Ways to identify the level of literary development of schoolchildren. Determination of the level of perception of a literary work based on the results of the reading activity of students
Topic 12. Youth as social group
The youth- this is a socio-demographic group, distinguished on the basis of a combination of age characteristics (approximately from 16 to 25 years), characteristics of social status and certain socio-psychological qualities.
Youth is a period of choosing a profession and one's place in life, developing a worldview and life values, choosing a life partner, creating a family, achieving economic independence and socially responsible behavior.
Youth is a certain phase, stage life cycle human and biologically universal.
- Transition of the position.
– High level of mobility.
– Development of new social roles(employee, student, citizen, family man) associated with a change in status.
- Active search for your place in life.
- Favorable professional and career prospects.
Young people are the most active, mobile and dynamic part of the population, free from stereotypes and prejudices of previous years and possessing the following socio-psychological qualities: mental instability; internal inconsistency; low level of tolerance (from lat. tolerantia - patience); the desire to stand out, to be different from the rest; the existence of a specific youth subculture.
It is typical for young people to unite in informal groups, which are characterized by the following features:
- emergence on the basis of spontaneous communication in the specific conditions of the social situation;
– self-organization and independence from official structures;
- obligatory for the participants and different from the typical, accepted in society, models of behavior that are aimed at the realization of vital needs that are not satisfied in ordinary forms (they are aimed at self-affirmation, giving social status, gaining security and prestigious self-esteem);
- relative stability, a certain hierarchy among group members;
- expression of others value orientations or even worldviews, stereotypes of behavior that are uncharacteristic of society as a whole;
- an attribute that emphasizes belonging to a given community.
Youth groups and movements can be classified depending on the characteristics of youth initiatives.
The acceleration of the pace of development of society leads to an increase in the role of youth in public life. Including in social relations young people modify them and, under the influence of the transformed conditions, improve themselves.
Job Sample
A1. Choose the correct answer. Are the following statements about psychological characteristics youth?
A. For a teenager, first of all, external events, actions, friends are important.
B. In adolescence greater value acquires inner world man, the discovery of his own "I".
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
The spiritual crisis obliges philosophers and sociologists to look for the foundations for the competent development and upbringing of the new generation. Youth needs support and attention, because without it there will be no development of the country. This requires, in turn, an understanding of how the socialization of young people occurs, the assimilation of the values of society by it.
general characteristics
Youth, as a social group, is characterized by a dependent social status, insufficient personal independence in making decisions regarding their lives; acuteness of the problem of choosing a professional path, life partner, moral and spiritual self-determination; active formation of subjectness as self-identification, awareness of one's interests, growth of one's organization, great intellectual potential.
The entry of an individual into a social group of youth is characterized by the active development of self-consciousness, reflection on oneself and the world. There is an expansion of human life space. There comes an awareness of the future, a life perspective appears, professional intentions arise.
The meaning of ideals
Awareness of the need to determine personal goals in life, a keen search for life guidelines through ideals and values is a feature of this age. Proceeding from this, psychologist Viktor Frankl considered it dangerous to “protect” young people from value and ideological influence under the pretext of preserving the independence of their worldview and inner peace (homeostasis with social environment), since the existential vacuum at this age turns into destructive forms of social activity. It is in the young that the perception of new ideals and values, their internalization causes internal conflict rather satisfaction. The psychological tension associated with such internalization contributes to the development of personality, the formation of self-confidence and the ability to overcome difficulties. V. Frankl's conclusions are confirmed by a study conducted under the direction of V.I. Chuprov and Yu.A. Zubok, according to the results of which it turned out that 64.2% of young people in Russia consider it important for themselves to have ideals, and only 28.6% believe that ideals interfere in a person's life.
In a study conducted by Professor V.I. Kuznetsov in 2006, 52% of respondents considered themselves to be among those who have ideals, and only 13.2% indicated that they did not have them. However, 34.8% of respondents found it difficult to answer this question. Only 28.5% of the ideals coincide with the ideals of their parents, 31% do not coincide, and 40.5% (!) could not decide on this either.
Looking for stability
On the one hand, there is a growing focus on social continuity, including centuries of experience. Russian culture, on the other hand, on innovation and evolutionism. However, in modern conditions these two orientations often do not complement each other, but appear in parallel and may conflict. As a result, there is a discreteness of the value field of the individual, which leads to the undermining of "ontological security", that is, according to E. Giddens, the state of people's confidence in the constancy of the surrounding social and material world in which they live and operate. Young people are opening up new opportunities for operating with living space, time, money, education, choosing the form of work, career, but there is always a risk of losing these benefits. This situation reinforces the relativism of values in the minds of young people and distrust of ideals, which hinders the formation of the meaning of life, the implementation of a sustainable life strategy, i.e. normal functioning of personal values.
In modern conditions of life younger generation characterized by uncertainty, social innovation necessarily manifests itself in the form of risk. Therefore, self-confidence is replaced by apprehension, fear of change and the desire for stability, which society cannot provide him.
Since young people are both an object and a subject of socialization, the instability of ways to achieve a social status by a young person is spreading, which is also reflected in the process of internalization of values, because the alienation of young people from historical experience, traditional values, forms and methods of social participation that have developed in culture is developing. This undermines the sense of "ontological security". Then there is a contradiction between the objectively inherent desire of young people to take appropriate positions in social structure, acquire a certain social status and obstacles to its effective integration into society, arising in conditions of social instability and crisis. This contradiction can be resolved by changing the content of socialization, in the process of which not only ready-made models of social participation are laid, but also the ability to discursively evaluate changes, separate the situational from the permanent, and identify objectively destructive and constructive social processes.
Lacking sufficient resources and cognitive potential, the ability to influence the transformation of the social structure and institutional norms develops latently and manifests itself, in most cases, during the transition to older ones. age groups in which the synergy of resources, symbolic capital and the socio-cultural potential of the individual significantly enhance the participation of the individual in the social process as a subject.
Features of further socialization
Thus, the features of the formation of youth as an agent of social relations are determined by a number of factors. First, there is an increase in uncertainty, both in the personality itself and in the construction of relationships with outside world; contradictions in the structuring of values are intensified, associated with the search for the meaning of life, disappointment in certain values, intrapersonal conflicts, contradictions of past stages of socialization.
Secondly, the need to plan a life strategy based on stable social ties, joining new social groups, becoming a long-term life position, accumulation of social capital.
Thirdly, the incompleteness of the internalization of values and, as a result, the inconsistency of the value structure of the individual prevent him from adequately constructing and developing social life.
Fourth, the state of the individual young man characterized by high dynamics of the value system and active internalization of values. Therefore, young people do not have the ability (and often the desire) to set long-term goals consistent with the social environment and plan adequate ways to achieve them. As a result, the personality of a modern young person tends to conformism rather than to plant and achieve radical goals, including those associated with the destruction of the social order.
Fifthly, a young person, getting into many new social situations, may experience dissatisfaction, disagreement with circumstances or protest against established norms. However, the incompleteness of the crystallization of values hinders the realization of these aspirations, limits reflection, the ability of self-esteem and sustainable self-organization. Therefore, a young person seeks to overcome the boundaries of the information field in which the individual and the group operate in order to build or expand the real and symbolic space of the life world.
Transgressive consciousness of youth
An important characteristic of consciousness that influences the internalization of values in young people is transgressiveness, which is expressed, as Chuprov and Zubok mentioned above write, in “ the system of young people's attitudes to transfer these patterns into their lives, due to the lack of sustainable imperatives in society, the devaluation of the proclaimed value-normative patterns and social experience» .
Thus, transgressive ideas about the proper and significant in the future, including those based on intuition, form the basis for the formation of terminal values and social identities youth.
Consequently, the formation of the weight and significance of values among young people is based not only on the correlation of values with the possibilities of its actualization in the present, but also on predicting the possibilities of including values in long-term life strategies, predicting the dynamics of the significance of one's life conditions, social connections, and personal properties. " Behavioral strategies of youth are guided by the requirements not so much of today's, already elusive world, as of tomorrow's - not yet clear and not expressed, but predictable.» .
A study by the Center for Sociology of Youth of the Institute for Socio-Political Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, conducted in 2006 in 12 regions of the Russian Federation, interviewed 2,000 people. (headed by Yu.A. Zubok).
Kuznetsov V.I. Youth at the turn of the century // Sociological research. - Rostov-n / D: RSU, 2008. P.46.
Zubok Yu.A., Chuprov V.I. Social regulation under conditions of uncertainty. Theoretical and applied problems in youth research. — M.:Academia, 2008.S. 62.
There. S. 65.
Alexander Ogorodnikov
The concept of "youth" as a definition of a socio-demographic group originates from the end of the XVIII - early XIX centuries Prior to this, young people were not recognized as a special social group. Up to late XIX V. youth problems were considered indirectly, through the problems of personality development, education of a citizen of a historically specific society, which found a scientific form of expression in philosophy, pedagogy, psychology of the Renaissance, Modern times, Western philosophy of the 17th - 18th centuries. Actualization of theoretical studies of youth, the creation of independent concepts of age occurred at the beginning of the 20th century. and was developed in the sociological theories of youth. Youth as a special social group was recognized on quite objective grounds, by which it is customary to understand those main aspects and relationships that determine the functioning, direction of change and development of all other aspects of this social education. The concepts of youth in the sociocultural aspect began to be developed in the 50s. 20th century such researchers as G. Shelsky, K. Mannheim, A. Tenbruk, S. Eisenstadt.
To date, in the circles of sociologists, a view has been established of youth as a reference socio-demographic group, the most important features of which most authors consider age characteristics and the associated features of the social status, as well as the socio-psychological qualities due to both, which allows us to speak of a multi-level analysis of youth as a social phenomenon. One of the researchers of the problems of the young generation, S. N. Ikonnikova, identified three levels of describing youth as a social phenomenon:
─ individual psychological - correlation with specific person;
─ socio-psychological - description of the most significant properties, qualities, interests of individual groups;
─ sociological - a description of the place of youth in the system of material and spiritual production and consumption in the social structure of society.
Youth as a part of society is studied by various humanities. The discussion about the definition of youth, the criteria for separating them into an independent group has a long history. Scientists share different approaches to the subject of study - from the standpoint of sociology, psychology, physiology, demography, etc., as well as classification traditions that have formed within certain scientific schools.
Researchers Vishnevsky Yu. R., Kovaleva A. I., Lukov V. A. and others. The following are distinguished as the most typical approaches found in the scientific literature:
─ psychological: youth is the period of development of the human personality between "puberty" (puberty) and "maturity" (full maturity);
─ socio-psychological: youth is a certain age with its biological and psychological relationships, and as a result, all the features of the age class;
─ conflictology: youth is a difficult, stressful and extremely important period of life, a long conflict between the individual and society, a problematic stage in human development;
─ role-playing: youth is a special behavioral phase in a person's life, when he no longer plays the role of a child, and at the same time is not yet a full-fledged bearer of the role of an "adult";
─ subcultural: youth is a group with its own specific way of life, lifestyle, cultural norms;
─ stratified: youth is a special socio-demographic group, limited by age limits, with specific positions, statuses, roles;
─ socialization: youth is a period of social growth, primary socialization;
─ interactionist: youth is one of the three states of the soul inherent in every person. "Parent" - orientation towards normative behavior, "adult" - orientation towards making adult decisions, "youth" - spontaneity, spontaneity;
─ axiological: youth is a socially significant, important stage of a person's life cycle. It is at this stage that the system of value orientations of individuals is formed;
─ subjective: youth is a special attitude, aspiration for the future, optimism;
─ procedural: young people are those who are not completed, not integrated, are in a state of formation, formation.
In accordance with these approaches, scientists are making attempts to isolate and unify the "features" of youth as a social phenomenon. Based on the analysis of the works of Russian authors, the following features of youth can be distinguished:
─ age;
─ socio-historical;
─ sociological;
─ spiritual and cultural;
─ socio-psychological;
─ culturological;
Thus, the distinctive social quality of each new generation of youth (or its individual groups) is determined by the characteristics of the personal, objective and procedural aspects of its concrete historical existence, which determine the ability to inherit, reproduce and improve the social structure of society. Youth is a socio-demographic group identified on the basis of a combination of age characteristics (approximately from 16 to 30 years old), social status and certain socio-psychological qualities. Youth is a certain phase, stage of the human life cycle and is biologically universal. Youth is a period of choosing a profession and one's place in life, developing a worldview and life values, choosing a life partner, creating a family, achieving economic independence and socially responsible behavior.
Features of the social status of youth:
Transition of position.
High level of mobility.
Mastering new social roles (worker, student, citizen, family man) associated with a change in status.
Active search for your place in life.
Favorable professional and career prospects.
Typical for young people is the association in informal groups, which are characterized by the following features:
The emergence on the basis of spontaneous communication in the specific conditions of the social situation;
Self-organization and independence from official structures;
Mandatory for participants and different from the typical, accepted in society, models of behavior that are aimed at the realization of vital needs that are not satisfied in ordinary forms (they are aimed at self-affirmation, giving social status, gaining security and prestigious self-esteem);
Relative stability, a certain hierarchy among group members;
Expression of other value orientations or even worldview, stereotypes of behavior that are uncharacteristic of society as a whole;
An attribute that emphasizes belonging to a given community.
Depending on the characteristics of youth activities, youth groups and movements can be classified:
Aggressive activity
It is based on the most primitive ideas about the hierarchy of values based on the cult of persons. Primitivism, visibility of self-affirmation. Popular among teenagers and young people with a minimum level of intellectual and cultural development.
Outrageous activity
It is based on a challenge to norms, canons, rules, opinions both in everyday, material forms of life - clothing, hair, and in spiritual ones - art, science. “Challenge” aggression on yourself from other people so that you are “noticeable”.
Alternative activity
It is based on the development of alternative behavioral patterns that are systemically contrary to generally accepted ones, which become an end in itself.
social activities
It is aimed at solving specific social problems (environmental movements, movements for the revival and preservation of cultural and historical heritage, etc.).
Political activity
It is aimed at changing the political system and the political situation in accordance with the ideas of a particular group.
Youth social problems, which are the subject of scientific analysis, are divided into two large groups. The first includes specifically youth social problems: defining the essence of youth as a social group, the characteristics of its social position (status), role and place in the social reproduction of society; establishing criteria for its age limits; study of the features of consciousness (needs, interests, values) and ways of activity of the younger generation; study of the specifics of the process of socialization of young people, their social and professional orientation and adaptation in the team; analysis social aspects activities of informal youth associations and movements.
Another important area of scientific analysis is problems that are general sociological and at the same time either mainly concern young people (problems of education, family, marriage), or find specific manifestations in the youth environment (peculiarities of education, development of social and political activity of young people, their role and place in power structures, the specifics of social contradictions and conflicts, etc.). Numerous studies allow us to conclude that there are quite general fundamental contradictions inherent in modern risk societies that young people face:
wealth and poverty
growth of opportunities for self-realization and unemployment,
global subculture and an abundance of countercultures,
education and complete illiteracy,
the value of health, the cult of sports and drug addiction, smoking, alcoholism - they are a consequence.
Among the youth problems of the Russian risk society are:
decline in real living standards,
significant stratification according to the level of financial situation,
an increase in morbidity, including especially dangerous diseases,
deterioration of the state of the educational infrastructure and the quality of educational services,
high unemployment,
young family crisis
commercialization of culture,
the growth of lack of spirituality and crime among the youth.
In conditions when risk turns into the general basis of modernity, the riskological direction in the study of young people becomes promising. It resulted in a reasonable conclusion that the dominance of risk in behavior patterns is a common characteristic of today's young generations, and risk is one of the essential properties of young people as a social group. At each stage of its development, society makes certain demands on the younger generation, expressed in the form of social norms, values, morality, etc., and also provides various opportunities for its successful integration into social structures.
The problems faced by young people are related to the position of young people in the social structure, characterized primarily by transition and instability. The social processes that are taking place in modern times only exacerbate these problems. Factors affecting the situation of young people:
Economic factors most of all influence the situation of young people. For the most part, young people are insufficiently provided financially, do not have their own housing, and are forced to rely on the financial assistance of their parents. The desire to get an education postpones the start of labor activity to a more mature age, and the lack of experience in knowledge prevents them from obtaining highly paid positions. Youth wages are much lower than the average wages, extremely small and student scholarship.
If during periods of social stability these problems can generally be resolved or mitigated, then during a period of crisis they become much more complicated. In a situation of economic recession, the number of unemployed among the youth increases sharply, and it becomes increasingly difficult for young people to achieve a state of economic independence.
Spiritual factors are equally important. In modern times, the process of the loss of moral guidelines, the erosion of traditional norms and values, is intensifying. Youth, as a transitional and unstable social group, is most vulnerable to the negative trends of our time. Thus, the values of labor, freedom, democracy, interethnic tolerance are gradually being leveled, and these “obsolete” values are being replaced by a consumer attitude towards the world, intolerance towards strangers, and herding. The protest charge characteristic of young people in times of crisis is distorted, acquiring cruel and aggressive forms. At the same time, there is an avalanche-like criminalization of young people, the number of young people with social deviations, such as alcoholism, drug addiction, and prostitution, is growing.
The most important problem of the spiritual plan remains the problem of "fathers and sons", associated with the conflict of values between young people and the older generation.
But there are deeper, more difficult-to-detect, and perhaps more significant causes of suicide in children. To the question: "What can cause a teenager to commit suicide?" schoolchildren usually start talking about problems at school, misunderstanding of parents, conflicts with friends, loneliness, the emptiness of life ... Suicides due to deuces and the exam have become so frequent in Russia that it is high time to sound the alarm. In the meantime, society is reacting to this disaster very sluggishly, and parents, with their zeal for the violent education of their children, only create a favorable situation for the voluntary parting of children with life. A study of the problem of suicide among young people shows that in a number of cases, adolescents decided to commit suicide in order to draw the attention of parents and teachers to their problems and protested in such a terrible way against the callousness, indifference, cynicism and cruelty of adults. Decided to take such a step, as a rule, teenagers who are closed, vulnerable by nature from a feeling of loneliness, their own uselessness of stress and the loss of the meaning of life. Timely psychological support, kind participation rendered to a person in difficult life situation would have helped to avoid tragedy.
Youth, on the one hand, is an unprotected group, which is rather a destabilizing force in society, and on the other hand, it is a generation on which the future of the country depends. Such a special status of youth gives rise to the need for an adequate youth policy that can solve or mitigate existing problems, as well as direct the creative potential of young people into a creative direction.
Social science. Full course preparation for the exam Shemakhanova Irina Albertovna
3.3. Youth as a social group
The youth - 1) a socio-demographic group, identified on the basis of a combination of age characteristics (approximately from 14 to 30 years old), characteristics of social status and certain socio-psychological qualities; 2) the most active, mobile and dynamic part of the population, free from stereotypes and prejudices of previous years and possessing the following socio-psychological qualities: mental instability; internal inconsistency; low level of tolerance; the desire to stand out, to be different from the rest; the existence of a specific youth subculture.
Features of the social status of youth: transitivity of the position; high level mobility; mastering new social roles (worker, student, citizen, family man) associated with a change in status; active search their place in life; favorable professional and career prospects.
* In terms of leading activities, the period of youth coincides with the completion of education ( learning activities) and entry into working life ( labor activity).
* From the point of view of psychology, youth is the period of finding one's own Self, the assertion of a person as an individual, unique personality; the process of finding one's own special path to achieve success and happiness. Awareness of mistakes shapes his own experience.
* From the position of law, youth is the time of the onset of civil adulthood (in Russia - 18 years). An adult person receives full legal capacity, i.e., the opportunity to enjoy all the rights of a citizen (voting rights, the right to legally marry, etc.) At the same time, a young person assumes certain responsibilities (obeying laws, paying taxes, caring for disabled family members , protection of the Fatherland, etc.).
* From a general philosophical point of view, youth can be seen as a time of opportunity, a time of striving for the future. From this position, youth is a period of instability, change, criticality, constant search novelty. The interests of the young lie in a different plane than the interests of the older generations: young people, as a rule, do not want to obey traditions and customs - they want to transform the world, to establish their innovative values.
Main problems of youth
- V social structure the situation of young people is characterized by transition and instability;
– economic forces most influence the situation of young people (young people are not financially well off, they do not have their own housing, they are forced to rely on the financial assistance of their parents, lack of experience and knowledge prevents them from obtaining highly paid positions, youth wages are much lower than the average wage, and student scholarships are small). In a situation of economic recession, the number of unemployed among the youth increases sharply, and it becomes increasingly difficult for young people to achieve a state of economic independence.
– spiritual factors: the process of loss of moral guidelines, erosion of traditional norms and values is intensifying. Youth, as a transitional and unstable social group, is most vulnerable to the negative trends of our time. Thus, the values of labor, freedom, democracy, interethnic tolerance are gradually being leveled, and these “obsolete” values are being replaced by a consumer attitude towards the world, intolerance towards strangers, and herding. The protest charge characteristic of young people in times of crisis is distorted, acquiring cruel and aggressive forms. At the same time, there is an avalanche-like criminalization of youth, the number of young people with social deviations such as alcoholism, drug addiction, prostitution.
– the problem of fathers and children" associated with the conflict of values between young people and the older generation. Generation is an objectively emerging socio-demographic and cultural-historical community of people united by age and common historical conditions life.
informal groups characterized the following signs: emergence on the basis of spontaneous communication in the specific conditions of the social situation; self-organization and independence from official structures; obligatory for the participants and different from the accepted in society models of behavior, which are aimed at self-affirmation, giving social status, gaining security and prestigious self-esteem; relative stability, a certain hierarchy among group members; expression of other value orientations or worldview, stereotypes of behavior that are uncharacteristic of society as a whole; attributes that emphasize belonging to a given community.
Classification of youth groups and movements (depending on the characteristics of youth amateur performances)
1) Aggressive activity: is based on the most primitive ideas about the hierarchy of values based on the cult of persons.
2) Outrageous amateur performance: is based on a challenge to norms, canons, rules, opinions both in everyday, material forms of life - clothing, hairstyle, and in spiritual ones - art, science (punk style, etc.).
3) Alternative activities: is based on the development of alternative behavioral patterns that are systemically contrary to generally accepted ones, which become an end in itself (hippies, Hare Krishnas, etc.).
4) Social initiative: aimed at solving specific social problems(environmental movements, movements for the revival and preservation of cultural and historical heritage, etc.).
5) Political activity: aimed at changing the political system and the political situation in accordance with the ideas of a particular group.
Youth policy is a system of state priorities and measures aimed at creating conditions and opportunities for successful socialization and effective self-realization of youth. The goal of the state youth policy – comprehensive development the potential of young people, which should contribute to the achievement of long-term goals - the social, economic, cultural development of the country, ensuring its international competitiveness and strengthening national security.
Main directions of youth policy
- involvement of young people in public life, informing them about potential development opportunities;
– development of creative activity of youth, support of talented youth;
– integration of young people who find themselves in a difficult life situation into a full life.
This text is an introductory piece. From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia(MO) author TSBYouth Youth, a socio-demographic group, identified on the basis of a combination of age characteristics, social status, and socio-psychological characteristics determined by both. Youth as a certain phase, stage of life
From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (CE) of the author TSB From book encyclopedic Dictionary winged words and expressions author Serov Vadim VasilievichGolden youth From French: Jeunesse doree. Literally: Gilded youth. At one time, Jean Jacques Rousseau in his novel The New Eloise (1761) wrote about “gilded people” (hommes dores), that is, about noble, wealthy gentlemen dressed in camisoles embroidered with gold. In the era of the Great
From the book "Afghan" lexicon. Veteran military jargon afghan war 1979-1989 author Boyko B LYouth is a barometer of society The words of the famous Russian doctor, the founder of military field surgery and an active fighter against class prejudices in the field of education, Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov (1810-1881). It is cited as a reminder that about moral health
From the book Sociology: Cheat Sheet author author unknownyoung soldiers of the first six months of service And now, young people, listen here, - he shook off the ashes right on the shining floor. - Don't work for strangers. Follow orders only. If someone wants to plow you, let him contact me. author Tomchin Alexander
35. CONCEPTS "SOCIAL CLASS", "SOCIAL GROUP", "SOCIAL LAYERS", "SOCIAL STATUS" Social class is a large unit in the theory of social stratification. This concept appeared in the 19th century. Prior to this, the main social unit was the estate. There are various 37. SOCIAL COMMUNITIES. THE CONCEPT OF "SOCIAL GROUP" Social communities are real-life, observable collections of individuals who differ in their position in society. They act as an independent entity. Typically, these communities 10. FAMILY AS A SMALL SOCIAL GROUP A family is a small social group, a social unit of society, based on marital relations and family ties (between brothers and sisters, husband and wife, children and parents). The family arose at the end of the primitive communal system 8.12. Youth - what is it and what are they interested in? In the railway station area big city on the street, a young creature with tousled purple hair and bleary eyes may come up to you and ask you for some money - for drugs. Some teenagers can't find Caution: Youth From the Bulletin of the Congress of Narcologists: “In Russia, a youth drug culture is being formed with its centers - discos. This youth subculture is actively supported by the media promoting rave as Chapter 12 Group Soviet troops in Germany - the Western Group of Forces in 1945-1994 transitional position a high level of mobility mastering new social roles (employee, student, citizen, family man) associated with a change in status active search for one's place in life Favorable professional and career prospects B. Young people are the most active, mobile and dynamic part of the population, free from stereotypes and prejudices of previous years and having the following socio-psychological qualities: mental instability internal inconsistency low level of tolerance (from lat. tolerantia - patience) Striving to stand out and be different from others the existence of a specific youth subculture It is typical for young people to unite in informal groups, which are characterized by the following features: 2. Signs of informal youth groups emergence on the basis of spontaneous communication in the specific conditions of the social situation obligatory for the participants and different from the typical, accepted in society, models of behavior that are aimed at the realization of vital needs unsatisfied in ordinary forms (they are aimed at self-affirmation, giving social status, gaining security and prestigious self-esteem) Expression of other value orientations or even worldview, stereotypes of behavior that are not characteristic of society as a whole self-organization and independence from official structures Relative stability, a certain hierarchy among group members Attributes emphasizing belonging to a given community Youth groups and movements can be classified depending on the characteristics of youth initiatives. Types of amateur youth activities The acceleration of the pace of development of society causes an increase in the role of young people in public life. Involving in social relations, young people modify them and, under the influence of the transformed conditions, improve themselves. ethnic communities 1. Modern humanity is a complex ethnic structure, which includes several thousand ethnic communities (nations, nationalities, tribes, ethnic groups, etc.), differing both in size and level of development. All ethnic communities of the Earth are part of more than two hundred states. Therefore, most modern states polyethnic. For example, several hundred ethnic communities live in India, and there are 200 peoples in Nigeria. As part of the modern Russian Federation more than 100 ethnic groups, including about 30 nations. 2. ethnic community
- it is a stable set of people (tribe, nationality, nation, people) that has historically developed in a certain territory, possessing common features and stable features of culture, language, mental make-up, self-consciousness and historical memory, as well as awareness of their interests and goals, their unity, differences from other detailed formations. 2. In sociology, the concept of "ethnic minorities" is widely used, which includes not just quantitative data: its representatives are at a disadvantage compared to other ethnic groups due to discrimination(belittling, belittling, infringement) from the rest ethnic groups Its members experience a certain sense of group solidarity, "belonging to a single whole" it is usually to some extent physically and socially isolated from the rest of society 3. Prerequisites for the formation of an ethnos The natural prerequisite for the formation of one or another ethnic group was community of territory because it created the necessary conditions for joint activities of people. However, in the future, when the ethnos has formed, this feature loses its main significance and may be completely absent. So, some ethnic groups and in the conditions diaspora(from the Greek diaspora - dispersion) retained their identity, not having a single territory. Another important condition for the formation of an ethnos is common language. But even this sign cannot be considered universal, since in a number of cases (for example, the USA), an ethnos is formed in the course of the development of economic, political and other ties, and common languages are the result of this process. A more stable sign of an ethnic community is the unity of such components of spiritual culture as values, norms And patterns of behavior, as well as related socio-psychological characteristics of consciousness And people's behavior. An integrative indicator of the existing socio-ethnic community is ethnic identity
- a sense of belonging to a particular ethnic group, awareness of one's unity and difference from other ethnic groups. An important role in the development of ethnic self-consciousness is played by ideas about the common origin, history, historical destinies, as well as traditions, customs, rituals, folklore, i.e. those elements of culture that are passed down from generation to generation and form a specific ethnic culture. national interests. Thanks to ethnic self-awareness, a person keenly feels the interests of his people, compares them with the interests of other peoples, the world community. Awareness of ethnic interests induces a person to activities in the process of which they are realized. Note two sides national interests: 5. Ethno-national communities develop from a clan, tribe, nation, reaching the level of a nation-state. A derivative of the concept of "nation" is the term " nationality", which is used in Russian as the name of a person's belonging to any ethnic group. Many modern researchers consider the interethnic nation to be a classic, in which general civil qualities come to the fore and at the same time, the features of the ethnic groups included in it are preserved - language, their own culture, traditions, and customs. Interethnic, civil nation is a set (community) of citizens of a particular state. Some scientists believe that the formation of such a nation means the "end of the nation" in the ethnic dimension. Others, recognizing the nation-state, believe that it is necessary to talk not about the "end of the nation", but about its new qualitative state. Interethnic relations, ethno-social conflicts, ways to resolve them
1.
Interethnic relations, due to their multidimensionality, are a complex phenomenon. A. They include two varieties: B. The ways of peaceful cooperation are quite diverse.
From the author's book
Type name His characteristic
Aggressive amateur performance It is based on the most primitive ideas about the hierarchy of values based on the cult of persons. Primitivism, visibility of self-affirmation. Popular among teenagers and young people with a minimum level of intellectual and cultural development
Outrageous (fr. epater - to amaze, surprise) amateur performance It is based on a challenge to norms, canons, rules, opinions, both in everyday, material forms of life - clothing, hair, and in spiritual ones - art, science. "Challenge" aggression on yourself from other persons so that you are "noticed" (punk style, etc.)
Alternative amateur performance It is based on the development of alternative behavior patterns that are systemically contrary to generally accepted models of behavior, which becomes an end in itself (hippies, Hare Krishnas, etc.)
Social initiative Aimed at solving specific social problems (environmental movements, movements for the revival and preservation of cultural and historical heritage, etc.)
Political amateur performance Aimed at changing the political system and the political situation in accordance with the ideas of a particular group
A.
Types of ethnic communities
Genus
Tribe
Nationality
Nation
A group of blood relatives descending from the same line (maternal or paternal)
The totality of genera, interconnected by common features of culture, awareness of a common origin, as well as a common dialect, the unity of religious ideas, rituals
Historically formed community of people, united by a common territory, language, mental warehouse, culture
A historical community of people characterized by developed economic ties, common territory and common language, culture, ethnic identity
