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What is the artistic style of speech used for. Art Style - Features and Language

The book sphere of communication is expressed through the artistic style - multitasking literary style, which has developed historically, and stands out from other styles through means of expression.

Art style serves literary works and aesthetic human activity. The main goal is to influence the reader with the help of sensual images. Tasks by which the goal of artistic style is achieved:

Creation of a living picture describing the work.
Transfer of the emotional and sensual state of the characters to the reader.

Art style features

Artistic style has a purpose emotional impact per person, but it is not the only one. Big Picture The application of this style is described through its features:

Figurative-cognitive. Presenting information about the world and society through the emotional component of the text.
Ideological and aesthetic. Maintenance of the system of images, through which the writer conveys the idea of the work to the reader, is waiting for a response to the idea of the plot.
Communicative. The expression of the vision of an object through sensory perception. Information from artistic world connects with reality.

Signs and characteristic linguistic features of the artistic style

To easily define this style of literature, let's pay attention to its features:

Original syllable. Due to the special presentation of the text, the word becomes interesting without contextual meaning, breaking the canonical schemes of constructing texts.
High level text ordering. The division of prose into chapters, parts; in the play - the division into scenes, acts, phenomena. In poems, the metric is the size of the verse; stanza - the doctrine of the combination of poems, rhyme.
High level of polysemy. The presence of several interrelated meanings in one word.
Dialogues. The artistic style is dominated by the speech of the characters, as a way of describing the phenomena and events in the work.

The artistic text contains all the richness of the vocabulary of the Russian language. The presentation of the emotionality and imagery inherent in this style is carried out using special means called tropes - language tools expressiveness of speech, words in figurative meaning. Examples of some trails:

Comparison is part of the work, with the help of which the image of the character is complemented.
Metaphor - the meaning of a word in figuratively based on an analogy with another object or phenomenon.
An epithet is a definition that makes a word expressive.
Metonymy is a combination of words in which one object is replaced by another on the basis of spatial and temporal similarity.
Hyperbole is a stylistic exaggeration of a phenomenon.
Litota is a stylistic understatement of a phenomenon.

Where Fiction Style Is Used

The artistic style has absorbed numerous aspects and structures of the Russian language: tropes, polysemy of words, complex grammatical and syntactic structure. Therefore, its general scope is huge. It also includes the main genres of works of art.

The genres of artistic style used are related to one of the genera, expressing reality in a special way:

Epos. Shows external unrest, thoughts of the author (description of storylines).
Lyrics. Reflects the author's inner worries (experiences of the characters, their feelings and thoughts).
Drama. The presence of the author in the text is minimal, a large number of dialogues between characters. From such a work they often make theatrical performances. Example - The Three Sisters of A.P. Chekhov.

These genres have subspecies that can be subdivided into even more specific varieties. Main:

Epic genres:

Epic is a genre of work, which is dominated by historical events.
A novel is a large manuscript with a complex storyline. All attention is paid to the life and fate of the characters.
The story is a work of a smaller volume, which describes the life case of the hero.
The story is a medium-sized manuscript that has the features of the plot of a novel and a short story.

Lyric genres:

Ode is a solemn song.
epigram - a poem satirical. Example: A. S. Pushkin "Epigram on M. S. Vorontsov."
An elegy is a lyrical poem.
A sonnet is a poetic form of 14 lines, the rhyming of which has a strict construction system. Examples this genre common in Shakespeare.

Genres dramatic works:

Comedy - the genre is based on a plot that ridicules social vices.
Tragedy is a work that describes tragic fate heroes, struggle of characters, relationships.
Drama - has a dialogue structure with a serious storyline showing the characters and their dramatic relationships with each other or with society.

How to define literary text?

Understand and consider features this style it is easier when the reader is provided with a literary text with a good example. Let's practice to determine what style of text is in front of us, using an example:

“Marat's father, Stepan Porfirievich Fateev, an orphan from infancy, was from the Astrakhan bandit family. The revolutionary whirlwind blew him out of the locomotive vestibule, dragged him through the Michelson plant in Moscow, machine-gun courses in Petrograd ... "

The main aspects confirming the artistic style of speech:

This text is built on the transfer of events from an emotional point of view, so there is no doubt that we have a literary text.
The means used in the example: “the revolutionary whirlwind blew it out, dragged it in” is nothing more than a trope, or rather, a metaphor. The use of this trope is inherent only in a literary text.
An example of a description of the fate of a person, environment, social events. Conclusion: this literary text belongs to the epic.

Any text can be parsed in detail according to this principle. If the functions or distinctive features, which are described above, immediately catch your eye, then there is no doubt that you have a literary text in front of you.

If you find it difficult to deal with a large amount of information on your own; the main means and features of a literary text are incomprehensible to you; task examples seem complicated - use a resource such as a presentation. Finished presentation With good examples fills gaps in knowledge effectively. The sphere of the school subject "Russian language and literature" serves electronic sources of information on functional styles of speech. Please note that the presentation is concise and informative, contains explanatory tools.

Thus, having understood the definition of artistic style, you will better understand the structure of works. And if a muse visits you, and there is a desire to write a work of art yourself, follow the lexical components of the text and the emotional presentation. Good luck with your study!

Literary and artistic style is a functional style of speech that is used in fiction. This style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, possibilities different styles, characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of speech.

IN work of art the word not only carries certain information, but also serves to aesthetically influence the reader with the help of artistic images. The brighter and more truthful the image, the stronger it affects the reader. In their works, writers use, when necessary, not only words and forms literary language, but also obsolete dialect and vernacular words. The emotionality of the artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of the colloquial and journalistic styles. It performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style involves a preliminary selection of language means; all language means are used to create images. Distinctive feature Artistic style of speech can be called the use of special figures of speech, giving the narrative colorfulness, the power of depicting reality.

The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. These are tropes: comparisons, personifications, allegory, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, etc. And stylistic figures: epithet, hyperbole, litote, anaphora, epiphora, gradation, parallelism, rhetorical question, silence, etc.

Trope - in a work of art, words and expressions used in a figurative sense in order to enhance the figurativeness of the language, artistic expressiveness speech.

The main types of trails:

Metaphor - a trope, a word or expression used in a figurative sense, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with some other on the basis of their common feature. Any part of speech in a figurative sense.

Metonymy is a type of trope, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object that is in one way or another related to the object indicated by the replaced word. The replacement word is used in a figurative sense. Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor, with which it is often confused, while metonymy is based on the replacement of the word "by contiguity", and metaphor - "by similarity". Synecdoche is a special case of metonymy.

An epithet is a definition attached to a word that affects its expressiveness. It is expressed mainly by an adjective, but also by an adverb (“to love passionately”), a noun (“fun noise”), a numeral (“second life”).

An epithet is a word or a whole expression, which, due to its structure and special function in the text, acquires some new meaning or semantic connotation, helps the word (expression) to acquire color, richness. It is used both in poetry (more often) and in prose.

Synecdoche is a trope, a kind of metonymy based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them.

Hyperbole is a stylistic figure of explicit and deliberate exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the thought said.

Litota -- figurative expression, downplaying the size, strength, value of the described. A litote is called an inverse hyperbole. ("Your Pomeranian, lovely Pomeranian, no more than a thimble").

Comparison is a trope in which one object or phenomenon is likened to another according to some common feature for them. The purpose of comparison is to reveal in the object of comparison new properties that are important for the subject of the statement. (“A man is stupid as a pig, but cunning as hell”; “My house is my fortress”; “He walks like a gogol”; “An attempt is not torture”).

In stylistics and poetics, it is a trope that descriptively expresses one concept with the help of several.

Paraphrase is an indirect reference to an object by not naming it, but describing it.

Allegory (allegory) - a conditional image of abstract ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.

1. The historically established system of speech means used in a particular area of human communication; a kind of literary language that performs a specific function in communication:
1) Functional style of speech.
2) Scientific style of speech.

The functional style of speech is a historically established system of speech means used in a particular area of human communication; a kind of literary language that performs a specific function in communication.

2. The functional style of speech of the literary language, which has a number of features: preliminary consideration of the statement, monologue character, strict selection of language means, inclination towards normalized speech:
1) Scientific style of speech.
2) Functional style of speech.
3) Formal business style speech.
4) Publicistic style of speech.

The scientific style of speech is a functional style of speech of the literary language, which has a number of features: preliminary consideration of the statement, monologue, strict selection of language means, gravitation towards normalized speech.

3. If possible, the presence of semantic links between successive units (blocks) of the text:
1) Logic.
2) Intuition.
3) Sensory.
4) Deduction.

Logic is, if possible, the presence of semantic links between successive units (blocks) of text.

4. Functional style of speech, means written communication in the field business relations: in the field of legal relations and management:
1) Scientific style of speech.
2) Functional style of speech.
3) Official business style of speech.
4) Publicistic style of speech.

The official business style of speech is a functional style of speech, a means of written communication in the field of business relations: in the field of legal relations and management.

5. The functional style of speech, which is used in the genres: article, essay, reportage, feuilleton, interview, pamphlet, oratory:
1) Scientific style of speech.
2) Functional style of speech.
3) Official business style of speech.
4) Publicistic style of speech.

The journalistic style of speech is a functional style of speech that is used in the genres: article, essay, reportage, feuilleton, interview, pamphlet, oratory.

6. The desire to inform people about the latest news as soon as possible:
1) Informational function of journalistic style.
2) Information function of the scientific style.
3) Information function of the official business style.
4) Information function of the functional style of speech.

The informational function of the journalistic style is the desire to inform people about the latest news as soon as possible.

7. The desire to influence people's opinions:
1) The influencing function of the journalistic style of speech.
2) Influencing function of scientific style.
3) The influencing function of the official business style.
4) Influencing function of the functional style of speech.

The influencing function of the journalistic style of speech is the desire to influence people's opinions.

8. The functional style of speech, which serves for informal communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting:
1) Conversational speech.
2) Literary speech.
3) Artistic speech.
4) Report.

Conversational speech is a functional style of speech that serves for informal communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting.

9. Functional style of speech, which is used in fiction:
1) Literary and artistic style.
2) Official business style.
3) Scientific style.
4) Functional style.

Literary-artistic style is a functional style of speech that is used in fiction.

10. Official business speech is characterized by:
1) strict compliance with the literary norm.
2) lack of expressive elements.
3) the use of colloquial syntactic constructions.
4) the use of professional slang words.

For official business speech are characteristic: strict compliance with the literary norm, the absence of expressive elements.

Try to write a comment in book style!!!

Greetings, dear readers! Pavel Yamb is in touch. A captivating plot, an interesting presentation, an inimitable, unlike anything style - and it is impossible to tear yourself away from the work. By all indications, this is an artistic style of the text or a kind of book style, since it is most often used in literature, for writing books. It mostly exists in written form. This is the reason for its features.

There are three genres:

Prose: story, fairy tale, novel, story, short story.
Dramaturgy: play, comedy, drama, farce.
Poetry: poem, poem, song, ode, elegy.

Who hasn't done it yet? Leave any comment and download my book, which contains a fable, a parable and a story about copywriters and writers. Look at my art style.

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Task 1 of 10
1 .
- Yes, he drank the entire scholarship. Instead of buying a “computer” for yourself a new one, or at least a “laptop”
Task 2 of 10
2 .
What style of text does this passage refer to:
"Varenka, such a sweet, good-natured and sympathetic girl, whose eyes always shone with kindness and warmth, with a calm look of a real demon, walked to the Ugly Harry bar with a Thompson machine gun at the ready, ready to roll these vile, dirty, smelly and slippery types into the asphalt, who dared stare at her charms and drool lewdly."
Task 3 of 10
3 .
What style of text does this passage refer to:
“But I don’t love him, I don’t love him, that’s all!” And I will never love. And what am I to blame?
Task 4 of 10
4 .
What style of text does this passage refer to:
“Based on the results of the experiment, we can conclude that simplicity is the key to success”
Task 5 of 10
5 .
What style of text does this passage refer to:
"The transition to a multi-tier architecture of Internet-oriented client-server applications has presented developers with the problem of distributing data processing functions between the client and server parts of the application."
Task 6 of 10
6 .
What style of text does this passage refer to:
"Yasha was just a petty dirty trickster, who, nevertheless, had very great potential. Even in his pink childhood, he masterfully poked apples from Aunt Nyura, and not even twenty years had passed, when he switched to banks in twenty-three countries of the world, and managed to clean them so skillfully that neither the police nor Interpol could ever catch him red-handed. "
Task 7 of 10
7 .
What style of text does this passage refer to:
“Why did you come to our monastery? - he asked.
- What do you care, get out of the way! the stranger snapped.
“Uuuu…” the monk pointedly drawled. Looks like you weren't taught manners. Okay, I'm in the mood today, I'll teach you some lessons.
- You got me, monk, angard! hissed the uninvited guest.
“My blood is starting to play!” the churchman groaned with delight, “Please try not to disappoint me.”
Task 8 of 10
8 .
What style of text does this passage refer to:
"I ask you to grant me a week's leave to travel abroad for family reasons. I am enclosing my wife's health certificate. October 8, 2012."
Task 9 of 10
9 .
What style of text does this passage refer to:
“I am a student of 7 in the class took in school library book "Alice in Wonderland" for the lesson of literature. I promise to return it on January 17th. January 11, 2017"
Task 10 of 10
10 .
What style of text does this passage refer to:
“During the war in 45 out of 77 houses survived in Borovoye. Collective farmers had 4 cows, 3 heifers, 13 sheep, 3 pigs. Most of the gardens on household plots, as well as an orchard with a total area of 2.7 hectares, belonging to the Krasnaya Zarya collective farm, were cut down. The damage caused by the German fascist invaders to the property of the collective farm and collective farmers is estimated at approximately 230,700 rubles.

The ability to write in this style gives a good advantage when making money writing articles for a content exchange.

The main features of the artistic style

High emotionality, the use of direct speech, an abundance of epithets, metaphors, colorful narration are features of the literary language. Texts act on the imagination of readers, "turning on" their fantasy. It is no coincidence that such articles have gained popularity in copywriting.

Main features:

Artistic style is a way of self-expression of the author, so they write plays, poems and poems, novels, stories, novels. He is not like the others.

Author and narrator are the same person. In the work, the author's "I" is expressed clearly.
Emotions, the mood of the author and the work are conveyed with the help of all the richness of the means of the language. Metaphors, comparisons, phraseological units are always used when writing.
Elements of colloquial style and journalism are used to express the author's style.
With the help of words, artistic images are not just drawn, they are embedded hidden meaning due to the ambiguity of speech.
The main task of the text is to convey the author's emotions, to create the appropriate mood in the reader.

The art style does not tell, it shows: the reader feels the situation, as if transported to the places that are being narrated. The mood is created thanks to the author's experiences. The art style successfully combines explanations scientific facts, and figurativeness, and attitude to what is happening, the author's assessment of events.

Language diversity of style

Compared to other styles, language means are used in all their diversity. There are no restrictions: even scientific terms alone can create vivid images if there is an appropriate emotional mood.

It is clear and easy to read the work, and the use of other styles is only to create color and authenticity. But when writing articles in an artistic style, you will have to carefully monitor the language: it is the book language that is recognized as a reflection of the literary language.

Language features:

Using elements of all styles.
The use of language means is completely subordinated to the author's intention.
Language means perform an aesthetic function.

There is no officiality and dryness here. There are no value judgments. But the smallest details are conveyed to create the appropriate mood for the reader. In copywriting, thanks to the artistic style, hypnotic texts appeared. They create an amazing effect: it is impossible to tear yourself away from reading, and reactions arise that the author wants to evoke.

Mandatory elements of the artistic style are:

Transfer of author's feelings.
Allegory.
Inversion.
Epithets.
Comparisons.

Consider the main features of the style. Artwork has a lot of detail.

To form the reader's attitude to the characters or what is happening, the author conveys own feelings. Moreover, his attitude can be both positive and negative.

Artistic style owes saturation of vocabulary to epithets. Usually these are phrases where one or more words complement each other: unspeakably happy, brutal appetite.

Brightness and imagery are a function of metaphors, combinations of words or individual words used in a figurative sense. Classical metaphors were especially widely used. Example: His conscience gnawed at him for a long time and insidiously, from which cats scratched his soul.

Without comparison, artistic style would not exist. They bring a special atmosphere: hungry like a wolf, unapproachable like a rock - these are examples of comparisons.

Borrowing elements of other styles is most often expressed in direct speech, dialogues of characters. The author can use any style, but the most popular is colloquial. Example:

“How beautiful this landscape is,” the writer said thoughtfully.

“Well, really,” his companion snorted, “so-so picture, not even ice.

To strengthen a passage or give a special color, reverse word order or inversion is used. Example: It is out of place to compete with stupidity.

The very best in language, its strongest possibilities and beauty are reflected in literary works. This is achieved artistic means.

Each author has their own style of writing. Not a single random word is used. Every phrase, every punctuation mark, sentence construction, the use or otherwise the absence of names, and the frequency of the use of parts of speech are means to achieve author's intention. And every writer has his own way of expressing himself.

One of the features of the artistic style is color painting. The writer uses color as a way to show the atmosphere, to characterize the characters. The palette of tones helps to dive deep into the work, to present the picture depicted by the author more clearly.

The peculiarities of the style include intentionally the same construction of sentences, rhetorical questions, appeals. Rhetorical questions are interrogative in form, but they are narrative in essence. The messages in them are always associated with the expression of the author's emotions:

What is he looking for in a distant country?

What did he throw in his native land?

(M. Lermontov)

Such questions are needed not to get answers, but to draw the reader's attention to a phenomenon, an object, an expression of a statement.

Appeals are often used. In their role, the writer uses proper names, animal names and even inanimate objects. If in a colloquial style the appeal serves to name the addressee, then in the artistic style they often play an emotional, metaphorical role.

It involves both all the elements at the same time, and some of them. Everyone has a certain role, but the goal is common: filling the text with colors to maximize the transmission of the transmitted atmosphere to the reader.

Features of speech

The world of fiction is the world that the author sees: his admiration, preferences, rejection. This is what causes the emotionality and diversity of the book style.

Vocabulary features:

When writing, template phrases are not used.
The words are often used in a figurative sense.
Intentional mix of styles.
The words are emotional.

The basis of vocabulary, first of all, is figurative means. Highly specialized combinations of words are used only slightly, to recreate a reliable situation in the description.

Additional semantic shades - the use of polysemantic words and synonyms. Thanks to them, an author's, unique, figurative text is formed. Moreover, not only expressions accepted in the literature are used, but also conversational phrases, vernacular.

The main thing in book styles is its imagery. Every element, every sound matters. Therefore, unhackneyed phrases, author's neologisms, for example, "nikudizm" are used. A huge number of comparisons, special accuracy in the description the smallest details, the use of rhymes. Rhythmic even prose.

If the main task of the conversational style is communication, and the scientific one is the transfer of information, the book ones are designed to have an emotional impact on the reader. And all language means used by the author serve to achieve this goal.

Appointment and its tasks

Artistic style is the building material for creating a work. Only the author is able to find the right words for the correct expression of thought, the transfer of the plot and characters. Only a writer can make readers enter the special world he created and empathize with the characters.

The literary style distinguishes the author from the rest, gives his publications a peculiarity, zest. Therefore, it is important to choose the right style for yourself. Character traits every style has it, but every writer uses them to create their own handwriting. And it is absolutely not necessary to copy the classic writers if you like it. He will not become his own, but will only turn publications into parodies.

And the reason is that individuality has been and remains at the head of the book style. Choose own style very difficult, but that is what is valued above all. So the main features of the style include sincerity, which makes readers not tear themselves away from the work.

Artistic differs from other styles in the use of linguistic means of other styles. But only for aesthetic purposes. And not the styles themselves, but their features, elements. Literary and non-literary means are used: dialect words, jargon. All the richness of speech is necessary to express the author's intention, to create a work.

Imagery, expressiveness, emotionality are the main things in book styles. But without the author's individuality and special presentation, there would be no artistic as a whole.

No need to get carried away without measure by conversational style or include in the text scientific terms: Only style elements are used, but all styles are not mindlessly mixed. Yes, and a description of the smallest details of the apartment, which I briefly looked into main character, is also useless.

Vernacular, jargon, mixing styles - everything should be in moderation. And the text written from the heart, not compressed and not stretched, will become hypnotic, attracting attention to itself. For this purpose, and serves as an artistic style.

Pavel Yamb was with you. See you!

Literary and artistic style- functional style of speech, which is used in fiction. This style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of speech.

In a work of art, the word not only carries certain information, but also serves to aesthetically influence the reader with the help of artistic images. The brighter and more truthful the image, the stronger it affects the reader.

In their works, writers use, when necessary, not only words and forms of the literary language, but also obsolete dialect and vernacular words.

The emotionality of the artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of the colloquial and journalistic styles. It performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style involves a preliminary selection of language means; all language means are used to create images. A distinctive feature of the artistic style of speech is the use of special figures of speech, which give the narrative color, the power of depicting reality.

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How to develop your own literary style. Mini lecture by Elvira Baryakina

Style Issues

Subtitles

Expressive and visual means of language

The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. This:

Tropes (comparisons, personifications, allegory, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, etc.)
Stylistic figures (epithet, hyperbole, litote, anaphora, epiphora, gradation, parallelism, rhetorical question, silence, etc.)

Trope(from other Greek τρόπος - turnover) - in a work of art, words and expressions used in a figurative sense in order to enhance the figurativeness of the language, the artistic expressiveness of speech.

The main types of trails:

Metaphor(from other Greek μεταφορά - “transfer”, “figurative meaning”) - a trope, a word or expression used in a figurative meaning, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with some other on the basis of their common feature. (“Nature here is destined for us to cut a window into Europe”). Any part of speech in a figurative sense.
Metonymy(ancient Greek μετονυμία - “renaming”, from μετά - “above” and ὄνομα / ὄνυμα - “name”) - a kind of trail, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object (phenomenon) located in one or another (spatial, temporal, and so on) connection with the subject, which is denoted by the replaced word. The replacement word is used in a figurative sense. Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor, with which it is often confused, while metonymy is based on the replacement of the word “by contiguity” (part instead of the whole or vice versa, representative instead of class or vice versa, receptacle instead of content or vice versa, and the like), and metaphor - "by similarity." Synecdoche is a special case of metonymy. (“All flags will visit us”, where flags replace countries.)
Epithet(from other Greek ἐπίθετον - “attached”) - a definition of a word that affects its expressiveness. It is expressed mainly by an adjective, but also by an adverb (“to love passionately”), a noun (“fun noise”), a numeral (“second life”).

Synecdoche(ancient Greek συνεκδοχή) - a trope, a kind of metonymy based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them. (“Everything is sleeping - both man, and beast, and bird”; “We all look at Napoleons”; “In the roof for my family”; “Well, sit down, luminary”; “Most of all, take care of a penny.”)
Hyperbola(from other Greek ὑπερβολή “transition; excess, excess; exaggeration”) - a stylistic figure of explicit and intentional exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the thought said. (“I’ve said it a thousand times”; “We have enough food for six months.”)
Litota- a figurative expression that downplays the size, strength, meaning of what is being described. A litote is called an inverse hyperbole. ("Your Pomeranian, lovely Pomeranian, no more than a thimble").
Comparison- a trope in which one object or phenomenon is likened to another according to some common feature for them. The purpose of comparison is to reveal in the object of comparison new properties that are important for the subject of the statement. (“A man is stupid as a pig, but cunning as hell”; “My house is my fortress”; “He walks like a gogol”; “An attempt is not torture.”)
In stylistics and poetics, paraphrase (paraphrase, paraphrase; from other Greek. περίφρασις - “descriptive expression”, “allegory”: περί - “around”, “about” and φράσις - “statement”) is a trope that descriptively expresses one concept with the help of several.

Paraphrase is an indirect reference to an object by way of description, not naming. (“Night luminary” = “moon”; “I love you, creation of Peter!” = “I love you, St. Petersburg!”).

allegory (allegory)- conditional representation of abstract ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.

For example:

The nightingale is sad at the defeated rose, hysterically sings over the flower.
But the garden scarecrow is shedding tears,
who secretly loved the rose.

personification(personification, prosopopoeia) - tropes, the assignment of the properties of animate objects to inanimate ones. Very often, personification is used in the depiction of nature, which is endowed with certain human features.

For example:

And woe, woe, grief! And grief girded itself with a bast,
Feet are entangled with bast.

folk song

The state is like an evil stepfather, from whom, alas, you can’t run away, because it’s impossible to take with you
Motherland - a suffering mother.

Aidyn Khanmagomedov, Visa Response

Irony(from other Greek εἰρωνεία - "pretense") - a trope in which true meaning hidden or contradicts (opposed) to the explicit meaning. Irony creates the feeling that the subject matter is not what it seems. (“Where can we, fools, drink tea.”)
Sarcasm(Greek σαρκασμός, from σαρκάζω, literally “tear [meat]”) - one of the types of satirical exposure, caustic mockery, highest degree irony, based not only on the heightened contrast between the implied and the expressed, but also on the immediate intentional exposure of the implied.

Sarcasm is a mockery that can open with a positive judgment, but in general it always contains a negative connotation and indicates a lack of a person, object or phenomenon, that is, in relation to what it is happening. Examples.

As a means of communication, artistic speech has its own language - a system of figurative forms, expressed by linguistic and extralinguistic means. Artistic speech along with non-artistic speech make up two levels national language. The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word in this functional style performs a nominative-figurative function. Here is the beginning of V. Larin's novel "Neuron Shock":

In these two sentences, the author showed not only a segment of individual human life, but also the atmosphere of the era of enormous changes associated with the 1917 revolution. The first sentence gives knowledge social environment, material conditions, human relations in the childhood years of the life of the father of the hero of the novel and his own roots. Simple, rude people surrounding the boy (binduzhnik– colloquial term for a longshoreman) hard labour, which he saw from childhood, the restlessness of orphanhood - that's what stands behind this proposal. And the next sentence includes privacy into the cycle of history. Metaphorical phrases The revolutionary whirlwind blew ..., dragged ..., threw ... liken human life a kind of grain of sand that cannot withstand historical cataclysms, and at the same time convey the element of the general movement of those "who were nobody." Such figurativeness, such a layer of in-depth information is impossible in a scientific or official business text.

The lexical composition and functioning of words in the artistic style of speech have their own characteristics. Among the words that form the basis and create the imagery of this style, first of all, are the figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of uses. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity in describing certain aspects of life. For example, L. N. Tolstoy in "War and Peace" used special military vocabulary when describing battle scenes; we will find a significant number of words from the hunting lexicon in I. S. Turgenev’s “Notes of a Hunter”, in the stories of M. M. Prishvin, V. A. Astafiev, and in A. S. Pushkin’s “Queen of Spades” there are many words from the lexicon card game and so on.

In the artistic style of speech, the speech polysemy of the word is very widely used, which opens up additional meanings and semantic shades in it, as well as synonymy at all language levels, which makes it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meanings. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the richness of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also various figurative means from colloquial speech and space. Let's bring small example:

"In Evdokimov's tavern alreadygathered was put out the lamps when the scandal began. The scandal started like this.First everything looked fine in the hall, and even Potap, the tavern clerk, told the owner that,they say, now God has mercy - not a single broken bottle, when suddenly in the depths, in the semi-darkness, in the very core, there was a buzzing like a swarm of bees.

- Fathers of light, - the owner lazily amazed, - here,Potapka, your evil eye, damn it! Well, you should have croaked, damn it! (Okudzhava B. Shilov's adventures).

Foreground in artistic text the emotionality and expressiveness of the image come out. Many words that in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech - as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech carry concrete sensory representations. Thus, the styles functionally complement each other. For example, the adjective lead in scientific speech realizes its direct meaning (lead ore, lead bullet), and artistic forms expressive metaphor(lead clouds, lead night, lead waves). Therefore, in artistic speech, phrases play an important role, which create a certain figurative representation.

For artistic speech, especially poetic, inversion is characteristic, that is, a change in the usual word order in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of a word or give the whole phrase a special stylistic coloring. An example of inversion is the well-known line from A. Akhmatova's poem “Everything I see is hilly Pavlovsk ...” Variants of the author's word order are diverse, subject to a common plan.

The syntactic structure of artistic speech reflects the flow of figurative-emotional impressions of the author, so here you can find the whole variety of syntactic structures. Each author subordinates linguistic means to the fulfillment of his ideological and aesthetic tasks. So, L. Petrushevskaya, to show disorder, "troubles" family life heroine of the story "Poetry in Life", includes several simple and complex sentences:

“In the history of Mila, then everything rolled on the rise, Mila’s husband in a new two-room apartment now he no longer protected Mila from her mother, her mother lived separately, and there was no telephone either there or here - Mila's husband became himself and Iago and Othello and with mockery from around the corner watched how men of his type pester Mila on the street, builders, prospectors, poets, who do not know how heavy this burden is, how unbearable life is, if you fight alone , since beauty is not a helper in life, one could roughly translate those obscene, desperate monologues that the former agronomist, and now Researcher, Mila's husband, shouted both on the streets at night, and in his apartment, and getting drunk, so Mila was hiding somewhere with her young daughter, found shelter, and the unfortunate husband beat furniture and threw iron pans, ”

This proposal is perceived as an endless complaint of an uncountable number of unfortunate women, as a continuation of the theme of the sad female lot.

In artistic speech, deviations from structural norms are also possible, due to artistic updating, i.e., the allocation by the author of some thought, idea, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms. Especially often this technique is used to create a comic effect or a bright, expressive artistic image:

"Ay, Cute, - Shipov shook his head, - why is that so? No need. I can see right through you, mon cher… Hey, Potapka, why did you forget the man on the street? Bring him here, wake up. And what, mister student, how does this tavern seem to you? Dirty, do you think I like him?... I've been to real restaurants, sir, I know ... Pure Empire, sir... But you can’t talk to people there, but here I can learn something” (Okudzhava B. Shilov's adventures).

The speech of the protagonist characterizes him very clearly: not very educated, but ambitious, wanting to give the impression of a gentleman, master. Shipov uses elementary French words (my cher) along with vernacular wake up, hello, here, which do not correspond not only to the literary, but also to the colloquial norm. But all these deviations in the text serve the law of artistic necessity.

Bibliography:

1. Azarova, E.V. Russian language: Proc. allowance / E.V. Azarova, M.N. Nikonov. - Omsk: Publishing house of OmGTU, 2005. - 80 p.

2. Golub, I.B. Russian language and culture of speech: Proc. allowance / I.B. Golub. - M. : Logos, 2002. - 432 p.

3. Culture of Russian speech: Textbook for universities / ed. prof. OK. Graudina and prof. E.N. Shiryaev. - M.: NORMA-INFRA, 2005. - 549 p.

4. Nikonova, M.N. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook for non-philologist students / M.N. Nikonov. - Omsk: Publishing House of OmGTU, 2003. - 80 p.

5. Russian language and culture of speech: Proc. / edited by prof. IN AND. Maksimov. - M. : Gardariki, 2008. - 408s.

6. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook for technical universities / ed. IN AND. Maksimova, A.V. Golubev. – M.: Higher education, 2008. - 356 p.

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