Presentation on the topic patron. Patrons of the Russian Empire
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Alekseev Nikolai Alexandrovich1852 - 1893
Entrepreneur, eminent public figure and builder of Moscow. Co-owner and director of the "Vladimir Alekseev" Partnership and a gold-weaving plant in Moscow. In 1885-93. Moscow mayor. In Alekseevsky's "golden age", Moscow laid the foundations of its urban economy, cultural, trade, medical, and transport structures at the world level. Under his leadership, the following were built: the Alekseevskaya psychiatric hospital and clinics of the Maiden's Field, city slaughterhouses (now the Mikoyan meat processing plant), a new water supply system, the construction of a sewerage system was started, 30 city schools were created, and much more. As a philanthropist and philanthropist, he invested hundreds of thousands of rubles in city medicine, culture, and public utilities. First in Russia practical guide of this magnitude, put forward by society.
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Gubonin Petr Ionovich1825 - 1894
One of the largest entrepreneurs Russia XIX V. A serf peasant from near Kolomna. He built about 5 thousand miles of railways in European Russia and the Urals and the first horse-drawn railways in St. Petersburg and Moscow. Participated in the creation and development of the country's leading machine-building plants - Kolomna, Bryansk, Nevsky, Istinskoye, and metallurgical plants - Aleksandrovsky and Kolyubakinsky. He founded the partnership "Neft" and an oil refinery in Kuskovo near Moscow. Co-founder of Volzhsko-Kama and other banks, insurance companies, industrial and trade enterprises. He invested heavily in science and education. He founded and supported the Komissarov Technical School in Moscow, the school in Borisoglebsk. He was a member of many charitable societies. He built churches, created an exemplary tuberculosis sanatorium and the Gurzuf resort in the Crimea.
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Knop Lev Gerasimovich1821 - 1894
Merchant of the 1st guild, founder of the Knopov trading house, founder and managing director of the Krenholm manufactory, co-owner of the Izmailovo cotton spinning and weaving factory. He started his business in Russia by selling English steam engines and machine tools. Knop had substantial shares in many Russian enterprises. In 1852, he opened his own trading company in Moscow. For a huge contribution to the textile industry of Russia in 1877 L.G. Knop was granted the title of baron.
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Mamontov Savva Ivanovich1841 - 1918
The largest entrepreneur, builder of the new economy and culture of Russia. Together with his father I.F. Mamontov and F.V. Chizhov built the Northern (Moscow-Arkhangelsk) and Donetsk railways. He led a group of machine-building, metallurgical and mining plants in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Siberia, which produced rolling stock and equipment for railways. Initiator of the development of the European North of Russia. Patron, musician, director, sculptor, artist. The creator of the so-called "mammoth period" in history Russian culture 1870-90s Organizer and artistic director Private Russian Opera, on the stage of which F.I. Chaliapin. Friend, teacher, inspirer of businessmen, artists, painters, composers.
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Morozov Savva Timofeevich1862 - 1905
Entrepreneur, co-owner and director of the largest textile Nikolskaya manufactory in Orekhovo-Zuyevo, founder of the chemical joint-stock company S.T. Morozov, Krell and Ottman, director of the Trekhgorny brewery in Moscow. An active Russian political and public figure of a democratic direction. Benefactor and philanthropist. Builder of the building and director of the Moscow Art Theatre, financed the theater in 1899-1904.
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Naydenov Nikolai Alexandrovich1834 - 1905
Entrepreneur, active public figure. Founder Trading House"A. Naydenov's sons". Founder and Chairman of the Board of the Moscow Trade Bank, head of oil, textile and trading companies. In 1877-1905. Chairman of the Moscow Exchange Committee. Member of many government and public commissions, institutions, councils, trustee of institutes, schools, etc. Historian and organizer historical research: prepared and published 14 photo albums, over 80 volumes of documents, research on the history of Moscow and the Moscow region, materials on the history of the Moscow Merchant Society. Author of the book "Memories of what he saw, heard and experienced."
Every year on April 13, Russia celebrates the Day of the Patron and Philanthropist. The date of the holiday is associated with the birthday of Gaius Cilnius Maecenas (April 13, 70 BC - 8 BC) - a famous Roman aristocrat, patron of artists, artists, musicians. From his name, as you might guess, the common word "philanthropist" also came about.
Russia has always been famous for the fact that charity and philanthropy have been an integral part of its long-standing traditions, - says Olga Solodovnikova, head of the department of the Pushkin Central Library.
There are 3 periods in the history of Russian charity:
The first period is associated with the emergence of Christianity in Rus'. During this period, charity is associated with the activities of the church, monasteries, the first Russian princes - Vladimir Monomakh, Yaroslav the Wise, Alexander Nevsky. Charity manifested itself in the distribution of alms and donations to the church, as well as in folk tradition mutual assistance.
The second period is associated with the activities of the imperial family. Laid the foundations of charity here Ivan IV. A special role in the development of charity was played by Empress Maria Fedorovna, who headed the educational homes she created, the commercial school, established several women's institutes in the capital and provinces, and laid the foundation for the free education of women in Russia.
The third period of charity is associated with the activities of entrepreneurs and merchants, primarily Sheremetev, Tretyakov and Bakhrushin.
Along with charity, the patronage.
· Charity is the act of helping those in need out of compassion. A very broad concept, where philanthropy is its specific form.
· Patronage is a disinterested and gratuitous assistance to art, education, culture without any benefit for the patron.
Leading role in the XIX industrial dynasties played for centuries: the Shchukins, Morozovs, Ryabushinskys, Mamontovs and other Russian merchants, manufacturers, bankers and entrepreneurs.
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| A.F. Stroganov |
Descendants of industrialist Nikita Demidov donated a lot of money to Russian universities and the Academy, built new educational institutions in Russia with their own money. Thus, for example, the Yaroslavl Demidov School of Higher Sciences arose, which was succeeded by the Yaroslavl State University.
XVIII - early XIX century marked by charitable deeds of major representatives of enlightened noble philanthropy. Vivid examples of charitable institutions of this time are the Golitsinskaya hospital, the first city hospital, the Sheremetevsky house, the Mariinsky hospital, etc.
Let me emphasize one more characteristic features Russian entrepreneurship, its certain historical tradition: having hardly been born, it naturally and for a long time associated itself with charity. Enormous funds were deducted by donors, primarily for education. And especially professional.
Another reason of a religious nature, dictated by the long traditions of mercy and charity in Rus', the awareness of the need to help others.
Against the rich background of philanthropy in Russia, the end XIX - the beginning of the 20th century can rightly be called its "golden age", sometimes its true heyday. And this time was connected mainly with the activities of eminent merchant dynasties, who gave "hereditary benefactors". Only in Moscow did they carry out such major undertakings in the field of culture, education, medicine, and the most diverse fields of science that it can be rightfully asserted: it was a qualitatively new stage charity.
It can be said quite definitely that if all the achievements of the Mamontov Private Opera were limited only by the fact that it formed Chaliapin, the genius of the opera stage, then this would be quite enough for the highest appreciation of the activities of Mamontov and his theater.
Maria Klavdievna Tenisheva (1867-1928) was an outstanding person, the owner of encyclopedic knowledge in art, an honorary member of the first Russian Union of Artists.Its origin is shrouded in mystery: one of the legends calls her the father of Emperor Alexander II himself.
She created the School of Craft Students (near Bryansk), opened several primary folk schools, organized drawing schools together with Repin, and opened courses for teacher training.
V.V. Stasov, the eminent Russian critic, in his obituary on Tretyakov's death, wrote: “Tretyakov died famous not only throughout Russia, but throughout Europe. Whether a person arrives in Moscow from Arkhangelsk or from Astrakhan, from the Crimea, from the Caucasus or from the Cupid - he immediately appoints himself a day and an hour when he needs to go to Lavrushinsky Lane, and look with delight, tenderness and gratitude all that row of treasures, accumulated by this amazing man throughout his life.
Emperor Nicholas I called her le savant de famille"the mind of our family." It was she who gave funds to the artist Ivanov for the transportation of the painting " Appearance of Christ to the People" in Russia
She patronized K. P. Bryullov, I. K. Aivazovsky, Anton Rubinstein. Funded the project to create Russian musical society and the conservatory, making large donations, including proceeds from the sale of diamonds that she personally owned. Elena Pavlovna contributed to the posthumous publication of the collected works of N.V. Gogol. She was interested in the activities of the university, the Academy of Sciences, the Free Economic Society, in fact, was one of the founders Russian Society Red Cross.
During the Crimean War (1853-1856), he made two large donations (5,000 rubles each) for the needs of the Russian army: in 1853 - in favor of the Chesme military almshouse and in 1855 - in favor of naval officers who lost their property in the Sevastopol . The most important donation of Stieglitz, the most valuable for Russia, which alone could immortalize his name, was the establishment at his expense in St. Petersburg of a central school of technical drawing for both sexes, along with a rich art and industrial museum and a well-equipped library. It is curious to note that, being a completely independent person, whose capitals were willingly accepted in all countries, Stieglitz placed his huge fortune almost exclusively in Russian funds and once remarked to a skeptical remark of one financier about the imprudence of such trust in Russian finances: “My father and I have amassed a fortune in Russia; if she turns out to be insolvent, then I am ready to lose all my fortune with her.
He openly sympathized with the revolutionaries: he was friends with Maxim Gorky, hid Nikolai Bauman in his palace on Spiridonovka, helped deliver illegal literature to the factory, where (with his knowledge) the future People's Commissar Leonid Krasin served as an engineer.
Real patrons have always been few. Even if our country is revived, there will never be many patrons. All famous collectors and patrons were people of deep faith and the goal of each of them was to serve people.
Modern philanthropists and patrons of Russia
Charity and patronage in Russia continues in our time.
It is impossible not to mention prominent artists Vladimir Spivakov, Yuri Bashmet, Valery Gergiev, one of the most important areas of their funds is the preservation and development cultural property and providing comprehensive charitable support.
Today, rich people have reappeared in Russia. Whether they are rich enough to create art galleries, I don’t know, but still, in my opinion, there is a material basis for the revival of broad charity.
A person who gives money is not yet a philanthropist. But the best of modern entrepreneurs understand that charity is an indispensable companion of a solid business.
I would like to mention the activities of well-known entrepreneurs in Russia who have created private charitable foundations that support culture, education and science.
Cultural support projects constitute another, no less important area fund activities. His efforts are aimed at stimulating the professional and creative growth of the Russian museum community. The foundation pays more than 400 grants and 2,300 scholarships annually.
Once upon a time, many excellent books about the discoveries of modern science were published in Russian, addressed to the general reader. The names of their authors were known to everyone - from Perelman to Likhachev and from Bronstein to Panchenko. Then scientific enlightenment found itself in the publishing pen. Thanks to recent efforts, including the book publishing program "Dynasty Foundation Library" , translated books by the best Western authors dedicated to scientific picture world in the 20th century. The Foundation decided to take the next step and support domestic educators who are able and willing to popularize the ideas that the scientific community is shaping. Zimin D. B. founded literary prize"Educator" in order to expand the market of educational literature.
The purpose of the award is to draw the attention of readers to the educational genre, as well as to create prerequisites for expanding the market of popular science literature. The award is held by Dmitry Zimin's Dynasty Foundation with the support of the Book Institute. The books of the award winners are published by the Slovo publishing house
Chelyabinsk patrons and benefactors
Chelyabinsk entrepreneurs, statesmen and public figures, philanthropists Vladimir Kornilyevich(1843–1913) and Ivan Kornilyevich (1844–?) Pokrovskie.
V.K. Pokrovsky
I.K. Pokrovsky
The collection of books and magazines they created formed the basis of the fund of the Chelyabinsk Regional Universal scientific library. The owners of the library were extraordinary, well-known people in Chelyabinsk. The collection includes 263 items in Russian andFrench: 159 copies (146 titles) of books and 104 copies. (8 titles) periodicals. Existence of the library of the Association “Br. Pokrovsky” is an essential part of the history of librarianship in the Southern Urals.
Already in our time, there are well-known far beyond Chelyabinsk region Charitable Foundation for Cultural Initiatives Oleg Mityaev, which actively supports projects: Ilmensky festival of author's song,People's Award "Bright Past»,
Festival "Summer is a small life" in Sochi,
Youth program"Discoveries».
Mark Leivikov -Chairman of the Board of Directors of CJSC Management Company Industrial Investments, Vice President of the Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs of the Chelyabinsk Region
(born and educated in Chelyabinsk) is a long-term patron of the Bright Past award.
Entrepreneur Alexander Deineko created a personalized Charitable Foundation, the motto of which “I am personally responsible for everything that my charitable foundation does”.
IN mid-nineteenth- at the beginning of the 20th century, patrons opened museums and theaters, revived ancient crafts and folk crafts. Their estates became cultural centers where they were going famous artists, actors, directors, writers. Here, with the support of philanthropists, they created their own famous paintings, wrote novels, developed building projects. We remember the most generous patrons who influenced the development of Russian culture.
Pavel Tretyakov (1832–1898)
Ilya Repin. Portrait of Pavel Tretyakov. 1883. State Tretyakov Gallery
Nicholas Schilder. Temptation. Year unknown. State Tretyakov Gallery
Vasily Khudyakov. Skirmish with Finnish smugglers. 1853. State Tretyakov Gallery
The merchant Pavel Tretyakov began to collect his first collection as a child: he bought engravings and lithographs in small shops in the market. The philanthropist organized a shelter for the widows and orphans of poor artists and supported many painters by buying and commissioning paintings from them. The philanthropist seriously thought about his own art gallery at the age of 20, after visiting the St. Petersburg Hermitage. The paintings "Temptation" by Nikolai Schilder and "Clash with Finnish smugglers" by Vasily Khudyakov laid the foundation for the collection of Russian art by Pavel Tretyakov.
Already 11 years after the acquisition of the first canvases, the merchant's gallery had more than a thousand paintings, almost five hundred drawings and ten sculptures. By the age of 40, his collection had become so extensive, also thanks to the collection of his brother, Sergei Tretyakov, that the collector decided to build a separate building for him. Then he donated it to his native city - Moscow. Today, the Tretyakov Gallery houses one of the world's largest collections of Russian fine art.
Savva Mamontov (1841–1918)
Ilya Repin. Portrait of Savva Mamontov. 1880. State theater museum named after Bakhrushin
State Historical and Artistic and literary museum-reserve Abramtsevo. Photo: aquauna.ru
State Museum fine arts named after A.S. Pushkin. Photo: mkrf.ru
A major railway industrialist, Savva Mamontov, was seriously interested in art: he himself sculpted well, wrote plays and staged them on his estate near Moscow, sang professionally in bass and even made his debut at the Milan Opera. His estate Abramtsevo became the center of cultural life in Russia in the 1870s–90s. The so-called mammoth circle gathered here, which included famous Russian artists, theater directors, musicians, sculptors and architects.
With the support of Savva Mamontov, workshops were created where artists revived the forgotten traditions of folk arts and crafts. With his own funds, the patron founded the first private opera in Russia and helped create the Museum fine arts(today - the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts).
Savva Morozov (1862–1905)
Savva Morozov. Photo: epochtimes.ru
Savva Morozov in front of the Chekhov Moscow Art Theater. Photo: moiarussia.ru
The building of the Moscow Art Theater named after Chekhov. Photo: north-line.rf
Maria Tenisheva collected items folk art and works famous masters. Her collection includes National costumes, decorated with Smolensk embroiderers, dishes painted in traditional techniques, Russian musical instruments, decorated famous artists. Later, this collection became the basis of the Russian Antiquity Museum in Smolensk. Now it is stored in the Smolensk Museum of Fine and applied arts named after Konenkov.
PATRONS OF RUSSIA. Russia!
You are rich in talents
But the jewels
need a frame.
Was a philanthropist in the past
Morozov Savva -
Respond, descendants of the patron!
Yuri Ignatenko.
Merchant
Gavrila Gavrilovich Solodovnikov
(1826–1901). State ca.
22 million.
The biggest philanthropy in history
donation in Russia: more than 20 million
The son of a paper merchant, due to lack of time, he learned to write poorly and express his thoughts in a coherent way.
At 20 he became a merchant of the first guild, at 40 he became a millionaire. He was famous for his thrift and prudence
(he ate yesterday's buckwheat and rode in a carriage, on which only the rear wheels were shod with rubber).
He did not always conduct business honestly, but he made up for it with his will, writing off almost all millions to charity.
Points of interest
He was the first to make a contribution to the construction of the Moscow Conservatory: a luxurious marble staircase was built with his 200 thousand rubles.
Built on Bolshaya Dmitrovka concert hall With theater stage for performing extravaganzas and ballet ”(the current Operetta Theater), in which she settled
Private opera by Savva Mamontov.
Thinking to get the nobility, he volunteered to build a useful institution for the city. This is how the Clinic for Skin and Venereal Diseases appeared, equipped according to the last word of the then science and technology (now the Moscow Medical Academy named after I.M. Sechenov), but without mentioning the name of the donor in the title.
Points of interest
He left less than half a million to the heirs, and divided 20,147,700 rubles (about $9 billion in today's account).
A third went to "developing zemstvo women's schools in Tver, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Vyatka provinces",
a third for the establishment of vocational schools in the Serpukhov district and the maintenance of a shelter for homeless children.
A third "for the construction of houses of cheap apartments for poor people, singles and families."
Points of interest
In 1909, the first Free Citizen house (1152 apartments) for singles and the Red Rhombus house for families (183 apartments) were opened on 2nd Meshchanskaya Street, classic communes: a shop, a dining room (in its premises, the Snob arranged a reception after exhibitions in the Garage), bathhouse, laundry, library. In the family house on the ground floor there were a nursery and kindergarten and all rooms were already furnished. Of course, officials were the first to move into the “houses for the poor”.
Court Banker Baron
Alexander Ludwigovich Stieglitz
(1814–1884). Wealth over 100 million. donated
about 6 million
Points of interest
The richest man in Russia in the second third of the 19th century. He inherited his capital and the title of court banker from his father, through whose mediation Nicholas I concluded agreements on foreign loans for more than 300 million rubles, for which the Russified German received the title of baron.
In 1857, Alexander Stieglitz became one of the founders of the Main Society of Russian Railways, and in 1860 the first director of the newly founded State Bank. He liquidated his firm and lived as a rentier in a luxurious mansion on the Promenade des Anglais.
With an annual income of 3 million, he remained just as unsociable (the hairdresser who cut his hair for a quarter of a century never heard the voice of his client) and painfully modest. Of course, the most meticulous know that the baron built the Nikolaev (October), Peterhof and Baltic railways, and during the Crimean War he helped the tsar obtain foreign loans.
But he remained in history because he gave millions for the construction of the School of Technical Drawing in St. Petersburg, its maintenance and museum.
Points of interest
Undoubtedly, Alexander Ludwigovich loved the beautiful, although all his life he was engaged only in making money.
And do not convince his son-in-law Alexander Polovtsov, husband adopted daughter that the industry of Russia without "scientific draftsmen" could not possibly survive, if we had neither the Stieglitz School, nor the first Museum of Decorative and Applied Arts in Russia (the best part of the collections of which later went to the Hermitage).
“Russia will be happy when merchants donate money for teaching and educational purposes without the hope of getting a medal around their neck,” said the emperor’s state secretary Alexander III A. A. Polovtsov.
He himself, thanks to his wife's inheritance, published 25 volumes of the Russian Biographical Dictionary, but until 1918 he did not manage to cover all the letters. The marble monument to the baron from the Mukhinsky School (the former Stieglitz School of Technical Drawing), of course, was thrown out.
Slide #10
Nobleman
Yuri Stepanovich Nechaev-Maltsov
(1834–1913). Donated over
3 million
Slide #11
Points of interest
At the age of 46, quite unexpectedly became the owner of the empire glass factories received by will. Uncle-diplomat Ivan Maltsov was the only one who survived during the massacre perpetrated in the Russian embassy in Tehran, during which the diplomat-poet Alexander Griboyedov died. Having hated diplomacy, Maltsov continued the family business, setting up glass factories in the town of Gus: he brought the secret of colored glass from Europe and began to produce profitable window glass. All this crystal-glass empire, along with two mansions in the capital, painted by Vasnetsov and Aivazovsky, was received by an elderly bachelor official Nechaev,
and with them - a double surname.
Slide #12
Points of interest
The years lived in poverty left their mark: Nechaev-Maltsov was unusually stingy, but at the same time a terrible gourmet and deli. Professor Ivan Tsvetaev (Marina Tsvetaeva’s father) struck up a friendship with him (eating delicacies at receptions, he regretfully calculated how many building materials he could buy with the money spent on lunch), and then convinced him to give 3 million, which are missing for the completion of the Moscow Museum of Fine Arts ( million tsarist rubles - a little less than one and a half billion modern dollars).
Slide #13
Points of interest
The donor not only did not seek fame, but for the entire 10 years that it took to complete the museum, he acted anonymously.
He went to enormous expenses: 300 workers hired by Nechaev-Maltsov mined white marble of special frost resistance in the Urals,
and when it turned out that it was impossible to make 10-meter columns for a portico in Russia, he chartered a steamer in Norway.
Slide #14
Points of interest
From Italy he ordered skilled masons, etc. Apart from the museum (for which the sponsor received the title of chief chamberlain and the Order of Alexander Nevsky with diamonds), the Technical School in Vladimir, the almshouse on Shabolovka and the church in memory of killed on the Kulikovo field. To the centenary of the Pushkin Museum named after
A. S. Pushkin in 2012, the Shukhov Tower Foundation proposed to rename the museum and give it the name of Yuri Stepanovich Nechaev-Maltsov. They did not rename it, but a memorial plaque was hung up.
Slide #15
Merchant
Kuzma Terentievich Soldatenkov
(1818–1901). Donated over
5 million
Slide #16
Points of interest
Trader of paper yarn, shareholder of textile Tsindelevskaya, Danilovskaya, and also Krenholmskaya manufactories, Trekhgorny brewery and Moscow accounting bank. The Old Believer, who grew up in the "ignorant environment of the Rogozhskaya Zastava", barely educated in reading and writing and standing behind the counter in the shop of his rich father, after the death of his parent began to greedily quench his thirst for knowledge. Timofey Granovsky gave him a course of lectures on ancient Russian history and introduced Moscow Westerners into the circle, encouraging him to "sow the reasonable, the good, the eternal."
Soldatenkov organized a non-profit publishing house and began to print books for the people, at a loss. I bought paintings (I started doing this four years earlier than Pavel Tretyakov himself).
“If it were not for Tretyakov and Soldatenkov, then Russian artists would have no one to sell their paintings: at least throw them into the Neva,” the artist Alexander Rizzoni liked to repeat.
Slide #17
Points of interest
He bequeathed his collection - 258 paintings and 17 sculptures, engravings and the library "Kuzma Medici" (as Soldatenkov was called in Moscow) to the Rumyantsev Museum (he annually donated to this first public museum in Russia for a thousand, but as much as 40 years), asking for one thing: put the collection in separate halls. Unsold books of his publishing house and all the rights to them were received by Moscow. A million went to build a vocational school and almost 2 million to set up a free hospital for the poor, "without distinction of rank, class or religion." The hospital, built after his death, was named Soldatenkovskaya, but in 1920 it was renamed Botkinskaya. It is unlikely that Kuzma Terentyevich would have been offended when he learned that she was given the name of Dr. Sergei Botkin: he was especially friendly with the Botkin family.
Slide #18
Merchants Tretyakov brothers,
Pavel Mikhailovich
(1832–1898)
and Sergei Mikhailovich (1834–1892). Pavel Mikhailovich
Sergei Mikhailovich
Condition over
8 million. Donated over
3 million.
Slide #19
Points of interest
Owners of the Big Kostroma Linen Manufactory. The older one did business in factories, the younger one communicated with foreign partners.
The first was closed and unsociable, the second - public and secular. Both collected pictures.
Pavel - Russians, Sergey - foreign, mostly modern, especially French (leaving the post of Moscow mayor, he was glad that he got rid of official receptions and could spend more on paintings; he spent 1 million francs on them, or 400 thousand rubles for current rate).
Slide #20
Points of interest
Desire to bestow hometown brothers experienced from youth. At the age of 28, Pavel decided to bequeath his capital to create a gallery of Russian art. Fortunately, he lived for a long time and in 42 years managed to spend more than a million rubles on the purchase of paintings. The Pavel Tretyakov Gallery went to Moscow in its entirety (for 2 million paintings plus real estate), together with the collection of Sergei Tretyakov (the collection is small, only 84 paintings, but was estimated at more than half a million): the younger managed to bequeath the collection to his brother, and not at all to his wife, foreseeing that she will definitely not part with the pictures.
Slide #21
Points of interest
Donated to the city in 1892, the museum was named the City Gallery of the brothers P. and S. Tretyakov. Pavel Mikhailovich, after visiting the gallery by Alexander III, refused the proposed nobility and said that he would die as a merchant (and his brother, who had managed to wash the rank of a real state councilor, would certainly gladly accept it). In addition to the gallery, schools for the deaf and dumb, a home for widows and orphans of Russian artists (Pavel Tretyakov supported the living by buying and ordering paintings), the Moscow Conservatory and the School of Painting, the brothers paved a passage with their own money - to improve transport links in the city center - on own site earth. The name "Tretyakovskiy" was preserved in the name of the gallery and the passage laid by the brothers, which is a rare case in our history.
Slide #22
Merchant
Savva Ivanovich Mamontov
(1841–1918). Calculating the fortune is difficult:
two houses in Moscow, the Abramtsevo estate, land on the Black Sea, about 3 million,
plus roads and factories.
It is also impossible to calculate real donations, since Savva Mamontov was not just a philanthropist, but a “builder of Russian cultural life”
Slide #23
Points of interest
Born into the family of a wine farmer who headed the Society of the Moscow-Yaroslavl Railway. He made a large capital in railway construction: he stretched the road from Yaroslavl to Arkhangelsk and further to Murmansk. We owe him the port of Murmansk and the road that connected the center of Russia
with the North: this twice saved the country, first during the First and then the Second World War, because almost all Lend-Lease, with the exception of aircraft, went through Murmansk.
.
Slide #24
Points of interest
He sculpted well (the sculptor Matvey Antokolsky found talent in him), he could well have become a singer (he had an excellent bass and even made his debut in the Milan opera). He didn’t get on stage or at the academy, but he earned so much money that he could arrange home theater and to establish the first private opera in Russia, where he himself directed, conducted, voiced the actors and made scenery. He also bought the Abramtsevo estate, where all those who were part of the famous “Mammoth circle” spent days and nights.
Chaliapin learned to play on his piano, Vrubel wrote "The Demon" in his office, and further down the list of members of the circle.
Savva the Magnificent turned Abramtsevo near Moscow into an art colony, built workshops, taught the surrounding peasants and began to plant the “Russian style” in furniture and ceramics, believing that “we must accustom the eyes of the people to the beautiful” both at the station, and in the temple, and on the streets.
He gave money to the magazine "World of Art" and to the Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow.
Slide #25
Points of interest
But even such a brilliant capitalist managed to get into debt (he received a rich “state order” for the construction of another railway and took huge loans against the security of shares), was arrested and imprisoned in the Taganka prison, since he failed to collect 5 million bail.
The artists turned their backs on him, and in order to pay off debts, the paintings and sculptures he once bought for next to nothing were sold at auction. The old man settled at a ceramic workshop outside the Butyrskaya Zastava, where he died. Recently, a monument was erected to him in Sergiev Posad, where the Mamontovs laid the first short line to transport pilgrims to the Lavra.
Four more are next in line - in Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, on Donetsk railway and on Theater Square in Moscow.
Slide #26
Merchant Varvara Alekseevna Morozova (1850–1917), née Khludova, mother of collectors Mikhail and Ivan Morozov
10 million. donated
over a million.
Slide #27
Points of interest
The wife of Abram Abramovich Morozov, at the age of 34, inherited from him the Partnership of Tver Manufactory. She buried her husband and began to help the unfortunate. Of the half million allocated to her by her husband “for benefits to the poor, the construction and maintenance of schools, almshouses and contributions to the church”, she donated 150 thousand rubles to a clinic for the mentally ill (M.
A. A. Morozova, under the new government, received the name of psychiatrist Sergei Korsakov), another 150 thousand to the Vocational School for the Poor, the rest is trifles: 10 thousand to the Rogozhsky Women's Primary School, separate amounts for zemstvo and rural schools, a shelter for nervous patients, Cancer Institute named after Morozov on the Maiden's Field, charitable institutions in Tver and a sanatorium in Gagra for workers with tuberculosis.
Slide #28
Points of interest
Varvara Morozova was a member of various institutions. were named after her elementary grades and vocational schools, hospitals, maternity homes and almshouses in Tver and Moscow. It was carved on the pediment of the Chemical Institute of the People's University (gave 50 thousand). Morozova paid for the three-story building of the Prechistensky Courses for Workers in Kursovy Lane and for the Doukhobors to move to Canada. She financed the construction of the building, and then the purchase of books for the first free reading room in Russia named after I. S. Turgenev, opened in 1885 on the square near the Butcher's Gate (demolished in the 1970s). The last chord was her will. The factory owner Morozova, whom Soviet propaganda liked to present as a model example of capitalist money-grubbing, ordered that all her assets be converted into securities, placed in a bank, and the funds received from this operation be transferred to her workers. The new owners of the Proletarsky Trud factory did not have time to appreciate the unheard-of generosity of the former owner, who died a month before the October coup.
Slide #29
Merchant
Savva Timofeevich Morozov
(1862–1905). Donated
over half a million
Slide #30
Points of interest
He studied chemistry at Cambridge, textile production - in Manchester and Liverpool. Returning to his homeland, he headed the Partnership of the Nikolskaya Manufactory "Savva Morozov's son and Co."
Believing that, thanks to the revolutionary leap, Russia would certainly catch up with Europe, he drew up a program of socio-political reforms that called for the establishment of constitutional government. At the same time, he insured himself for 100 thousand, transferring the policy to the bearer to the actress M. F. Andreeva, whom he adored, and she, in turn, most of the money - to the Bolshevik Party. Largely because of his love for Andreeva, he supported Artistic theater, having rented a room for him for 12 years in Kamergersky Lane.
Slide #31
Points of interest
His contribution was equal to the contribution of the main shareholders, including the owner of the gold-gutter manufactory Alekseev, who is also Stanislavsky. The restructuring of the building cost Morozov 300 thousand rubles, a huge amount for those times (this despite the fact that the architect Fyodor Shekhtel, who, by the way, invented the well-known Mkhatov emblem - a seagull, executed the theater project completely free of charge). Abroad, Morozov's money was used to order the most modern stage fixtures (lighting equipment in the domestic theater first appeared here). As a result, Savva Morozov spent about half a million rubles on the building of the Moscow Art Theater with a bronze bas-relief on the facade in the form of a drowning swimmer.
Slide #32
Points of interest
He sympathized with the revolutionaries: he was friends with Maxim Gorky, hid Nikolai Bauman in his palace on Spiridonovka, helped deliver illegal literature to the factory, where (with his knowledge) the future people's commissar Leonid Krasin served as an engineer. After the mass strikes of 1905, he demanded that the factories be transferred to his full disposal. The mother, under the threat of establishing guardianship over her son, achieved his removal from business and sent him to the Cote d'Azur, accompanied by his wife and personal doctor, where Savva Morozov committed suicide. “The merchant does not dare to get carried away. He must be true to his element of restraint and calculation, ”V.N. Nemirovich-Danchenko, one of the founding fathers of the Moscow Art Theater, remarked about him.
Slide #33
Princess
Maria Klavdievna Tenisheva
(1867–1928)
