Daily feat in the war. The problem of heroism and betrayal during the war

The famous American poet and writer Eleanor Mary Sarton, known to millions of readers as May Sarton, owns the oft-quoted words: "Think like a hero - and you will behave like a decent person."

Much has been written about the role of heroism in people's lives. This virtue, which has a number of synonyms: courage, valor, courage, is manifested in the moral strength of its bearer. Moral strength allows him to follow the real, real service to the motherland, people, humanity. What is the problem with true heroism? Arguments can be used in different ways. But the main thing in them: true heroism is not blind. Various examples heroism is not just overcoming certain circumstances. They all have one common feature- bring a sense of perspective to people's lives.

Many bright classics of literature, both Russian and foreign, sought and found their bright and unique arguments to cover the theme of the appearance of the phenomenon of valor. The problem of heroism, fortunately for us readers, is illuminated by the masters of the pen in a bright, non-trivial way. What is valuable in their works is that the classics immerse the reader in peace of mind a hero whose lofty deeds are admired by millions of people. The topic of this article is a review of some of the works of the classics, in which one can trace special approach to the question of heroism and courage.

Heroes are all around us

Today, in the philistine psyche, unfortunately, a distorted concept of heroism prevails. immersed in their own problems, in their own little selfish world. Therefore, fresh and non-trivial arguments on the problem of heroism are fundamentally important for their consciousness. Believe me, we are surrounded by heroes. We simply do not notice them because our souls are short-sighted. Not only men perform feats. Take a closer look - a woman, according to the verdict of doctors, unable to give birth in principle - gives birth. Heroism can and does manifest itself by our contemporaries at the bedside, at the negotiating table, in the workplace, and even at the kitchen stove. You just need to learn to see it.

The literary image of God is like a tuning fork. Pasternak and Bulgakov

Sacrifice distinguishes true heroism. Many brilliant literary classics try to influence the beliefs of their readers by raising the bar for understanding the essence of heroism as high as possible. They find creative strength to uniquely convey the highest ideals to readers, telling in their own way about the feat of God, the son of man.

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak in Doctor Zhivago, an extremely honest work about his generation, writes about valor as the highest emblem of humanity. According to the writer, the problem of true heroism is revealed not in violence, but in virtue. He expresses his arguments through the uncle of the protagonist, N. N. Vedenyapin. He believes that the beast slumbering in each of us is not able to stop a tamer with a whip. But this is within the power of a preacher who sacrifices himself.

The classic of Russian literature, the son of a professor of theology, Mikhail Bulgakov, in his novel The Master and Margarita, presents us with his original literary interpretation image of the Messiah - Yeshua Ha-Nozri. The preaching of Good, with which Jesus came to people, is a dangerous business. Words of truth, conscience, running counter to the foundations of society, are fraught with death for those who uttered them. Even the procurator of Judea, who, without hesitation, can come to the aid of Mark the Rat-Slayer, surrounded by the Germans, is afraid to tell the truth (while he secretly agrees with the views of Ga-Nozri.) The peaceful messiah courageously follows his fate, and the battle-hardened Roman commander is a coward. Bulgakov's arguments are convincing. The problem of heroism for him is closely connected with the organic unity of worldview, worldview, word and deed.

Arguments of Henryk Sienkiewicz

The image of Jesus in a halo of courage also appears in Henryk Sienkiewicz's novel Kamo Gryadeshi. Bright finds polish literary classic shades to create a unique plot situation in his famous novel.

After Jesus was crucified and resurrected, he came to Rome, following his mission: to convert the Eternal City to Christianity. However, he, an inconspicuous traveler, having barely arrived, becomes a witness to the solemn entry of the emperor Nero. Peter is shocked by the worship of the Romans to the emperor. He doesn't know what to find this phenomenon arguments. The problem of heroism, the courage of a person who ideologically opposes the dictator, is covered, starting with Peter's fear that the mission will not be completed. He, having lost faith in himself, escapes from Eternal City. However, leaving behind the city walls, the apostle saw Jesus in human form coming towards them. Stunned by what he saw, Peter asked the Messiah where he was going: “Where are you going?” Jesus replied that since Peter had left his people, he had only one thing to do - to go to the crucifixion a second time. True service certainly involves courage. Shocked Peter returns to Rome...

The theme of courage in "War and Peace"

Russian classical literature is rich in discussions about the essence of heroism. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy in his epic novel "War and Peace" raised whole line philosophical questions. In the image of Prince Andrei, following the path of a warrior, the writer put his own special arguments. The problem of heroism and courage is painfully rethought and evolving in the mind of the young Prince Bolkonsky. His youthful dream - to accomplish a feat - is inferior to understanding and awareness of the essence of the war. To be a hero, and not to appear - this is how the life priorities of Prince Andrei change after the battle of Shengraben.

Staff officer Bolkonsky understands that the real hero of this battle is the battery commander Modest, who is lost in the presence of his superiors. The object of ridicule adjutants. The battery of a small and frail nondescript captain did not flinch in front of the invincible French, inflicted damage on them and made it possible for the main forces to retreat in an organized manner. Tushin acted on a whim, he did not receive an order to cover the rear of the army. Understanding the essence of the war - these were his arguments. The problem of heroism is rethought by Prince Bolkonsky, he abruptly changes his career and, with the assistance of M. I. Kutuzov, becomes the commander of the regiment. In the Battle of Borodino, he, who raised the regiment to attack, is seriously wounded. Napoleon Bonaparte sees the body of a Russian officer with a banner in his hands. The reaction of the French emperor is respect: "What a beautiful death!" However, for Bolkonsky, the act of heroism coincides with the realization of the integrity of the world, the importance of compassion.

Harper Lee "To Kill a Mockingbird"

Comprehension of the essence of the feat is also present in a number of works by American classics. The novel "To Kill a Mockingbird" is studied in schools by all little Americans. It contains an original discourse on the essence of courage. This idea sounds from the lips of the lawyer Atticus, a man of honor, taking on a fair, but by no means profitable business. His arguments for the problem of heroism are as follows: courage is when you take on a task, while knowing in advance that you will lose. But still you take it and go to the end. And sometimes you still manage to win.

Melanie by Margaret Mitchell

In a novel about the American South of the 19th century, he creates a unique image of the fragile and refined, but at the same time courageous and brave Lady Melanie.

She is sure that there is something good in all people, and is ready to help them. Her modest, neat house is becoming famous in Atlanta thanks to the sincerity of the owners. In the most dangerous periods of her life, Scarlett receives from Melanie such help that it is impossible to appreciate.

Hemingway on heroism

And of course, you can not get around Hemingway's classic story "The Old Man and the Sea", which tells about the nature of courage and heroism. The fight of the elderly Cuban Santiago with a huge fish is reminiscent of a parable. Hemingway's arguments on the problem of heroism are symbolic. The sea is like life, and old Santiago is like a human experience. The writer utters the words that have become the leitmotif of true heroism: “Man was not created to suffer defeat. You can destroy it, but you can't defeat it!"

Strugatsky brothers "Picnic by the road"

The story introduces its readers into a phantasmagoric situation. Obviously, after the arrival of aliens on Earth formed anomalous zone. Stalkers find the "heart" of this zone, which has unique property. A person who enters this territory receives a tough alternative: either he dies, or the zone fulfills any of his desires. The Strugatskys skillfully show the spiritual evolution of a hero who has decided on this feat. His catharsis is convincingly shown. The stalker does not have anything selfish mercantile, he thinks in terms of humanity and, accordingly, asks the zone for "happiness for everyone", but such that they are not deprived of it. What, according to the Strugatskys, is the problem of heroism? Arguments from literature testify that it is empty without compassion and humanism.

Boris Polevoy "The Tale of a Real Man"

In history Russian people there was a period when heroism became truly massive. Thousands of warriors immortalized their names. High rank of Hero Soviet Union was assigned to eleven thousand fighters. At the same time, 104 people were awarded it twice. And three people - three times. The first person to receive this high title was ace pilot Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin. Only in one day - 04/12/1943 - he shot down seven planes of the fascist invaders!

Of course, forgetting and not conveying such examples of heroism to new generations is like a crime. This should be done using the example of Soviet "military" literature - these are USE arguments. The problem of heroism is highlighted to schoolchildren on examples from the works of Boris Polevoy, Mikhail Sholokhov, Boris Vasiliev.

Front correspondent of the newspaper "Pravda" Boris Polevoy was shocked by the story of the pilot of the 580th fighter regiment Alexei Maresyev. In the winter of 1942, he was shot down over the sky of the Novgorod region. Wounded in the legs, the pilot crawled to his own for 18 days. He survived, got there, but gangrene "ate" his legs. Amputation followed. In the hospital where Alexei was lying after the operation, there was also a political instructor. He managed to ignite Maresyev's dream - to return to the sky as a fighter pilot. Overcoming the pain, Alexey learned not only to walk on prostheses, but also to dance. The apotheosis of the story is the first air battle conducted by the pilot after being wounded.

The medical board "surrendered". During the war, the real Alexei Maresyev shot down 11 enemy aircraft, and most of them - seven - after being wounded.

Soviet writers have convincingly revealed the problem of heroism. Arguments from the literature testify that feats were performed not only by men, but also by women called to serve. The story of Boris Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet" is striking in its drama. A large sabotage group of fascists, numbering 16 people, landed in the Soviet rear.

Young girls (Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Sonya Gurevich, Galya Chetvertak) are dying heroically, serving at 171 railway sidings under the command of foreman Fedot Vaskov. However, they destroy 11 fascists. The foreman discovers the remaining five in the hut. He kills one and captures four. Then he surrenders the prisoners to his own, losing consciousness from fatigue.

"Destiny of Man"

This story by Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov introduces us to the former Red Army soldier - driver Andrei Sokolov. Simply and convincingly revealed by the writer and heroism. Arguments that touch the soul of the reader did not have to look for a long time. In almost every family, the war brought grief. Andrei Sokolov had it in abundance: in 1942, his wife Irina and two daughters died (a bomb hit a residential building). My son miraculously survived and after this tragedy he volunteered for the front. Andrei himself fought, was captured by the Nazis, and fled from him. However, he was expected new tragedy: in 1945, on May 9, a sniper killed his son.

Andrei himself, having lost his entire family, found the strength to start life "with clean slate". He adopted a homeless boy Vanya, becoming his adoptive father. This moral feat again fills his life with meaning.

Conclusion

Such are the arguments to the problem of heroism in classical literature. The latter is really capable of supporting a person, awakening courage in him. Although she is not able to help him financially, she raises a border in his soul that Evil cannot cross. So Remarque wrote about books in “ Arc de Triomphe". The argumentation of heroism in classical literature occupies a worthy place.

Heroism can also be presented as a social phenomenon of a kind of "self-preservation instinct", but not individual life but of the entire society. A part of society, a separate "cell" - a person (feats are performed by the most worthy), consciously, driven by altruism and spirituality, sacrifices himself, preserving something more. Classic literature- one of the tools that helps people understand and comprehend the non-linear nature of courage.

THE FEAT OF A HUMAN IN THE WAR (ON THE EXAMPLE OF ONE OF THE WORKS ABOUT THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR)

Home essay, for the preparation and writing of which one week was allotted. The essay was analyzed by three classmates of the author.

The events of the Great Patriotic War go further and further into the past, but even with the passage of time they do not lose their significance. When war breaks into the peaceful life of people, it always brings grief and misfortune to families. The Russian people experienced the hardships of many wars, but they never bowed their heads before the enemy and courageously endured all hardships. The Great Patriotic War, which dragged on for four long years, became a real tragedy, a catastrophe. Both young men and men, even old men and women rose to defend the Fatherland. The war demanded from them the manifestation of the best human qualities: strength, courage, courage. The theme of war, a great feat Russian people becomes on long years the most important theme in Russian literature.

Boris Vasiliev is one of those writers who himself went through difficult and long roads wars, who defended native land with weapons in hand. The most talented, in my opinion, works of this author are “Not on the lists” and “The dawns here are quiet ...”. I admire the truthfulness with which Vasiliev writes. All his works are the experiences of an eyewitness, and not fiction of a science fiction writer.

The story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet…” tells about the distant events of 1942. German saboteurs are thrown into the location of the anti-aircraft machine-gun battery, commanded by foreman Vaskov, and he has only young girls under his command. Assuming that there are not very many Germans, Vaskov decides to destroy the invaders with the help of five of his "warriors". And he really does his job. But Vaskov paid too high a price (preferably without a surname: the author does not have an emphasis on Vaskov’s personal fault, the hero himself strictly judges himself. - Approx. Aut.) for the victorious outcome of the battle.

The girls did not really respect their foreman: “a mossy stump, twenty words in reserve, and even those from the charters.” The danger brought all six together, revealed the best human qualities of the foreman, who was ready to sacrifice his life to save the girls. The foreman is a real fighter, because he went through the whole Finnish. Probably, it was thanks to such Vaskovs that a great victory in the war was won.

One of my favorite heroines in this story was Rita Osyanina. At all hard fate developed in this fragile, young girl. Sergeant Osyanina was the assistant foreman in the group. Vaskov immediately singled her out among the rest in the group: "strict, never laughs." Rita is the last in the group to die, and she leaves this world, realizing that no one can accuse her of cowardice. How clearly the condition of the girl in these last moments appears to me. How good it is to breathe... To catch the last seconds of this greatest, most wonderful joy, to inhale this tart, invigorating air! How you want, how you want to live!.. Another hour, another minute! One more second!!! But everything is decided. Everything that is necessary and possible has been done. Rita entrusts her own child to the foreman, as to the dearest person.

The red-haired beauty Komelkova saves the group three times. First time in the scene at the canal. In the second, helping the foreman, whom the German had already almost defeated. In the third, she takes the fire upon herself, leading the Nazis away from the wounded Osyanina. The author admires the girl: “Tall, red-haired, white-skinned. And the children's eyes are green, round, like saucers. The writer makes the reader feel the importance and depth of Zhenya's feat. I don't know why, but it was her fate that struck me. Even at the very beginning of the war, the Germans shot Zhenya's entire family, not sparing even his younger brother. But, despite this, the girl did not harden her soul, did not become rude and cruel. And this wonderful girl dies, but dies undefeated, performing a feat for the sake of others. I think that death has no power over such people.

Liza Brichkina is of particular sympathy for the reader (and foreman Vaskov himself). Lisa was born in a small house, in the wilderness. The forester's daughter, Lisa early childhood fell in love with Russian nature. Dreamy Lisa. “Oh, Lisa-Lizaveta, you should study!” But no, the war prevented! Do not find your happiness, do not write lectures to you: I did not have time to see everything that I dreamed about! Lisa Brichkina dies, wanting to quickly cross the swamp and call for help. Dies with the thought of his tomorrow...

Little and unobtrusive Galya Chetvertak ... Never matured, funny and awkwardly childish girl. And her death was as small as herself.

impressionable Sonya Gurvich, a lover of Blok's poetry, also dies, returning for the pouch left by the foreman. The behavior of each of the five girls is a feat, because they are completely unsuited to military conditions. And even "non-heroic" deaths, for all their seeming accident, are associated with self-sacrifice.

And the foreman Vaskov remains. Alone in the midst of pain, torment, one with death. Is it alone? Five times more now he has strength. And what was best in him, human, but hidden in the soul, everything is suddenly revealed. The death of five girls, his "sisters", leaves a deep wound in the soul of the foreman. Indeed, in each he sees a future mother who could have children, grandchildren, and now “there will be no this thread! A small thread in the endless yarn of humanity!

The war did not bypass Russian women, the Nazis forced to fight mothers, present and future, in which the very nature of hatred for the murder. These girls, completely different in character, had one feeling that united them: they loved their Motherland, they were ready for self-sacrifice. They became soldiers. It's scary to imagine cute, very young girls with machine guns on their shoulders. They sacrificed their youth, their happiness for the sake of our future, our joy and youth. We won't forget them. For human pain cannot be forgotten. You can’t throw memories of her into the farthest, dustiest corner of memory and never get them out of there. This must be remembered. Remember to avoid repetition.

Forget the great pain Patriotic War not only impossible, but also impossible. For more than a decade, this terrible tragedy of the people and this great feat of the Russian people will remind us of the dry numbers of soulless statistics. And for a long, long time, even if all the archives burn, we will be reminded of this tragedy works of art. And many generations, reading the books of B. Vasiliev, Y. Bondarev, K. Simonov, M. Sholokhov, V. Nekrasov, V. Panova and other authors, will remember the heroic struggle of the Russian people in this war, will feel pain for the broken strings human destinies and childbirth.

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Enemy bombers hovered over the Volga day and night. They chased not only tugs, self-propelled guns, but also fishing boats, small rafts - sometimes the wounded were transported to them.

Composition

In difficult times of war, when hunger and death become constant companions, not everyone is able to retain the ability to sacrifice himself for the good of the Motherland. In this text, V.M. Bogomolov invites us to think about the problem of heroism.

Turning to this problem, the author cites as an example the story of a “heroic voyage”, which during the Great Patriotic War was able to deliver ammunition to the other side through shelling and explosions. The writer focuses on the inconspicuousness of the "steamboat" carrying a barge with boxes, and on the unimpressiveness of the crew itself, consisting of three people. However, this was only a first impression. Later V.M. Bogomolov points out to us the invincibility of the “old Volgar”, who was not at all afraid of the shelling, and the self-sacrifice of Irina and the soldiers who, through smoke, fire and the risk of flying into the air at any moment, saved the boxes from fire. The author leads us to the idea of incredible strength the spirit of the entire crew, ready to sacrifice their lives for the sake of saving ammunition and the further victory of their Fatherland in the war.

The author believes that heroism is a sense of duty to one's people and one's Fatherland. Selflessly defending the Motherland during the war, the fighters are driven precisely by heroism, by an urgent need to help their homeland by any means.

I fully agree with the opinion Soviet writer and I also believe that a sense of patriotism, a sense of duty to the fatherland can make a person, despite any difficulties, commit heroic deeds.

We can observe the manifestation of true heroism in the story of Boris Polevoy "The Tale of a Real Man". This work is based on real facts from the biography of fighter pilot Alexei Maresyev, who, having been shot down in battle over the occupied territory, with injured feet, but not with a broken spirit, for a long time made his way through the forest and gets to the partisans. And later, having lost both legs, the hero, driven by the desire to do as much as possible for his country, again sits at the helm and replenishes the treasury of air victories of the Soviet Union.

The problem of heroism and courage is also revealed in the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man". The main character, Andrey Sokolov, who lost his entire family, was still able to repay his debt to his homeland with his last strength. He was a military driver to the last, and when he was captured, he was not embarrassed for a moment in front of Miller, was not afraid of death and showed him the full power of the Russian character. Later, Sokolov escaped from captivity and, even being terribly emaciated and tormented, was still full of readiness to sacrifice himself for the sake of victory.

Thus, we can conclude that in the all-consuming, all-destroying conditions of war, the simplest person, endowed only with a deep feeling of love for the Motherland and a sincere desire to help, can show himself to be a true hero.

Many writers in their works addressed the theme of war and the problem of manifestation of various human qualities. One of these is Sergey Alekseev with his story "Zoya". main character- a girl in a partisan detachment. Having been captured by the Nazis, she does not give them information, even despite the threat to her own life. Neither cruel torture, nor a noose hanging around his neck, broke strong in spirit girl. By her own example, she showed what a person is ready for for the liberation of his native land.

A striking example is the personality of Alexei Meresyev, the protagonist of B. Polevoy's work "The Tale of a Real Man", which tells a story that really happened with a Soviet pilot. The hero of the story, thanks to his will, strong character and courage was able to go out to the partisans when he was shot down over the occupied territory.

Alexei was seriously injured, both legs were amputated, but he continued to fly and fight the enemy.

This problem has been covered many times in their works by many authors. For example, Sergei Baruzdin in the story "Her name is Yolka." The author tells about the heroism, courage and perseverance of two friends, Yolka and Lenka. Still quite a young girl was connected between the coast with Soviet troops And partisan detachment, and her friend is a tanker. They died doing their duty to the Motherland and doing everything possible to bring Victory closer.

Didn't ignore this problem and M.A. Sholokhov. In the story "The Destiny of Man", he reveals the problem moral achievement. Are you joining in 2019? Our team will help you save your time and nerves: we will select directions and universities (according to your preferences and recommendations of experts); we will issue applications (you will only have to sign); we will apply to Russian universities (online, email, by courier); we monitor competitive lists (we automate the tracking and analysis of your positions); we will tell you when and where to submit the original (we will evaluate the chances and determine the best option). Entrust the routine to professionals - more details.

Andrey Sokolov, main character story, returning from the war, which claimed the lives of his wife, son and daughters, adopts an orphaned boy, who was also left without relatives. Despite the loss of his family, Andrei Sokolov did not break down and remained a man, which can already be called a feat, because not everyone is capable of it.

This problem was highlighted by Boris Vasiliev in the work “The Dawns Here Are Quiet”. The main characters of the story, the girls - anti-aircraft gunners, show heroism and courage in the fight against a detachment of saboteurs. Even the numerical superiority of the enemy did not frighten the girls, they stood until their last breath. Thanks to such people who fought without sparing their lives, we were able to defeat fascism.

Useful material

What is the feat of people during the war years? Did heroic deeds only take place at the front? It is these questions that arise when reading the text of the Soviet writer V. Bykov.

Revealing the problem of the feat of people during the war years, the author tells about a young woman who lives in an inconspicuous forest village near a large Belarusian river. During the war years, she, a very young girl, gathered half a dozen orphaned children under the surviving roof and for many years became their mother, elder sister, and educator.

Yes she did her part

In an unparalleled feat Soviet people who defeated the most cruel and insidious enemy. Undoubtedly, the feat was accomplished by the old honored general, who marched with his division from the fields near Moscow to Berlin, and the illustrious partisan leader, organizer of the nationwide struggle in the occupied territory, and this unknown woman who raised half a dozen orphans. It is impossible to reveal all the diversity of the people's feat in the fire years of the war.

Heroism was shown not only at the front, but also in the rear.

It lies in the fact that they are both at the front and in the rear at the cost of own lives fought against fascism, protecting their country from it, taking care of the life of future generations.

Undoubtedly, during the war years, people showed mass heroism, paying a high price for victory. This price is the lives of millions.

After reading E. I. Nosov’s story “Red Wine of Victory”, we met one of the many modest heroes of the Great Patriotic War, thanks to whom we defeated fascism. This is a simple soldier Ivan Kopeshkin, who received severe injuries at the end of the war. At the front, he continued his peasant work - he was responsible for convoy horses. Kopeshkin has no awards, and he does not feel like a hero. But it's not.

Overcoming fear, he honestly fulfilled his duty and died of wounds in a military hospital on the very Day of Victory, without having tasted the red wine of Victory.

In another story by E. I. Nosov, which is called “ living flame", we learn about tragic fate the son of the landlady of the narrator Olga Petrovna. Alexey died diving on his tiny "hawk" on the back of a heavy fascist bomber. The young man lived a short, but bright life, giving her for the Motherland.

So, during the war years, the feat was accomplished by many: both those who participated in the battles and those who forged victory in the rear, sacrificing their health and even life. The feat of the Soviet people is unparalleled, we will always remember it.

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