Types of communication verbal and non-verbal briefly. Signals sent by the eyes

They teach to express their thoughts with the help of words, at school they teach writing, literacy. But speech and text are not the only ways we can convey information. The very first in our life, natural and simple way of expressing thoughts - with the help of gestures and body language. Throughout our lives, we successfully combine these two modes of communication: verbal and non-verbal communication.

What is verbal communication

- the most familiar way for a person to transmit and receive information using oral or written speech. Such communication occurs between two or more people. To reproduce speech, a person has clear diction, a certain vocabulary and knowledge of the rules of communication.

Vocabulary and syntax play an important role in the process of human communication through verbal communication. The first implies a certain set of words belonging to specific language. The second dictates the rules for the formation of thought.

Verbal interaction has two important functions:

1. Significative. With the help of words, a person can present any description, have an idea about any information received. Vocabulary helps a person to analyze the information received, build links between the objects about which information is received, and distribute the degree of significance (main, secondary).
2. Communicative. Its task is to convey attitudes towards received or reproduced information. When speaking, this is expressed with the help of pauses, accents, intonation of the voice. In the letter - accuracy of writing, punctuation marks and text direction.

Despite the great importance verbal communication in human life, it has a number of disadvantages:

• the inability to formulate one's idea clearly and convey it;
• difficulty in understanding someone else's story;
• misunderstanding of the received information;
• polysemy of the same words;
• language difficulties between speakers of different cultures, religions, ages, etc.

Scientists believe that verbal communication occupies a minimal, in terms of importance, place in human interaction skills. The quantitative indicator of utility is only 15% compared to non-verbal skills. Science has allocated 85% of significance to them.

How to explain the concept of "non-verbal communication"

Non-verbal communications are interactions between individuals without the use of words, linguistic means of communication. To convey thoughts, emotions, a person in this case actively uses body language: facial expressions, posture, visual impact. Non-verbal communications can be unconscious, these include the above methods of transmitting information and special ones. The second includes: the language for the hearing impaired, the deaf and dumb and Morse code.

Body language helps a person create a connection between interlocutors, give meaning to words and express emotions hidden in the text. The key to such communication is honesty. A person who does not know the psychology of such communication is not able to control his emotions and body language. All non-verbal signs have their own character: thoughtful, open, insecure, benevolent, militant, doubting and others.

Important! Understanding possible non-verbal signs gives a person an advantage over the interlocutor.

With such knowledge, he can capture the attention of the public and tune in to his point of view. Businessmen and managers in important negotiations, with the help of the body language of the opponent, decide on his honesty and the correctness of the actions performed.

In a conversation, posture, gestures, body language is of paramount importance. Scientists have found that with differences between verbal information and visual information perceived by a person, it is the latter that will remain in the subconscious. With the help of the interlocutor, he can convince himself that he is right or question his words.

Visual elements include:

• manner of holding (movements, actions in a given situation);
• emotional overtones (hand movements, facial expressions);
• body contact (touching, shaking hands, hugging);
• visual contact (change of pupils, intentness, duration);
• movements (gait, location when in one place);
• reactions (response to some events).

Types of verbal and non-verbal communication

Verbal and non-verbal means of communication refer to the ways of conveying information. Each of them, in turn, has a wide division into types.

Verbal communication involves the presentation of information using words, which is divided into oral presentation and written speech. Each of them, in turn, has subspecies. Oral speech includes:

1. Dialogue (exchange of information between one or more people). It includes:
   • conversation - the exchange of information in the process of simply natural communication;
   • interview - a dialogue process in order to obtain certain professional information;
   • dispute - a verbal exchange of information in order to clarify the situation, discuss the conflict;
   • debate - reasoning in front of an audience in order to obtain a unified position on a particular difficult situation;
   • controversy - a dispute using different scientific opinions.
2. A monologue is a continuous speech by one person. It includes:
   • report - pre-prepared information based on journalistic, scientific materials;
   • lecture - comprehensive coverage of a particular problem by a specialist;
   • speech - a short presentation of pre-prepared information on a specific topic
   • message - a small analytical summary containing information supported by facts.

Written verbal speech is divided into:

• Instant (transmission of textual information immediately after writing, followed by a quick response).
• Delayed (response information is received after a significant period of time or does not come at all).

It is worth noting! In a special category of verbal communication, one can single out a tactile form of communication. Such communication is typical for people with a lack of hearing or vision. At the time of transmission of information, they use the "manual alphabet".

Both verbal and non-verbal communication are studied, which allows using the specific categories to correctly assess communication. As a result of many years of research, there are generally accepted ways of interpreting certain forms of information transfer.

Non-verbal communication also has a number of its own types of communication. These include:

• kinesics - a set of body movements (gestures, postures, facial expressions, views);
• tactile actions - ways of touching the interlocutor;
• sensorics - the perception of the interlocutor from the point of view of the senses (smells, tastes, color combinations, thermal sensations);
• proxemics - communication taking into account the comfort zone (intimate, personal, social or public);
• chronemics - the use of time categories in communication;
• paraverbal communication - the transmission of certain rhythms during communication (rhythm of voice, intonation).

Features of verbal communication

Verbal communication is unique to human culture. Only humans can express their thoughts through words. This is what is the main hallmark such a relationship. In addition to it, we can distinguish:

1. variety of styles (business, colloquial, scientific, artistic and others);
2. exclusivity (words can describe any sign system);
3. the ability to tell about a person (culture, level of knowledge, upbringing, character);
4. fixing expressions, phrases for certain cultures, social groups(fascism, communism, nihilism, democracy);
5. the need for implementation in life (lack of verbal communication skills can become an insurmountable obstacle in personal and professional growth).

Features of non-verbal communication

The main feature of non-verbal communication is the difficulty of controlling one's own body movements, hands, facial expressions and other important elements of such communication. Other features of non-verbal communication include:

• duality of signals (there are signs of the body, mimic movements that are accepted all over the world, others will differ, depending on the culture of the population);
• truthfulness (it is impossible to completely hide all the signals that reflect real emotions);
• creating a strong relationship between interlocutors (the overall picture helps people to get a complete picture of a person, to form their attitude towards him);
• strengthening the meaning of words in verbal communication;
• the ability to explain the formed thought before the appearance of suitable verbal descriptions.

How verbal and non-verbal communication helps in everyday life

Verbal and non-verbal interaction are integral parts of each other. Only the combination of these forms of communication gives us a complete picture of the information received. To interact effectively with others, you need to have skills in both of these areas.

Verbal and non-verbal communication give a brief impression of a person a few minutes after the start of communication. The level of proficiency in oral and written speech will tell about the culture and level of intelligence of the individual. Gestures and facial expressions will let you know about the emotional state and attitude to the situation.

Not good enough for public speaking. The speaker must have the skills to influence the public. There are certain speech construction techniques that allow you to interest the audience. But words alone are not enough. The speaker must be able to behave in public, make certain gestures, perform movements that attract attention, lure with intonations of the voice.

Verbal and non-verbal means of business communication are integral knowledge of the top management of any company. In many countries, not only directors of companies, but also ordinary managers need to know how a person behaves at the moment of ordinary communication, at an interview and when making important decisions.

With the help of gestures in the course of a conversation, a person may try to explain things that are difficult to reproduce in words. The interlocutor most often perfectly understands what they wanted to convey. Trying to talk to foreigners without having enough vocabulary, people and actively gesticulate when communicating. In mathematical classes, explaining some function, the lecturer can accompany the words with a drawing in the air, for him this is a way to visualize words, for the audience - a little help in understanding.

Finally

Man daily resorts to various forms and methods of communication. This is our natural need. Verbal and non-verbal means of communication briefly provide an opportunity to form a definite opinion about the interlocutor, speaker or opponent from the very first minutes of communication. It is impossible to single out any one, the most important way of transmitting information. Both forms of communication are informative and fully complement each other.

Communication is an integral part of every person's life. Thanks to the exchange of information, the expression of our thoughts, opinions, advice and feelings, we can live normally in society, set goals and confidently approach their achievement.

Not always in disputes, friendly conversations and a simple exchange of information, the interlocutors frankly express their thoughts and feelings.

Verbal and non-verbal communication- these two components are inherent in the communication of each of us. Being able to recognize signs non-verbal communication in the course of a conversation, it is much easier for a person to compose right opinion about your surroundings.

The essence of verbal communication - what is it and why is it needed

Verbal communication includes oral as well as written communication. It is with their help that we can express our opinions, thoughts, argue frankly with a partner, give arguments, share our impressions with friends, talk about what we have seen, heard, read, etc.

When one speaks, the other listens very attentively and reacts in response. It can be agreement, indignation, an argument, or simply the absorption of a new interesting information. The lack of verbal communication makes each person lonely, withdrawn and isolated from the outside world. It is thanks to disputes, clarifications and presentation of their thoughts that people come to a compromise, find a way out of difficult situations.

Correct speech - important factor verbal communication that benefits everyone. How quickly a person can navigate a conversation, answer questions, establish new connections and express thoughts will directly depend on his place in this world. When applying for a job, the authorities pay special attention to these factors.

Except simple words and sentences, the emotional message plays an especially important role. By intonation, tone, speed of explanations, you can understand the mood of the interlocutor. Shouting, dissatisfaction, criticism most often cause a response in the form of aggression, ignoring the interlocutor. When the boss (friend, parents) chooses the right words and speaks calmly, it is easier for the employee to process the information received, find the mistake made and correct it.

Means of verbal communication

main means this option communication is human speech. It is thanks to the spoken (written) words that a person can convey his words, thoughts, and also learn new information for himself. In addition to understanding and knowing words, you need to be able to correctly build them into a sentence and convey them to the interlocutor.

The following means of verbal communication help in this:

1. Intonation plays an important role in the communication process and helps to show your position regarding the current situation. For a more comfortable conversation, it should be smooth and calm. In this case, all information is easier to understand and perceive by the listener.
2. Voice quality is another important aspect. Of course, everyone has their own timbre and voice. But his training and ability to possess them is beneficial. After all, quite often there are people with very loud or quiet voices by nature. This brings discomfort in conversations, as others have to listen or feel uncomfortable because of the noise. Insecure individuals most often speak in almost a whisper, quickly and swallowing the ending. Ambitious and purposeful - pronounce phrases clearly, loudly and clearly.
3. The rate of speech is another tool that can tell a lot about a person's feelings in a given situation. The type of temperament also plays a significant role. Melancholic and phlegmatic people, unlike sanguine and choleric people, are slow in conversation.
4. Logical and phrasal stresses allow each person to highlight the most important details in his story. It is on the correct stress in words that our perception of the information heard depends.

What is non-verbal communication?

Ignoring the signs of non-verbal communication, people may big mistake. Many listen with their ears, despite the fact that the “body language” of the interlocutor screams the opposite.

Non-verbal language is expressed in several forms at once, which differ from each other.

1. Kinesics includes pantomime, facial expressions and gestures. Quite often, in an emotional conversation, a person begins to wave his arms (gestures), grimace (facial expressions) or take a closed position with his arms crossed over his chest (pantomime). Any even inconspicuous movements during the conversation can become a sign of neglect, distrust, arrogance, affection or respect.

By learning to notice the little things and understand the mood of the interlocutor, you can avoid quarrels and unnecessary conflicts, as well as wait for the right moment to achieve the goal and calm mood. After all, quite often a person can be seen in what mood he returned from work (study). This may be a heavy, stooping gait, prolonged silence, unwillingness to answer questions, or closed postures. If you approach a relative (friend) with reproaches and aggression because of a trifle, a reciprocal surge of emotions cannot be avoided.

2. Takeshika is another form of non-verbal communication. Without knowing its basics, quite often conflicts and misunderstandings arise between people. Touch is the main component of this species. Handshakes, hugs, pats on the shoulder, and more include takeshika. Depending on how exactly these movements are carried out (distances, compression strength, etc.), the mood or attitude of a person towards his interlocutor directly depends.

Quite often, in public transport during rush hour, people have to crowd together. In this case, many suffer discomfort and feel uncomfortable. Strong intimacy due to crowding leads to the fact that not on purpose people break into each other's personal space (the range of which is from 115 to 45 cm). On a subconscious level, this is regarded as a danger and causes responses in the form of discontent, stiffness.

3. Components prosodic are loudness, intonation, and pitch. They are more recognizable and clear signs for the majority of people. Almost everyone knows what a raised voice and a sharp intonation mean.

4. Extralinguistics- These are additional reactions during the conversation. This includes laughter, sighs, amazing exclamations, and pauses in speech.

Extralinguistics and prosody act as an addition to verbal communication. With their help, you can determine the mood and emotional state of the interlocutor.

Building relationships, considering the secrets of non-verbal communication

In the process of communication, both verbal and non-verbal types of communication are equally important for a person. Good focus and understanding of "body language" will allow you to avoid deception, see the true feelings of the opponent or hide your own. The speakers are especially knowledgeable and oriented with the principles of conversation and communication in two languages. Artists, patrons, politicians and other speakers use self-control in all interviews and speeches. This helps not to give out true thoughts and feelings and avoid public condemnation.

Taking into account all the nuances of non-verbal communication, as well as correctly recognizing its essence, each person will be able to understand the interlocutors, establish profitable relationships and achieve their goal. The ability to speak correctly and win over listeners guarantees trust, a desire to cooperate and help.

Set up personal and business relationship or avoid scams, deceit - all this is possible if you correctly recognize the message that manifests itself at the subconscious level of the interlocutor. Sometimes facial expressions, posture and gestures say much more than words.

The main secrets that will help to recognize the true emotions of a person in the process of communication:

1. Excessively intense hand gestures indicate emotional arousal. Too abrupt movements are a sign that the narrator is trying his best to convey the information being conveyed to the listener. Most often, friends in a similar way talk about their victories and accomplishments that have occurred in their life situations.

It is worth noting that the nationality and temperament of a person plays a significant role in this factor. It is known that the Portuguese and Italians almost always use gestures in the course of conversations. Finns are more reserved and reserved. Our country is at the center of this bar.

2. Many of us are used to reading emotions in the face of our interlocutor. A wicked grin speaks of gloating. Raised eyebrows of surprise. A squint of distrust. Looking at the facial expressions of acquaintances, you can note a lot of useful information for yourself.

Eye contact is an important element of any dialogue. The level of their relationship depends on how easy it is for people to look into each other's eyes. With discomfort, slyness, lies and hypocrisy, a person always looks away or tries to avoid direct contact. A very long and intent look of an unfamiliar person or stranger is evidence of a negative and aggressive attitude on his part. In the process of communication, each participant in the conversation should be comfortable and easy.

3. Gait is included in pantomime and can tell a lot about a person. Looking from the side, you can see the internal state and mood of the walker. A raised head and a wide step always indicate confidence and positive attitude. Stooped shoulders, heavy movement of the legs, lowered eyes always indicate the opposite, namely, a bad mood, thoughtfulness and concern. When in anger, the gait is most often abrupt and fast.

4. The pose of the interlocutor is another very important point, which can tell a lot about the mood of the interlocutor for communication, his attitude towards the narrator and everything that happens. Everyone knows that arms crossed on the chest indicate isolation, unwillingness to communicate or share the point of view of your opponent.

It's the little things like that that go a long way in building a career. Indeed, if during a discussion (creating a project, distributing responsibilities), the boss or employees nod and agree, while they are in a closed position, it is worth doubting their sincerity and desire to support.

By giving a person something to hold, you can push him to open up. The turned body and the free (not crossed) position of the legs and arms speak of openness, sincerity and the desire to communicate. To relieve discomfort during the promise, which is felt at the first meeting, you can listen to the advice of psychologists and try to mirror his postures, facial expressions and gestures. Thus, you can tune in to the wave of the interlocutor and establish contact.

to mirror, that is, to repeat the posture, gestures and facial expressions of the interlocutor. Thus, you can tune in to the same wavelength and facilitate communication.

5. A handshake can also tell a lot about how men treat each other. Too strong compression testifies to the imperiousness and aggressiveness of a person. A barely perceptible squeeze of the fingers indicates uncertainty.

Gaining trust and win over listeners, making them trust and make friends - all this is possible if you curb your emotions and learn how to use non-verbal communication correctly. Quite often, the basis of trust in missions from sectarian churches, managers, politicians, orators lies in their right disposition towards themselves. Pose, intonation, presentation of information, look - all these little things are of particular importance in the process of performances, business negotiations, search for investors, etc.

It can take years to learn to fully take control of your feelings and prove what you have said with non-verbal communication.

Why is learning non-verbal communication so important in today's world?

Quite often people misperceive the feelings and intentions of their acquaintances. In addition to body language, an internal state or habits are also inherent. Not always a closed posture indicates a biased attitude towards the interlocutor. It happens that a person has something happened or he is not in the mood to indulge in fun discussions and share his thoughts. It all depends on emotions and inner mood.

That is why the ability to notice all the little things and compare them with each other helps to find friends, understand relatives (acquaintances), not rush to conclusions and form the right opinion.

Internal features also play a significant role. Most people have their own habits. Some people click, others curl their lips into a tube (bite them), raise an eyebrow up and so on. Such habits cannot be attributed to non-verbal communication and equated to personal relationships.

Starting to learn the secrets of non-verbal communication and compare subconscious signals with spoken phrases, you should pay attention to your behavior. After conducting self-analysis, observing how the body reacts to different phrases, people and events, each person will be able to more adequately understand others.

Knowing how to recognize (understand) body language, a person will be able to find real friends and like-minded people, achieve their goals, gain interest from listeners and see negatively-minded envious people, liars.

If you find an error, please highlight a piece of text and click Ctrl+Enter.

In order to be a full-fledged member of society, interact with other people and achieve success, you need to master the means of communication, receive and transmit information, that is, communicate. The means of communication that a person uses are numerous and varied, but they can be combined into 2 groups: verbal and non-verbal.

Verbal or verbal communication is considered exclusively human form communications. Its main means are words that have their own meaning and endowed with meaning, as well as messages consisting of words - texts or sentences.

Of course, animals also exchange information in sound form. However, such communication, no matter how diverse it may be, is not speech, and the sounds made by animals do not denote objects or actions, but only convey a state, primarily an emotional one.

Speech and language: connection and differences

Speech and language are very close concepts, but not identical, although most people find it difficult to say what is the difference between speech and language. And here everything is very simple. Speech is the process of transmitting information, and language is the means by which this process is carried out.

Language as a product of society

Language is social, it is the result of a long development, originated and formed in society and is closely related to a certain social environment. Eat national languages, which arose in the distant past and over the course of many thousands of years have accumulated vast information about the history, culture, economy of the ethnic group, its mentality, lifestyle, and even geographical location. For example, in the language of the Saami, a northern people living in Norway and Finland, there are more than 100 words for snow and ice, and in the Eskimo language there are at least 500 of them. The Kyrgyz have only names for different age groups horses uses more than 10 different words.

There are also so-called sublanguages: slangs and dialects. They are formed in separate territorial or socio-professional communities on the basis of the national. If dialects are no longer clearly expressed, then slangs are sometimes very peculiar in sound and meaning of words. For example, youth slang, student, slang for car enthusiasts, gamers, IT professionals, copywriters, etc.

The language is standardized both in terms of pronunciation and in terms of the order of words in a sentence. The rules of grammar and vocabulary are unshakable and must be followed by all native speakers, otherwise they risk being misunderstood.

Each word has a meaning, that is, a connection with an object, phenomenon or action. Remember how in S. Marshak's fairy tale "Cat's House" the cat explained to her guests: "This is a chair - they sit on it. This is the table - they eat at it. That is, she voiced the meanings of concepts. True, there are many words that are polysemantic or polysemantic (semantics is the science of meanings). So, the word "chair" can mean not only a piece of furniture. The words “key”, “pen”, “mouse”, etc. have several meanings.

In addition to meanings, the word also has a meaning, which often has an individual character. For example, the word "beauty" is not always praise, it can have a meaning that is just the opposite of the meaning. There are even more diverse meanings in integral statements, which often leads to problems in understanding people who seem to speak the same language.

Speech and its features

If the language is social, then speech is individual, it reflects the characteristics of the speaker: education, social affiliation, sphere of interests, emotional state, etc. The speech characteristics of a person make it possible to draw up his full-fledged psychological portrait.

The speech is literally full. The words we choose, the construction of sentences, and individual meanings depend on them. And speech is closely related to such non-verbal means as intonation, tone, volume, voice timbre.

Speech can be viewed as an activity related to the interaction of people. And since this interaction is diverse and diverse, speech also performs several functions:

• Communicative - the function of transmitting information, which is considered the main one.
• Expressive is expressed in the transfer of emotions.
• Encouragement - the impact on other people in order to encourage them to do something or prohibit something.
• Significative - the function of designation, manifested in the naming of objects, phenomena and actions. It is the presence of this function that speech fundamentally differs from the sound communication of animals.

Speech has a very high value in human communities, which is why it is so important that the child masters speech in time. And therefore, for quite a long time, the dumb were considered inferior and mentally retarded people. However, as psychologists and linguists have found out, with the help of verbal means in live interpersonal communication, people transmit no more than 20% of information. Marvelous? But it really is. But 80% is non-verbal communication.

Non-verbal means and their types

When it comes to non-verbal means of communication, they first of all remember gestures. However, gestures are a relatively small and "youngest" group of non-speech means. Many of them have been inherited from our animal ancestors and are of a reflex nature, so a person cannot control them.

Expressive reflex reactions

Such reflex reactions include expressive (expressive) movements - external manifestations of those changes in the human body that accompany various emotional states. The best known and most notable expressive movements include the following:

• redness and blanching of the skin, accompanying feelings, anger or embarrassment;
• tremor - trembling of hands and feet, sometimes lips and vocal cords (fear, strong excitement);
• "Goosebumps" - a sensation associated with the excitation of hair follicles on the body (fear, arousal);
• change in pupil size: expansion - excitement associated with the release of adrenaline (fear, anger, impatience), and narrowing (dislike, contempt, disgust);
• galvanic skin reaction (increased sweating) accompanies strong excitement, excitement, often fear.

Since these non-verbal means are based on natural reflex reactions that a person cannot control, these means of communication are considered the most truthful and sincere. Simple observation will help you identify a person with the feelings that he is experiencing.

Olfactory means of communication

The oldest sources of information related to the human condition are olfactory means of communication. These are smells, first of all, the natural smell of a person. We have lost the ability of animals to navigate by smells, but they still influence the formation of attitudes towards other people, although we often do not notice this. Thus, it is traditionally believed that the smell of sweat is unpleasant, but this is not always true. For example, the sweat of a person who is in a state of sexual arousal is literally saturated with pheromones, and its smell can be very attractive to a member of the opposite sex.

Along with natural, artificial smells that create a mood, excite or relax have a certain meaning in communication. But the role of olfactory agents in communication is perhaps the least studied.

Facial expressions and pantomime

All the emotions and feelings that we experience are reflected in our behavior and the nature of the movements. It is enough to recall how a person's gait changes depending on his mood:

• Here is a smooth gait, a calm, peaceful person walks slowly, and one who experiences a surge of vivacity, activity and positive, moves confidently, strides widely and makes a go-ahead when walking, his shoulders are deployed - these are the movements of a successful, purposeful person.
• But if the mood is bad, and the emotional state is depressed, then we see how the gait becomes lethargic, shuffling, the arms hang limply along the body, and the shoulders droop. Frightened people try to shrink, seem smaller, as if hiding from the whole world, they pull their heads into their shoulders and strive to make a minimum of movements.

Along with dynamic pantomimic means, there are also static ones. These are poses. The position that a person occupies during a conversation can also say a lot not only about his mood, but also about his attitude to a partner, to the topic of conversation, to the situation as a whole.

Human movements are so informative that in social psychology there is a whole area that studies body language, and many books are devoted to it. Pantomime largely depends on the physiological state of the body, the change of which is influenced by emotions. However, these are not reflex movements, and knowledgeable person can learn to manage them - to demonstrate confidence in its absence or hide fear. This is taught to politicians, actors, businessmen and people of other professions where it is important to be able to provide. In this regard, non-verbal communication is more effective, since people believe less in words than in movements and gestures.

A person's face can express even more diverse nuances of emotions, because it contains about 60 facial muscles. They can convey the most complex and ambiguous emotional states. For example, surprise can be joyful, upset, frightened, wary, contemptuous, dismissive, arrogant, timid, etc. It is absolutely impossible to list, let alone describe, various facial expressions.

However, a person, as a rule, accurately guesses the meaning of facial movements and can be seriously offended by a partner, even if he did not say anything offensive, but his look was very eloquent. And children learn to “read” facial expressions from the very beginning. early childhood. I think many have noticed how the baby begins to cry when he sees the furrowed eyebrows of his mother, and blossoms into a smile in response to her smile.

A smile is generally unique, it stands apart among non-verbal means of communication. On the one hand, a smile belongs to innate reflex reactions; many higher animals, especially social ones, are able to smile: dogs, dolphins, horses. On the other hand, this facial reaction is so highly valued as a means of communication that people have learned to manage it and even put it at their service. Although an attentive person will still distinguish a sincere smile from a fake demonstration of teeth without caries.

Gestures

These are the most conscious and controlled non-verbal means. They are fully socialized and can even perform iconic functions. The simplest example of such sign gestures is numbers that are shown with fingers. But there are many other signifying gestures: pointing, forbidding, inviting, gestures of consent, denial, commands, obedience, etc.

The peculiarity of gestures is that they, like the words of a formal language, belong to a certain society or ethnic group. Therefore, people often talk about sign language. At different peoples different gestures can mean the same thing. And the same gesture often has a completely different meaning.

For example, big and forefinger, connected in a ring, in the tradition that came to Europe from the USA, means “OK” - everything is in order. And in Germany and France, the same gesture has almost the opposite meaning - “zero”, “empty”, “nonsense”; in Italy it is "belissimo" - great, and in Japan - "money". In some countries, for example, in Portugal and southern Africa, such a gesture is generally considered indecent, and in Tunisia and Syria it means a threat.

Thus, for normal mutual understanding, it is necessary to learn not only the language of the words of another people, but also the language of gestures, so as not to accidentally get into a mess.

Non-verbal means associated with speech

Among the means of communication, there are those that do not play an independent role and are closely related to speech activity. But they are also classified as non-verbal means. This is the intonation with which the statement is pronounced, the rise and fall of tone, pauses, volume and speed of speech. Such means also transmit information about the emotional state of a person. For example, the more excited and agitated a person is, the faster and louder his speech becomes, and an indecisive or frightened person is given out by a trembling voice and frequent pauses in speech. The intonation of speech is very important in communication, sometimes it is enough to understand what a person who speaks in an unfamiliar language wants to communicate. Paleolinguists believe that intonation as a means of communication arose even before the most articulate speech.

Having considered the main types of non-verbal means, it becomes clear not only how important they are, but also the fact that they permeate literally all levels of communication, and in interpersonal communication they can completely replace words, and then people are said to understand each other without words. It happens that your partner is offended and angry, and you, perplexed, ask: “Well, what did I say that made you offended?” So, he was offended not by those 20% of the information that you conveyed in words, but by those 80% that you demonstrated using non-verbal means: intonation, facial expressions, gaze, etc.

Verbal and non-verbal means of communication

Communication is carried out by various means. Allocateverbal and non-verbal means of communication.

Verbal communication(sign) is carried out with the help of words. Verbal means of communication include human speech. Communication experts have calculated that modern man pronounces approximately 30,000 words a day, or more than 3,000 words per hour.

So, language is a system of signs and ways of connecting them, which serves as an instrument for expressing thoughts, feelings and wills of people and is the most important means of human communication.

In non-verbal communication, the means of transmitting information are non-verbal signs (postures, gestures, facial expressions, intonations, attitudes, spatial arrangement, etc.).

To the main non-verbal means of communicationrelate:
Kinetics - considers the external manifestation of human feelings and emotions in the process of communication. It includes:
- gesture;
- facial expressions;
- pantomime.

Gesture. Gestures are various movements of the hands and head. Sign language is the oldest way to achieve mutual understanding. In various historical eras and different peoples had their own generally accepted ways of gesticulation. Currently, attempts are even being made to create gesture dictionaries. Quite a lot is known about the information that gestures carry. First of all, the amount of gesture is important. Different peoples developed and entered into natural forms expressions of feelings different cultural norms of strength and frequency of gestures. M. Argyle's research, which studied the frequency and strength of gestures in different cultures, showed that within one hour the Finns gesticulated 1 time, the French - 20, the Italians - 80, the Mexicans - 180.

The intensity of gestures can grow along with an increase in the emotional arousal of a person, and also if you want to achieve a more complete understanding between partners, especially if it is difficult.

facial expressions . Facial expressions are the movements of the muscles of the face, the main indicator of feelings. Studies have shown that with a motionless or invisible face of the interlocutor, up to 10-15% of information is lost. Main characteristic facial expressions is its integrity and dynamism. This means that in the facial expression of the six basic emotional states (anger, joy, fear, sadness, surprise, disgust), all facial muscle movements are coordinated. The main informative load in the mimic plan is carried by eyebrows and lips.

visual contact, is also an extremely important element of communication. Looking at the speaker means not only interest, but also helps to focus on what we are being told. Communicating people usually look into each other's eyes for no more than 10 seconds. If we are looked at a little, we have reason to believe that we or what we say are treated badly, and if there is too much, this may be perceived as a challenge or a good attitude towards us. In addition, it has been observed that when a person lies or tries to hide information, his eyes meet the eyes of a partner for less than 1/3 of the conversation time.

Pantomime - this is gait, posture, posture, general motor skills of the whole body.

Gait is the way a person moves. Its components are: rhythm, step dynamics, amplitude of body transfer during movement, body weight. By the gait of a person, one can judge the well-being of a person, his character, age. In psychological studies, people recognized emotions such as anger, suffering, pride, happiness by walking. It turned out that a "heavy" gait is typical for people who are angry, "light" - for joyful ones. A proud person has the longest stride, and if a person suffers, his gait is lethargic, oppressed, such a person rarely looks up or in the direction he is walking.

Pose is the position of the body. Human body able to take about 1000 stable different positions. The pose shows how this person perceives his status in relation to the status of other persons present. Persons with higher status adopt a more relaxed posture. Otherwise, conflict situations may arise.

One of the first to point out the role of a person's posture as a means in non-verbal communication was the psychologist A. Sheflen. In further studies conducted by V. Schubts, it was revealed that the main semantic content of the posture is the individual's placement of his body in relation to the interlocutor. This placement indicates either closeness or a disposition for communication.

A pose in which a person crosses his arms and legs is called a closed position. Arms crossed on the chest are a modified version of the barrier that a person puts up between himself and his interlocutor. A closed posture is perceived as a posture of distrust, disagreement, opposition, criticism. Moreover, about a third of the information perceived from such a posture is not absorbed by the interlocutor. Most in a simple way getting out of this position is an offer to hold or look at something.

An open position is one in which the arms and legs are not crossed, the body is directed towards the interlocutor, and the palms and feet are turned towards the communication partner. This is a posture of trust, consent, goodwill, psychological comfort.

The best way to achieve mutual understanding with the interlocutor is to copy his posture and gestures.

Takeshika - the role of touch in the process of non-verbal communication. Handshakes, kisses, stroking, pushing, etc. stand out here. Dynamic touch has been proven to be a biologically necessary form of stimulation. A person's use of dynamic touch in communication is determined by many factors: the status of partners, their age, gender, degree of acquaintance.

Proxemics - defines the zones most effective communication. E. Hall identifies four main areas of communication:
- Intimate zone (15-45 cm) - a person allows only people close to him into it. In this zone, a quiet confidential conversation is conducted, tactile contacts are made. Violation of this zone by outsiders causes physiological changes in the body: increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, rush of blood to the head, release of adrenaline, etc. The intrusion of a “stranger” into this zone is regarded as a threat.
- Personal (personal) zone (45 - 120 cm) - a zone of everyday communication with friends and colleagues. Only visual eye contact is allowed.
- Social zone (120 - 400 cm) - a zone for official meetings and negotiations, meetings, administrative conversations.
- Public zone (more than 400 cm) - a zone of communication with large groups of people during lectures, rallies, public speaking, etc.

In communication, it is also important to pay attention to vocal characteristics related to non-verbal communication. Prosody - this is the general name of such rhythmic-intonational aspects of speech as pitch, volume of voice, its timbre.

It is necessary to be able not only to listen, but also to hear the intonational structure of speech, to evaluate the strength and tone of the voice, the speed of speech, which practically allow us to express our feelings and thoughts.

Although nature has endowed people with a unique voice, they give color to it themselves. Those who tend to sharply change the pitch of their voices tend to be more cheerful. More sociable, more confident, more competent and much more pleasant than people who speak in a monotone.

Exercise "Postcard"

Target: getting to know the participants, creating a relaxed psychological atmosphere, developing fantasy.

Instruction : Participants choose 1 postcard. A postcard can be either an association, or a visual support, or a suitable example. The teachers take turns demonstrating the chosen postcard and talking about themselves.On a postcard... as I……"

Exercise "Questionnaire"

Target: actualization of one's own mood and teachers in general

Instruction: Each teacher is asked the question “In what mood do you start this lesson? If you were asked to choose the weather according to your mood, what would you choose?

Exercise "Am I different from you?"

Target: removal of excessive emotional stress in the group, development of interpersonal communication skills.

Instruction : Ask the teachers to split into pairs. And within 2 minutes to conduct a conversation on the topic "How are we similar"; then 2 minutes - on the topic "What makes us different". At the end, a discussion is held, attention is drawn to what was easy and what was difficult to do, what were the discoveries. As a result, it is concluded that we are all, in essence, similar and at the same time different, but we have the right to these differences, and no one can force us to be different.

Exercise "Mimic gymnastics"

Target : the exercise introduces teachers to facial expressions as one of the ways of non-verbal communication.

Instruction: Imagine that we travel and end up abroad, in unfamiliar country. We do not know a foreign language, but we somehow need to understand foreigners.

Let's get ready for the meeting. Let's do facial exercises:

1. Wrinkle forehead, raise eyebrows (surprise). Relax.
2. Move your eyebrows, frown (angry). Relax.
3. Expand your eyes, open your mouth, hands clenched into fists (fear, horror). Relax.
4. Relax eyelids, forehead, cheeks (laziness). Relax.
5. Expand the nostrils, wrinkle the nose (squeamishness). Relax.
6. Squeeze your lips, squint your eyes, wrinkle your nose (contempt). Relax.
7. Smile, wink (I'm having fun, that's what I am!).

And now let's break into pairs and show something with facial expressions, others must guess the mood shown.

Exercise "Send in one word"

Target: emphasize the importance of intonation in the process of communication.

Materials: emotion cards.

Instruction : Participants are given cards on which the names of emotions are written, and without showing them to other participants, they must say the word “Hello” with an intonation corresponding to the emotion written on the card. The rest guess what emotion the participant was trying to portray.

List of emotions : Joy, surprise, disappointment, suspicion, sadness, anger, fatigue, confidence, admiration, fear. Annex 1

Issues for discussion:

1. Was this exercise easy for you?
2. How easy was it to guess the emotion from the intonations?
3. IN real life how often in telephone conversation Do you understand from the first words what mood your interlocutor is in by intonation?
4. What emotions do you experience most in life?

Exercise "Gift"

All participants sit in a circle.

“Let each of you take turns making a gift to your neighbor on the left (clockwise). The gift must be made ("give") silently (non-verbally), but in such a way that your neighbor understands what you are giving him. The one who receives a gift should try to understand what is being given to him.

Teacher-psychologist: Barkova L.I.

One of the ways a person communicates with other people is verbal communication. This is a method of communication with the help of words that convey this or that information. Along with it, non-verbal communication is also considered, when information is transmitted by facial expressions, gestures, and human behavior. All this has types and features of its manifestation, which you should be aware of.

A person from childhood studies the speech of the people around him. This allows him to express his thoughts and ideas in the future, so that those around him with whom he is in contact will know about them. Words can influence others. Words can control people. However, it is not always possible to find a common language.

Why is it so hard to get along with people? You yourself have probably come across such people with whom it is simply impossible to talk and negotiate. Either they contradict you, or they are rude, or they don’t understand, or they don’t hear what you are talking about. It is difficult to find a common language with those who do not hear anyone but themselves. This is the first reason for this state of affairs.

The second reason why it is so difficult to find a common language with people is the attempt to put your own interests and views above those of others. Please note that problems and scandals between people most often arise precisely when you or your opponent puts your opinion above someone else's. If you downgrade the other person's point of view, then naturally he will want to downgrade your opinion. If you consider your point of view to be more correct, this means insulting the personality of the interlocutor, whose opinion is considered incorrect.

People consider themselves better and more correct than others. If you consider someone worthless, below yourself, less correct and respected, then you express this with all your words and deeds. And how do you think that the person whom you humiliate feels at the same time? Aggression, anger, resentment. You would feel the same way. If you were humiliated, your opinion was insulted, considered “no one”, you would also be angry and offended. That's why people can't find a common language - they consider someone the best and the worst.

Every person has the right to respect and understanding. Even if your opinion does not coincide with the opinion of the other person, both of you are respectable people who should at least be accepted for who they are. You may not be best friends but respect each other's points of view. Neither you nor anyone else is better or worse. You are equal to nature. If you instill this in yourself, then you will begin to find a common language with other people much faster and easier.

What is verbal communication?

What is verbal communication? This is a two-way interaction of people, which uses language system, clear, understandable, expressive, accessible. A person can communicate with one or more interlocutors at the same time. All of them must speak the same understandable language so that there is no misunderstanding. Verbal is a conversation at the level of words understandable to all interlocutors.

To date, there are many trainings that are aimed at improving speech skills. This suggests that people understand the need for the ability to communicate beautifully and correctly. The fact is that it is at the level of words that one can receive a positive or negative reaction in response. While you are talking, the interlocutor has emotions. Their color depends on what he hears from your lips.

Thus, verbal communication is a method of reproducing one's own thoughts and receiving information from outside.

Contact between people occurs through communication. People communicate, use their language to convey information to each other. If earlier, when there was no language, people could express their thoughts through drawings and gestures, now a person uses language as a means of interaction.

For you to have a good relationship with different people you must learn the art of communication. If a person knows few words, uses abuse, while picking his nose and constantly twitches, then he will cause discomfort to almost any interlocutor. Communication involves finding special approach to every person. But there are basics that can be used in almost any situation.

1. Let your interlocutor be the smartest and most interesting.

Communicate with a person in such a way that he feels smart, interesting and quick-witted. Often people make a mistake when they try to interrupt the speech of the interlocutors, to insist on their opinion, to convince them of something. If you remember, then in such situations disputes often arise and. You have not achieved trust and affection for yourself by your own methods. So they need to be changed.

And the surest way is to allow other people to be smart, interesting and quick-witted too. This does not mean that you become stupid and indifferent. On the contrary, your conversation is lively and interesting, while each of you can express your opinion, feel respect for yourself, see understanding (in best case support) in the eyes of the interlocutor. You are smart, and your interlocutor is smart. By your attitude towards him, you show that his thoughts and ideas are also reasonable, interesting, attractive, even if you have a different point of view.

1. Listen to your interlocutor.

There is no better interlocutor than one who knows how to listen and not interrupt. A bad habit of many people is the desire to express their opinion as quickly as possible. The interlocutor speaks, and you stop listening to him, because your own thought has arisen. You want to express it as quickly as possible, which is why you interrupt the speech of another person.

Your interlocutor may pause to give you a chance to speak. But if you constantly interrupt, then your interlocutor may have a desire to communicate with you as little as possible. Why would another person communicate with someone who does not want to listen to him? Every person wants to be heard. And to interrupt his speech means to show your unwillingness to listen to him.

Learn not only to speak, but also to be silent. And your silence should be aimed at listening to the opinion of the interlocutor. Not just be silent, but listen to the speech, delve into its essence and continue the conversation.

Verbal and non-verbal communication

To convey your idea to another person, a variety of methods are used. Here communication is divided into verbal and non-verbal. A feature of verbal communication are words that are pronounced orally or in writing. A feature of non-verbal communication is gesticulation and human behavior.

People tend to communicate at the verbal level. When they see each other, they begin to say some words. This allows them to express their attitude, experiences, thoughts, ideas, etc. When people understand the same meanings under words, then it is easier for them to perceive each other. A barrier in verbal communication arises when interlocutors understand different meanings under the same words.

In addition to words, people are still moving. Their facial expression changes, arms, legs and body take certain poses. As contact occurs, some actions, reactions, and so on. All this is called non-verbal communication.

Usually a person perceives his interlocutor as a whole. If he perceives his words consciously, then he often does not pay attention to his facial expressions and gestures. The subconscious takes an active part in the interaction, which is why so often there is a feeling that you have been deceived in some way. This happens when the spoken words do not match the gestures and actions of a person.

• Verbal communication is often a conscious process of the one who pronounces the words and the one who perceives them.
• Non-verbal communication is an often uncontrolled process where the body communicates true attitude or desires of the speaker. His interlocutor(s) also unconsciously perceives his gestures. That is why sometimes there is a feeling of discrepancy between what was said and the “bodily” speech.

Non-verbal speech is also called "gesture language" or "body language". It includes:

1. Gestures are hand movements that are made during communication.
2. Mimicry is the facial movement of muscles during a conversation.
3. Look - orientation, severity, change to certain words.
4. Posture and gait - the position of the body while standing or moving.

The website of the psychological help website recommends being active while communicating with people. Listen not only to what they say, but also to see what they are doing, what their facial expression, posture, etc. If a person can control his own actions for a couple of minutes, then he will turn off, because he will be busy thinking about what to say.

The body never lies, especially if a person does not control it. It can be used to recognize when you are lying at the level of words, and when they are telling the truth. Other communication barriers are:

• Phonetic - features of diction, pronunciation, intonation.
• Logical - a feature of thinking that does not coincide with the thinking of the interlocutor.
• Semantic - the difference in the meaning and meaning of certain words, postures, actions, which is observed with a difference in cultures.
• Stylistic - features of the construction of phrases and sentences that may be incomprehensible to the interlocutor.

Types of verbal communication

How does a person communicate with others? The following types of verbal communication should be considered:

1. External speech.
   • Oral speech. It, in turn, is divided into:
     • Dialogic speech - two people speak in turn.
     • Monologue speech - only one person speaks, and the rest listen to him.
     • Tactile speech is the transmission of the alphabet at hand level. It is a way of communication between deaf and dumb people.
   • Written speech. It, in turn, is divided into:
     • Immediate - when the interlocutors instantly send a response. For example, rewriting via SMS or notes.
     • Delayed - when the interlocutors communicate through letters that are sent to them after a while.

1. Inner speech.

Verbal speech is expressed in the following forms of communication:

• Dispute - communication at the level of disagreement, where everyone tries to insist on their opinion and convince the interlocutor (s).
• A conversation is a communication between people that takes place in a relaxed atmosphere, where everyone can express their thoughts, experiences, clarify some questions, etc.
• Discussion and debate is a discussion of a scientific or socially important topic in order to find solutions. Here everyone expresses his opinion, assumptions, theories, etc.
• An interview is a specially organized communication on scientific or professional topics.
• Assembly, etc.

What are the methods of effective communication? Only those methods that will help create a comfortable space for trusting communication are considered. In other words, you will not manipulate, but, on the contrary, you will communicate in such a way that the other person has confidence in you, a desire to open up, to voluntarily give you any information that you wish to receive from him (and even he himself wants something secret). tell).

Methods for effective communication:

1. Feedback. “Did I understand you correctly, what did you mean by saying ... (and retell in your own words the meaning that was communicated to you)?”. You must show the person that you are listening. Nodding your head and sounding "Aha" is just listening. But trust comes from active listening, when you try to understand the information that is being given to you. Since you are listening and trying to understand, it means that you are not judging, especially if you just want to double-check the correctness of your understanding of what was said by the interlocutor.
2. Arrangement. If a person asks you for something, then make a promise to fulfill the request (if, of course, you agree to do so). For example, if a person asks you not to tell anyone what you hear from him, then there is nothing difficult in shutting your mouth and not divulging other people's secrets, right? Therefore, agree on something with another person. This will allow him to understand that you can be trusted (if, of course, you keep your word).
3. Before you know a person, get to know him. Engage in collecting information, getting to know the interlocutor if you do not know anything about him. This requires only one thing from you - to be silent and listen to everything that the other person says. You listen carefully, and it seems to your interlocutor that you are really passionate about his story. You collect information, and it seems to him that you understand him. And you feel good, and the interlocutor opens up before you.
4. People are more likely to trust authorities. How to become such a person? You just need to position yourself as an authoritative person. Authority is a specialist, he knows everything, if you follow him, you will survive.
5. It is easier to trust someone who has the same values ​​as you. The one who has the same life priorities, problems and values, people trust more, because they unconsciously understand that they will be understood.
6. People trust those who understand them. It should be noted that understanding is not the same as agreeing. You may not agree with what the person says, but if you understand their point of view, show empathy and simply show that their opinion also has a right to exist, you will inspire confidence. You may disagree, have your own opinion, but it is important to understand that the other person has some other idea.

Features of verbal communication

A feature of verbal communication is that this type of communication is available only to a person. To speak with others, you must first learn the words that are used in their environment. A person will not be able to express his thought if he cannot speak the language of other people, understand what he expresses, and coordinate it with the ideas that people form as a result of information perception.

An important feature of verbal communication is the ability to construct sentences in such a way as to express one's thoughts, beliefs, and ideas. They must not only be formed, but also transmitted in such a way that others understand them.

Speech should correspond to the situation and change, depending on social role and its direction. So, people maintain a distance between themselves, depending on the relationship they are in. Communication occurs at 4 levels:

1. Intuitive - on the basis of slightly heard information, guesses and assumptions are built.
2. Physical - touching and other types of contacts of interlocutors during communication.
3. Logical - a clear transfer of information.
4. Ethical - a change in intonation, timbre and other components of speech, depending on who the person is communicating with.

People rarely communicate with each other. Communication implies that people understand the meaning of each spoken word. The interlocutor says something, but may not mean what he says. And the person, in turn, under each word of the interlocutor understands the meaning that is familiar to him. Misunderstanding occurs because one does not know how to directly express his thoughts, and the second under each word understands something of his own. It turns out that people do not communicate with each other, but with themselves.

Communication with oneself occurs due to the fact that often the interlocutors are in their thoughts even in those moments when communication with other people takes place. While the interlocutor says something, the person thinks about what he will say next. That is why it sometimes happens that a person jumps from topic to topic without hearing what is being said to him. This person does not listen to his interlocutor, he is carried away by his thoughts.

Why don't people communicate with each other? Most likely, this comes from childhood, when everyone is taught not to listen to anyone but himself. There are people who from childhood are used to being silent while "adults are talking." There are people who are constantly listened to by others, so they are used to being each on their own wave. There are people who are accustomed not to specify the meaning of the words of their interlocutor, understanding by them what is convenient for them.

People communicate not with each other, but with themselves. This is a culture that can be re-educated, if you sincerely want it, in order to communicate more effectively with others.

Outcome

Verbal communication performs many functions in human life. Firstly, it allows you to transfer your thoughts, feelings, desires to other people. Secondly, it allows you to understand the thoughts and ideas of others. When people communicate with each other, they not only exchange information, but also influence. The result - communicating with certain people, a person involuntarily adopts their qualities, no matter how bad or good they may be.

Getting into a new environment (starting to new job making new friends, starting to date a new partner), consider whether you want to be like these people. If you start hanging out with a certain group (or at least one person who is a new acquaintance), you will soon become just like them.

Ordinary people forget this truth. They often change in better side because it is much easier to find a bad company than a good one. Successful people remember this, so they carefully select the society with which they are constantly ready to contact. They know that they will soon become like those with whom they often see each other, and they choose partners who can teach them something useful and good.

It doesn't matter which person or group of people you prefer. The longer you hang out with someone, the more you will become like them. People are not just attracted to each other. Usually they start relationships with those who are already somewhat similar to them or who embody the image of the person they want to be like.

Usually people do not know who they want to be, so they choose partners who have the same qualities as them. Often they converge on bad qualities, which unites, since other representatives may not show understanding.

Do you want to be like the environment you are in? Soon you will become the same person as the people with whom you started communicating. It doesn't matter if you like them or not. You will still develop similar qualities. Accordingly, choose your personal environment carefully and remember that your acquaintances are images that you will soon become like.