Joseph Haydn interesting facts from life. Haydn's life and work

Composer Franz Joseph Haydn is called the founder of the modern orchestra, the "father of the symphony", the founder of the classical instrumental genre.

Composer Franz Joseph Haydn called the founder of the modern orchestra, the "father of the symphony", the founder of the classical instrumental genre.

Haydn was born in 1732. His father was a carriage master, his mother served as a cook. House in the town Rorau on the river bank Leith, where little Josef spent his childhood, has survived to this day.

Artisan's children Matthias Haydn loved music very much. Franz Joseph was gifted child- from birth he was given a sonorous melodious voice and absolute pitch; he had a great sense of rhythm. The boy sang in the local church choir and tried to learn to play the violin and clavichord himself. As it always happens with teenagers, the young Haydn lost his voice in adolescence. He was immediately fired from the choir.

For eight years, the young man earned private music lessons, constantly improving himself with the help of self-study and tried to compose.

Life brought Josef to the Viennese comedian, popular actor – Johann Joseph Kurz. It was luck. Kurtz commissioned music from Haydn for his own libretto for the opera The Crooked Demon. comic work was successful - for two years it went on theater stage. However, critics were quick to accuse young composer in frivolity and "buffoonery". (This stamp was later repeatedly transferred by retrogrades to other works by the composer.)

Acquaintance with the composer Nicola Antonio Porporoi gave Haydn a lot in terms of creative skill. He served the famous maestro, was an accompanist in his lessons and gradually studied himself. Under the roof of the house, in a cold attic, Joseph Haydn tried to compose music on old clavichords. In his works, the influence of the work of famous composers and folk music: Hungarian, Czech, Tyrolean motifs.

In 1750, Franz Joseph Haydn composed the Mass in F major, and in 1755 wrote the first string quartet. Since that time there has been a turning point in the fate of the composer. Josef received unexpected material support from the landowner Carl Furnberg. The philanthropist recommended the young composer to a count from the Czech Republic - Joseph Franz Morzin to a Viennese aristocrat. Until 1760, Haydn served as Kapellmeister with Morzin, had a table, shelter and salary, and could seriously study music.

Since 1759, Haydn has created four symphonies. At this time, the young composer got married - it happened impromptu, unexpectedly for himself. However, marriage to a 32-year-old Anna Aloysia Keller was imprisoned. Haydn was only 28, he never loved Anna.

20 shillings, 1982, Haydn, Austria

After his marriage, Josef lost his place with Morcin and was left without a job. He was lucky again - he received an invitation from an influential Prince Paul Esterhazy who could appreciate his talent.

Thirty years Haydn served as a conductor. His duty was to direct the orchestra and manage the choir. At the request of the prince, the composer composed operas, symphonies, and instrumental plays. He could write music and listen to it right there in a live performance. During the period of service with Esterhazy, he created many works - only one hundred and four symphonies were written in those years!

Haydn's symphonic concepts were unassuming, simple and organic to the average listener. Storyteller Hoffman once called Haydn's writings "the expression of a childish joyful soul".

The skill of the composer has reached perfection. Haydn's name was known to many outside of Austria - he was known in England and France, in Russia. However, the famous maestro had no right to perform or sell works without the consent of Esterhazy. In today's language, the prince owned the "copyright" for all of Haydn's work. Even long trips without the knowledge of the "owner" Haydn were forbidden.

Once, while in Vienna, Haydn met Mozart. Two brilliant musicians talked a lot and performed quartets together. Unfortunately, the Austrian composer had few such opportunities.

Josef also had a lover - a singer Luigia, a Mauritanian from Naples is a charming but self-serving woman.

The composer could not leave the service and become independent. In 1791 old prince Esterhazy died. Haydn was 60 years old. The prince's heir dissolved the chapel, and assigned a pension to the bandmaster so that he would not have to earn a living. Finally, Franz Joseph Haydn became a free man! He went to cruise visited England twice. During these years, the already elderly composer wrote many works - among them twelve "London Symphonies", oratorios "The Seasons" and "Creation of the World". The work "The Seasons" became the apotheosis of his creative path.

large-scale musical works were not easy for the aging composer, but he was happy. Oratorios became the peak of Haydn's work - he did not write anything else. Last years the composer lived in a small secluded house on the outskirts of Vienna. He was visited by fans - he loved to talk with them, remembering his youth, full of creative searches and hardships.

Sarcophagus where the remains of Haydn are buried

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One of the greatest composers of all time is Franz Joseph Haydn. genius musician Austrian origin. The man who created the foundations of the classical music school, as well as the orchestral-instrumental standard that we observe in our time. In addition to these merits, Franz Josef represented the Vienna Classical School. There is an opinion among musicologists that musical genres symphony and quartet - were first composed by Joseph Haydn. The talented composer lived a very interesting and eventful life. You will learn about this and much more on this page.

Franz Joseph Haydn. Movie.

short biography

On March 31, 1732, little Josef was born in the fair commune of Rorau (Lower Austria). His father was a wheelwright and his mother worked as a kitchen maid. Thanks to a father who loved to sing, future composer became interested in music. Perfect Pitch and an excellent sense of rhythm were bestowed on little Josef by nature. These musical ability allowed the talented boy to sing in the Gainburg church choir. Franz Josef would later be admitted to the Vienna choir chapel at the Catholic Cathedral of St. Stephen.
At the age of sixteen, Josef lost his job - a place in the choir. This happened just at the time of the voice mutation. Now he has no income for existence. Out of desperation, the young man takes on any job. The Italian vocal maestro and composer Nicola Porpora took the youngster as his servant, but Josef found profit in this work as well. The boy goes deep into musical science and starts taking lessons from the teacher.
Porpora could not fail to notice that Josef had genuine feelings for music, and on this basis famous composer decides to propose to the young man interesting work- Become his personal valet companion. Haydn held this position for almost ten years. The maestro paid for his work mainly not with money, he worked with young talent music theory and harmony. So a talented young man learned many important musical fundamentals in different directions. Over time, Haydn's material problems slowly begin to disappear, and his initial compositional works are successfully accepted by the public. At this time, the young composer writes the first symphony.
Despite the fact that in those days it was already considered "too late", Haydn only at the age of 28 decides to start a family with Anna Maria Keller. And this marriage was unsuccessful. According to his wife, Josef had an obscene profession for a man. Within two dozen life together the couple never had children, which also affected the unfortunate family history. But an unpredictable life brought Franz Josef to a young and charming opera singer Luigia Polzelli, who at the time of their acquaintance was only 19 years old. But the passion faded pretty quickly. Haydn seeks patronage among rich and powerful people. In the early 1760s, the composer got a job as the second bandmaster in the palace of the influential Esterhazy family. For 30 years, Haydn has been working at the court of this noble dynasty. During this time, he composed a huge number of symphonies - 104.
Haydn had few close friends, but one of them was Amadeus Mozart. Composers meet in 1781. After 11 years, Joseph is introduced to the young Ludwig van Beethoven, whom Haydn makes his student. Service at the palace ends with the death of the patron - Josef loses his position. But the name of Franz Joseph Haydn has already thundered not only in Austria, but also in many other countries such as: Russia, England, France. During his stay in London, the composer earned almost as much in one year as in 20 years as bandmaster of the Esterházy family, his former

Russian quartet op.33

Interesting Facts:

It is generally accepted that Joseph Haydn's birthday is March 31st. But, in his certificate, another date was indicated - April 1. According to the composer's diaries, such a minor change was made in order not to celebrate his holiday on "April Fool's Day".
Little Josef was so talented that at the age of 6 he could play the drums! When the drummer, who was supposed to take part in the Great Week procession, suddenly died, Haydn was asked to replace him. Because the future composer was not tall, due to the peculiarities of his age, then a hunchback walked in front of him, who had a drum tied on his back, and Josef could calmly play the instrument. The rare drum still exists today. It is located in the Hainburg Church.

It is known that Haydn had a very strong friendship with Mozart. Mozart greatly respected and revered his friend. And if Haydn criticized the work of Amadeus or gave any advice, Mozart always listened, Joseph's opinion for the young composer was always in the first place. Despite the peculiar temperaments and age difference, the friends had no quarrels and disagreements.

Symphony No. 94. "Surprise"

1. Adagio - Vivace assai

2. Andante

3. Menuetto: Allegro molto

4. Finale: Allegro molto

Haydn has a Symphony with timpani beats, or it is also called "Surprise". The history of the creation of this symphony is interesting. Josef periodically toured London with the orchestra, and one day he noticed how some of the audience fell asleep during the concert or were already watching beautiful dreams. Haydn suggested that this happened because the British intelligentsia were not used to listening. classical music and has no special feelings for art, but the British are a people of traditions, so they always attended concerts. The composer, the soul of the company and the merry fellow, decided to act cunningly. After a short thought, he wrote a special symphony for the English public. The work began with quiet, smooth, almost lulling melodic sounds. Suddenly, in the process of sounding, a drum beat and thunder of timpani were heard. Such a surprise was repeated in the work more than once. So, Londoners no longer fell asleep in concert halls where Haydn conducted.

Symphony No. 44. "trauer".

1. Allegro con brio

2. Menuetto - Allegretto

3. Adagio 15:10

4.Presto 22:38

Concerto for piano and orchestra, D major.

The last work of the composer is the oratorio "The Seasons". He composes it with great difficulty, he was hampered by a headache and problems with sleep.

The great composer dies at the age of 78 (May 31, 1809) Joseph Haydn spent last days at his home in Vienna. Later it was decided to transport the remains to the city of Eisenstadt.

On our website) wrote up to 125 symphonies (of which the first were designed for string orchestra, oboes, horns; the latter, in addition, for flute, clarinets, bassoons, trumpets and timpani). Of Haydn's orchestral compositions, the Seven Words of the Savior on the Cross and over 65 divertissements, cassations, etc. are also known. In addition, Haydn wrote 41 concertos for a wide variety of instruments, 77 string quartets, 35 trios for piano, violin and cello, 33 trios for other instrumental combinations, 175 pieces for baritone (Count Esterhazy's favorite instrument), 53 piano sonatas, fantasies, etc., and many others instrumental works. Of Haydn's vocal works are known: 3 oratorios, 14 masses, 13 offertorias, cantatas, arias, duets, trios, etc. Haydn wrote 24 more operas, most of which were intended for a modest home theater Count Esterhazy; Haydn himself did not want their execution elsewhere. He also composed the Austrian national anthem.

Portrait of Joseph Haydn. Artist T. Hardy, 1791

Haydn's significance in the history of music is based mainly on his symphonies and quartets, which have not lost their lively artistic interest even today. Haydn was the finalist of that process of separating instrumental music from vocal music, which began long before him on the basis of dance forms and whose main representatives before Haydn were S. Bach, his son Em. Bach, Sammartini and others. The sonata form of the symphony and quartet, as developed by Haydn, served as the basis of instrumental music for the entire classical period.

Joseph Haydn. The best works

Haydn's merit is also great in the development of the orchestral style: he was the first to initiate the individualization of each instrument, highlighting its characteristic, original properties. One instrument he often opposes to another, one orchestral group- another. That is why Haydn's orchestra is distinguished by hitherto unknown life, variety of sonorities, expressiveness, especially in recent writings not left without the influence of Mozart, former friend and admirer of Haydn. Haydn also expanded the form of the quartet, and by the nobility of his quartet style he gave it a special and profound significance in music. "Old cheerful Vienna", with its humor, naivety, cordiality and, at times, unbridled agility, with all the conventions of the era of the minuet and pigtails, was reflected in the works of Haydn. But when Haydn had to convey a deep, serious, passionate mood in music, he also achieved strength here, unprecedented among his contemporaries; in this respect he adjoins directly to Mozart and

Aleksandrova Miroslava 6th class

Report of a student of the MBU DO Children's Music School "Forest Glades" Alexandrova Miroslava

(Grade 6, piano specialty, general developmental program) for a better perception of the music of J. Haydn,

understanding the features of the composer's style, the sound production inherent in the era of the composer.

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Characteristics of creativity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

sonata form. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

Biography

1. Childhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Early years independent living . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3. The period of creative maturity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
4. Late period of creativity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

The history of the creation of the piano. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Characteristics of creativity

Franz Joseph Haydn- one of the most prominent representatives art of the Enlightenment. Great Austrian composer he left a huge creative legacy– about 1000 works in the most different genres. The main, most significant part of this heritage, which determined the historical place of Haydn in the development of world culture, is made up of large cyclic works. This 104 symphonies (among them: "Farewell", "Funeral", "Morning", "Noon", "Evening", "Children's", "Hours", "Bear", 6 Parisian, 12 London and others), 83 quartets ( six "Russians", 52 clavier sonatas, thanks to which Haydn won the fame of the founder of classical symphony.

Haydn's art is deeply democratic. Its basis musical style was folk art and everyday music. Haydn's music is imbued not only with the rhythms and intonations of folklore, but also with folk humor, inexhaustible optimism and life energy. Most of the works are written in major keys.

Haydn created classic samples symphonies, sonatas, quartets. In the mature symphonies (London), the classical sonata form and the sonata-symphony cycle were finally formed. In a symphony - 4 parts, in a sonata, a concerto - 3 parts.

Symphony cycle

Part 1 is fast. Sonata Allegro (man acts);

Part 2 is slow. Andante or Adagio (a person is resting, meditating);

3 part - moderate. Minuet (a person is dancing);

Part 4 is fast. Final (a person acts together with everyone).

Sonata form or sonata allegro form

Introduction - exposition - development - reprise - coda

exposition - includes the main and side parties, between which there is a connecting one, and the final party completes the exposition.

Development - the central section of the formsonata allegro , as well as somefree And mixed forms where themes are developedexposure . Sometimes the development of a sonata form includes an episode outlining new topic, or completely replaced by an episode on new musical material.

reprise a section of a piece of music that deals with repetition musical material, in its original or modified form.

Koda ("tail, end, train") - an additional section, possible at the endpiece of music and not taken into account when determining its structure.

Haydn's creative path lasted about fifty years, covering all stages of the development of the Vienna classical school- from its inception in the 60s of the XVIII century and up to the heyday of Beethoven's work.

1. Childhood

Haydn was born on March 31, 1732 in the village of Rorau (Lower Austria) into a family carriage master his mother was a simple cook. From the age of 5 he has been learning to play the wind and string instruments, as well as the harpsichord, and sings in the church choir.

The next stage of Haydn's life is connected with the musical chapel at the Cathedral of St. Stephen in Vienna. The leader of the chapel (Georg Reuter) traveled around the country from time to time to recruit new choristers. Listening to the choir in which little Haydn sang, he immediately appreciated the beauty of his voice and rare musical talent. The main musical wealth of Vienna is the most diverse folklore (the most important prerequisite for the formation of the classical school).

Constant participation in the performance of music - not only church, but also opera - most of all developed Haydn. In addition, the Reuther Chapel was often invited to imperial palace where the future composer could hear instrumental music.

1. 1749-1759 - the first years of independent life in Vienna

This 10th anniversary was the most difficult in Haydn's entire biography, especially at first. Without a roof over his head, without a penny in his pocket, he was extremely poor. Having bought several books on music theory from a second-hand book dealer, Haydn is independently engaged in counterpoint, gets acquainted with the works of major German theorists, and studies clavier sonatas by Philip Emmanuel Bach. Despite the vicissitudes of fate, he retained both an open character and a sense of humor that never betrayed him.

Gradually, the young musician becomes famous in the musical circles of Vienna. Since the mid-1750s, he has often been invited to participate in domestic musical evenings in the house of a wealthy Viennese official (by the name of Furnberg). For these home concerts, Haydn wrote his first string trios and quartets (18 in total).

In 1759, on the recommendation of Furnberg, Haydn received his first permanent position - the position of bandmaster in the home orchestra of the Czech aristocrat, Count Morcin. For this orchestra was writtenHaydn's first symphony– D-dur in three parts. This was the beginning of the formationVienna Classical Symphony. After 2 years, Mortsin, due to financial difficulties, dissolved the chapel, and Haydn signed a contract with the richest Hungarian magnate, a passionate fan of music -Paul Anton Esterhazy.

1. The period of creative maturity

In the service of the princes Esterhazy, Haydn worked for 30 years: first, as a vice-kapellmeister (assistant), and after 5 years, as an ober-kapellmeister. His duties included not only composing music. Haydn had to conduct rehearsals, keep order in the chapel, be responsible for the safety of notes and instruments, etc. All Haydn's works were the property of Esterhazy; the composer did not have the right to write music commissioned by other persons, he could not freely leave the prince's possessions. Most written for the Esterhazy Chapel and Home TheaterHaydn symphonies (in the 1760s ~ 40, in the 70s ~ 30, in the 80s ~ 18), quartets and operas. A total of 24 operas in different genres, among which the most organic for Haydn was the genre buffa . For example, the opera Rewarded Loyalty enjoyed great success with the public. In the mid-1780s, the French public got acquainted with six symphonies, called "Paris" (Nos. 82-87, they were created specifically for the Paris "Concerts of the Olympic Lodge").

1. Late period of creativity.

In 1790, Prince Miklos Esterhazy died, bequeathing Haydn a lifetime pension. His heir dissolved the chapel, retaining the title of Kapellmeister for Haydn. Having completely freed himself from the service, the composer was able to fulfill his old dream - to travel outside of Austria.

In the 1790s, he made 2 tours to London at the invitation of the organizer of the "Subscription Concerts" violinist I. P. Salomon (1791-92, 1794-95). Written for this occasion"London" symphonies completed the development of this genre in the work of Haydn, approved the maturity of the Viennese classical symphony. The English public was enthusiastic about Haydn's music.At Oxford he was awarded an honorary doctorate in music.

Impressed by the oratorios of Handel heard in London, Haydn wrote 2 secular oratorios -"World creation"(1798) and "Seasons" (1801). These monumental, epic-philosophical works, affirming the classical ideals of beauty and harmony of life, the unity of man and nature, adequately crowned creative way composer.

On May 31, 1809, Haydn passed away in the midst of the Napoleonic campaigns, when the French troops had already occupied the capital of Austria. During the siege of Vienna, Haydn consoled his loved ones:"Don't be afraid, children, where Haydn is, nothing bad can happen".

The history of the creation of the piano

piano - this is an amazing musical instrument, perhaps the most perfect. It exists in two varieties - grand piano and piano . You can play anything on the piano musical composition, whether it be orchestral, vocal, instrumental, as well as any modern composition, music from films, cartoons or a pop song. The piano repertoire is the most extensive. Great composers of different eras composed music for this instrument.

In 1711 Bartolomeo Cristofori invented keyboard instrument, in which the hammers struck directly on the strings, sensitively responding to the touch of a finger on the key. A special mechanism allowed the hammer to quickly return to its original position after hitting the string, even if the performer continued to keep his finger on the key. New tool first called "Gravecembalo col piano e forte", later shortened to "Piano forte". And later acquired the modern name " Piano".

The direct predecessors of the piano are considered harpsichords and clavichords . The piano has a huge advantage over these musical instruments, it is the ability to vary the dynamics of sound, the ability to reproduce a huge range of shades from pp and p to several f. At the old instruments harpsichord and clavichord there are a number of differences.

Clavichord - a small musical instrument, with a quiet sound corresponding to its size. He appeared in late Middle Ages although no one knows exactly when. When a key of the clavichord is pressed, one string, associated with this key, is sounded. In order to reduce the size of the instrument, the number of strings clavichord was often less than the number of keys. In this case, one string served (by means of an appropriate mechanism) several keys. Clavichord bright colors and sound contrasts are not characteristic. However, depending on the nature of the keystroke, a melody played on the clavichord can be given some tonal flexibility, and even more than that, a certain vibration can be given to the tones of the melody. The clavichord had one string for each key, or two - like this clavichord called "bound". Being a very quiet instrument, clavichord still allowed to make crescendos and diminuendos.

In contrast to the subtle and soulful sonority clavichord, harpsichord has a more sonorous and brilliant playing. By pressing the key of the harpsichord, from one to four strings can be sounded at the request of the performer. In the heyday of harpsichord art, there was whole line harpsichord varieties. Harpsichord , most likely, was invented in Italy in the 15th century. There are one or two manuals in the harpsichord (rarely three), and the sound is extracted by plucking the string with a plectrum from a bird's feather (like a plectrum) while pressing the key. The strings of the harpsichord are parallel to the keys, as in a modern grand piano, and not perpendicular, as in clavichord and modern piano . Concert sound harpsichord - quite sharp, but weak for playing music in large halls, therefore, composers inserted many melismas (decorations) into pieces for harpsichord in order to make long

notes could sound long enough. Harpsichord also used as an accompaniment to secular songs, in chamber music and for playing a digital bass part in an orchestra.

Clavichord

Harpsichord

Bibliography

E.Yu.Stolova, E.A.Kelkh, N.F.Nesterova "Musical Literature"

L. Mikheeva " encyclopedic Dictionary young musician"

I.A. Braudo "Clavesti and clavichord"

D.K.Salin "100 great composers"

M.A. Zilberkvit " School library. Haydn

Yu.A.Kremlev “J.Haydn. Essay on life and work»

L. Novak “I. Haydn. Life, work, historical significance"

MBU DO Children's music school Forest glades

Report on the topic: F. J. Haydn

Completed by: 6th grade student

piano majors

Alexandrova Miroslava

Checked by: Elisova Nonna Lvovna

Born in, his father, a wheel master, gave his son to learn singing as a child. Soon (1740), the boy was accepted into the choir at the famous St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna, where he sang for ten whole years. Along the way, a talented chorister was taught to play on different musical instruments, which allowed him to later earn a living playing the violin, harpsichord and organ. Working as an accompanist for a venerable Italian composer and vocal teacher N. Porpora, he began to try himself as a composer and received the approval of the teacher. Basically, of course, it was church music. Haydn's musical career advanced. For two years (1759 - 1761) he worked as a music director for Count Mortsin, and then as a vice-dropmaster for Prince Esterhazy, an aristocrat with Hungarian roots. Paul Anton Esterhazy took Haydn into service after the death of G. I. Werner, already a well-known composer in Austria, who served as bandmaster in his house. The duty of a musician is to compose music commissioned by the employer and lead an ensemble of musicians. In 1762, Nikolaus Esterhazy, the younger brother of the former owner, who was nicknamed "The Magnificent", became such a customer.

Initially, Nikolaus Esterhazy lived near Vienna in Eisenstadt, in his family castle. Then he moved to a new castle, built in a cozy corner near the lake. At first, Haydn wrote mainly instrumental music (symphonies, plays) for the afternoon rest of the princely family and for concerts that the owner arranged every week. In those years, Joseph wrote several symphonies, cantatas, 125 plays and church music, and from 1768, after the opening of a new theater in Estergaz, he began to write operas. In the early 70s, he gradually moved away from entertainment content his music. His symphonies become serious and even dramatic, such as "Complaint", "Suffering", "Funeral", "Farewell". Prince Nikolaus Esterhazy did not like such tragic music, he repeatedly pointed this out to the composer, but nevertheless gave him the right, with his permission, to write music on other orders. And the author writes "Solar Quartets", distinguished by their courage, scale, and sophistication of writing. With these quartets, the classical genre of the string quartet begins. And he himself is forming the characteristic handwriting of a mature composer. He wrote several operas for the Esterhazy Theater: The Apothecary, Deceived Infidelity, Lunar Peace, Loyalty Rewarded, Armida. But they were not available to the general public. However, European publishers have opened new talent and willingly published his works.

The new contract with Esterhazy deprived the latter of exclusive rights to Haydn's music. In the 80s, his fame grows. He writes piano trios, sonatas, symphonies, string quartets, including those dedicated to the future Russian emperor Paul, known as the Russians. new period The composer's work was also marked by six quartets in honor of the King of Prussia. They were different and new form, and a special melody, and a variety of contrasts. Going beyond Central Europe, an orchestral passion called "Seven Words of the Savior on the Cross", written by Josef for a Spanish cathedral, also became known. This passion was later arranged by the author for performance string quartet, choir, orchestra, and it is still popular. After the death of Nikolaus Esterhazy (1790), Haydn remained in his house as bandmaster, but received the right to live in the capital and work abroad. For several years he has been working in , where he writes a lot: a concert symphony, music for choirs, several sonatas for piano, processes folk songs, opera-series "The Philosopher's Soul" (based on the myth of Orpheus). There he became an honorary doctor of Oxford University, where the royal family listened to his music, where he got acquainted with the work of G.F. Handel. In 1795 Haydn had to return to Esterhazy. Now the main duty of the Kapellmeister was to compose masses in honor of the name day of the princess. He wrote six masses, which have a symphonic scope, prayerful concentration and civic motifs inspired by the events of the Napoleonic wars. Best instrumental concert for trumpet and orchestra (1796), two monumental oratorios "The Creation of the World" and "The Seasons" are examples of the mature Haydn. In 1804 he was given the title of "Honorary Citizen of Vienna". As a composer, he almost did not work. He died in Vienna on his birthday - March 31, 1809, leaving an indelible mark on the art of music.