Composition-reasoning How does the different attitude of the overnight stays to Nastya's story reflect the main conflict of the play? In what works of the Russian class. How does the different attitude of the overnight stayers to Nastya's story reflect the main conflict of the play? In which products
At the heart of the play "At the Bottom" is a love affair that fits into two love triangles Ashes - Vasilisa-Natasha, Ashes-Vasilisa-Kostylev. Its development leads to the fact that Pepel kills Kostylev and ends up in prison, Natasha, crippled by Vasilisa, ends up in the hospital, and Vasilisa becomes the sovereign hostess of the rooming house.
But the originality of the play is that it is not love that is decisive. Most of the heroes are not involved in the development love story, and he himself occupies, as it were, a secondary position in relation to what Gorky depicts.
In the first place here is the social conflict between the owners of life, the Kostylevs, and the inhabitants of the rooming house. And even wider between Russian reality and the fate of people who were thrown out of active life to the bottom.
The social conflict of the work was perceived by contemporaries as a call for revolution, for a radical change in life. It was the play's conflict that made it revolutionary—it was the clash between reality and the lives of the people of the rooming house. But the most interesting thing is that even now the play has not lost its modern (universal) sound, it's just that the modern viewer and reader have changed their accents.
The figurative system of the play in resolving the conflict "At the Bottom"
The inhabitants of the rooming house are representatives of two lives, vagabonds who have been thrown to the bottom by society and who are not needed by society.
Gorky shows that people find themselves at the bottom in different ways:
- Satin - after prison,
- The actor fell asleep
- Tick due to wife's illness,
- The baron went bankrupt
- Ashes because he is a hereditary thief.
The reasons that led people to this state have not lost their relevance. Thus, the reasons for the conflict between these people and reality are different.
The inhabitants of the doss house have different attitudes towards their position, towards the fact that reality itself is such that it pushes them to the bottom and keeps them there. Some have come to terms with reality:
- Bubnov
(“A person is a thing, you are superfluous everywhere ... and all people are superfluous ...”),
("We must live - according to the law"),
- Natasha (dreams replace real life),
- Baron (life replaced by memories of the past).
Others are having a hard time with their condition, hoping or dreaming to change it (Natasha, Pepel, Actor).
But neither the first nor the second know how to escape from here. Modern reading play allows us to say that a person's attitude to his position determines his attitude to reality.
Therefore, the third group of heroes is very important - Satin and Luka - it is they who, as it were, know what needs to be done. The meaning of the images of Sateen and Luke and that here is formed more
one conflict is the conflict between truth and compassion, between truth and white lies.
The humanitarian component of the conflict in Gorky's play
Luke is one of central characters, with his appearance in the rooming house, internal changes begin. According to the author, this character is rather negative
(“the savagery of virtue”, “the crafty old man”).
Luka takes pity on the man: he consoles the dying Anna, he tells Ash about wonderful life in Siberia, where you can part all over again, he tells the Actor about hospitals where you can recover from alcoholism. Gorky himself is sure that
"Don't feel sorry for the person." The writer believes that "pity humiliates a person."
However, it is Luke that affects people, it is he who makes them take a fresh look at their situation. It is he who remains at the bedside of the dying Anna until the last minute. Consequently, the rather unambiguous attitude of the author to the character does not make the image of Luka unambiguous, but sets its multidimensionality.
Satin stands out among others with his attitude to life and his statements about it. His monologues about man and truth are Gorky's credo. The image of this hero is ambiguous. He can be considered as a person provoking, for example, Pepel to kill Kostylev. A person who deliberately refuses to do anything, whose monologues are in conflict with his behavior. But you can consider his position from the point of view of Stoic philosophy: he deliberately refuses to work for this society, which threw him to the sidelines of life, he despises him
(“To work? For what? To be full?… Man is higher! Man is higher than satiety!”).
Thus, Satin is not unambiguous in the work.
The conflict of the play “At the Bottom” between compassion and truth is formally resolved in favor of the truth: Luka’s consolations did not make the lives of the inhabitants of the rooming house better (the Actor commits suicide, Ash goes to prison, Natasha goes to the hospital, Luka himself disappears). A person must know the truth about himself, says Gorky, then he can change this life. But the question posed by the writer remains a question, since the images of the characters do not provide an unambiguous solution, so the play has not lost its relevance.
The conflict between the inhabitants of the rooming house and reality is also ambiguously resolved. On the one hand, as already mentioned, the very attitude of people determines their condition, their life path. On the other hand, the masters of life (Kostylev and Vasilisa) are the type of exploiters who are alien to humanity, their thoughts are aimed at profit, the existing system is beneficial to them. In the images of the Kostylevs, Gorky condemns the existing system. No wonder contemporaries take the play as a call to change the existing system. Thus, according to Gorky, it is necessary to change life - then a person will change. The resolution of the conflict between the inhabitants of the rooming house and reality is taken out by the author outside the work.
Unusual for its time, the plot (the life of a rooming house) and the universal human conflict in the play "At the Bottom", with an unambiguous and definite position of the author, give an ambiguous interpretation of the work and make it relevant for any time.
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Part 1
Read the text fragment below and complete tasks B1-B7; C1, C2.
"Wasteland" - a courtyard place littered with various rubbish and overgrown with weeds. In the depths of it is a tall brick firewall. He closes the sky. around it are elderberry bushes. To the right is a dark, log wall of some kind of outbuilding: a shed or a stable. And to the left is a gray wall, covered with the remains of plaster, of the house in which the Kostylevs' rooming house is located. It stands obliquely, so that its rear corner goes out to the middle of the wasteland. Between it and the red wall is a narrow passage. There are two windows in the gray wall: one is level with the ground, the other is two arshins higher and closer to the firewall. By this wall there are sledges with runners up and a stump of a log, four yards long. To the right by the wall is a pile of old boards and beams. Evening, the sun sets, illuminating the firewall with a reddish light. Early spring, it snowed recently. Black branches of elder still without kidneys. Natasha and Nastya are sitting on a log next to each other. On the firewood - Luka and Baron. The tick lies on a pile of wood against the right wall. In the window near the ground - Bubnov's mug.
Nastya (closing his eyes and shaking his head to the beat of the words, he sings loudly). Here he comes at night to the garden, to the gazebo, as we agreed ... and I have been waiting for him for a long time and trembling with fear and grief. He, too, is trembling all over and - white as chalk, and in his hands is a left-wing gun ...
Natasha (nibbles seeds). Look! Apparently, the truth is said that students are desperate ...
Nastya. And he speaks from me in a terrible voice: "My precious love ..."
Bubnov. Ho-ho! Precious?
Baron. Wait a minute! If you don’t like it, don’t listen, but don’t interfere with lying ... Next!
Nastya. “Beloved, he says, my love! Parents, he says, do not give their consent for me to marry you ... and threaten to curse me forever for loving you. Well, I must, he says, I’ll take my own life from this ... ”And his left-hander is agro-sized and loaded with ten bullets ...“ Farewell, he says, dear friend of my heart! - I decided irrevocably ... to live without you - I just can’t. And I answered him: “My unforgettable friend… Raoul…”
Bubnov (surprised). What about? How? Kraul?
Baron (laughs). Nastya! Why ... after all, the last time - Gaston was!
Nastya (jumping up). Be silent... unfortunate! Ah… stray dogs! Can... can you understand... love? Unreal love? And I had it ... real! (To the Baron.) You! Insignificant!.. You are an educated person... you say you drank coffee lying down...
Luke. And you - wait! You don't interfere! Respect a person ... not in the word - the point, but - why is the word spoken? - that's the problem! Tell me, girl, nothing!
Bubnov. Color, crow, feathers ... go ahead!
Baron. Well - go on!
Natasha. Don't listen to them... what are they? They are out of envy… they have nothing to say about themselves…
Nastya (sits down again). I don't want more! I won't speak... If they don't believe... if they laugh... him: “The joy of my life! You are my clear month! And without you, it’s also completely impossible for me to live in the world ... because I love you madly and will love you while my heart beats in my chest! But, I say, do not deprive yourself of your young life ... how your dear parents need it, for whom you are all their joy ... Leave me! I'd rather disappear way ... from longing for you, my life ... I am alone ... I am such! Letting me ... I'm dying - it's all the same! I am no good ... and there is nothing for me ... there is nothing ... " (He covers his face with his hands and weeps silently.)
Natasha (turning away, softly). Don't cry... don't!
Luka, smiling, strokes Nastya's head.
M. Gorky, "At the Bottom"
When completing tasks B1-B2, the answer must be given in the form of a word, or a combination of words, or a sequence of numbers.
IN 1. Indicate the genre to which M. Gorky's play "At the Bottom" belongs.
AT 2. Establish a correspondence between the three characters of the play "At the bottom" and their occupation. For each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
CHARACTERS
A) Bubnov
B) Tick
B) Luca
OCCUPATION
1) working
2) wanderer
3) kartuznik
4) artist
AT 3. The beginning of the fragment is a detailed author's description, recreating the environment in which the action takes place. What is the name of such remarks or explanations of the author, characterizing what is happening on the stage or commenting on the actions of the characters?
AT 4. In the above fragment, the development of the action occurs due to the alternation of replicas actors. Indicate the term that denotes this form of artistic speech.
AT 5. In this scene, Nastya's "dreams" and the environment in which her story sounds are contrasted. What is the name of the technique based on sharp opposition objects or events?
AT 6. What is the name of a significant detail that is a means of expressing the author's attitude to the depicted (for example, the seeds that Natasha gnaws while listening to Nastya's story)?
AT 7. The replicas of the characters, their reaction to what is happening convey the inner state of the characters, their spiritual movements. What is the name of the image inner life person in a work of art?
To complete the task C1-C2, give a coherent answer to the question in the amount of 5-10 sentences.
C1. How different attitude doss-houses to Nastya's story reflects the main conflict of the play?
C2. In what works of Russian classics are “bookish” heroines depicted, and in what way can they be compared with Gorky's Nastya?
Part 2
Read the poem below and complete tasks B8-B12; C3-C4.
Clouds of heaven, eternal wanderers,
Steppe azure, pearl chain
You rush, as if like me, exiles,
From the sweet north to the south.
Who is driving you: is it fate's decision?
Is envy secret? is malice open?
Or is crime burdening you?
Or poisonous slander of friends?
No, you are bored with barren fields ...
Alien to you are passions and alien to suffering;
Forever cold, forever free
You have no homeland, you have no exile.
M. Yu. Lermontov, 1840
When completing tasks B8-B12, the answer must be given in the form of a word, or a combination of words, or a sequence of numbers.
AT 8. Calling the clouds "eternal wanderers", the poet endows the phenomenon of nature with human properties. Specify the name of the corresponding technique.
AT 9. The second stanza of the poem contains "unanswered" questions. What are their names?
AT 10 O'CLOCK. Specify the number of the stanza (ordinal number in nominative case), in which the poet uses an anaphora.
AT 11. Indicate a stylistic device based on a combination of the same consonant sounds in a line and reinforcing sound expressiveness verse ("From the sweet north towards the south").
AT 12. Indicate the three-syllable size in which M. Yu. Lermontov's poem "Clouds" is written (without indicating the number of feet).
To complete task C3-C4, give a coherent answer to the question in the amount of 5-10 sentences.
C3. What gives reason to attribute the poem "Clouds" to the genre of elegy?
C4. What works of Russian poets, reflecting the connection between the inner world of man and nature, are consonant with Lermontov's "Clouds"?
Part 3
To complete the tasks of part 3, select only ONE of the tasks below (С5.1, С5.2, С5.3). Give a complete answer to problematic issue(in a volume of at least 400 words), based on a specific literary material and the position of the author of the work, regardless of how it coincides with your own conclusions and observations expressed in the work.
C5.1. Why did the friendship of Onegin and Lensky end so tragically in A. S. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin"?
C5.2. What gives satirical works M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin modern sound?
C5.3. How is the past and present of Russia reflected in the lyrics of A. A. Blok?
shades due to the expansion of the context: literary, biographical, philosophical, etc. Not to see this “contraction of contexts” means not to have an idea of literature as a living, integral phenomenon. That is why "in high school, the method of comparing a poem with the work of a poet and poetic world his predecessors and heirs becomes the preferred path of analysis.
Let's consider specific examples.
C3. What underlies the confrontation between the hero and the crowd in the poem "A Cloud in Pants" by V.V. Mayakovsky?
Work 1. “In his poem “A Cloud in Pants” V.V. Mayakovsky touched upon a topic relevant to poetry - the opposition of the poet and the crowd. The lyrical hero of Mayakovsky is to some extent offended by the ungrateful attitude of the people to poetry. The poem contains the idea that the poet is the herald of the people; it is a voice in silence when God is silent. And for the poet, the creation of poems is a great effort; “before he starts to sing,” the poet experiences mental anguish. And ordinary people are only slaves to their needs, not wanting to hear the poet. Thus, the fundamental link in the confrontation between the hero and the crowd in "A Cloud in Pants" is their conflict: the unwillingness of one to understand the other. (1 point: 1 + 0)
The graduate answers the question, but his work is dominated by retelling. He does not try to explain why the image of God appears in the poem and what caused the protest lyrical hero, admits inaccuracy, identifying "the people, ordinary people' and 'crowd'. In addition, a significant number of speech errors were made in the work.
Work 2. “I believe that the basis of the confrontation between the hero and the crowd is his rejection of modern reality, as well as the peculiarities inner world and character of the hero.
He protests against public mores, way of life and even the foundations of society and the modern bourgeois system (“Down with your love ... down with your religion”, “I put “nihil” over everything that has been done”). By virtue of his worldview (he does not accept the bourgeoisie as a whole) and state of mind (the hero is impulsive, categorical, he is different from the "crowd" - and he himself understands this), he sees the meanness of the people around him. This is evidenced by the description of the city and its inhabitants. For example, Mayakovsky uses such expressions as “the street is speechless”, “the city blocked the road with darkness”, which characterize his sarcastic attitude to everything he sees.” (2 points)
The graduate gives a direct answer to the question (formulates the main thesis), but does not quite convincingly argue the idea of the protest of the lyrical hero against bourgeois society.
Work 3. "A Cloud in Pants" is a typical example of confronting a crowd of a person who understands the scale of the decline of society. This is a cry of despair, an insult to modern morals and foundations. Streets full of cars, incessant noise - this is the way of life of people who have forgotten about the beauty of the world, who have ceased to appreciate art, who are absolutely devoid of kindness and sensitivity.
The lyrical hero in no way agrees with the crowd, which has material needs in the foreground:
And the street sat down and yelled: "Let's go eat!"
Therefore, his monologue is a desperate challenge: society does not want to listen to poets, to become better, but even without poets, it "has nothing to shout and talk with."
(4 points: 3 + 1)
2 Methods of teaching literature: A guide for students and teachers: In 2 hours, Part 2 / Ed. O.Yu. Bogdanova and V.G. Marantsman. - M .: Education * Vlados, 1995. - 301 p.
This answer is rated with the maximum score, since the examinee correctly substantiates the reasons for the confrontation between the poet and the crowd by the “scale of the decline of society”, its lack of spirituality, and the predominance of material interests in it. The author of the work confirms his thoughts with the text. There are no actual errors.
C4. In what works of Russian poetry is the conflict between the poet and the crowd displayed, and in what ways can these works be compared with V.V. Mayakovsky?
Work 1. “A.S. Pushkin in the poem of the same name. He is close to Mayakovsky in the idea and intent of the work.
Pushkin's poem is a dialogue between the mob and the crowd. The author is convinced that any poet should be above the crowd, for he is a prophet and
indicates the direction in which humanity should go.
The mob does not understand and does not approve of the poet's aspirations for the lofty and beautiful. Utilitarian motives take possession of the crowd in the poem and A.S. Pushkin.
The work is compared with the poem by A.S. Pushkin "The Poet and the Crowd" (the context is minimal). At the same time, the author makes a factual error, arguing that the poem "represents a dialogue between the mob and the crowd." In fact, this is a dialogue between the poet and the mob. Pushkin's poem is not compared with a fragment of the poem by V.V. Mayakovsky, but only commented on, and it is not possible to call this commentary thorough and deep. For the examinee, it is obvious that Pushkin " close to Mayakovsky in the idea and intent of the work However, this thesis is not substantiated either. The examinee also loses sight of the obvious difference that sounds at the end of the poem "The Poet and the Crowd": "... We were born for inspiration, / For sweet sounds and prayers." Mayakovsky, on the contrary, protests against poetry - a "brew" "of loves and nightingales" - and asserts himself as a poet of the street, whose soul hurts for people: "... I am where the pain is, everywhere; / on every drop of tear leakage / crucified himself on the cross.
Work 2. “The poem “Cloud in Pants” by V.V. Mayakovsky presents us with a conflict between the poet and the crowd. This confrontation is also consonant with the poems of Akhmatova “I had a voice” and Tsvetaeva “Who was created from stone, who was created from clay”.
The lyrical heroine of Akhmatova opposes the crowd of those people who are fleeing the city, from their homeland. She does not agree with them and remains in her country. Therefore, “I had a voice” and “A cloud in my pants” are similar, because the heroes, in spite of everything, defend their truth.
In the poem “Who is made of stone, who is made of clay,” Tsvetaeva reveals the struggle between the heroine and society. She is not like everyone else, and is not going to change. The crowd tries to break her, but she Strong woman and they fail to do so. Therefore, the ongoing struggle for freedom with society unites the poem by Tsvetaeva and Mayakovsky.
Thus, we see that the conflict between the poet and the crowd is displayed in many works of Russian poetry. (2 points)
Defining literary context, the examinee refers to two works and demonstrates their knowledge. However, the rationale for his choice and the proposed comparison with the poem by V.V. Mayakovsky cannot be considered convincing.
Let's compare the work of examinees who received 2 and 3 points for the answer to task C4.
C4. The works of which Russian poets reflect the clash of dreams and reality, and in what ways are they consonant with Lermontov's poem "From under the mysterious, cold half-mask ..."?:
Work 1 . “Many Russian poets reflected in their poems the clash of dreams and reality.
Often a similar theme can be found in the works of the great Russian poet A.S. Pushkin. For example, in the poem "I remember wonderful moment…”, in my opinion, this theme of the collision of dreams and reality is most clearly reflected. Before the lyrical hero appears " fleeting vision as the embodiment of his dreams. It is consonant with Lermontov's poem "From under the mysterious, cold half-mask ..." in that Pushkin's lyrical hero exalts him like Lermontov's and calls him "a genius of pure beauty." Also, already in the first line, the author gives the vision the epithet "wonderful", which makes it clear how pleasant the lyrical hero's memories of him in the world of reality are.
Poem by S.A. Yesenin “I have never been so tired ...” also shows the clash of dreams and reality. So, dreaming of returning to his native land and remembering his relatives, the lyrical hero says that he "dreamed the Ryazan sky ...", but returning from the world of dreams to reality, he adds: "... and my unlucky life." The poem “I haven’t been so tired yet ...” is consonant with Lermontov’s poem “From under the mysterious, cold half-mask ...” in that Yesenin’s lyrical hero also keeps the memory of the happy moments of his life with love and warmth, like Lermontov’s hero, despite for what". (2 points)
The choice of poems for comparison is unsuccessful: none of them reflects the problem of the collision of dreams and reality.
A graduate is mistaken when he says: Before the lyrical hero appears
"a fleeting vision", as the personification of his dream".
Just remember the lines:
I remember a wonderful moment...
And I forgot your gentle voice...
And here you are again...
It is also erroneous to assert that Yesenin's lyrical hero dreams
"to return to the native land of the heart."
The lines of the poem speak of the feelings of the lyrical hero:
But still I treat with respect To those fields that I once loved.
To those regions where I grew up under a maple, Where I frolicked on the yellow grass, - I send greetings to sparrows and crows And an owl sobbing in the night.
The conclusion made by the examiner only partially corresponds to the specifics of the task.
The answer below is 3 points. It is more accurate in content, based on well-chosen poems for comparison. However, only a comparison with the poem by A.A. Blok "Stranger". The idea that “the lyrical hero of another poem by Lermontov “How often he is surrounded by a motley crowd ...” also plunges into the world of his dreams and memories” was not disclosed in the answer.
Work 2. “The collision of dreams and reality is often found in the works of Russian poets.
The image of a beautiful, but “disembodied vision” makes the poem “From under the mysterious, cold half-mask ...” related to the poem by A.A. Blok "Stranger". The lyrical hero of Blok also sees the image of a beautiful girl and, like the hero of Lermontov, considers it something priceless: "a treasure lies in my soul ...". However, the mood of the endings of these poems is completely different: if the hero of Lermontov hopes to meet with a “disembodied vision”, then the dream of the lyrical hero Blok
unrealizable. It crumbles about the cruel and vulgar reality that sounds in the last lines.
The lyrical hero of another poem by Lermontov “How often he is surrounded by a motley crowd ...” also plunges into the world of his dreams and memories. With the poem "From under the mysterious, cold half-mask ..." he also has in common the way of thinking. However, unlike the finale "From under the mysterious, cold half-mask ..." the lyrical hero experiences "bitterness" and "anger" from the revealed deception of reality. His dreams are happy memories of the past, which he does not want to part with at all. (3 points)
Let's turn to another example. For a deep, convincing answer to the question “What gives reason to attribute the poem to V.A. Zhukovsky "Sea" to philosophical lyrics? examinees must understand what the term "philosophical lyrics" means and why this poem cannot be considered only as a landscape. Behind the objective images of the "sea" and "sky" they must see symbolic images and explain their meaning.
C3. “What gives reason to attribute the poem to V.A. Zhukovsky "Sea" to philosophical lyrics?
Work 1 . "The lyrical hero of Zhukovsky, turning to the sea, trying get to the bottom of it, asks rhetorical questions:
What drives your immense bosom? How does your tight chest breathe?
Like Zhukovsky F.I. Tyutchev, a recognized poet-philosopher, in one of his poems refers to the jet of the fountain: “What an indefatigable stream rushes you, sweeps you"?
In addition, the hero of "The Sea" notices the connection between the sea and the sky, similar to the connection between two lovers, when one "trembles" for the other, fearing to lose. Giving the sea human features illustrates the relationship in nature, like the relationship between people, and thus brings us to the theme of the unity of man and nature. (3 points: 2 + 1)
Proving that the elegy of V.A. Zhukovsky can be attributed to philosophical lyrics, the examinee puts forward the thesis about the relationship between man and nature, but does not fully argue it. Philosophical meaning The poem consists, first of all, in the fact that, according to Zhukovsky, all living things are illuminated by a high spiritual light. Therefore, in the poem, not only the sea strives for the sky (high ideal), but also the lyrical hero expresses his impulse to unite with the elements.
Comparison of the poem by V.A. Zhukovsky with other lyrical works, in which the image of the sea is also created, helps to understand the specifics of the romantic imagery of the poet.
C4. Which of the Russian poets turned to the image of the sea and in what way their works are comparable with the poem by V.A. Zhukovsky?
Work 1. “For A.S. Pushkin's sea (the poem "To the Sea") is also an interlocutor, he communicates with him on an equal footing, endows him with character:
How I loved your reviews, Deaf sounds, voices of the abyss,
AND silence in the evening
AND willful impulses...
At of both poets, the sea is like a woman, wayward, impulsive, but mysterious
and exciting.
In the poem "Sea" F.I. Tyutchev, like Zhukovsky, connects the image of the sky with the glorified elements:
You are a great swell, you are a sea swell, Whose holiday are you celebrating like this? Waves are rushing, thundering and sparkling,
Sensitive stars look from above.
The examinee indicates the names of two works and their authors, compares the poem by V.A. Zhukovsky with a poem by A.S. Pushkin "To the sea". However, a clear factual error was made in his answer (the poem by F.I. Tyutchev “How good you are, O night sea ...” is called “Sea”), the rationale for choosing this poem and its comparison with given product missing.
A much more complete answer based on the text of the poems is presented in the work below, rated 4 points.
Work 2. “Many Russian poets turned to the image of the sea in their work. So, in Pushkin's poem "To the Sea", the lyrical hero says goodbye not just "to the free element", but also to the southern lands, the romantic period of his work, youth. The sea here is a symbol of absolute, unrestricted freedom. The echoes of sea waves will remain in the poet's soul even "in the forests, in the silent deserts."
The image of the sea also appears in Lermontov's poem "Sail". It can be both calm, “lighter than azure”, and stormy. The sail symbolizes human soul, thirsting not for harmony, but for storms:
Below him is a stream brighter than azure, Above him is a golden ray of sun, And he, rebellious, asks for storms, As if there is peace in storms.
These poems can be compared with Zhukovsky's elegy. In all three works poets don't just portray sea element, but also draw parallels with human feelings, the movements of the soul. However, Lermontov, unlike Zhukovsky and Pushkin, shows a desire for storm, rebellion, and not calm. (4 points)
The high score of answers to tasks C3 and C4 is due to good knowledge lyrical works, the ability to analyze them taking into account generic specifics, as well as the ability to argue their answers based on author's position. Knowing the poems by heart helps to convincingly compare them with the work proposed in the assignment.
Understanding the results of tasks C1–C4 as a whole made it possible to identify some common problems that arise in the examinees when working on these tasks and are not due to the generic affiliation of the analyzed works. The wording of the tasks with which graduates perform worse compared to other tasks of the same type is characterized below:
– assignments C1 and C3, in which there is a projection of the fragment on the entire text of the work of art (“How does the different attitude of the hostels to Nastya’s story reflect the main conflict of the play?”);
– tasks C1 and C3, in which you need to identify author's attitude(“What feelings does the author’s reflection on Moscow fill with?”);
– tasks C3, in which it is necessary to characterize the state of the lyrical hero, the mood with which the poem is imbued;
– tasks C3, focused on the analysis of the images of the poem, the techniques used to create images, the role of images in disclosure author's intention and so on. (“Why is B. Pastenak’s reflection in the poem “Hamlet” about the tragedy of the era accompanied by images associated with the world of the theater?”);
– in tasks C2 and C4, the second part more often causes difficulty, which aims the examinee at comparing literary phenomena, and the identification of differences is more difficult task than identifying similarities.
Analysis of answers to tasks C5
The following analysis of typical mistakes and problems that arise when completing task C5 is based on essays on topics and literary works that are difficult or often chosen by graduates.
The main problem of examinees, as repeatedly noted in analytical reports and methodological letters3, is ignorance of the text works of art and, as a result, the inability to reveal the theme of the essay.
Let's show this on the example of the work, the author of which could not explain either the meaning of the title of the work, or what is meant by "symbolism". The essay was rated 0 points according to the criterion "The depth of disclosure of the topic of the essay and the persuasiveness of judgments."
C5.3. What is the symbolism of the title of the poem by A.A. Block "Twelve"?
"Strong and great poem A.A. Block "The Twelve", written with soul, carries a stormy emotional charge. And the main symbolism lies in the title of the poem - "The Twelve". After all, the main characters are twelve warriors. There is an anaphora in the poem, which does not allow us to forget the number of these brave guys, strengthening emotional perception poems. Each of the twelve warriors is different
And everyone contributes to the poem. However, like all other characters of the poem. For example, snowstorm and wind are clearly displayed in the poem, they are constantly ferocious, compared with an obstacle and reflect the symbol of the enemy. The girl of one of the twelve warriors, killed for treason, also appears in the poem for a reason, she carries a symbol of betrayal, a symbol of devastated faith. A pop with a big cross shows that everything is corrupt and the only thing left to believe in is oneself. Throughout the poem, A.A. Blok intensifies the tension and clear, sometimes rude statements also carry a symbol of the cruelty and harshness of humanity. And of course, the most basic episode in the poem "The Twelve" is a wreath, which serves as a symbol of victory.
The victory that was given in such a difficult way to these young guys. Victory, which taught them to be strong, courageous and believe only in themselves and their strengths.
She made them go through many difficulties, opened their eyes to many things, and removed the masks for many people.
A.A. Blok with his poem "The Twelve" taught his readers a lot, and most importantly, he charged courage and bravery of brave, brave and strong-willed guys - twelve warriors who managed to reach the end.
We also give the text of the essay, evaluated by experts for each criterion with a minimum positive score. (5 points: 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1)
You should pay attention to the highlighted fragments of the essay: they are available on the Internet, i.e. the graduate did not fully disclose the topic on his own.
C5.3. What is the role female images in the novel by M.A. Sholokhov " Quiet Don»?
“M.A. Sholokhov, creating the epic novel “Quiet Flows the Don” in the critical years of the revolution
And civil war, pays great attention to a Cossack woman: her hard work in the field and at home, her grief, her generous heart.
The image of Grigory Ilyinichna's mother became unforgettable. Her whole life was spent in work. She received a lot of beatings from a violent and wayward husband, she knew a lot of anxieties, she suffered a lot of losses during the war years. Ilyinichna is modest and
hardworking woman, she has a wise mind, courageous and firm
3 See: Zinin S.A., Gorokhovskaya L.N., Novikova L.V. On the use of the results of the unified state exam of 2010 in teaching literature in educational institutions secondary (complete) general education // Literature at school. 2011. No. 1; USE in literature: problem areas and the logic of development // Literature at school. 2012. No. 4;
Final exam in literature: facts, figures, reflections // Literature at school. 2013.
character, big, loving heart ). She also managed to "bridle" Panteley Prokofich: imperceptibly, but firmly, she leads him. It was under her influence that her husband did not let Natalya's brother Mitka Korshunov into the house, having learned that he had massacred the family of Mikhail Korshunov (FACTKosheva).
The most ardent love for his son Grisha. She had been waiting for him until the last minute since the war, having lost both her husband, her eldest son, and both daughters-in-law.
Devotedly loves Gregory and timid Natalya. Her love is selfless, submissive, but Natalya does not understand the heavy thoughts that tormented Grigory. Gregory finds a true soul mate in Aksinya. She carried Gregory's love through her whole difficult life. A simple, illiterate Cossack woman, she had a complex, rich soul. The writer often conveys the feelings that excite Aksinya through her perception of the surrounding nature. Life without Gregory, without love, was unbearable for Aksinya. Bright, impetuous, selfless, Aksinya remains for a long time in the memory of readers.
Considerable merit to the novel "Quiet Flows the Don" is given by the combination of the epicism of the great historical events, with an amazing lyricism of the narration, the transfer of the most subtle intimate experiences of people.
This also applies to the description of female images of ordinary Russian women.
For comparison, let's turn to the work in which the examinee shows the ability to convincingly argue his thoughts, referring to the text of the work.
C5.1. How is the author's attitude to the characters and events manifested in The Tale of Igor's Campaign?
"The Tale of Igor's Campaign" is the greatest monument ancient Russian literature. His discovery became an important cultural event of the era. For a long time, disputes about the authenticity of the work did not subside. Opinions were divided: some believed that this was a fake of the 18th century, but most educated people, including the great Russian poet A.S. Pushkin, still believed in the authenticity of the "Words ...".
The name of the author of this work has not come down to us, which is quite understandable. Anonymity was characteristic of ancient Russian art, artists (in the broadest sense of the word) did not sign their creations. We do not know either the biography or the fate of the artist "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", but we can learn a lot about him from his creation.
It should be noted that he was a man of advanced views, progressive thinking. He was able to realize that in an era of fragmentation, the most terrible threat is not the nomads with their devastating raids on Rus', but the unwillingness of the Russian princes to compromise, their thirst for power and profit, their disunity.
The artist of “Words…” was a true patriot, therefore he puts Svyatoslav’s “golden word” “mixed with tears” in the center of the composition of his work.
The call expressed in it to unite the forces of the princes against a common enemy in the name of saving the motherland clearly reflects the author's position.
Undoubtedly, the author of the Lay is very concerned about the fate of his land, his homeland. We can assume that he was an eyewitness to all the events he describes, maybe even participated in the campaign of Prince Igor against the Polovtsy. Nevertheless, he tries to narrate objectively, saying at the very beginning that he will write “according to the epics of our time” (“epics” here from the word “to be”, i.e. he will write, as they say now, based on real events). In "The Word..." the author does not idealize the image of Igor. The prince ignored the sign ( solar eclipse in those days was superstitiously considered a sure sign of trouble) and went on a campaign to satisfy his desire to become famous. Indeed, the first and second battles were crowned with victory, but the third was lost, and "sadness spread over the Russian land." The author condemns the hero of his work for bringing trouble to Rus'. When Igor escapes from captivity and first of all goes to repent to the Mother of God, the author forgives him, ending the "Word ..." with praising the prince himself, his squad and brave troops.
He is burdened by the fate of his land. Being a sensitive lyricist, the author resorts to folklore images in order to reflect more deeply his attitude to what is happening. Nature in his work warns of danger, while nature helps Igor escape from captivity.
The author of The Lay was not only a highly educated person, but also, without a doubt, a real creator, an artist of the word. He was not indifferent to the fate of his people and his land, and in every possible way tried to show this in his work. The tradition laid down by the ancient Russian “writer” was subsequently continued by M. Sholokhov in his epic novel “The Quiet Don”, A. Blok in the cycle of poems “On the Kulikovo Field”, L.N. Tolstoy in War and Peace. Although the author remained unknown and his name did not reach the descendants, he made an invaluable contribution to the development of Russian literature. (14 points: 3 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 3)
An important advantage of this work is its compositional thoughtfulness, the logical connection of the parts and the presence of the necessary transitions between them.
The ability to comprehend the logic of one’s own statement as a whole is manifested primarily in the absence of deviations from the topic, as well as in the correspondence of the introduction and conclusion to the topic (it should be noted the harmonious semantic unity of the beginning and end of the essay). Let us give examples of the introduction and conclusion of essays based on the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
“In the novel “Crime and Punishment” by F.M. Dostoevsky fully reflected all social problems Petersburg in the 1860s. The life of the poor strata of society is described in the novel with extraordinary authenticity and cannot but amaze the reader.
In the center of the story is a poor student Rodion Raskolnikov, who decided to commit a crime in order to "do" good. One of the critics expressed a curious point of view that there are a huge number of so-called Raskolnikov's doubles in the novel. They are almost all the heroes, but it is Luzhin who stands out most clearly among them. Let's try to figure out why."
“Thus, Luzhin is a double of Rodion, one of the extremes that Raskolnikov could achieve under certain conditions and circumstances. And it’s probably even good that in the end he didn’t reach this extreme, but began to develop along a different path. Perhaps, under other circumstances and without the support of Sonya, his soul would never have reached the spiritual rebirth, the emergence of which we can see on the pages of the epilogue.
According to the criterion "Compositional integrity and consistency of presentation", the work was rated 2 points.
Here is an example of a better ratio of introduction and conclusion:
“... But there is a hero in the work who evokes a feeling of disgust and hatred that comes out of everyone - Raskolnikov, the author of the novel and readers. This is Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin. But why is he so terrible? Is there really nothing human in it?
“... But the writer does not give Luzhin mercy, he considers him “ dead soul", because not only Raskolnikov, but everyone else sees the inner world
Luzhin is a world of vulgarity, complacency, pride. That is why Dostoevsky does not see a person in Luzhin! It has only faith in itself, but not in God and holy truths. I recall the legend of Larr, a proud man from the legend told by the old woman Izergil: here Dostoevsky punishes Luzhin with loneliness, everyone turns away from him. In the image of Luzhin, the writer wanted to show what Raskolnikov's theory leads to and how terrible it is. A main idea novel "Crime and Punishment" - a call for mercy, atonement for sins, a return to God.
According to the criterion "Compositional integrity and consistency of presentation", the work was rated 3 points.
The maximum score for this criterion can be assessed by a work in which there are no logical violations both between the semantic parts and within them.
Let us present the main part of the work, where this condition is completely fulfilled.
C5.1. As in the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin" reveals the "Russian soul" of Tatyana?
“... Tatyana retained her attachment to national origins. Hence, the main character traits that make her the author’s “sweet ideal” are a living faith in God (Tatiana “satisfied the anguish of an agitated soul with her prayer”), a desire to help her neighbor (she “helped the poor”), sincerity, contempt for high society, “rags masquerade, as she calls it.
“The Russian soul of Tatyana is revealed primarily in her actions. She recognizes in Onegin outstanding personality and falls in love with him. A sincere impulse of her heart makes her, contrary to all the foundations of society, write a letter to her lover and confess her feelings:
No, I would not give my heart to anyone in the world!
Now it is decided in the highest council, Now the will of heaven: I am yours!
... Even in St. Petersburg, being a princess and a high society lady, Tatyana has not changed. Naturalness - main feature that distinguishes her from the rest of the high society. She sits "calm and free." Living faith is the reason that Tatyana, still loving Onegin, is faithful to her husband. She, turning in her rebuke to the hero, confesses her feelings to him, but does not give in to him:
I I love you (why dissemble?), but I am given to another,
I I will be faithful to him forever.
In addition, Tatyana's "Russian soul" is revealed in her attitude to nature. It is no accident that many of the novel's landscapes are given through Tatiana's eyes. It is in love for the Russian winter that the author sees the main manifestation of its national character:
Tatyana (Russian soul, without knowing why)
With her cold beauty, she loved the Russian winter...
The opposition between Onegin and Tatyana is emphasized with the help of the landscape. If the hero is indifferent to nature, then Tatyana considers meadows and forests to be her friends:
She, as with equal friends, With her groves, fields Still in a hurry to talk ...
To a large extent, Tatyana's "Russian soul" is characterized by her dream. Epigraph to the fifth chapter ("Oh, do not know these bad dreams/ You, my Svetlana!”) emphasizes the connection with the ballad by V.A. Zhukovsky "Svetlana" and immerses the reader into the world of beliefs. Tatiana in this
close to the common people, because in their house the maids “were guessing about their young ladies.” The dream is filled with symbolism, which was studied in detail by Yu.M. Lotman in his comments on "Eugene Onegin". For example, a bear and crossing a stream in the Russian mind are symbols of an imminent wedding.
Besides, national character Tatyana is revealed in relationships with representatives common people. The heroine closely communicates with her nanny Filipyevna, who tells the story of her marriage. Tatyana is surrounded by other peasants: maids in the Larins' house, girls "picking berries", Onegin's housekeeper Anisya.
Thus, Tatyana's "Russian soul" is revealed in many ways in the novel. The national identity of the heroine highlighted such traits as sincerity, chastity, naturalness. Pushkin's traditions in the image female character were continued by such writers as I.A. Goncharov, I.S. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky and L.N. Tolstoy".
The example of this work clearly shows that all quality requirements USE essays and the evaluation criteria are interrelated: only an examinee who knows the content of the work, understands the intention of its author and has the skills of literary analysis can build a logically coherent statement.
One of the conditions necessary for the full disclosure of the topic of the essay is the reliance on the author's position. In the fragment of the work given above, this condition is undoubtedly fulfilled.
"Any artistic image does not represent a mechanical copying, an active author's biased and selective attitude to the depicted is introduced into it. Quite often, the system of author's assessments in a literary work is understandable without special analysis: for example, it is clear to us that Fonvizin positively evaluates the characters of Pravdin, Starodum, Milon, Sophia and negatively - Skotinin, Prostakova, Mitrofanushka ... However, in realistic works we still often meet with a complex the author's assessment of one character or another, with an assessment that includes both positive and negative ... Realistic character is a complex unity ... "4
Let's analyze the graduate's essay on the topic: "As an author's position
manifests itself in the finale of the drama by A.N. Ostrovsky's "Thunderstorm"? (S5.2)
“Drama A.N. Ostrovsky's "Thunderstorm" is a very multifaceted work. It is very difficult to find the author's position in it: it does not lie on the surface, but is hidden under the thickness of events, destinies, as well as small and large tragedies.
The main character of the drama is Katerina. She is a simple, meek, quiet girl and very faithful, if not to say, pious. Katerina feels an incredible unity with nature and even calls it a "temple". Katerina's walks in the garden, as well as "communication with the Volga", perhaps the most "Russian" and therefore the most "living" of the rivers, most of all resemble a prayer in a temple. That is why it is almost impossible to imagine that such a girl is capable of suicide.
However, being driven to the deepest degree of despair by both her husband and her mother-in-law Kabanikha, and also being so pure that it was simply not possible for her to live, deceiving herself, her husband, and her beloved, she decides on this act. Surprisingly, many, including believers, did not condemn her for this, because everyone except Kabanikha only sympathized with this deeply unhappy woman.
4 Esin A.B. Principles and methods of analysis literary work: Tutorial. M.: Flinta: Nauka, 1998. S. 59.
8. How do the different attitudes of the hostels to Nastya's story reflect the main conflict of the play?
In this passage, the characters express a contradictory attitude towards the problem of a saving lie, which M. Gorky formulated as an asymmetric question "truth or compassion?".
Luka understands that, imagining herself the heroine of tabloid novels, Nastya feels happier, and therefore supports the girl's dreams of love, sincerely offers her consolation: "Luke, smiling, strokes Nastya's head." Natasha, compassionate and dreaming of a different life like Nastya, accepts Luka's position and also supports the girl.
The opposite opinion is expressed by Bubnov and Baron. The cynic and skeptic Bubnov mercilessly exposes Nastya's groundless dreams, the Baron laughs at her hopes: "Nastka! Why, after all ... the last time was Gaston!"
These heroes illustrate the rejection of Luke's position, opposition to the idea of the life-givingness of a comforting lie.
9. In what works of Russian classics are "book" heroines depicted, and in what way can they be compared with Gorky's Nastya?
The image of the "book" heroine is reflected in many works domestic literature. For example, in the comedy "Woe from Wit" by A. S. Griboyedov, Sofya Famusova is fond of reading French novels and dreams of a big, beautiful love like Nastya. However, Sophia still lives in the real world and chooses the role of a romantic admirer real person, Molchalin, while Nastya is doomed to exist in poverty and humiliation, sincerely loving only in her dreams.
Another heroine, Tatyana Larina from A. S. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin", also reads a lot in her youth, lives in a fictional world of book images. Even Tatyana's behavior, the letter she wrote, are reminiscent of the classic plots of French novels. However, if Nastya still fails to get out of the social bottom, arrange own life, then the matured Tatyana becomes a luxurious representative of the high society of Moscow and lives, remaining faithful to true honor, and not to romantic dreams.
Updated: 2018-08-09
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