Signs and types of fairy tales. The development of creative imagination of preschoolers in the process of writing fairy tales

The life of a fairy tale is continuous creative process. In each new era there is a partial or complete renewal of the fairy tale plot. When it concerns the rearrangement of ideological accents, a new fairy-tale version arises. This feature of the tale requires careful study of each fairy tale text.

In a fairy tale there are constant values ​​that have developed as a result of its traditional character, and variables that have arisen as a result of endless retellings.

The most important feature of a fairy tale is a special form of its construction, a special poetics. Narrative and plot, setting for fiction and edification, a special form of narration - these features are found in various genres of the epic cycle.

A fairy tale as an artistic whole exists only as a combination of these features. Fairy tales in general were one of the most important areas of folk art. poetic art, which had not only ideological and artistic, but also a huge pedagogical and educational value. The divergence in views on the fairy tale is associated with what is regarded as the main thing in it: the setting for fiction or the desire to reflect reality through fiction.

However, as is often the case in science, the absence of a classical definition does not at all affect the phenomenon itself and has very little effect on life in public consciousness. The essence and vitality of a fairy tale, the secret of its magical being is in the constant combination of two elements of meaning: fantasy and truth.

On this basis, a classification of types of fairy tales arises, although not quite uniform.

Classification of fairy tales (according to T.D. Zinkevich-Evstigneeva):

psycho therapeutic tales;

didactic stories;

meditative stories.

Classification of fairy tales (according to V.Ya. Propp):

magic;

adventurous;

household;

fairy tales about animals

cumulative.

The most widely used is the classification of fairy tales with a problem-thematic approach, which distinguishes:

fairy tales about animals

fairy tales;

Social and household;

· fairy tales mixed type.

The groups of fairy tales do not have sharply delineated boundaries, but, despite the fragility of the distinction, such a classification allows the child to start a substantive conversation about fairy tales within the framework of a conditional "system" - which, of course, facilitates the work of parents, educator or teacher.
The following can be said about the fairy tales included in the reading circle of younger students.

Tales about animals. Folk poetry embraced the whole world, its object was not only man, but also all life on the planet. Depicting animals, the fairy tale gives them human features, but at the same time fixes and characterizes habits, "way of life", etc. Hence the lively, tense text of fairy tales. These are the fairy tales "The Gray Neck" by D. Mamin-Sibiryak, "The Traveling Frog" by V. M. Garshin, "The Three Bears" by L. Tolstoy, "The First Hunt" by V. Bianchi, "Rikki Tikki Tavi" by Kipling, » V.I.Dal.

Man has long felt a kinship with nature, he really was a part of it, fighting with it, seeking protection from it, sympathizing and understanding. The later introduced fable, parable meaning of many fairy tales about animals is also obvious.

Magic tales. Fairy tales of the magical type include magical, adventure, heroic. At the heart of such fairy tales lies a wonderful world. The wonderful world is an objective, fantastic, unlimited world. Thanks to unlimited fantasy and the wonderful principle of organizing material in fairy tales with a wonderful world of possible "transformation", striking in their speed (children grow by leaps and bounds, every day they become stronger or more beautiful). Not only the speed of the process is unreal, but also its very nature (from the fairy tale "The Snow Maiden"). "Look, the Snow Maiden's lips turned pink, her eyes opened. Then she shook off the snow and a living girl came out of the snowdrift." "Conversion" in fairy tales of the miraculous type, as a rule, takes place with the help of magical creatures or objects. So, in the tale of A.S. Pushkin, Prince Gvidon turns to his assistant for help and she turns him into a mosquito, then a fly, then a bumblebee.
Basically, fairy tales are older than others, they bear traces of a person's primary acquaintance with the world around him. Fairy tales with elements of magic include Ch. Perro "A boy with a finger", G. Kh. Andersen "Thumbelina", P. P. Bazhov "Fire-jump", S. T. Aksakov "Scarlet flower".

household tales. A characteristic feature of everyday fairy tales is the reproduction of everyday life in them. The conflict of everyday fairy tales often consists in the fact that decency, honesty, nobility under the guise of rusticity and naivety oppose those personality traits that have always caused sharp rejection among the people (greed, anger, envy).
As a rule, in everyday fairy tales there is more irony and self-irony, since good triumphs, but the accidental or singularity of its victory is accentuated. These include “The Tale of the Priest and His Worker Balda” by A.S. Pushkin, “Masha the Confused” by L. Voronkova, D. Mamin-Sibiryak “The Tale of brave hare- long ears, slanting eyes, short tail.

The diversity of "everyday" fairy tales is characteristic: social-everyday, satirical-everyday, novelistic and others. Unlike fairy tales, everyday fairy tale contains a more significant element of social and moral criticism, it is more definite in its social preferences. Praise and condemnation in everyday fairy tales sound stronger.

Mixed tales. IN Lately V methodical literature information began to appear about a new type of fairy tales - about fairy tales of a mixed type. Of course, fairy tales of this type have existed for a long time, but they were not given of great importance, because they forgot how much they can help in achieving educational, educational and developmental goals. In general, fairy tales of a mixed type are fairy tales of a transitional type.

They combine the features inherent in both fairy tales with a wonderful world, everyday fairy tales. Elements of the miraculous also appear in the form magic items, around which the main action is grouped.
A fairy tale in various forms and scales strives to embody the ideal of human existence. For example, the fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm "The Pot of Porridge".

The fairy tale's faith in the intrinsic value of noble human qualities, the uncompromising preference for goodness, is also based on a call for wisdom, activity, and true humanity. The fairy tales of our blue planet broaden one's horizons, arouse interest in the life and work of other peoples, and instill a sense of trust in all the inhabitants of our Earth who are engaged in honest work. Often it is the literary fairy tale that belongs to this type.

In literary criticism, there is still no single definition of the genre of a literary fairy tale, and no single classification has been created. There are a large number of definitions of a literary fairy tale, which can be conditionally divided into two types. The first type of definitions is an enumeration of individual characteristics that are usually inherent in a literary fairy tale, but in specific works these characteristics may not be present.

The second type of definitions is an attempt at a generalized universal definition. Yu.F. Yarmysh noted that “A literary fairy tale is such a genre literary work in which moral, ethical or aesthetic problems are solved in a magical-fantastic or allegorical development of events and, as a rule, in original plots and images in prose, poetry and dramaturgy.

In a literary fairy tale, elements of fairy tales about animals, everyday life and fairy tale, adventure and detective story, science fiction and parody literature.

In textbooks for literary reading 1-4 grades are included literary tales Russians and foreign writers. The task of teaching in each class is to deepen children's knowledge about works folk art, expand and enrich the reader's experience, introduce literary ideas and concepts. From class to class, the circle of reading expands, the level of erudition increases. Gradually, children form the concept of a literary (author's) fairy tale, types of fairy tales (magical, everyday, about animals), and a comparison of the author's fairy tales of foreign and Russian writers makes it possible to highlight similarities and differences, the "similarity" of plots, and the peculiarity of their language.

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Our life is simply impossible to imagine without fairy tales. We get to know them in early childhood. From fairy tales, we first learn that in the world there is good and bad, good and evil. Fairy tales awaken and develop the imagination, teach the little man to distinguish good from bad, to think, feel and empathize, gradually preparing him to enter into adult life. First, my mother reads to us “Turnip” and “Ryaba the Hen”, then introduces us to Magic world fairy tales by Pushkin and Charles Perrault. And there we ourselves read the amazing tales of Nikolai Nosov, Vitaly Bianchi and Evgeny Schwartz. And what are fairy tales?

Fairy tales happen

• folk, or folklore;
• literary, or copyright.

The folk tale came to us from time immemorial. After a heavy labor day or long winter evenings, with a torch lit in the hut, people folded and listened to fairy tales. Then they retold them to each other, simplifying or embellishing, enriching them with new heroes and events. So they passed from mouth to mouth, from generation to generation. But fairy tales were formed not only for the sake of entertainment, in them people wanted to express their attitude to life. In folk tales, we see faith in reason, goodness and justice, the triumph of truth over falsehood, the glorification of courage and bravery, neglect of stupidity, hatred of enemies or mockery of them. A folk tale allows you to feel a connection with the past and gives you the opportunity to join the origins of folk culture.

Folk tales, in turn, are divided into three types:

• fairy tales about animals;
• fairy tales;
• household stories.

From time immemorial, animals have lived next to humans, so it is not surprising that they are often the main characters in folk tales. Moreover, in fairy tales, animals often have human qualities. Such fairy tale character immediately becomes more understandable to the reader. And the role of a person in the plot of a fairy tale can be primary, secondary or equal. By genre, there are fairy tales about animals and cumulative (repeated tales). hallmark cumulative fairy tale is the repeated repetition of a plot unit, as, for example, in "Turnip" and "Ryaba the Hen".

Fairy tales are distinguished by the fact that their characters act in a fantasy, unreal world, which lives and acts according to its own special laws, different from human ones. Such a fairy tale is replete with magical events and adventures that excite the imagination. Fairy tales are classified by plot:

• heroic tales associated with the struggle and victory over a magical creature - a snake, an ogre, a giant, a witch, a monster or an evil wizard;
• fairy tales related to finding or using some magical item;
• fairy tales related to wedding trials;
• fairy tales about the oppressed in the family (for example, about the stepdaughter and the evil stepmother).

A feature of everyday fairy tales is a reflection of everyday folk life and everyday life. In them rise social problems, negative human qualities and deeds are ridiculed. In a household fairy tale, elements of a fairy tale may also be present. In everyday fairy tales, as a rule, greedy priests and stupid landowners are ridiculed, and the hero of the fairy tale (a man, a soldier) emerges victorious from all troubles.

What is a literary tale?

A literary fairy tale has an author, which is why it is also called an author's fairy tale. This piece of art which can be written in prose or verse. The plot of a literary tale can be based on folklore sources, and may be exclusively original idea of ​​the author. A literary fairy tale is more diverse in plot, the narration in it is more saturated, it is replete with various literary devices. In it, as in a folk tale, there is also fiction and magic. But the predecessor of the author's tale, of course, was a folk tale, it is too connected with the folklore that gave birth to it. The author, individual author's fantasy, selection from the treasury of folklore only what the author needs to express and shape his thoughts and feelings - this is the main difference between a literary fairy tale and a folklore one.

Fine examples of a literary tale are the tales of A.S. Pushkin, K.D. Ushinsky, G.Kh. Andersen, the Brothers Grimm, E. Schwartz, V. Bianchi, JRR Tolkien and many other wonderful storytellers.

Despite the difference in types and genres, all fairy tales have one unifying principle - goodness. After all the ups and downs and untruths in a fairy tale, goodness and justice always win. Can not be evil tales. Fairy tales are only good. That's why they are fairy tales.

A fairy tale is one of the main types of oral folk art. Artistic narrative of a fantastic, adventure or everyday nature.

A fairy tale is a work in which the main feature is "an orientation towards revealing the truth of life with the help of conditionally poetic fiction that elevates or reduces reality."

A fairy tale is an abstract form of local lore, presented in a more concise and crystallized form: The original form of folklore tales are local lore, parapsychological stories and stories of miracles that arise as ordinary hallucinations due to the intrusion of archetypal contents from the collective unconscious.

The authors of almost all interpretations define a fairy tale as a kind of oral storytelling with fantastic fiction. The connection with myth and legends pointed out by M.-L. Von Franz takes the fairy tale beyond the limits of a simple fantasy story. A fairy tale is not only poetic fiction or fantasy play; through the content, language, plots and images, it reflects the cultural values ​​of its creator.

Since ancient times, fairy tales have been close and understandable to ordinary people. Fantasy intertwined with reality. Living in need, people dreamed of flying carpets, palaces, self-assembled tablecloths. And always in Russian fairy tales justice triumphed, and good triumphed over evil. It is no coincidence that A. S. Pushkin wrote: “What a charm these fairy tales are! Each is a poem!

Fairy tale composition:

1. Beginning. (“In a certain kingdom, in a certain state they lived, they were ...”).

2. The main part.

3. Ending. (“They began to live - to live and make good” or “They made a feast for the whole world ...”).

Any fairy tale is focused on a socio-pedagogical effect: it teaches, encourages activity and even heals. In other words, the potential of a fairy tale is much richer than its ideological and artistic significance.

The fairy tale differs from other prose genres in its more developed aesthetic side. The aesthetic principle is manifested in idealization goodies, and in the bright image of the "fantastic world", and the romantic coloring of events.

The wisdom and value of a fairy tale lies in the fact that it reflects, reveals and allows you to experience the meaning of the most important universal values ​​and life meaning generally. From the point of view of everyday meaning, the fairy tale is naive, from the point of view of life meaning, it is deep and inexhaustible.

The most important ideas, the main problems, the plot cores and, most importantly, the alignment of forces that carry out good and evil, in fact, are the same in fairy tales. different peoples. In this sense, any fairy tale knows no boundaries, it is for all mankind.

On this basis, a classification of types of fairy tales arises, although not quite uniform. Thus, with a problem-thematic approach, fairy tales dedicated to animals, fairy tales about unusual and supernatural events, adventure fairy tales, social and everyday life, fairy tales-jokes, shifting fairy tales and others are distinguished.

To date, the following classification of Russian folk tales has been adopted:

1. Tales about animals;

2. Fairy tales;

3. Household fairy tales.

Animal Tales

In fairy tales about animals, fish, animals, birds act, they talk to each other, declare war on each other, reconcile. Such tales are based on totemism (belief in a totem beast, the patron of the clan), which resulted in the cult of the animal. For example, the bear, which became the hero of fairy tales, according to the ideas of the ancient Slavs, could predict the future. Often he was thought of as a terrible, vindictive beast, not forgiving offenses (the fairy tale "The Bear"). The further the faith in that goes, the more confident a person becomes in his abilities, the more possible his power over the animal, the "victory" over him. This happens, for example, in the fairy tales "The Man and the Bear", "The Bear, the Dog and the Cat". Fairy tales differ significantly from beliefs about animals - in the latter, fiction associated with paganism plays a large role. The wolf in beliefs is wise and cunning, the bear is terrible. The fairy tale loses its dependence on paganism, becomes a mockery of animals. Mythology in it turns into art. The fairy tale is transformed into a kind of artistic joke - a criticism of those creatures that are meant by animals. Hence the proximity of such tales to fables ("The Fox and the Crane", "The Beasts in the Pit").

Fairy tales

Fairy tales of the magical type include magical, adventure, heroic. At the heart of such fairy tales lies a wonderful world. The wonderful world is an objective, fantastic, unlimited world. Thanks to unlimited fantasy and the wonderful principle of organizing material in fairy tales with a wonderful world of possible "transformation", striking in their speed (children grow by leaps and bounds, every day they become stronger or more beautiful). Not only the speed of the process is unreal, but also its very character (from the fairy tale "Snow Maiden". "Look, the Snow Maiden's lips turned pink, her eyes opened. Then a living girl shook off the snow and came out of a snowdrift. ""Conversion" in fairy tales of a wonderful type, usually occur with the help of magical creatures or objects.

Household fairy tales

A characteristic feature of everyday fairy tales is the reproduction of everyday life in them. The conflict of everyday fairy tales often consists in the fact that decency, honesty, nobility under the guise of rusticity and naivety oppose those personality traits that have always caused sharp rejection among the people (greed, anger, envy).

Fairy tales are an integral part of childhood. There is hardly a person who, being small, did not listen to many of the most different stories. Having matured, he retells them to his children, who understand them in their own way, drawing images in their imagination. acting characters and experiencing the emotions that the tale conveys.

What are fairy tales? These are the questions we will try to answer next.

Definition

According to the scientific definition in literature, a fairy tale is "an epic literary genre, a story about some magical or adventurous events, which has a clear structure: beginning, middle and ending." From any fairy tale, the reader must learn some lesson, a moral. Depending on the type, the fairy tale also performs other functions. There are many genre classifications.

The main types of fairy tales

What are fairy tales? Each of us agrees that separate view It is worth highlighting fairy tales about animals. The second type is fairy tales. And finally, there are the so-called household tales. All species have their own characteristics, which become clear through their comparative analysis. Let's try to understand each of them in more detail.

What are animal stories?

The existence of such stories is quite justified, because animals are creatures that live with us in close proximity. It was this fact that influenced the fact that folk art uses images of animals, and the most diverse ones: both wild and domestic. At the same time, attention should be paid to the fact that the animals found in fairy tales are presented not as typical animals, but as special animals endowed with human features. They live, communicate and behave like real people. Such artistic techniques make it possible to make the image understandable and interesting, while filling it with a certain meaning.

In turn, animal tales can also be divided into tales involving wild or domestic animals, objects or objects of inanimate nature. Often literary critics, speaking about what genres of fairy tales are, classify them into magical, cumulative and satirical. Also included in this classification is the genre of the fable. You can divide fairy tales about animals into works for children and for adults. Often in a fairy tale there is a person who can play a dominant or secondary role.

Usually children get acquainted with fairy tales about animals at the age of three to six years. They are most understandable to young readers, as they meet with constant characters: a cunning fox, a cowardly hare, a gray wolf, a smart cat, and so on. As a rule, the main feature of each animal is its characteristic feature.

What are the constructions of fairy tales about animals? The answer is very different. Cumulative fairy tales, for example, are selected according to the principle of plot connection, where the same characters meet, just in different circumstances. Often stories have names in a diminutive form (Fox-Sister, Bunny-Runner, Frog-Quakushka, and so on).

The second kind is a fairy tale

What are literary fairy tales about magic? The main characteristic feature of this species is the magical, fantastic world in which the main characters live and act. The laws of this world are different from the usual, everything is not as it really is, which attracts young readers and makes this type of fairy tale undoubtedly the most beloved among children. The magical environment and plot allows the author to use all his imagination and use as many relevant artistic techniques, in order to create a work specifically for a children's audience. It is no secret that children's imagination is limitless, and it is very, very difficult to satisfy it.

In most cases, this type of fairy tale has a typical plot, certain characters and happy ending. What are fairy tales about magic? It can be stories about heroes and fantasy creatures, tales of unusual objects and various trials that are overcome thanks to magic. As a rule, in the finale, the characters get married and live happily ever after.

Note that the heroes of fairy tales embody many. Among the main themes of this literary genre- the struggle of good and evil, the struggle for love, truth and other ideals. It must be present which will be defeated in the final. The structure of the fairy tale is the usual - the beginning, the main part and the ending.

Household fairy tales

These stories are about events. ordinary life, highlighting various social issues and human characters. In them, the author ridicules negative ones. Such tales are social and satirical, with elements of a fairy tale, and many others. Here are ridiculed negative qualities rich and vain people, while the representatives of the people embody positive features. Everyday fairy tales show that the main thing is not money and strength, but kindness, honesty and intelligence. Literary critics claim - and this is a fact - that they were written at a time when people were going through social crises and were striving to change the structure of society. Among the popular artistic techniques, satire, humor, and laughter stand out here.

What types of fairy tales are there?

In addition to the above classification, fairy tales are also divided into author's and folk. Already from the names it is clear that author's are fairy tales that were written by a specific well-known storyteller, and folk are those that do not have one author. Folk tales are passed from mouth to mouth from generation to generation, and the original author is no one. Let's consider each of the types separately.

Folk tales

Folk tales are rightfully considered a powerful source historical facts, information about the life and social structure of a certain people. Each of the peoples in their history has come up with a huge number of instructive stories for adults and children, passing on their experience and wisdom to the next generations.

Folk tales reflect human relationships and change moral principles, show that the basic values ​​remain unchanged, teach to draw a clear line between good and evil, joy and sorrow, love and hate, truth and falsehood.

A feature of folk tales is that in a simple and easy readable text hides the deepest social meaning. In addition, they save wealth vernacular. Which folk tales happen? They can be both magical and household. Many folk tales tell about animals.

The question often arises of when the first Russian folk tale was invented. This will surely remain a mystery, and one can only speculate. It is believed that the first "heroes" of fairy tales were natural phenomena - the Sun, the Moon, the Earth, and so on. Later, they began to obey man, and images of people and animals entered the tales. There is an assumption that all Russian folk narratives have a real basis. In other words, some event was retold in the form of a fairy tale, changed over the centuries and came to us in the form to which we are accustomed. What are Russian folk tales, figured out. It's time to talk about fairy tales whose authors are well known to readers.

Author's tales

Usually the author's work is a subjective processing folk story, however, and new stories are quite common. Character traits author's fairy tale - psychologism, sublime speech, bright characters, the use of fairy tale clichés.

Another feature of this genre is that it can be read at different levels. So, the same story is perceived differently by representatives of different age groups. Charles Perrault's children's tales seem to a child an innocent story, while an adult will find serious problems and morals in them. Often, books that are originally aimed at a young reader are interpreted by adults in their own way, just as fantasy stories for adults are to the taste of children.

Who are the storytellers? Surely everyone has heard of "The Tales of My Mother Goose" by Charles Perrault, the tales of the Italian Gozzi, the works of the German writer of the Brothers Grimm and the Danish storyteller Hans Christian Andersen. We must not forget about the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin! Their stories are adored by children and adults around the world. Entire generations grow up on these fairy tales. At the same time, all author's works are interesting from the point of view of literary criticism, they all fall under a certain classification, have their own artistic features and copyright techniques. According to the most famous and beloved fairy tales, films and cartoons are made.

Conclusion

So, we figured out what fairy tales are. Whatever the fairy tale is - author's, folk, social, magical or telling about animals - it will definitely teach the reader something. The most interesting thing is that it does not matter at all who reads the story. Both adults and children will definitely learn something useful from it. The fairy tale will make everyone think, convey the wisdom of the people (or the author) and leave an indelible good impression in the minds of readers. The effect is by no means exaggerated. There are even so-called therapeutic fairy tales that can re-educate and wean from a variety of bad habits!

"Fairy tale" - from the word "tell". Modern meaning the concept of "fairy tale" acquired in the XVII century. Before that, the word "fable" was used.

As a rule, fairy tales are designed for children. This epic works magical character. The end of the story is usually happy. The fairy tale helps the child in the process of learning the rules and purpose of life, the need to protect their family values respectful attitude towards others.
At the same time, a fairy tale carries a lot of information that is passed down from generation to generation, which helps to shape a person's character and which is based on respect for one's ancestors.
By origin, fairy tales are folklore and author's.

Folk tales

Folklore tales created by the people different countries. It's prose (sometimes poetic) oral story fictional events at a given time. A fairy tale does not claim to be authentic (unlike, for example, a myth, epic or legend). The folk tale historically precedes the literary tale, it is anonymous (it does not have a specific author).
The folklore tale has its own specific poetics and cliche(stamps). For example, the beginning “Once upon a time...”, “In a certain kingdom, in a certain state ...”, etc.
Since a folk tale is a work of oral folk art, the plot of a folk tale can be repeated in many texts. It allows improvisation of the performer of the tale. Therefore, the texts of one fairy tale may have variations.

literary tales

Literary tales are closely related to the folk tale, but they have a specific author. Their content is new and non-verbal.

Author's tales

Author's fairy tales are close to literary ones in terms of originality of the plot. But they can be an adaptation of a well-known folklore story, which the author uses at his own discretion: he changes the course of action, adds characters, etc. Usually the term author's fairy tale" is used for those fairy tales that have an author, i.e. and for literary

The main genres of fairy tales

Animal Tales

Kolobok. Forged Figures Park (Donetsk)
Author: Sigismund von Dobschutz – own work, from Wikipedia
In these tales, animals, birds, fish, as well as plants, natural phenomena or objects (“Tereshechka”, “Gingerbread Man”, “Ryaba Hen”, “Teremok”, etc.) act as the main characters. Often fairy tales about animals are magical at the same time - in Russian fairy tales popular characters turn out to be magical animals that can talk and help the main character (“Baba Yaga”, “Geese Swans”, “Po pike command" and etc.).

Fairy tales

V. M. Vasnetsov "The Frog Princess" (1918)
The plot of a fairy tale is based on a story about overcoming some obstacles with the help of miraculous means or magical helpers. Usually a fairy tale has the following composition: exposure(the beginning of the main events in the work), eyeballs actions, plot development, climax And interchange. climax – highest point development of the action in the work. The culmination of a fairy tale is the hero's victory over an opponent or circumstances (“Ivan Tsarevich and Gray wolf”, “Morozko”, etc.).

Social fairy tales

N. Matorin "Boy-with-finger" (postcard)
Fairy tales of this genre have the same composition as fairy tales, but are more connected with reality. They only have earthly world, the features of everyday life are realistically transmitted, and main character – a common person, fighting for justice and achieving his goal with the help of ingenuity, dexterity and cunning.

Anecdotal tales

Such tales are a detailed narrative of an anecdote.

A young peasant went to work, and his wife went to see him off; walked a mile and cried.

Don't cry, wife, I'll be right back.

Do I cry about it? My legs are cold!

Fables

Fables (fabulous stories) are fairy tales built on nonsense. They are small in volume and often have the form of rhythmic prose. Fables are special genre folklore that is found in all nations.
“I used to live and wear an ax on my bare foot, gird myself with an ax handle, chop wood with a sash ... Zhona was a beauty ... she looks out the window, so the dogs bark for three days ...” (fragment from “Northern Tales” by N.E. Onchukov).

Oskar Herrfurth "Baron Munchausen and his Chopped Horse"
IN fiction Examples of fables include the adventures of Baron Munchausen as presented by Erich Raspe, the adventures of the heroes of Rabelais' novel "Gargantua and Pantagruel", Korney Chukovsky's poem "Confusion".

Collectors of fairy tales

The first collector of folk tales in Europe was a French poet and literary critic Charles Perrault (1628-1703).

F. Lallemald "Portrait of Charles Perrault" (1665)
In 1697, he published the collection Tales of Mother Goose. The collection included 8 prose tales, today world famous:

"Cinderella"
"Puss in Boots"
"Little Red Riding Hood"
"Thumb boy"
"Fairy Gifts"
"Rike-Crest"
"Sleeping Beauty"
"Blue Beard".

In 1704-1717. abridged edition published in Paris Arabian tales"Thousand and One Nights", prepared by Antoine Galland for King Louis XIV. But these were single collections. But the beginning of the systematic collection of fairy-tale folklore was laid by representatives of the German mythological school in folklore - primarily members of the circle of Heidelberg romantics Brothers Grimm: Wilhelm and Jacob.

Elizabeth Yerichau-Baumann "The Brothers Grimm"
In 1812-1814. they published a collection of "Home and family German fairy tales", which included until now popular fairy tales"Snow White", " The Bremen Town Musicians”, “Wolf and seven kids” and many others. After the appearance of the collection, writers and scientists from other European countries showed interest in their native folklore.
The Brothers Grimm had predecessors in Germany itself: back in 1782-1786. German writer Johann Karl August Museus compiled the 5-volume collection "Folk Tales of the Germans", which was published only in 1811.
In Russia, Russian folk tales were the first to be collected by the Russian ethnographer Alexander Nikolaevich Afanasiev.