Soviet culture 1920 1930 presentation. Biophysics and biochemistry
The development of culture in the 1920-1930s.
Education. Based on the decrees of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, adopted in 1918-19, the education system was radically changed: the existence of private schools was prohibited; introduced free education, joint education of children of both sexes; the school was separated from the church, and the church from the state; teaching in educational institutions of any creed and the performance of religious rites was prohibited; physical punishment of children was abolished; all nationalities received the right to study at mother tongue; the foundation was laid for the creation of a system of public preschool education; new rules for admission to universities were developed and put into effect. In 1928, on the initiative of the Komsomol, the so-called cultural campaign was launched. Its strongholds were Moscow, Saratov, Samara and Voronezh, where the bulk of the illiterate were trained by the public. By the middle of 1930, the number of cult-army soldiers reached 1 million, and the number of students only in registered literacy schools - 10 million.
Art. In Soviet textbooks, this period was characterized as "Art in the period of struggle for the victory of socialism and the strengthening of socialist society." 1921 - the date of the end of the Civil War, in Soviet historiography is taken as the starting point of the report. Since that time, the country has been restoring the economy, reorganizing the economy according to the socialist principle, and destroying the old habitual foundations of life. All this is reflected in art.
Painting. This period for painting was stormy and productive. Many artistic associations continued to exist with their own platforms and manifestos. Art was in search and was diverse. The main groupings were AHRR, OST, and also "4 arts".
Soviet easel painting also experiences the aforementioned craving for monumental significant forms and images. Painting is becoming broader in subject matter and less etude in manner. “Heroic generalization penetrates the easel painting.”
Sculpture. Nikolai Andreev "Lenin is the leader"; Ivan Shadr "Worker", "Sower", "Peasant", "Red Army", "Cobblestone - a tool of the proletariat. 1905"; Vera Mukhina "Peasant Woman" (1927); Sarra Lebedeva "Woman Undressing", "Woman Putting on a Shoe", "October".
Architecture. During this period, compared with the previous decade, there was stability, the economic situation was strengthened, and great opportunities opened up for architecture. Large-scale construction began - residential buildings, factories, factories, power plants, new cities and towns were designed. The style was developed and distributed Soviet architecture. It was fed by different traditions - a number of masters kept the old traditions, others were engaged in innovation. Members of both these groups could adhere to two main tendencies - rationalism and constructivism.
In the 1930s, the active construction of cities and towns continued, it was necessary to reconstruct many old cities.
Literature. In the first post-revolutionary years, a group of futurists who welcomed Soviet power still had a resounding success. True, V. Mayakovsky, and V. Kamensky, and V. Khlebnikov, and II Aseev had to abandon some of their former positions. Since 1923, their group became known as "LEF" ("Left Front of Art"). Among the most significant literary groups, one should also single out the Moscow Association of Proletarian Writers (1923, MAPP), the All-Russian Society of Peasant Writers (1921, VOKP), the Serapion Brothers (1921), the Constructivist Literary Center (1924, LCC), the Pass (1924 ), Russian association proletarian writers (1925, RAPP). The largest was RAPP, and then - VOAPP (All-Union Association of Associations of Proletarian Writers). The face of the country was changing, and the creative searches of writers were also changing. In August 1934, the First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers took place. The main report was made by M. Gorky, who highlighted the state of affairs in the country and outlined the prospects for the development of literature.
Music. Inspired by the great ideas of V. I. Lenin, following the calls of the Communist Party, writers and artists, composers and cinematographers already then sought to truthfully embody the themes of revolution and socialist construction in images of art. Their works of those years were called upon to promote the cultural growth of the people, to awaken and raise new, young creative forces from its depths. In the mid-1920s, the first Russian Soviet operas appeared. It is noteworthy that they were mostly written on historical and revolutionary topics (“Eagle Revolt” by A. Pashchenko, “Decembrists” by V. Zolotarev, “Stepan Razin” by P. Triedin and others), and some are devoted to the topic civil war(“Breakthrough” by S. Pototsky, “For Red Petrograd” by A. Gladkovsky and E. Prussak). However, the first experiments in the field operatic art have not yet led to the creation of full-fledged works.
In 1927, R. Gliere created the first Soviet ballet on a modern international revolutionary theme - "The Red Poppy"17. This was an important milestone.
Rice. 1. Educational program courses
Lenin considered the fight against illiteracy to be one of the main tasks of building socialism in the country. In 1918, the "Regulations on the Unified Labor School of the RSFSR" was approved - the school was proclaimed free, it was managed on the basis of self-government, pedagogical innovation was encouraged, respect for the personality of the child. But a number of experiments have negative side- canceled lessons, desks, homework, marks, etc.
Rice. 2. B. Ioganson “The Rabfak is coming!”
When entering universities, the poor enjoyed the advantage. In order for workers and collective farmers to be able to study at universities, workers' faculties were created under them. The state provided graduates of workers' schools with scholarships and hostels.
In 1919, the Council of People's Commissars adopted a decree on the fight against illiteracy. All people between the ages of 8 and 50 had to learn to read and write in their native language or Russian; for this, special schools were created throughout the country.
Rice. 3. Academician I. Pavlov
In the history of Russian culture, the revolution fell on the heyday of the "Silver Age". Many masters of culture, appreciating the freedom of creativity, ended up abroad.
M Gorky went to Italy, I. Bunin, A. Kuprin, F. Chaliapin and others - to France. Part of the cultural figures remained in the country, but went into the deaf opposition (A. Akhmatova, M. Bulgakov, M. Voloshin and others).
At the same time, V. Mayakovsky, A. Blok, B. Kustodiev, K. Petrov-Vodkin and others adopted the ideas of the revolution.
Rice. 4. K. Tsiolkovsky
The Bolsheviks sought to attract famous scientists to cooperation, because. the defense capability of the country depended on their activity. These people were given the opportunity to normal life and research. Many scientists believed that it was necessary to work for the good of the Motherland and therefore did not share the ideology of the Bolsheviks. In the 20s. the scientific activity of I. Pavlov, N. Zhukovsky, K. Tsiolkovsky, N. Zelinsky, I. Michurin, V. Vernadsky and others continued.
Rice. 5. N. Berdyaev
After the Kronstadt rebellion, the Bolsheviks tightened control over the spiritual sphere of society. In August 1921, the Petrograd combat organization was "exposed". N. Gumilyov, M. Tikhvinsky and other figures of science and culture were shot on charges of belonging to it. In 1922, 160 scientists were expelled from the country - N. Berdyaev, S. Bulgakov, A. Kizevetter, P. Soroka and others.
Rice. 6. Party censorship
In 1922, Glavlit was established, which carried out censorship of all printed matter. In 1923 Glavrepetkom was created with the same functions. But until 1925 relative spiritual freedom was preserved in culture. Party leaders, fighting with each other, could not agree on a single line. With the rise of Stalin, the situation changed - the ideologization of artistic creativity began.
Rice. 7. Patriarch Tikhon
The fight against religion was caused by the atheistic views of party leaders and the desire to remove a competitor from the spiritual sphere. At the beginning of 1918, the school was separated from the church, and the church from the state. The closure of churches and monasteries and the confiscation of their property began. At the end of 1917, Lenin restored the patriarchate, but Tikhon took an anti-Soviet position, which aggravated relations between church and state.
Rice. 8. Explosion of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior
In 1922, the property of the church was requisitioned for a fund to fight hunger. This led to the performances of the believers. In response, the authorities went on the offensive. In the spring of 1922, in Moscow and Petrograd, trials over church leaders. Several people were executed, and Tikhon was imprisoned. In 1925, after the death of Tikhon, the election of the patriarch was banned. Peter, who took over his duties, was soon exiled to Solovki.
Rice. 9. S. Eisenstein, I. Pyriev, M. Strauch, E. Garin
In the 20s, it began to take shape " proletarian culture". Proletkult covered about 400,000 people and set the task of forming new culture. In 1920, the Theater of Working Youth appeared (S. Eisenstein, I. Pyryev, M. Strauch, E. Garin). In 1925, the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers was created. She was given a number of censorship functions. A galaxy of talented writers appeared - M. Sholokhov, K. Trenev, I. Babel and others. In painting, the art of the propaganda poster came to the fore (V. Denis, D. Moor).
Rice. 10. D. Shostakovich, V. Mayakovsky, V. Meyerhold are working on the play "The Bedbug"
The Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia set the task of displaying "revolutionary everyday life". M. Grekov's studio is working on military themes, A. Gerasimov, I. Brodsky paid attention to "everyday life of great construction projects." I. Shadr, A. Matveev worked in the genre of revolutionary romance.
V. Tatlin, having designed the "Tower of the III International", laid the foundations of modern industrial design.
Rice. 11. School on the collective farm. K. Marx in Kabardino-Balkaria
Economic transformations in the USSR set the task of raising the educational level of the population. The pedagogical experiments of the 1920s were unsuitable for this. In 1930, the transition to universal primary education, in 1937 - to the seven-year plan. Lessons, a fixed schedule, grades, etc. have returned to school. New programs and textbooks were created. In 1934, the teaching of history and geography was restored, and then other disciplines.
Rice. 12. Village school for adults
20 thousand new schools were opened in the country. In the 30s. in the USSR there were 35 million students. According to the 1939 census, literacy was 87.4%. at a fast pace specialized secondary and higher education. In terms of the number of pupils and students, the USSR took the 1st place in the world. The circulation of books in 1937 amounted to 700 million copies. They were published in 110 languages of the peoples of the USSR.
Rice. 13. D. Nalbandyan Session of the USSR Academy of Sciences
The development of science in the USSR proceeded under powerful ideological pressure. Those who disagreed with this approach were subjected to harassment and repression. In biological science, a group led by T. Lysenko harassed Soviet geneticists - N. Vavilov, N. Koltsov, A. Serebrovsky. Lysenko explained his actions by defending Darwinism and Michurin's theory from "bourgeois science." Subsequently, many geneticists were repressed, and genetics itself was banned.
Rice. 14. S. Vavilov
Rice. 15. N. Koltsov
Rice. 16. A. Serebrovsky
Stalin paid great attention to historical science. History began to be interpreted as the history of the class struggle. In 1938 came out " Short Course history of the CPSU (b), edited personally by Stalin. He extolled Stalin and in fact became the official interpretation of the foundations of Marxism-Leninism and questions of the history of the CPSU (b). On its basis, unofficial schools in historical science were destroyed, irreparable damage was done to it.
Rice. 17. A. Ioffe
Rice. 18. P. Kapitsa
Despite ideological pressure, representatives of the natural sciences were able to achieve outstanding success. S. Vavilov (optics), A. Ioffe (crystal physics), P. Kapitsa (microphysics), I. Kurchatov (nuclear physics) and others have enriched world science. Chemists N. Zelinsky, A. Bach, S. Lebedev made fundamental discoveries in the field of obtaining artificial substances and organic food products.
Rice. 19. V.S. Pustovoit
World recognition was achieved by Soviet biologists - N. Vavilov, V. Pustovoit, V. Williams and others. Mathematics, astronomy, mechanics, and physiology achieved significant success. Geology and geography acquired tremendous development during this period. This was due to the beginning of the industrial development of Siberia and Far East. New mineral deposits were discovered: oil in the Volga region, coal in the Moscow region and Kuzbass, iron -in the Urals and etc.
Rice. 20. P. Belov. "Hourglass"
In the 30s. completed the elimination of differences in artistic culture. From now on, art should follow one direction - socialist realism and show life as it should be in the minds of the party leaders. Art began to plant myths and create the illusion that a happy time had already come. Using it, the authorities skillfully manipulated public opinion and steered him in the right direction.
Rice. 21. Frame from the film "Chapaev"
Cinematography has made a huge contribution to the formation of a new consciousness. The documentary chronicle covered current events in the right light. In many ways, she owed her success to outstanding directors - D. Vertov, E. Tisse, E. Shub. In 1931, the first sound film, "The Ticket to Life", was staged in the USSR. In 1936, the 1st color film was Grunya Kornakova. Historical tapes - "Chapaev", "We are from Kronstadt", a trilogy about Maxim were especially popular.
Rice. 22. I. Ilyinsky and L. Orlova in the film "Volga-Volga"
The musical tapes “Volga-Volga”, “Merry Fellows”, “Pig and Shepherd”, etc. were especially popular with the audience. On the eve of the war, a whole series of patriotic films appeared - "Alexander Nevsky", "Peter I", "Minin and Pozharsky". Most famous directors were S. Eisenstein, N. Eck, G. Alexandrov, I. Pyryev, V. Pudovkin.
Rice. 23. I. Dunaevsky and V. Lebedev-Kumach
The development of music was associated with the names of S. Prokofiev, D. Shostakovich, T. Khrennikov, I. Dunaevsky. Appeared musical groups- Big Symphony Orchestra, the Beethoven Quartet, etc. When evaluating the composers' work, the tastes of the leaders played a huge role, so D. Shostakovich was subjected to harsh criticism. Has reached its peak song creativity. The works of I. Dunaevsky, B. Mokrousov, M. Blanter, the Pokrass brothers were known throughout the country.
Rice. 24. B. Ioganson "Interrogation of the Communists"
In the visual arts, the main thing was not the skill of the artist, but ideological orientation plot, compliance with the principles socialist realism. His classic was B. Ioganson, whose painting "Interrogation of the Communists" was marked by all possible awards. A. Deineka, Yu. Pimenov, M. Nesterov worked in this style. M. Saryan, P. Konchalovsky, A. Lentulov were able to establish themselves in the landscape genre.
Rice. 25. M.I. Kalinin among awarded writers
Strict censorship left its mark on the quality of literature. Many one-day works came out of print. Nevertheless, many talented writers worked during this period. M. Gorky writes "The Life of Klim Samgin", "Egor Bulychev and Others". A. Tolstoy finishes "Walking through the torments" and begins work on the novel "Peter I". A huge contribution to the history of literature was made by M. Sholokhov, M. Bulgakov, V. Kaverin, A. Platonov and others.
Rice. 26. B. Schukin as Lenin in the film "The Man with a Gun"
In the end of the 20s. on stages Soviet theaters plays by Soviet playwrights begin to take hold. "A Man with a Gun" by N. Pogodin, "Optimistic Tragedy" by V. Vishnevsky, "Tanya" by A. Arbuzov - made up the "golden fund" of the repertoire of many theaters.
M. Gorky's plays were successfully performed all over the country. Communion Soviet people culture was due to the rapid growth in the number of theaters, museums, philharmonic societies, libraries. Talent shows were held all over the country.
Similar Documents
The main types of art: spatial (plastic), temporal (dynamic), synthetic (spectacular). The concept and functions of architecture, features of fine and decorative applied arts. Purpose of literature, music, choreography.
abstract, added 04/16/2012
Historical features of development Japanese culture. Japanese and writing, calligraphy. The development of literature and visual arts. Features of Japanese theater and cinema. National cuisine. Religion of Japan. Traditions, customs, etiquette.
presentation, added 02/09/2014
The study of the history of cinema - a type of modern fine art, as well as a set of devices and methods necessary for capturing moving objects on film. Technical features of cinematography and stages of its development in different countries.
term paper, added 01/27/2012
Development of education, sciences, literature, theater, fine arts, architecture, music in the golden age of Russian culture (the first half of the 19th century). Education, humanities and literature in the post-reform years. silver Age Russian culture.
term paper, added 08/12/2014
The study of culture, life and customs Russian people at the end of the seventeenth century. Review of the development of education, science, art, changes in the way of life of the strata of society. Analysis cultural characteristics celebrations significant events in Russia during the time of Peter I.
abstract, added 11/27/2010
Ideals and problems of "Russian Europeanness". The Silver Age in Russia as a cultural renaissance, its significance for Russian culture. Education system in Russia turn XIX-XX centuries The development of literature, science, architecture and art in the era of the Silver Age.
test, added 07/21/2009
The history of the emergence and development of jazz dance and the features of its transformations in the 1930-1950s. Features of the manifestation of jazz-modern dance in the context of the development of jazz. Jazz dance technique at the present stage of development. Importance of improvisation in jazz dance.
test, added 04/13/2014
Studying medieval culture Arab people, features of architecture and fine arts of the ancient South Arab states. The Influence of Religion on the Development of Medieval Arab Art. History of the medieval applied art of Egypt.
abstract, added 03/31/2010
Acquaintance with the history of the development of architecture and fine arts of the Azerbaijani people. Study of the evolution of family customs. Characteristics of Azerbaijani folklore. Consideration of features national music and dance of Azerbaijanis.
abstract, added 11/09/2014
Characterization of Islam as a spiritual phenomenon. Features of prayer, fasting, pilgrimage. Attitude to the Koran and taxes. Consideration of the features of the Islamic spiritual tradition: politics, traditions of culture, art, literature, architecture, science.
The development of Soviet culture in the 11th grade. Story
Plan for studying the topic 1. Statement of the problem: "Revolutionary transformations in the field of culture and ways and achievements." 2. Development of culture in the 1920s. 3. Development of culture in the 1930s. 4. Results of transformations and general trends in the development of spiritual life in the 1950s.
Cultural revolution The main goal is the formation of a person in a socialist society Communist morality (collectivist and class) Communist worldview (scientific and atheistic) Ways to achieve Illiteracy eradication, development of education. Formation of the socialist intelligentsia. Development of science. The development of literature and art ("socialist in content")
Topics of speeches 1. Progress in the fight against illiteracy and the development of education in the 1920s. 2. "Music of the Revolution": art, society and power in the years. 3. Artistic diversity in the 1920s 4.Architecture and performing arts as the embodiment of the ideas of socialist innovation.
Features of the development of culture in the 1920s. Successes in the fight against illiteracy, the development of education. democratization of culture. Attracting part of the old intelligentsia to the side of the revolution and the beginning of the formation of the people's intelligentsia. The admission of various groups and trends in literature and art, the definition of the “lower ideological limit of creativity” (i.e., indications of “what cannot be written, drawn, sculpted, etc.”)
Topics of speeches 5. The struggle against religion and the church in the 1920s - 1930s. 6. Development of science in the years. 7. The victory of socialist realism. The development of literature. 8. Raising a new person. 9. Art in the 1930s
Features of culture in the 1930s Successes in the development of science. Tight control over public and humanities. Active struggle against religion and church. The cult of personality as a new religion. The ideologization of education and upbringing has sharply increased. Repressions against the intelligentsia, there is a systematic destruction of the thinking, creative part of society. The "victory" of the principles of socialist realism is the definition of the "upper ideological boundary of creativity" - how to create.
Homework Prepare for the test on the topic "The development of Soviet culture in the years" (§ 16, 20)
Marc Chagall. Worker and Collective Farm Woman, 1937 Steel. Lost monuments. Multicolored and amazing…..” S. Kirsanov “Our hands will learn everything. We will draw out all the riddles by a thread. Movie. "Rich Bride", 1938 "A ticket to life" 1931, Pudovkin. Talkies. Storming the Kremlin in 1917. Sculptor Vera Mukhina. History of Russia 20th century. "Red Jew". What happened. Features of the new socialist culture. Culture and art of the USSR in the 1920-30s.
"Development of the USSR in the 20-30s." - Military operations between the USSR and China. NEP. Formation of the Stalinist regime. The essence of the NEP. The main directions and results of the NEP. Relations with Western countries. Foreign policy USSR in the 30s. Great fracture. Concepts. artistic life. Strengthening the repressive-bureaucratic order. USSR in the 20-30s. Industrialization. Nation-state building. The policy of "exporting the revolution".
"NEP in Siberia" - The economy of the country during the years of the NEP. It should be noted that the interpretation of the NEP has gradually changed. NEP: gains and losses. NEP in Siberia. History of the Russian economy. Krasnoyarsk Territory in the history of the Fatherland. New economic policy. Economy of Siberia. Displacement of private trade from the Siberian market. NEP in Siberia: lost chances. External labor migration during the NEP. The system of economic reforms of the NEP period.
"USSR in the 20-30s" - Results cultural revolution were of a dual nature. Ideological dictate over spiritual life and culture. results in political sphere. Causes of the Civil War. Conclusion of V.I. Lenin. Accession to the USSR of the Soviet republics. Political transformations. Reasons for the phasing out of the NEP. Soviet state and society (1917 - the end of the 30s). All-Union Congress of Soviets. Creation state system education and science.
"USSR in 1920-1930" - The cult of personality - the autocracy of Stalin. Formation of Stalin's regime of personal power. Three types of farms were allowed. First Five Years. Foreign policy of the 30s. Schedule of collectivization. New economic policy. "New Art". Formation of a totalitarian regime in the USSR. Stalin. Totalitarianism in social sphere. Literature. Achievements of the NEP. Appeasement of Germany by England and France at the expense of Czechoslovakia.
"The culture of the USSR in the 20-30s" - Ilya Repin. Spiritual life. I. Repin. Prominent writers. Reform of Russian spelling. Elimination of illiteracy. Formation of skills to work with additional literature. Ukrainian house. Mass compulsory literacy education. Method of socialist realism. Science under ideological pressure. Transition to universal primary education. Geneticist N. I. Vavilov. Creation of a socialist system of public education.
