades. The tradition of performing paintings includes the emotional filling of color through the work of valery. Within the framework of this school, the form is perceived as a volume of light and air.

So, graduates of the workshop V.A. Goncharenko 1976 Sidor Andreevich Litvinov and Yuri Valentinovich Sobchenko taught for many years at the Far Eastern State Academy of Arts and have produced more than one generation now famous artists. To date, the pedagogical traditions of the workshop of Veniamin Goncharenko continue to practice Butusov Ilya Ivanovich.

For example, the impressionistic palette of the landscape of Vladivostok in the work of V.A. Goncharenko ("Lights in the Port", oil on canvas, 2008, 840x1040 mm, gallery contemporary art"Arch") is transformed in the work of a student of Ilya Butusov ("Festival of Lights", oil on canvas, 2008, 1160x1300 mm, private collection). The same outlines of the sea coast, ships, buildings hidden behind the fog, reproducing the very aerial perspective of the city of Vladivostok, for which it is so loved by its inhabitants.

These canvases of the teacher and the student are very close in color and content. One gets the impression that this is one direction, one line of artistic creativity.

Graduates of Nikolai Zhogolev's workshop demonstrate a slightly different set of artistic expressions. In their works, one can clearly see the purposeful convergence of painting and graphics, where the combination of a laconic color spot with the softness of the light-color environment is obvious. The problem of transferring the light-air perspective is solved by means of color contrasts, which lead to a single sound within the canvas. In the works of representatives of this workshop, one can notice trends towards decorative painting.

The creative approach of Nikolai Zhogolev in his work (“Evening in Novorossiya”, canvas, oil, 1995, 1490x1500 mm, private collection) is easy to recognize by the special, increased luminosity and expressiveness of color. The absence of traditional, for the Far Eastern school of painting, chiaroscuro modeling, sharpened color relationships, motifs borrowed from nature and the organization of space only with the help of color are characteristic features for graduates of Nikolai Zhogolev's workshop, who intuitively go to Fauvism in their work. A similar planar interpretation of forms, emphasizing the decorativeness of painting, are demonstrated in their canvases by graduates of the Zhogolev workshop, De Son Yong (“Snow”, canvas, acrylic, 2012, 110x140 mm, private collection), Alexei Fomin (“Surf”, canvas, oil, 2011, 500x700 mm, private collection), Nikolai Lagirev ("Golden Horn Bay", oil on canvas, 2010, 610x350 mm, private collection). It is noteworthy that over the past 10 years, Fomin A.E. and Lagirev N.N., are teachers of the Vladivostok art school, forming the initial artistic and stylistic features of students.

Parallels between the style of creativity of the teacher and the student can be drawn on other names. However, this is not the main thing. Many talented students, relying on the style of the teacher's work, created their own line of creativity, created their own unique author's seaside style. The study of this seaside style seems to be an important task.

Rice. 1. Veniamin Goncharenko “Lights in the Port”, oil on canvas, 2008, 840x1040 mm, Arch Gallery of Contemporary Art

Rice. 2. Ilya Butusov "Festival of Lights", oil on canvas, 2008, 1160x1300 mm, private collection

Rice. 3. Nikolai Zhogolev "Evening in Novorossia", oil on canvas, 1995, 1490x1500 mm, private collection

Rice. 4. De Son Yong "Snow", acrylic on canvas, 2012, 110x140 mm, private collection

Rice. 5. Nikolai Lagirev "Golden Horn Bay", oil on canvas, 2010, 610x350 mm, private collection

Rice. 6. Alexey Fomin "Surf", oil on canvas, 2011, 500x700 mm, private collection

Artistic trends, which took shape in the 60s, continue to have a significant impact on art education and the cultural level of Primorsky Krai to this day.

Yesterday's graduates of the art faculty of the Far Eastern State Aviation Institute, leaving their "alma mater" become teachers, passing on the fine traditions of their teachers to the future generation of modern painters.

Thus, the masters who laid the foundations of art education in the Far East determined not only its development, but also the original appearance of the Primorye contemporary art.

Bibliographic link

Katanaeva D.A. SOME TRENDS IN THE FORMATION OF ARTISTIC TRENDS OF THE FAR EAST // International Journal of Applied and Fundamental Research. - 2016. - No. 8-4. – P. 639-642;
URL: https://applied-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=10143 (accessed 28.10.2019). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"

The second period - the 80s of the XIX - the beginning of the XX century. - characterized by the emergence and development of professional artistic culture, the development of science and education.

The third period falls on the decades of Soviet power (from 1917 to the 1990s) and is associated with the creation and development of Soviet, socialist culture. Let us consider some characteristic features of these periods.

In the period from the 80s of the 17th century to the middle of the 19th century, due to the loss of the Amur region under the Nerchinsk Treaty (1689), the cultural development of the Far Eastern region proceeded mainly in its northern part (Okhotsk coast, Kamchatka, Russian America).

The Russian Orthodox Church and its ministers played a leading role in spreading Russian culture in the new lands and familiarizing the indigenous population with Russian culture.

This was explained, firstly, by the fact that the Orthodox religion remained the main moral pillar of the Russian people.

Secondly, the professional culture here took its first timid steps.

In the XVII - the first half of the XIX century. Literature also originated in the Far East. Its formation was influenced by books that came to the eastern outskirts from Russia in various ways: with expeditions, immigrants, spiritual missions, and private individuals. These were books of religious, reference, legal, artistic content; handwritten and printed books. Already in the XVII century. libraries began to appear at prisons, monasteries, schools, and educational institutions. The library of the Resurrection Church of Albazin had a rich liturgical literature. Among the inhabitants of Albazin there were literate people who knew not only the book, but also published them. These include the priest Maxim Leontiev, the governor of Albazin Alexei Tolbuzin, the merchants Ushakovs and Naritsin-Musatovs.

In the XVIII century. notes, memoirs, letters devoted to the history of the region, its nature and population, new settlements, etc. appear on the Far Eastern outskirts. Among them should be mentioned the notes of "the Russian merchant Grigory Shelikhov, wandering from Okhotsk along the Eastern Ocean to the American shores from 1783 to 1787" (published in 1791). The book aroused great interest among readers. The poet Gavriil Derzhavin called G.I. Shelikhov "Columbus of Russia".

An extensive layer was made up of comic works that served as an accompaniment to a round dance or dance.

During the development of the Far Eastern lands, there was an active process of interaction between two cultures: Russian culture with the pagan culture of the natives.

Considering the influence of Russian culture on the culture of aborigines, scientists note that the sphere of traditional material culture of aborigines experienced the greatest changes as a result of cultural contacts, it was enriched with new elements.

The indigenous peoples of the Far East borrowed from the Russians new agricultural crops, farming techniques, certain ethnic groups in the southern part of the region moved to a settled way of life and adopted a peasant way of life. Animal husbandry began to develop in the aboriginal economy, riding and draft horses appeared.

Under the influence of Russian culture, the decorative art of all indigenous peoples of the Far East became in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. a little richer. The influence of Russians in the art of the Itelmens and Aleuts was especially strong. These nationalities widely used satin stitch embroidery, Russian factory fabrics, and Russian beads in decorative art. Evenk and Even craftswomen very skillfully used Russian colored fabric and colored threads to decorate clothes, bags, belts.

First, the geography of cultural construction has changed. In contrast to the initial stage of the development of the Far East, when cultural processes took place mainly in Kamchatka, the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk and in Russian America, from the middle of the 19th century. the southern regions became the centers of culture: the Amur, Primorsk and Trans-Baikal regions. This was explained by the fact that the Amur Region and Primorye, on the basis of the peace treaties concluded with China (Aigun in 1858, Beijing in 1860), were annexed to Russia. In 1867 Russian America (Alaska) was sold by Russia to the United States of America. The tasks of the economic development of the Far East region required the settlement of new Russian lands and ensuring their socio-economic and cultural development.

Secondly, the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway (1891-1916) and the CER (1897-1903) was of great importance for the cultural development of the region. Since 1893, the sea route from Odessa to Vladivostok was opened. The establishment of a railway and sea connection between the Far East and Siberia and European Russia accelerated the state migration of the population from the western provinces to the Far East and the socio-economic and cultural development of the region.

A feature of the cultural development of the Far Eastern region in the second half of the XIX century - early XX century. there was a simultaneous development of all areas of culture and art: education, science, artistic and musical culture, theatrical business, that is, there was an active formation of the socio-cultural space of this region. It should be noted that one of the main features of the Far East is the high level of literacy of its population in comparison with Siberia and European Russia.

Developed secondary and higher specialized education. Here in the Far East, as well as in the center of the country, the following were created: the Naval School - in Nikolaevsk-on-Amur; river - in Blagoveshchensk; railway - in Khabarovsk. In 1899, in Vladivostok, the first in all of Eastern Siberia and the Far East, the Oriental Institute, was established.

Difficulties in the formation of public education were associated with a lack of not only schools, but also teachers. Suffice it to say that among all the teaching staff in the region, only 4% had a special education.

The development of industry, railway and naval construction, mass migration of the population to the Far East from the middle of the 19th century. accelerated the development of science.

The Oriental Institute, opened in 1899 in Vladivostok, had a positive influence on the development of Far Eastern science.

The birth of theater in the Far East began in the 1960s. XIX century with amateur performances for soldiers and officers. On December 24, 1860, in one of the barracks of Blagoveshchensk, the lower ranks of the line battalion and the artillery team presented the play “The Stationmaster” (based on A.S. Pushkin) and the vaudeville “Much Ado About Nothing” by A.A. Yablochkin. The first mention of amateur theatrical performances in Vladivostok dates back to the early 1870s. In 1873, the reserve paramedic Bakushev, with the clerks of the naval crew and the garrison, as well as female convicts, presented to the audience a performance based on the play by A.N. Ostrovsky Poverty is not a vice. In Khabarovsk, the first amateur performance was staged at the City Public Assembly in 1873. Professional theater troupes in the Far East were formed in the early 1990s. 19th century Permanent theaters are being created in the cities of Vladivostok, Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk.

Musical culture in the Far East, like theatrical culture, developed from amateur to professional. The origin of musical art began with naval bands. In 1860, a military orchestra with a staff of 51 people was established in Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, and in 1862 - in Vladivostok. In the 80s. In the 19th century, musical circles appeared in Blagoveshchensk, Vladivostok, Chita, Khabarovsk, which began to play a significant role in meeting the musical needs of urban residents.

Of great importance for the emergence of professional musical culture in the region, as well as the entire artistic culture, was the touring and concert activity of artists from Siberia and European Russia. Since the mid 90s. Until the beginning of the 20th century, touring became an integral part of the cultural life of the region. The system of touring and concert practice influenced the musical life of the Far Eastern cities, raised the cultural level of the population, shaped the tastes of the Far Eastern public, facilitated the adaptation of newcomers, and stimulated the development of the region.

Small history of arts. Art of the countries of the Far East. Vinogradova N.A., Nikolaeva N.S.

M.: 1979. - 374 p.

This volume of "Small History of Art" is devoted to the art of the countries of the Far East. It belongs to the pen of Soviet researchers N. Vinogradova and N. Nikolaeva. On a vast territory, conventionally designated as the Far East, a bright and original culture, which left outstanding works of human genius in literature, philosophy, and fine arts. On the material of architecture, sculpture, painting and decorative crafts of China, Korea, Japan and Mongolia, covering the chronological framework from ancient times to the end of the 19th century, the authors convincingly show that the art of the countries of the Far East, not being isolated from the historical and cultural process, obeying it the most general laws, at the same time it is an independent phenomenon in world art. The book is equipped with a scientific apparatus - a synchronistic table, a dictionary, a bibliography. Richly illustrated with color and tone illustrations.

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CONTENT
6 Foreword by Ya. S. Nikolaev
9 CHINA N.A. Vinogradova
10 Introduction
16 The art of ancient and ancient periods(IV millennium BC - III century AD)
31 Art of the 4th-6th centuries
47 Art of the 7th-13th centuries
117 Art of the late XIII-XIV century
125 Art of the late 14th-19th centuries
153 KOREA N. A. Vinogradova
154 Introduction
158 Art of the most ancient and ancient periods (3rd millennium BC - first centuries BC)
163 Art of the Three Kingdoms Period - Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla (first centuries BC - 7th century AD)
177 Art of VIII-IX centuries. Unified Silla period
189 Art of the X-XIV centuries. Goryeo period
196 Art XIV - early XIX century
207 JAPAN N. S. Nikolaeva
208 Introduction
211 Art of the most ancient and ancient periods (IV millennium BC - VI century AD)
220 Art of the 6th-8th centuries
242 Art of the 9th-12th centuries
263 Art of the XIII-XV centuries
289 Art XVI - early XVII century
306 Art of the second half of the 17th-19th centuries
329 MONGOLIA N.A. Vinogradova
330 Introduction
333 Art of ancient and ancient periods
337 Art of the feudal period (XIII - early XX century)
353 APPS
354 Glossary of terms
357 Synchronization table
367 Brief bibliography
371 Index of names
artists and architects

This volume is devoted to the history of art of the peoples of China, Korea, Japan and Mongolia from antiquity to the 19th century. Over the course of several millennia, a vibrant and original culture developed on a vast territory, conventionally designated as the Far East, leaving outstanding works of human genius in literature, philosophy, fine arts, and architecture.
Considered in the book is a long historical period includes two consecutive types of culture - ancient and medieval. Already in antiquity, the peoples of the Far East created significant monuments of spiritual and material culture. But their main contribution to the culture of mankind is the outstanding works of painting, sculpture, architecture and decorative arts created in the Middle Ages.

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