The best essays on the topic "modern cultured man". Essay on the topic “Mass culture - pros and cons Essays on the topic of what culture

The word "culture" comes from the Latin word colere, which means to cultivate, or cultivate the soil. In the Middle Ages, this word began to denote a progressive method of cultivating grain, thus the term agriculture or the art of farming arose. But in the 18th and 19th centuries they began to use it in relation to people, therefore, if a person was distinguished by the elegance of manners and erudition, he was considered "cultural". Then this term was applied mainly to aristocrats to separate them from the "uncivilized" common people. In German, the word Kultur meant high level civilization. With regard to our today's life it can be said that the totality of material and spiritual values, as well as the ways of their creation, the ability to use them for the progress of mankind, to transfer from generation to generation, constitute culture. The initial form and primary source of the development of culture is human labor, methods of its implementation and results. Culture is a combination of all those spiritual achievements of mankind, which, even having arisen as individually subjective and historically specific, with the course of history have received the status of socially objective and, as it were, transtemporal spiritual phenomena, forming a universal cultural tradition that is continuous and beyond the control of an individual individual. Culture covers not only the past and present, but also extends into the future. Material culture includes, first of all, the means of production and objects of labor. Material culture is an indicator of the level of practical mastery of nature by man. Spiritual culture includes science and the degree of implementation of its achievements in production and everyday life, the level of education, the state of education, medical care, art, moral standards behavior of members of society, the level of development of the needs and interests of people. Spiritual culture is deposited in a "material" form. All this lives and cooperates with modern generation and is a culture only in relation to a living mind. In front of a person is a whole ocean of cultural values ​​created world history, as well as the innumerable values ​​of nature, which he constantly uses and enjoys to the extent of his talent, education and good breeding. The assimilation of culture is carried out with the help of learning. Culture is created, culture is taught. Since it is not acquired biologically, each generation reproduces it and passes it on. next generation. This process is the basis of socialization. As a result of the assimilation of values, beliefs, norms, rules and ideals, the formation of the child's personality and the regulation of his behavior take place. If the process of socialization were to stop on a massive scale, it would lead to the death of culture. Culture forms the personalities of the members of society, thereby it largely regulates their behavior. How important culture is for the functioning of the individual and society can be judged by the behavior of people who are not covered by socialization. The uncontrolled or infantile behavior of the so-called children of the jungle, who were completely deprived of human contact, indicates that without socialization, people are not able to adopt an orderly way of life, master the language and learn how to earn a livelihood. By observing several "creatures that showed no interest in what was going on around them, who rhythmically swayed back and forth like wild animals in a zoo", scientists realized that these wild children did not develop the personality that requires communication with people. This communication would stimulate the development of their abilities and the formation of their "human" personalities. If culture regulates people's behavior, can we go so far as to call it repressive? Often culture does suppress a person's motives, but it does not exclude them completely. Rather, it determines the conditions under which they are satisfied. The ability of culture to control human behavior is limited for many reasons. First of all, the limitless biological capabilities of the human body. Mere mortals cannot be taught to jump over tall buildings, even if society values ​​such feats highly. In the same way, there is a limit to the knowledge that the human brain can absorb. Factors environment also limit the impact of culture. For example, drought or volcanic eruptions can disrupt the established way of farming. Environmental factors may prevent the formation of some cultural patterns. According to the customs of people living in the tropical jungle with a humid climate, it is not customary to cultivate for a long time certain areas land, because it is impossible to get high grain yields for a long time. On the other hand, maintaining a stable social order helps to increase the influence of culture. The very survival of society dictates the condemnation of acts such as murder, theft and arson. If these practices were to become widespread, it would be impossible for people to cooperate to collect or produce food, provide shelter, and carry out other essential activities. Other an important part culture is that cultural values ​​are formed on the basis of the selection of certain types of behavior and experience of people. Each society has made its own selection cultural forms. Each society, from the point of view of the other, neglects the main thing and engages in unimportant matters. In one culture, material values ​​are hardly recognized, in another they have a decisive influence on people's behavior. In one society, technology is treated with incredible disdain, even in areas essential to human survival; in another similar society, constantly improving technology meets the requirements of the time. But each society creates a huge cultural superstructure that covers the whole life of a person - both youth, and death, and the memory of him after death.

Culture is the foundation of any society. She brings people together. Culture is basically a sublime art. cultural monuments available in every city. These are paintings, paintings, tapestries, monuments, memorials. Education is also a part of culture, because how can a person who does not have a proper education be cultured? All this is protected by people as one of the values ​​of the people. But what kind of person is called cultured? What qualities should he have?

The most basic culture is the culture of speech and behavior. Therefore cultural

They call a person who follows the rules of etiquette, politely and competently communicates with people who make up his environment. Behavior - important factor on which any person can draw the appropriate conclusions.

A cultured person, being in a society, especially an unfamiliar one, behaves decently and calmly, avoids conflict situations. Such a person should be responsive, benevolent, delicate and tactful, because one component is not enough to show one's culture. A cultured person should set an example for others by his behavior. Of course, not every person can be called cultural.

But nothing prevents each person from becoming one. After all, in addition to respect from others, there is respect for oneself. But a cultured person must also be able to stand up for himself. People should contribute to the preservation and dissemination of culture, and being called a cultured person should be desirable and prestigious.

A cultured person is a well-mannered, educated and decent person who can help in an unstable situation and always controls his speech. The more cultured people there are in a society, the more it flourishes and stands out from others.

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RUSSIAN STATE SOCIAL UNIVERSITY

Department of Cultural Studies and Social and Cultural Activities.

Report on the theory and philosophy of culture on the topic:

« Culture and Man »

Completed by: Veretennikova S.N.

Head: Shcherbakova A.I.

The world of human culture is traditions and rituals, these are norms and values, these are creations and things - all that can be called the being of culture. This being reflects ideas about the world that have been formed over the centuries in the conditions of a certain natural and historical interaction. In this regard, it is important and RELEVANT here to define the problems of culture, its role in society, interaction with a person.

The main TASKS are:

Analysis of the study of the processes of origin, the birth of culture;

Identification and discussion of structures, functions of culture;

The interaction of culture with society and the individual.

Our PURPOSE is to determine the role of culture and prove its importance in history, in the life of society and a single society, since it is only man himself who created culture, which in turn creates and improves man.

The SUBJECT of the study is culture and the person in it.

Introduction

When it comes to culture, its role in our lives, most often they mention fiction, art, as well as education, culture of behavior. But fiction, books, movies - a small, albeit very important piece of culture.

Culture is, first of all, characteristic (for this person, society) way of thinking and way of acting. In the sociological understanding, culture, and primarily its core - values, regulate the relationship of people, these are the bonds that unite people into a single integrity - society. Therefore, culture is the most important substance human life, penetrating virtually everywhere, manifesting itself in a wide variety of forms, including artistic culture.

human personality has many aspects that make up its unity. From time immemorial, man has been creating for himself a picture of the whole: first in the form of myths, then in the picture of divine deeds driving the political destinies of the world, then as a holistic understanding of history given in revelation from the creation of the world and the fall of man to the end of the world and the Last Judgment. And only when historical consciousness began to be based on empirical data, the whole picture became more and more differentiated. She, however, was still perceived as a picture reflecting natural evolution human culture.

Now has come new stage. The nature around us is decorative, the world in which we live is synthetic, and consists of ingenious inventions. Anxiety about the loss of meaning and the Self that lived in this world of meanings has become the dominant culture of modern times.

Origin and upbringing of culture in man

The word "culture" comes from the Latin cultura and originally had the meaning of cultivation, ennoblement of the land. It is obvious that the meaning of the word "cultivated by man", "ennoblement" has become one of the main ones for culture. Here, apparently, the main source that gives birth to that wide circle phenomena, properties, united by the word culture. Culture includes those phenomena, properties, elements of human life that qualitatively distinguish man from nature. First of all, the range of these phenomena includes phenomena that arise in society and are not found in nature. These should be recognized as the manufacture of tools and sports; political organization public life, its elements (state, parties, etc.) and the custom of giving gifts; language, morality, religious practices and the wheel; science, art, transport and clothing, jewelry, jokes. As you can see, the circle of these out-of-natural phenomena of our life is very wide, it includes both complex, “serious” phenomena, as well as simple, seemingly unpretentious, but very important and necessary for a person. The range of phenomena united by the word "culture" includes such properties of people that are not regulated by biological instincts. Of course, in modern life purely instinctive human actions are extremely rare and, accordingly, the range of problems of such phenomena is extremely narrow. But it cannot be denied that there are elements of human life that directly depend only on the biological constitution of a person, physical health, relationship between men and women. It also includes involuntary reactions to light, pain, etc. You cannot directly apply cultural assessment to many such phenomena.

The range of human actions is significant, in which instinctive and cultural principles are intertwined. And whether we are talking about sexual desire or the need for food - even in these cases, we most often encounter an interweaving of the instinctive basis and the cultural content. The instinct will manifest itself in a feeling of hunger, appetite, a predisposition to eating certain foods: high-calorie in cold conditions, great physical exertion; to food rich in vitamins - in the spring. Culture will manifest itself in the way the table is cleaned, in the beauty and convenience of dishes, in whether a person sits down at the table, or eats on the carpet, sitting cross-legged under him. And in the combination of seasonings, how the meat will be cooked, etc. The culinary traditions of this or that people, and the skill of the cook, etc. will affect here.

There is another category of phenomena where instinct and cultural control over behavior are intertwined. Yes, predisposition emotional person to violent forms of reaction, to quick excitability, sharp expressions of one's ideas, remarks (which, as a rule, is explained by the type of temperament, other innate properties) can be neutralized, ennobled by the developed ability to control oneself, etc. And this control, including man's control over his natural instincts, is the most important element of culture. Moreover, in different cultures, specific forms of control, what and to what extent is controlled, to what extent instinct is suppressed and for what reason - acquire quite tangible specificity.

So, culture is connected with the extra-natural in human life, with what is different from the animal, with what is cultivated by man in himself, in others, and not born in him from nature.

Structure of culture

Since culture is a complex entity that affects various areas human activity, for its structuring it is necessary to allocate a certain basis.

1. Based on the quality and nature of the consciousness produced by culture, and the nature of the personality produced, it is possible to distinguish between elite and mass cultures.

2. Structuring culture according to its bearer makes it possible to single out the culture of social communities, or subculture: class, professional, urban, rural, youth, family and individual. Today becomes again actual problem class differentiation of culture. It was formulated by V.I. Lenin as the theory of two cultures (Culture of the ruling bourgeois and democratic).

3. Considering Diversity human activity, then we can distinguish between material and spiritual cultures. The first of these includes the culture of labor and material production, life, place of residence (topos), Physical Culture. Spiritual culture includes cognitive (intellectual), moral, artistic, legal, pedagogical, religious. However, such a division is conditional, since many of the types of culture - economic, political, ecological, aesthetic - permeate its entire system and do not belong in their pure form to either material or spiritual culture.

5. Culture can be divided on the basis of relevance. A similar actual culture today is mass culture, which, despite the enormous degree of distribution, however, does not become representative (that is, representing the most adequate cultural content of the era).

Functions of culture

1. Humanistic or human-creative, - education, cultivation, cultivation of the spirit, according to Cicero - "cultura animi". It is aimed at turning the wealth of the total human history into the internal property of the individual and is a condition for the development of its essential characteristics.

2. Function of historical continuity (informational)- the function of broadcasting social experience. Thanks to this function, each generation of people begins its development path, enriched by the experience of previous generations.

3.Gnosiological, cognitive function of culture. Culture is a kind of "database" of mankind, collecting and preserving the knowledge gained by mankind. In this regard, all cultures can differ in the nature of the use of knowledge, in the quality of their assimilation and assimilation.

4.The communicative function of culture lies in the fact that it acts as the main means of communication between people, as it embodies the objective content of the era, as well as personal experiences, views and individual positions of the subjects. Moreover, culture exists precisely as a moment of communication, dialogue, where not only its potential meanings are manifested, but new ones are formed that were not originally intended.

5.Semiotic or sign function(from the Greek. Sзmei tik - the doctrine of signs) - one of the most important. It is impossible to master the achievements of culture without studying the corresponding sign systems. So, literary language acts as a means of mastering national culture. For knowledge various kinds arts - painting, music, theater - also need specific languages. The natural sciences (physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology, etc.) also have their own sign systems.

6.Regulatory (normative) function is associated with the regulation of various types of social and personal activities of people, it is supported by morality and law.

7.Adaptive function is manifested in the effective adaptation of the individual to the requirements of society, the acquisition of required set social traits, which forms a sense of psychological security and comfort in him. This function of culture was studied by E.S. Markarian, who believed that "culture as a whole was precisely developed as a special, supra-biological in nature, anti-entropic and adaptive mechanism of society."

The laws of the functioning of culture

1.The law of unity and originality of culture. Culture is the cumulative collective heritage of mankind. All cultures of all peoples are internally united and at the same time original, unique.

2.The law of continuity in the development of culture. Culture is the historical inherited experience of generations. Where there is no continuity, there is no culture. Before capitalism, the formation of the new was gradually absorbed by tradition over many generations, so that the change in tradition itself had time to be interpreted as it should.

3.The law of discontinuity and continuity in the development of culture. In connection with the change of eras (Formations, civilizations), there is a change in the types of culture - this is how discontinuity appears. However, this discontinuity is relative, in contrast to the absolute nature of continuity (for example, many civilizations perished, but their achievements of the sail, wheel, calendar, etc. became the property of world culture).

4.The law of interaction and cooperation of cultures. Each of the cultures has its own specifics, originality, worldview. Quite often this difference comes to a contradiction (for example, the culture of the West and the East, Christianity and Islam). Hence the variety of cultural contacts: from trade and migration to wars and the seizure of territories. All these interactions determine the unity of the world-historical process.

Based on these laws of the functioning of culture, we can note that the development of culture is closely related to the development of man. The more dynamic culture develops, the more faster man finds itself in life, as culture opens up new horizons, new ideas. There is an inextricable link between culture and man, which is not subject to destruction.

Socialization and inculturation

The influence of culture on a person occurs in the process of inculturation and socialization, with the help of which a person acquires the knowledge and skills necessary for life in society and in a particular culture.

Under socialization understand the process of assimilation by an individual of social roles and norms. At the same time, a person is formed as a person, socially and culturally adequate to society. In the course of socialization, the individual enters the social and cultural environment, he assimilates the values ​​of society, which allows him to successfully function as a member of society.

In contrast to the socialization of the concept enculturation means teaching a person the traditions and norms of behavior in a particular culture. This happens in the process of interchange between a person and his culture, in which, on the one hand, culture determines the main personality traits, on the other hand, a person himself influences his culture. Enculturation includes the formation of fundamental human skills (types of communication with other people, a form of control of social behavior and emotions, ways to meet needs, an evaluative attitude to various phenomena of the surrounding world, etc.). The results of inculturation is the similarity of a person with other members of a given culture and his difference from representatives of other cultures. By its nature, the process of inculturation is more complex than the process of socialization. The content of the inculturation process make up personal development, social communication, the acquisition of basic life support skills.

The main mechanisms of inculturation is imitation (repetition by people of habitual behavioral skills observed in the behavior of other people) and identification (during which children learn the behavior of their parents). In addition to these positive mechanisms of inculturation, there are also negative mechanisms - shame and guilt.

The main agents of socialization and inculturation are the family, the peer group, educational institutions, the media, various political and public organizations.

On different stages In life, these factors operate in different ways. In early childhood, the family plays a leading role in development. Other factors come into play as well. The processes of socialization and inculturation are long-term, they operate throughout a person's life. As a result of socialization and inculturation, a person acquires the ability to independently master the socio-cultural reality, accumulates his own life experience, starts playing various social roles.

Culture and personality

Culture and personality are interconnected. On the one hand, culture forms one or another type of personality, on the other hand, personality recreates, changes, discovers new things in culture.

Personality is the driving force and creator of culture, as well as the main goal of its formation.

When considering the question of the relationship between culture and man, it is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of "man", "individual", "personality". concept "Human" denotes general properties human race, and "personality" - a single representative of this genus, an individual. But at the same time, the concept of "personality" is not synonymous with the concept of "individual". Not every individual is a person: a person is born an individual, becomes a person (or does not become) due to objective and subjective conditions. concept "individual" characterizes distinctive features everyone specific person, concept "personality" denotes the spiritual image of the individual, formed by culture in a particular social environment his life (in interaction with his innate anatomical, physiological and psychological qualities).

Therefore, when considering the problem of interaction between culture and personality, of particular interest is not only the process of identifying the role of a person as a creator of culture and the role of culture as a creator of a person, but also the study of personality qualities that culture forms in it - intelligence, spirituality, freedom, creativity. Culture in these areas most clearly reveals the content of the individual. Regulators of personal aspirations and actions of the individual are cultural values. Following value patterns testifies to a certain cultural stability of society. Man turning to cultural property, enriches spiritual world of his personality. The value system that influences the formation of personality regulates the desire and aspiration of a person, his actions and actions, determines the principles of his social choice. Thus, the individual is at the center of culture, at the intersection of the mechanisms of reproduction, storage and renewal of the cultural world.

The personality itself as a value, in fact, provides a common spiritual beginning of culture. Being a product of personality, culture in turn humanizes social life, smoothes animal instincts in humans. Culture allows a person to become an intellectual, spiritual, moral, creative personality. Culture forms inner world person, reveals the content of his personality.

The destruction of culture negatively affects the personality of a person, leads him to degradation.

Culture and society

Understanding society and its relationship with culture is best achieved from a systematic analysis of being. Human society is a real and concrete environment for the functioning and development of culture. Society and culture actively interact with each other. Society makes certain demands on culture, culture, in turn, affects the life of society and the direction of its development. For a long time, the relationship between society and culture was built in such a way that society was the dominant side. The nature of culture directly depended on the social system that governed it (imperatively, repressively, or liberally, but no less decisively).

Many researchers believe that culture arose primarily under the influence of social needs. It is society that creates opportunities for the use of cultural values, contributes to the processes of reproduction of culture. outside public forms life, these features in the development of culture would be impossible.

In the XX century. the correlation of forces between the two sides of the socio-cultural sphere has changed radically: now social relations have become dependent on the state of material and spiritual culture. The determining factor in the fate of mankind today is not the structure of society, but the degree of development of culture: having reached a certain level, it entailed a radical reorganization of society, the entire system of social management, opened new way to establish positive social interactions- dialogue. Its purpose is not only the exchange of social information between representatives various societies and cultures, but also the achievement of their unity. In the interaction of society and culture, there is not only a close connection, there are also differences. Society and culture differ in ways of influencing a person and adapting a person to them. Society- this is a system of relations and ways of objectively influencing a person that is not filled with social requirements.

Forms of social regulation are accepted as certain rules necessary for existence in society. But in order to meet social requirements, it is necessary cultural background, which depend on the degree of development of the cultural world of man. In the interaction of society and culture, the following situation is also possible: society can be less dynamic and open than culture. Society can then reject the values ​​offered by culture. The opposite situation is also possible, when social changes can outpace cultural development. But the most optimally balanced change in society and culture.

Conclusion

So, what are the features of the human world as a culture?

Human culture is social, and although a person himself has an integral “triple” essence, embodying biological, mental and social traits in unity, his concrete being is fraught with a violation of harmony between the individual and the social.

Human culture is historical, that is, it changes along with the change in society, the entire system public relations, and has certain patterns of dynamics.

Man's culture is symbolic: he gives symbolic form to things, ideas, feelings, values, and norms.

Human culture is communicative, that is, it exists only through communication with other cultural worlds, through dialogue, through specific language coding.

The individual world of culture is the essence of each individual person, his own life, its own wealth, its own enjoyment, and is unique in the forms of its manifestation. The individual world of culture is included in the socio-cultural space through creative activity person.

“I came into this world, has it become richer?

I will leave, - will he suffer a great loss?

Oh, if someone could explain to me why I

Called out of the ashes, doomed to become them again?

(Omar Khayyam.)

Bibliography

1. Benedict R. Images of culture // Man and socio-cultural environment. 1992. Issue. 2. Introduction to cultural studies: Textbook. M., 1992.

2. Gurevich P.S. Culturology: textbook - M., Gardariki, 2000

3. Kravchenko A.I. Culturology: textbook for universities - 3rd ed., M.,; Academic project, 2001

4. Kostina A.V. Culturology: textbook 3rd ed., M., 2008

5. Ikonnikova S.N. Dialogue about culture. L., 1987.

SMOLENSKY INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Essay on cultural studies on the topic:

Correlation between the concepts of "culture" and "civilization"

Completed by: group student

Smolensk

The essay will focus on the conceptual and semantic correlation of the concepts of culture and civilization. It is important for cultural studies, since these concepts in the process of use have acquired many meanings.

Throughout the history of mankind, a large number of cultures and civilizations have appeared. Some disappeared without a trace, while others survived. However, some of them, under the influence of the development of technologies and social relations, have acquired new form and meaning in today's world.

Undoubtedly, civilization and culture are concepts that are inextricably linked. But what are they and how do they interact with each other?

Both independent concepts are formed on the ideas of the Enlightenment: the concept of culture - in Germany, the concept of civilization - in France. The term "culture" enters German literature thanks to Pufendorf (), who wrote in Latin, but it owes its wide use to another German educator, Alelung, who popularized it by introducing it twice (1774, 1793) into the dictionary of the German language he compiled, and then and in the title of his main work "Experience in the history of the culture of the human race." The term "civilization" came into being with the completion of the French "Encyclopedia" ().

The terms "culture" and "civilization" began to denote a special state of society associated with vigorous activity man to improve his own way of being. At the same time, both culture and civilization are interpreted as the result of the development of reason, education and enlightenment.

Culture (from the Latin cultura - cultivation, upbringing, education, development, veneration), a historically defined level of development of society and man, expressed in the types and forms of organization of life and activities of people, as well as in the material and spiritual values ​​\u200b\u200bcreated by them. The concept of culture is used to characterize the material and spiritual level development of certain historical eras, socio-economic formations, specific societies, nationalities and nations (for example, ancient culture, Maya culture), as well as specific areas of activity or life (culture of work, art culture, culture of life).

The word civilization comes from the Latin civilis - civil, state, in the Middle Ages it had a legal meaning, relating to judicial practice.

Then its meaning expanded. "Civilized" began to be called a person who knows how to behave well, and "civilize" meant to make well-bred and polite, sociable and amiable.

The closeness of these concepts was manifested in the fact that they, as a rule, were used in a very wide, historical context- in abstract reasoning about the goals and meaning of human history. Of course, there were differences related to the differences between the German and French traditions, the specifics of the use of these terms by individual authors, but they are very difficult to isolate and systematize, although such attempts were made, for example, in the work of the French historian Lucien Febvre “Civilization: the evolution of the word and group ideas." In general, these concepts carried the same cognitive, worldview and ideological load.

This led to the fact that very soon a relationship of identity was established between them. The use of the terms "culture" and "civilization" throughout the nineteenth century bears the stamp of this identity. What the French call civilization, the Germans prefer to call culture. In English-language literature, where the concept of civilization appeared earlier, very soon, thanks to German influence, relations of their interchangeability are established.

The German philosopher Immanuel Kant was the first to distinguish between the two concepts, and at the beginning of the 20th century, another German philosopher, Oswald Spengler, in his famous work “The Decline of Europe” completely opposed them. Civilization appeared to him as the highest stage of culture, on which its final decline takes place. “Culture is a civilization that has not reached its maturity, its social optimum and has not ensured its growth,” wrote the famous French cultural historian F. Braudel, as if agreeing with the statements of O. Spengler.

Gradually, the idea of ​​civilization as the pinnacle of human technical achievements associated with the conquest of space, the introduction of computer technology and unprecedented energy sources was established in the European mind.

Material success is associated with civilization, and the spiritual world of man is associated with culture. Russian ethnographers, in particular, believe that the signs of the transition to civilization are: in the field of material culture - the appearance of monumental stone or brick buildings (palaces, temples), in the field of spiritual culture - the emergence of writing.

Civilization began in the era of writing and agriculture. It was the pinnacle of human social progress. Outside of civilization, in particular, are the primitive societies of Polynesia and Oceania, where a primitive way of life still exists, there is no writing, cities and states. It turns out a kind of paradox: they have a culture, there is no civilization (where there is no writing, there is no civilization). Thus, society and culture arose earlier, and civilization later.

Civilization is a certain part or degree of development of culture. Civilization is first and foremost an achievement of culture. And culture is capable of outliving states and dynasties. Sometimes different states that succeeded each other for millennia are attributed to one civilization, as was the case with the civilizations of Western Asia. Civilization can spread, capturing more and more peoples and states. Civilization, as a certain society with a certain system of elements of culture, can disappear, transferring its cultural achievements to other civilizations. Sometimes two civilizations, different from the point of view of some researchers, are combined into one single civilization (for example, into the Greco-Roman civilization). Civilizations can exist in parallel, simultaneously, and can arise one after another. But in any case, the history of civilizations is the history of culture. The study of a civilization is the study of its culture.

Bibliography

1. Polishchuk: Textbook. – M.: Gardarika, 1998 – 446 p.

2. Culturology: Textbook for higher students educational institutions(third edition). - Rostov on / D: "Phoenix", 2002. - 608 p.

3. Culturology: Proc. Allowance for universities. Ed. Prof. - 3rd ed. - M.: UNITI - DANA, 2003. - 319 p.

Material civilization, economy and capitalism, XV-XVIII centuries. T.1. Structures of everyday life: possible and impossible. M., 1996. S. 116

Semenov of ethnography (ethnology) and the problem of its relationship with the subject of social anthropology//Science of culture and social practice: Anthropological perspective: Sat. scientific Readings / Under the general editorship. . - M.: IKAR, 1998. S.7-39