The special genetic code of Russians. American geneticists have established that Russians and Ukrainians are not blood brothers

We hear all the time that Russians are not a people united by blood, kindred by blood, but a conglomeration of people united by a common culture and territory. Everyone remembers Putin catchphrases“There are no pure Russians!” and "scratch every Russian, you will certainly find a Tatar."
They say that we are “very different in blood”, “not sprouted from the same root”, but were a melting pot for the Tatar, Caucasian, German, Finnish, Buryat, Mordovian and other peoples who ever ran, entered, strayed on our land, and we accepted them all, let them into the house, took them into relatives.

It has become almost an axiom in use by politicians who blur the concept of Russian, and at the same time for everyone it was an entrance ticket to the environment of the Russian people.

This approach, raised to the flag by numerous Russophobic a la "human rights" organizations and Russian Russophobic media outlets, flooded the airwaves. But, sooner or later, Putin and others like him will still have to answer for their words of humiliation of the Russian people. The verdict of scientists is merciless:

1) In 2009, a complete “reading” (sequencing) of the genome of a representative of the Russian ethnic group was completed. That is, the sequence of all six billion nucleotides in the genome of the Russian man has been determined. His entire genetic economy is now in full view.

(The human genome consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes: 23 from the mother, 23 from the father. Each chromosome contains one DNA molecule formed by a chain of 50-250 million nucleotides. The genome of the Russian man was sequenced. The Russian genome was deciphered on the basis of the National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", on the initiative of Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of the National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" Mikhail Kovalchuk. Russian Academy sciences, the Kurchatov Institute spent approximately $ 20 million on the purchase of sequencing equipment alone. The National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" has a recognized scientific status in the world.)

It is known that this is the seventh genome deciphered in Ural ridge: before that there were Yakuts, Buryats, Chinese, Kazakhs, Old Believers, Khanty. That is, all the prerequisites for the first ethnic map of Russia have been created. But all these were, so to speak, composite genomes: pieces assembled after deciphering the genetic material different representatives the same population.

The full genetic portrait of a particular Russian man is only the eighth in the world. Now there is someone to compare the Russians with: with an American, an African, a Korean, a European ...

“We did not find noticeable Tatar introductions in the Russian genome, which refutes theories about the destructive influence of the Mongol yoke,” emphasizes Academician Konstantin Skryabin, head of the genomic direction at the Kurchatov Institute. - Siberians are genetically identical to the Old Believers, they have one Russian genome. There are no differences between the genomes of Russians and Ukrainians - one genome. Our differences with the Poles are scanty.”

Academician Konstantin Skryabin believes that "in five or six years a genetic map of all the peoples of the world will be drawn up - this is a decisive step towards understanding the susceptibility of any ethnic group to medicines, diseases and products." Feel what it costs... Americans in the 1990s gave the following estimates: the cost of sequencing one nucleotide is $1; according to other sources - up to 3-5 dollars.

(Sequencing (reading by letter of the genetic code) of mitochondrial DNA and DNA of the human Y-chromosome is the most advanced DNA analysis methods to date .. Mitochondrial DNA is transmitted through the female line from generation to generation, practically unchanged since the time when "the progenitor of mankind Eve "Climbed off a tree in East Africa. And the Y chromosome is only found in men and therefore is also transmitted to male offspring almost unchanged, while all other chromosomes, when transmitted from father and mother to their children, are shuffled by nature, like a deck of cards before distribution. Thus , in contrast to indirect signs ( appearance, body proportions), sequencing of mitochondrial DNA and DNA of the Y-chromosome undeniably and directly indicate the degree of relatedness of people.)

2) An outstanding anthropologist, researcher of human biological nature, A.P. Bogdanov in late XIX century wrote: “We often use expressions: this is purely Russian beauty, this is the spitting image of a hare, typically Russian face. One can be convinced that not something fantastic, but real, lies in this general expression Russian physiognomy. In each of us, in the sphere of our “unconscious”, there is a rather definite concept of the Russian type ”(A.P. Bogdanov“ Anthropological Physiognomy ”. M., 1878).

A hundred years later, and now the modern anthropologist V. Deryabin, using the latest method of mathematical multidimensional analysis of mixed features, comes to the same conclusion: “The first and most important conclusion is to ascertain the significant unity of Russians throughout Russia and the impossibility to single out even the corresponding regional types, clearly delimited from each other” (“Issues of Anthropology”, Issue 88, 1995). How is this Russian anthropological unity expressed, the unity of hereditary genetic traits, expressed in the appearance of a person, in the structure of his body?

First of all - hair color and eye color, the shape of the structure of the skull. According to these signs, we, Russians, differ both from European nations, and from the Mongoloids. And we cannot be compared with Negroes and Semites at all, the differences are too striking. Academician V.P. Alekseev proved a high degree of similarity in the structure of the skull among all representatives of the modern Russian people, while specifying that the “proto-Slavic type” is very stable and has its roots in the Neolithic, and possibly the Mesolithic. According to the calculations of the anthropologist Deryabin, light eyes (gray, gray-blue, blue and blue) are found in 45 percent of Russians, in Western Europe only 35 percent are light-eyed. Dark, black hair among Russians is found in five percent, among the population foreign Europe- in 45 percent. The conventional wisdom about the "snub-nosedness" of the Russians is not confirmed either. In 75 percent of Russians, a straight nose profile is found.

Conclusion of anthropologists:
“Russians in their racial composition are typical Caucasoids, occupying a central position among the peoples of Europe by most anthropological features and are distinguished by somewhat lighter pigmentation of the eyes and hair. It should also recognize the significant unity of the racial type of Russians throughout European Russia.
“A Russian is a European, but a European with physical characteristics peculiar only to him. These signs make up what we call a typical hare.”

Anthropologists seriously scratched the Russian, and - there is no Tatar, that is, a Mongoloid, in the Russians. One of the typical signs of a Mongoloid is epicanthus - a Mongolian fold at the inner corner of the eye. In typical Mongoloids, this fold is found in 95 percent, in a study of eight and a half thousand Russians, such a fold was found in only 12 people, and in a rudimentary form.

Another example. Russians literally have a special blood - the predominance of the 1st and 2nd groups, which is evidenced by the many years of practice of blood transfusion stations. In Jews, for example, the predominant blood type is the 4th, and a negative Rh factor is more common. In biochemical blood tests, it turned out that Russians, like all European peoples, are characterized by a special gene PH-c, this gene is practically absent in Mongoloids (O.V. Borisova “Polymorphism of erythrocyte acid phosphatase in various population groups of the Soviet Union.” “Issues of Anthropology” Issue 53, 1976).

It turns out, no matter how you scrape a Russian, you still won’t find a Tatar, you won’t find anyone else in him. This is also confirmed by the encyclopedia “Peoples of Russia”, in the chapter “Racial Composition of the Population of Russia” it is noted: “Representatives of the Caucasoid race make up more than 90 percent of the country's population and about 9 percent are representatives of forms mixed between Caucasoids and Mongoloids. The number of pure Mongoloids does not exceed 1 million people. (“Peoples of Russia”. M., 1994).

It is easy to calculate that if there are 84 percent of Russians in Russia, then all of them are exclusively a people of the European type. The peoples of Siberia, the Volga region, the Caucasus, the Urals are a mixture of the European and Mongolian races. This was beautifully expressed by the anthropologist A.P. Bogdanov in the 19th century, studying the peoples of Russia, he wrote, refuting from his far, far away the current myth that the Russians poured foreign blood into their people during the era of invasions and colonizations:

“Maybe many Russians married native women and became settled, but most of the primitive Russian colonialists throughout Rus' and Siberia were not like that. It was a trading, industrial people, anxious to arrange themselves according to their own, in accordance with their own ideal of well-being created for themselves. And this ideal of a Russian person is not at all such that it is easy to twist his life with some kind of "trash", as even now a Russian person honors a non-believer quite often. He will conduct business with him, will be affectionate and friendly with him, will enter into friendship with him in everything, except for intermarrying, in order to introduce a foreign element into his family. Ordinary Russian people are still strong for this, and when it comes to the family, to the rooting of their home, here he has a kind of aristocracy. Often settlers of different tribes live in the neighborhood, but marriages between them are rare.

For thousands of years, the Russian physical type has remained stable and unchanged, and has never been a cross between different tribes that inhabited our land from time to time. The myth has been dispelled, we must understand that the call of blood is not an empty phrase, that our national idea of ​​the Russian type is the reality of the Russian breed. We must learn to see this breed, admire it, appreciate it in our close and distant Russian relatives. And then, perhaps, our Russian appeal to completely alien, but our own people for us will be revived - father, mother, brother, sister, son and daughter. After all, in fact, we are all from a single root, from one kind - the Russian kind.

3) Anthropologists were able to identify the appearance of a typical Russian person. To do this, they had to translate into a single scale all the photographs from the photo library of the Museum of Anthropology with full-face and profile images of typical representatives of the population of the Russian regions of the country and, combining them in the pupils of the eyes, overlay each other. The final photo portraits turned out, of course, blurry, but they gave an idea of ​​the appearance of the reference Russian people. This was the first truly sensational discovery. Indeed, similar attempts by French scientists led to a result that they had to hide from the citizens of their country: after thousands of combinations with the received photographs of the reference Jacques and Marianne, gray faceless ovals of faces looked. Such a picture, even among the French most distant from anthropology, could cause an unnecessary question: is there a French nation at all?

Unfortunately, anthropologists did not go further than creating photographic portraits of typical representatives of the Russian population in different regions of the country and did not superimpose them on top of each other in order to obtain the appearance of an absolute Russian person. In the end, they were forced to admit that such a photo could get them into trouble at work. By the way, the "regional" sketches of the Russian people were published in the general press only in 2002, and before that they were published in small editions only in scientific publications for specialists. Now you can judge for yourself how similar they are to the typical cinematic Ivanushka and Marya.

Unfortunately, mostly black and white old archival photos of the faces of Russian people do not allow us to convey the height, physique, skin color, hair and eyes of a Russian person. However, anthropologists have verbal portrait Russian men and women. These are of medium build and medium height, light brown-haired with light eyes - gray or blue. By the way, in the course of the research, a verbal portrait of a typical Ukrainian was also obtained. The reference Ukrainian differs from the Russian only in the color of his skin, hair and eyes - he is a swarthy brunette with regular features and brown eyes. snub nose turned out to be absolutely not characteristic of the Eastern Slav (found only in 7% of Russians and Ukrainians), this feature is more typical for Germans (25%).

4) In 2000, the Russian Foundation for Basic Research allocated about half a million rubles from state budget funds to study the gene pool of the Russian people. It is impossible to implement a serious program with such funding. But it was more of a landmark than just a financial decision, indicating a change in the country's scientific priorities. For the first time in Russian history, scientists from the Laboratory of Human Population Genetics of the Medical Genetic Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, who received a grant from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, were able to fully focus on studying the gene pool of the Russian people, and not small peoples, for three years. And limited funding only spurred their ingenuity. They supplemented their molecular genetic research analysis of the frequency distribution of Russian surnames in the country. This method was very cheap, but its information content exceeded all expectations: a comparison of the geography of surnames with the geography of genetic DNA markers showed their almost complete coincidence.

Unfortunately, the interpretations of family analysis that appeared in the media after the first publication of the data in a specialized scientific journal could create a false impression of the goals and results of the huge work of scientists. The project manager, Doctor of Sciences Elena Balanovskaya, explained that the main thing was not that the surname Smirnov turned out to be more common among Russian people than Ivanov, but that it was first compiled full list true Russian surnames by regions of the country. First, lists were compiled for five conditional regions - Northern, Central, Central-Western, Central-Eastern and Southern. In total, about 15 thousand Russian surnames were accumulated in all regions, most of which were found only in one of the regions and were absent in others. When regional lists were superimposed on each other, scientists identified a total of 257 so-called "all-Russian surnames". Interestingly, at the final stage of the study, they decided to add the names of residents to the list of the Southern Region. Krasnodar Territory, expecting the dominance Ukrainian surnames descendants of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, evicted here by Catherine II, will significantly reduce the all-Russian list. But this additional restriction reduced the list of all-Russian surnames by only 7 units - to 250. From which the obvious and not pleasant conclusion followed that the Kuban was inhabited mainly by Russian people. And where did the Ukrainians go and were there at all here - the big question.

For three years, the participants of the Russian Gene Pool project went around with a syringe and a test tube almost the entire European territory of the Russian Federation and made a very representative sample of Russian blood.

However, cheap indirect methods for studying the genetics of the Russian people (by surnames and dermatoglyphics) were only auxiliary for the first study in Russia of the gene pool of the titular nationality. His main molecular genetic results are available in the monograph Russian Gene Pool (Luch ed.). Unfortunately, due to the lack of state funding, scientists had to carry out part of the study jointly with foreign colleagues, who imposed a moratorium on many results until joint publications were published in the scientific press. Nothing prevents us from describing these data in words. So, according to the Y-chromosome, the genetic distance between Russians and Finns is 30 conventional units. And the genetic distance between a Russian person and the so-called Finno-Ugric peoples (Mari, Veps, etc.) living on the territory of the Russian Federation is 2-3 units. Simply put, genetically they are almost identical. The results of the analysis of mitochondrial DNA show that the Russians from the Tatars are at the same genetic distance of 30 conventional units that separate us from the Finns, but between the Ukrainians from Lviv and the Tatars the genetic distance is only 10 units. And at the same time, Ukrainians from the left-bank Ukraine are genetically as close to Russians as Komi-Zyryans, Mordvins and Mari.
from AEKSEI_RUDKO's blog

Recently, the “Russian theme”, actively used in the political plane, has become very relevant. The press and television are full of speeches on this subject, as a rule, muddy and contradictory. Who says that the Russian people does not exist at all, who considers only the Orthodox to be Russian, who includes in this concept all those who speak Russian, and so on. Meanwhile, science has already given a completely definite answer to this question.
The scientific data below is a terrible secret. Formally, these data are not classified, since they were obtained by American scientists outside the field of defense research, and even published in some places, but the conspiracy of silence organized around them is unprecedented. The atomic project at its initial stage cannot even be compared, then something still leaked into the press, and in this case- nothing at all. What is this terrible secret, the mention of which is a worldwide taboo? This is the secret of the origin and historical path of the Russian people.
Why information is hidden, more on that later. First, briefly about the essence of the discovery of American geneticists. Human DNA has 46 chromosomes, half inherited from father and half from mother. Of the 23 chromosomes received from the father, one and only - the male Y-chromosome - contains a set of nucleotides that has been passed from generation to generation without any changes for thousands of years. Geneticists call this set a haplogroup. Every man living now has exactly the same haplogroup in his DNA as his father, grandfather, great-grandfather, great-great-grandfather, and so on for many generations.
The haplogroup, due to its hereditary immutability, is the same for all people of the same biological origin, that is, for men of the same people. Each biologically distinctive people has its own haplogroup, which is different from similar sets of nucleotides in other peoples, which is its genetic marker, a kind of ethnic mark. In the biblical system of concepts, one can imagine the matter in such a way that the Lord God, when He divided humanity into different nations, each of which is labeled with a unique set of nucleotides on the Y-chromosome of DNA. (Women also have such marks, only in a different coordinate system - in the mitochondrial DNA rings).
Of course, in nature there is nothing absolutely immutable, because motion is a form of existence of matter. Haplogroups also change - in biology such changes are called mutations - but very rarely, at intervals of millennia, and geneticists have learned to very accurately determine their time and place. Thus, American scientists found that one such mutation occurred four and a half thousand years ago on the Central Russian plain. A boy was born with a slightly different haplogroup than his father, to which they assigned the genetic classification R1a1. The paternal R1a mutated and a new R1a1 arose.

The mutation turned out to be very viable. The genus R1a1, which was initiated by this very boy, survived, unlike millions of other genera that disappeared when their genealogical lines were cut off, and bred over a vast area. Currently, the owners of the haplogroup R1a1 make up 70% of the total male population of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, and in ancient Russian cities and villages - up to 80%. R1a1 is a biological marker of the Russian ethnic group. This set of nucleotides is "Russian" in terms of genetics.
Thus, the Russian people in genetically modern form was born in the European part of present-day Russia about 4500 years ago. The boy with the R1a1 mutation became the direct ancestor of all men living on earth today, in whose DNA this haplogroup is present. All of them are his biological or, as they said before, blood descendants and among themselves blood relatives, in the aggregate they make up a single people - the Russian.
Biology is an exact science. It does not allow ambiguous interpretations, and genetic conclusions to establish kinship are accepted even by the court. Therefore, a genetic and statistical analysis of the structure of the population, based on the determination of haplogroups in DNA, makes it much more reliable to trace the historical paths of peoples than ethnography, archeology, linguistics and other scientific disciplines dealing with these issues.
Indeed, the haplogroup in the Y-chromosome of DNA, unlike language, culture, religion and other creations of human hands, is not modified or assimilated. She's either one or the other. And if a certain haplogroup is present in a statistically significant number of indigenous people of any territory, it can be stated with absolute certainty that these people come from the original carriers of this haplogroup, who were once present in this territory.
From the investigative point of view, the inscription on the clay pot “Vasya was here”, of course, is evidence indicating Vasino’s presence at this place, but only indirectly - someone could joke and sign Vasya’s name, the pot could have been brought from another area, etc. d. But if Vasya's haplogroup is found in local men in their DNA, then this is already direct and irrefutable evidence that Vasya or his blood relatives in the male line really visited here and inherited - the hereditary biological sign is not washed off. Therefore, the genetic history is the main one, and everything else can only supplement or clarify it, but in no way refute it.
Realizing this, American geneticists, with the enthusiasm inherent in all emigrants in matters of origin, began to roam the world, take tests from people and look for biological "roots", their own and others. What they have achieved is of great interest to us, since it sheds true light on the historical paths of our Russian people and destroys many established myths.
So, having arisen 4500 years ago on the Central Russian plain (the place of the maximum concentration of R1a1 - an ethnic focus), the Russian people quickly multiplied and began to expand their habitat. 4000 years ago, our ancestors went to the Urals and created Arkaim and the "civilization of cities" there with many copper mines and international connections up to Crete (chemical analysis of some of the products found there shows that the copper is Ural). They then looked exactly the same as we do now, the ancient Rus did not have any Mongoloid and other non-Russian features. Scientists have recreated the appearance of a young woman from the “civilization of cities” from the bone remains - a typical Russian beauty has turned out, millions of the same live in our time in the Russian outback.
After another 500 years, three and a half thousand years ago, the haplogroup R1a1 appeared in India. The history of the arrival of Russians in India is known better than other vicissitudes of the territorial expansion of our ancestors thanks to ancient Indian epic, in which his circumstances are described in sufficient detail. But there is other evidence of this epic, including archaeological and linguistic.
It is known that the ancient Rus were called Aryans at that time - this is how they are recorded in Indian texts. It is also known that it was not the local Indians who gave them this name, but that it was a self-name. Convincing evidence of this has been preserved in hydronymics and toponymy - the Ariyka River, the villages of Upper Ariy and Lower Ariy in the Perm region, in the very heart of the Ural civilization of cities, etc.
It is also known that the appearance on the territory of India of the Russian haplogroup R1a1 three and a half millennia ago (the time of the birth of the first Indo-Aryan calculated by geneticists) was accompanied by the death of a developed local civilization, which archaeologists called Harappan at the place of the first excavations. Before their disappearance, this people, who had cities populous at that time in the Indus and Ganges valleys, began to build defensive fortifications, which they had never done before. However, the fortifications, apparently, did not help, and the Harappan period of Indian history was replaced by the Aryan.
The first monument of the Indian epic, which speaks of the appearance of the Aryans, was written in writing four hundred years later, in the 11th century BC, and in the 3rd century BC, the ancient Indian literary language Sanskrit, surprisingly similar to the modern Russian language, was already completed.
Now men of the Russian genus R1a1 make up 16% of the total male population of India, and in upper castes ah, almost half of them - 47%, which indicates the active participation of the Aryans in the formation of the Indian aristocracy (the second half of the men of the higher castes are represented by local tribes, mainly Dravidian).
Unfortunately, information on the ethnogenetics of the population of Iran is not yet available, but the scientific community is unanimous in their opinion about the Aryan (that is, Russian) roots of the ancient Iranian civilization. The ancient name of Iran is Arian, and the Persian kings liked to emphasize their Aryan origin, which is eloquently evidenced, in particular, by their popular name Darius. This means that there were Russians there in ancient times.
Our ancestors migrated from the ethnic home not only to the east, to the Urals, and to the south, to India and Iran, but also to the west, where European countries are now located. In the western direction, geneticists have complete statistics: in Poland, the owners of the Russian (Aryan) haplogroup R1a1 make up 57% of the male population, in Latvia, Lithuania, the Czech Republic and Slovakia - 40%, in Germany, Norway and Sweden - 18%, in Bulgaria - 12 %, and in England the least - 3%.
Unfortunately, there is no ethnogenetic information on the European tribal aristocracy yet, and therefore it is impossible to determine whether the share of ethnic Russians is evenly distributed over all social strata of the population or, as in India and, presumably, in Iran, the Aryans were nobility in those lands where they came . the only credible evidence in favor of the latest version was a by-product of a genetic examination to establish the authenticity of the remains of the family of Nicholas II. The Y-chromosomes of the tsar and heir Alexei were identical to samples taken from their relatives from the English royal family. And this means that at least one royal house in Europe, namely the house of the German Hohenzollerns, of which the English Windsors are a branch, has Aryan roots.
However, Western Europeans (haplogroup R1b) are in any case our closest relatives, oddly enough, much closer than the northern Slavs (haplogroup N) and the southern Slavs (haplogroup I1b). Our common ancestor with Western Europeans lived about 13 thousand years ago, at the end of the ice age, thousands of five years before the gathering began to develop into crop production, and hunting into cattle breeding. That is, in a very gray-haired Kamennovoe antiquity. And the Slavs by blood are even further away from us.
The settlement of Russian-Aryans to the east, south and west (there was simply nowhere to go further north, and so, according to the Indian Vedas, before coming to India they lived near the Arctic Circle) became the biological prerequisite for the formation of a special language group, Indo-European. These are almost all European languages, some languages ​​of modern Iran and India, and, of course, the Russian language and ancient Sanskrit, which are closest to each other for an obvious reason - in time (Sanskrit) and in space (Russian) they stand next to the original source, the Aryan parent language from which all other Indo-European languages ​​grew.
The foregoing is irrefutable natural science facts, moreover, obtained by independent American scientists. Challenging them is like disagreeing with the results of a blood test in a clinic. They are not disputed. They are simply hushed up. They are hushing up together and stubbornly, they are hushing up, one might say, totally. And there are reasons for that.
The first such reason is quite trivial and comes down to scientific pseudo-solidarity. Too many theories, concepts and scientific reputations will have to be refuted if they are revised in the light of the latest discoveries of ethnogenetics.
For example, we will have to rethink everything that is known about the Tatar-Mongol invasion of Rus'. The armed conquest of peoples and lands was always and everywhere accompanied at that time by the mass rape of local women. Traces in the form of Mongolian and Turkic haplogroups should have remained in the blood of the male part of the Russian population. But they are not! Solid R1a1 and nothing else, the purity of the blood is amazing. This means that the Horde that came to Rus' was not at all what it is customary to think about it, if the Mongols were present there, then in a statistically insignificant number, and who was called "Tatars" is not at all clear. Well, which of the scientists will refute the scientific foundations, supported by mountains of literature and great authorities?!
No one wants to spoil relations with colleagues and be branded as an extremist, destroying established myths. In academia, this happens all the time - if the facts don't match the theory, so much the worse for the facts.
The second reason, incomparably more weighty, relates to the sphere of geopolitics. The history of human civilization appears in a new and completely unexpected light, and this cannot but have serious political consequences.
Throughout modern history, the pillars of European scientific and political thought proceeded from the idea of ​​Russians as barbarians who had recently climbed down from the Christmas trees, backward by nature and incapable of constructive work. And suddenly it turns out that the Russians are the very Aryans who had a decisive influence on the formation of great civilizations in India, Iran and in Europe itself. That Europeans owe a lot to Russians in their prosperous life, starting with the languages ​​they speak. What is no coincidence in recent history a third of the most important discoveries and inventions belong to ethnic Russians in Russia itself and abroad. It is no coincidence that the Russian people were able to repel the invasions of the united forces of continental Europe led by Napoleon and then Hitler. And so on.
It is no coincidence that behind all this there is a great historical tradition, thoroughly forgotten over many centuries, but remaining in the collective subconscious of the Russian people and manifesting itself whenever the nation faces new challenges. Manifested with iron inevitability due to the fact that it has grown on a material, biological basis in the form of Russian blood, which has remained unchanged for four and a half millennia.
Western politicians and ideologists have something to think about in order to make their policy towards Russia more adequate in the light of the historical circumstances discovered by geneticists. But they do not want to think and change anything, hence the conspiracy of silence around the Russian-Aryan theme.
However, the Lord is with them and with their ostrich policy. Much more important for us is that ethnogenetics brings something new to the Russian situation proper. In this regard, the main thing lies in the very statement of the existence of the Russian people as a biologically integral and genetically homogeneous entity. The main thesis of the Russophobic propaganda of the Bolsheviks and the current liberals lies precisely in the denial of this fact. The scientific community is dominated by the idea formulated by Lev Gumilyov in his theory of ethnogenesis: "the Great Russian nationality developed from a mixture of Alans, Ugrians, Slavs and Turks." The "national leader" repeats the commonplace "scratch a Russian - you will find a Tatar." And so on.
Why do the enemies of the Russian nation need this? The answer is obvious. If the Russian people as such do not exist, but there is some kind of amorphous "mixture", then anyone can manage this "mixture" - even the Germans, even the African pygmies, even the Martians. The denial of the biological existence of the Russian people is the ideological justification for the dominance of the non-Russian "elite" in Russia, formerly Soviet, now liberal.
But here the Americans intervene with their genetics, and it turns out that there is no “mixture”, that the Russian people have existed unchanged for four and a half thousand years, that the Alans with the Turks and many others also live in Russia, but these are separate original peoples and etc. And the question immediately arises, why then have non-Russians ruled Russia for almost a century? Illogical and wrong, Russians should be run by Russians.
Similarly six hundred years ago, the Czech Jan Hus, a professor at the University of Prague, argued: “... Czechs in the Kingdom of Bohemia, by law and by the demand of nature, should be the first in positions, just like the French in France and the Germans in their lands.” His statement was considered politically incorrect, intolerant, inciting ethnic hatred, and the professor was burned at the stake.
Now morals have softened, professors are not burned, but so that people would not be tempted to succumb to the Hussite logic, in Russia the non-Russian government simply “cancelled” the Russian people - a mixture, they say. And everything would be fine, but the Americans jumped out from somewhere with their analyzes and ruined the whole thing. There is nothing to cover them with, it remains only to hush up the scientific results, which is done to the hoarse sounds of an old and hackneyed Russophobic propaganda record.
The collapse of the myth about the Russian people as an ethnic "mixture" automatically destroys another myth - the myth of the "multinationality" of Russia. Until now, they tried to present the ethno-demographic structure of our country as a vinaigrette from a Russian “mixture”, you won’t understand why, and many indigenous peoples and alien diasporas. With such a structure, all its components are approximately equal in size, so Russia is allegedly "multinational".
But genetic studies paint a very different picture. If you believe the Americans (and there are no reasons not to believe them, they are authoritative scientists, trembling in reputation, and they have no reason to lie - in such a pro-Russian way), then it turns out that 70% of the entire male population of Russia are purebred Russians. According to the penultimate census (the results of the latter are not yet known), 80% of the respondents consider themselves Russians, that is, 10% more are Russified representatives of other peoples (it is in these 10%, if you "scrub" you will find non-Russian roots). And 20% falls on the remaining 170-odd peoples, nationalities and tribes living on the territory of the Russian Federation. In summary, Russia is a mono-ethnic, albeit multi-ethnic, country with an overwhelming demographic majority of natural Russians. It is here that the logic of Jan Hus begins to work.
Next, about backwardness. Churchmen thoroughly had a hand in this myth - they say, before the baptism of Rus', people lived in it in complete savagery. Wow wildness! They mastered half the world, built great civilizations, taught the natives their language, and all this long before the birth of Christ ... The real story does not fit, does not fit in any way with its church version. There is in the Russian people something primordial, natural, religious life not reducible.
Of course, one cannot put an equal sign between biology and the social sphere. There are undoubtedly points of contact between them, but science does not know how one passes into the other, how the material becomes ideal. In any case, it is obvious that under the same conditions, different peoples have a different character of life activity. In the north-east of Europe, in addition to Russians, many peoples lived and still live. But none of them created anything even remotely similar to the great Russian civilization. The same applies to other places of civilizational activity of Russian-Aryans in antiquity. natural conditions everywhere they are different, and the ethnic environment is different, therefore the civilizations built by our ancestors are not the same, but there is something in common for all of them - they are great in terms of the historical scale of values ​​and far exceed the achievements of their neighbors.
father of dialectic ancient greek Heraclitus is known as the author of the saying "everything flows, everything changes." Less well known is the continuation of this phrase of his: “except human soul". As long as a person is alive, his soul remains unchanged (what happens to it in the afterlife is not for us to judge). The same is true for a more complex form of organization of living matter than man - for the people. folk soul unchanged as long as the body of the people is alive. The Russian folk body is marked by nature by a special sequence of nucleotides in the DNA that controls this body. This means that as long as people with the R1a1 haplogroup in the Y chromosome exist on earth, their people keep their soul unchanged.
Language evolves, culture develops, religious beliefs, and the Russian soul remains the same as all four and a half millennia of the existence of the people in its current genetic form. And together, the body and soul, which make up a single biosocial entity under the name "Russian people", have a natural ability to great accomplishments of a civilizational scale. The Russian people have repeatedly demonstrated this in the past, this potential is preserved in the present and will always exist as long as the people are alive.
It is very important to know this and, through the prism of knowledge, evaluate current events, words and actions of people, determine one's own place in the history of the great biosocial phenomenon called the “Russian nation”. Knowledge of the history of the people obliges a person to try to be at the level of the great achievements of his ancestors, and this is the most terrible thing for the enemies of the Russian nation. That is why they try to hide this knowledge. And we're trying to make it public.
Alexander Nikitin. Secretary of the CPS MANPADS "RUS"

The Pentagon recognized experiments with biomaterials of Russian citizens

The apocalyptic assumption about the possible development of biological weapons by the Americans has received strong confirmation. The Pentagon acknowledged the fact of collecting biomaterials from Russian citizens.

According to Pentagon spokesman Bo Downey, the US Air Force 59th Air Medical Group's Center for Molecular Research is conducting musculoskeletal studies to identify various biomarkers associated with trauma. Samples of Russian origin are required only because the first batch was from Russia, and now an identical one is needed for control.

Recall that the US Air Force intends to purchase 12 samples of the RNA molecule and 27 samples of the synovial (articular) fluid of the Russians. The announcement was posted on the US Government Procurement Portal. At the same time, the contract emphasizes that among all residents of Russia, the customer is only interested in Europeans, and immigrants, for example, from Ukraine will not be considered.

The issue of collecting biomaterials from Russians began to be discussed in society after a public statement about this by Vladimir Putin. According to him, biomaterials are collected "for different ethnic groups and people living in different geographical points of the Russian Federation." “The question is, why are they doing this?” the president asked rhetorically at a meeting with human rights activists.

Later, Dmitry Peskov explained that it was about information received through the special services.

Putin's words caused caustic ridicule from the part Russian society. “The ancient Incas were also afraid of such dirty tricks, so the supreme ruler even had special maids, whose task was to eat hair, spit, nail clippings and other biomaterial left over from the Great, in order to prevent garbage from falling into unkind hands,” teacher Andrey is quoted by the media Nikulin.

Nevertheless, the country is preparing to counteract the new threat at the legislative level. It is expected that in December the law on the protection of biomaterials will be submitted to the State Duma. “Today we have many laboratories that conduct clinical research, these are foreign laboratories, for example, Invitro. We let them into the most intimate,” Gennady Onishchenko, First Deputy Head of the State Duma Committee on Education and Science, explained the problem.

In "Invitro" they denied their involvement in the export of biomaterials. In turn, the Institute of General Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences "SP" reported that this institution was involved in the collection of biomaterials. “The scientific director of our institute, academician Nikolai Yankovsky, just organized and headed the program for the collection of biomaterials,” said Ilya Zakharov-Gezekhus, an employee of the institute. It was not possible to promptly contact Yankovsky "SP" himself.

Senior Researcher laboratory of genetics of the Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences Alexey Kulikov is inclined to justify his American colleagues.

You have to understand what the Americans were doing. They looked at how genes work in patients with affected musculoskeletal system and looked at the composition of the synovial fluid. They initially purchased biomaterials somewhere in Eastern Europe from sick representatives of the Slavic nation, and therefore they also need control samples of people who are fine with the musculoskeletal system from representatives of the Slavic nation: Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, etc.

"SP": - Well, how? The tender explicitly states that biomaterials from Ukraine will not be considered. They need the Russians...

It still has nothing to do with any intentions. Genetic weapons are all nonsense. This is unrealistic, because people in the world are too polymorphic - very diverse. It's hard to come up with something that works for some and doesn't work for others. I think it's just about the conditions of the experiment. Eat scientific experience and there is control. Control materials must be from the same region.

"SP": - Everything is so, if these "scientific studies" were not carried out by the military, the Pentagon ...

Scientific research may be carried out by the military. We also have specific medical tasks that are solved by representatives of law enforcement agencies. Perhaps we are talking about the low mobility of the pilots. They must sit for a long time. Therefore, it is fundamentally important that there are no problems with the musculoskeletal system. Therefore, Americans are interested in these diseases and what specific genes are responsible for this.

In turn, Sergey Kiselev, head of the laboratory at the Institute of General Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, believes that it is too risky to create a genetic weapon and it is easier to kill people using traditional methods.

Biomaterials from Russia have been transferred and are being transferred. At least, as Onishchenko said, within the framework of clinical trials. Because over the past 25 years, dozens of foreign companies have been conducting clinical drug trials in Russia. Biomaterials are needed to understand how drugs work.

Of course, any such sample can be used both for the above purposes and for some others. Because it still remains a national biological sample. The main thing is how the information obtained using the sample will subsequently be used. Genetic information can be used for a variety of purposes, including for personal gain.

"SP": - What?

Today's technologies allow us to determine the genome of each person in detail. That is, by taking a DNA sample from a spoon in the dining room of the CIA building, you can determine whether the intelligence officer really comes from the state of Minnesota, as he wrote when applying for a job, or he is from Eastern Siberia. That is, you can very accurately tie a person to a place.

But for this it is necessary to first create a genetic map of the territories. I think that the interested intelligence services of many countries of the world have been making such maps of territories for a long time. To be able to identify people in different circumstances.

For example, people of dangerous professions. If one of them is torn to pieces, then it is possible, using a genetic map, to establish who he is, where he came from and pay tribute to him. That is, within the country. But if this information gets into third parties, it can be used in their interests.

"SP": - In this case, we are interested in the probability of creating a genetic, ethnic weapon ...

In my opinion, creating such a weapon is pointless. Firstly, in order to kill a person, it is necessary to influence vital functions such as respiration, blood circulation, etc. There are few of them, and they are the same for all people. Finding an ethnically important vital function is hardly possible.

And, secondly, who are the Americans? They do not have a titular nation. Everyone mixed up there, including Russians, Chinese, Anglo-Saxons. Therefore, if a weapon is created against the Russians, some of the Americans will fall under its action, since they are either Russians or their descendants.

Therefore, the greater the spread of people around the planet, the mixing of genomes, the less likely it will be to create a genetic weapon. It's unprofitable. It is easier, cheaper and more efficient to “soak” in another way.

"SP": - Nevertheless, the Pentagon conducts such studies, and today its representative directly admitted this ...

I looked at the terms of the tender. This air force base requested RNA samples. But RNA is subgenetic material. It is an intermediary between the human genome and the functional state of the cell. RNA reflects the specialization of each individual cell at one time or another. That is, the genome - DNA in each cell of the body is always the same. And the RNA in each cell is different, because it is a portrait of how the genome works every minute. Therefore, an RNA sample taken from the big toe will be different from RNA from any other organ. The Americans did not indicate where exactly they need the RNA.

The second thing they asked for was synovial fluid from the joint capsule. Moreover, in the terms of the tender, it was stipulated that the liquid could be taken from another donor, not from the one from whom the RNA was taken. That is, the Americans do not need any connection between RNA and synovial fluid. It looks like they took samples for different studies, not related to each other.

"SP": - However, this did not increase clarity ...

Maybe they laundered money there. Or students learned how to write tenders.

But the former member of the UN Commission on Biological Weapons, Igor Nikulin, has no doubts about the aggressive plans of the Pentagon.

Of course, this is an attempt by the Americans to conduct research for military purposes. The Pentagon is not a charitable or humanitarian organization designed to benefit humanity. Rather, on the contrary. Here it is possible to use viruses that will act selectively.

Such viruses still exist today. For example, Ebola, Lassa, Marburg. The hemorrhagic fevers that they cause act mainly on the Negroid race, bird flu - on the Mongoloid, SARS on the Indo-Europeans.

"SP": - In the conditions of the competition, for some reason, an exception is made for Ukraine ...

In Ukraine, the American program was carried out 5-7 years ago. And now they have only epidemics. Either measles, or rubella, or tuberculosis, or tetanus, or cholera, etc. And then the Americans offer them vaccines against this. Very comfortably.

Over the past ten years, the United States has spent tens of billions of dollars, set up more than four hundred laboratories around the world, in which new types of biological weapons and vaccines are being developed. About forty laboratories are located in the countries of the former USSR. These are Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. Such is the controlled chaos.

"SP": - But our Russian geneticists are skeptical about the likely development of weapons aimed at one or another ethnic group…

What else is left for them to do? Many of them are on grants. If I were on a grant, I would also be silent. But, since the Americans will not offer me any grants, I can speak freely on these topics.

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Partner news: By nature, the genetic code of all people is arranged in such a way that each has 23 pairs of chromosomes, which store all the hereditary information inherited from both parents.

The formation of chromosomes occurs at the time of meiosis, when, in the process of crossing over, each randomly takes about half from the maternal chromosome and half from the paternal, which specific genes will be inherited from the mother and which from the father is not known, everything is decided by chance.

Only one male chromosome, Y, does not participate in this lottery; it is entirely transmitted from father to son like a relay baton. I will clarify that women do not have this Y chromosome at all.

In each subsequent generation, mutations occur in certain regions of the Y chromosome, called loci, which will be transmitted to all subsequent generations by male gender.

It was thanks to these mutations that it became possible to reconstruct the genus. There are only about 400 loci on the Y chromosome, but for comparative analysis haplotypes and genera reconstruction is used only about a hundred.

In the so-called loci, or they are also called STR-markers, there are from 7 to 42 tandem repeats, the overall pattern of which is unique for each person. After a certain number of generations, mutations occur and the number of tandem repeats changes up or down, and thus it will be seen on the common tree that the more mutations, the older the common ancestor for the haplotype group.

The haplogroups themselves do not carry genetic information, because genetic information is located in autosomes - the first 22 pairs of chromosomes. You can see the distribution. Haplogroups are just markers of bygone days, at the dawn of the formation of modern peoples.

What haplogroups are most common among Russians?

peoples	Human
Eastern, Western and Southern Slavs.
Russians(north)	395	34	6	10	8	35	2		1
Russians(center)	388	52	8	5	10	16	4		1
Russians(south)	424	50	4	4	16	10	5		3
Russians (All Great Russians)	1207	47	7	5	12	20	4	3	2
Belarusians	574	52	10	3	16	10	3	Russians, Slavs, Indo-Europeans and haplogroups R1a, R1b, N1c, I1 and I2 In ancient times, about 8-9 millennia ago, there was a linguistic group that laid the foundation for the Indo-European family of languages ​​(at the initial stage, these are most likely the haplogroups R1a and R1b). The Indo-European family includes such linguistic groups as Indo-Iranians (South Asia), Slavs and Balts (Eastern Europe), Celts (Western Europe), Germans (Central, Northern Europe). Perhaps they also had common genetic ancestors, who about 7 thousand years ago, as a result of migrations, ended up in different parts of Eurasia, some went south and east (R1a-Z93), laying the foundation for the Indo-Iranian peoples and languages ​​(largely taking part in the ethnogenesis of the Turkic peoples), and part remained on the territory of Europe and laid the foundation for the formation of many European peoples (R1b-L51), including the Slavs and Russians in particular (R1a-Z283, R1b-L51). On different stages formations already in antiquity were the intersections of migration flows, which caused the presence of a large number of haplogroups among all European ethnic groups. The Slavic languages ​​emerged from the once unified group of Balto-Slavic languages ​​(presumably the archaeological culture of the late Corded Ware). According to the calculations of the linguist Starostin, this happened about 3.3 millennia ago. Period from the 5th century BC to the 4th-5th century AD can be considered conditionally Proto-Slavic, tk. The Balts and Slavs had already split up, but there were no Slavs themselves yet, they will appear a little later, in the 4th-6th centuries AD. At the initial stage of the formation of the Slavs, probably about 80% were haplogroups R1a-Z280 and I2a-M423. At the initial stage of the formation of the Balts, probably about 80% were haplogroups N1c-L1025 and R1a-Z92. The influence and intersection of the migrations of the Balts and Slavs was from the very beginning, because in many respects this division is arbitrary, and in general reflects only the main trend, without details. The Iranian languages ​​are Indo-European, and their dating is as follows - the most ancient, from the 2nd millennium BC. to the 4th century BC, the middle one - from the 4th century BC. to the 9th century AD, and a new one - from the 9th century AD. Until now. That is, the most ancient Iranian languages ​​appear after the departure of part of the tribes who spoke Indo-European languages ​​from Central Asia to India and Iran. Their main haplogroups were probably R1a-Z93, J2a, G2a3. The Western Iranian group of languages ​​appeared later, around the 5th century BC. Thus, the Indo-Aryans, Celts, Germans and Slavs in academic science became Indo-Europeans, this term is the most adequate for such a vast and diverse group. This is absolutely correct. In the genetic aspect, the heterogeneity of the Indo-Europeans is striking both in Y-haplogroups and in autosomes. The Indo-Iranians are characterized to a greater extent by the Western Asian genetic influence of BMAC. According to the Indian Vedas, it was the Indo-Aryans who came to India (in South Asia) from the north (from Central Asia), and it was their hymns and legends that formed the basis of the Indian Vedas. And, continuing further, let's touch on linguistics, because this Russian language (and related Baltic languages, for example, Lithuanian as part of the once existing Balto-Slavic linguistic community) is relatively close to Sanskrit along with Celtic, Germanic and other languages ​​​​of a large Indo-European family . But in the genetic plan, the Indo-Aryans were already to a greater extent Western Asians, as they approached India, the Vedoid influence also intensified. So it became clear that haplogroup R1a in DNA genealogy, this is a common haplogroup for part of the Slavs, part of the Turks and part of the Indo-Aryans (because naturally there were representatives of other haplogroups in their environment), part haplogroup R1a1 during migrations along the Russian Plain, they became part of the Finno-Ugric peoples, for example, the Mordovians (Erzya and Moksha). Part of the tribes (for haplogroup R1a1 this is a subclade of Z93) during migrations they brought this Indo-European language to India and Iran about 3500 years ago, that is, in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. In India, by the labors of the great Panini, it was converted into Sanskrit in the middle of the 1st millennium BC, and in Persia-Iran, the Aryan languages ​​became the basis of a group of Iranian languages, the oldest of which date back to the 2nd millennium BC. These data are confirmed: linguistics is also correlated with each other. Large part haplogroups R1a1-Z93 even in ancient times, they joined the Turkic ethnic groups and today mark the migration of the Turks in many ways, which is not surprising in view of antiquity haplogroup R1a1 while the representatives haplogroups R1a1-Z280 were part of the Finno-Ugric tribes, but during the settlement of the Slavic colonists, many of them were assimilated by the Slavs, but even now among many peoples, for example, the Erzya is still the dominant haplogroup R1a1-Z280. All this new data was able to provide us DNA genealogy, in particular, the approximate dates of the migrations of haplogroup carriers in the territory of the modern Russian Plain and Central Asia in prehistoric times. So scientists to all Slavs, Celts, Germans, etc. gave the name of the Indo-Europeans, which is true from the point of view of linguistics. Where did these Indo-Europeans come from? In fact, there were Indo-European languages ​​long before the migrations to India and Iran, all over the Russian Plain and as far as the Balkans in the south, and as far as the Pyrenees in the west. Later, the language was spread to South Asia - both to Iran and India. But in genetic terms, the correlations are much smaller. "The only justified and accepted at the present time in science is the use of the term "Aryans" only in relation to the tribes and peoples who spoke the Indo-Iranian languages." So in which direction did the Indo-European flow go - to the west, to Europe, or vice versa, to the east? According to some estimates, the Indo-European language family is about 8500 years old. The ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans has not yet been determined, but according to one of the versions it could be the Black Sea region - southern or northern. In India, as we already know, the Indo-Aryan language was introduced about 3500 years ago, presumably from the territory of Central Asia, and the Aryans themselves were a group with different genetic Y-lines, such as R1a1-L657, G2a, J2a, J2b, H, etc. Haplogroup R1a1 in Western and Southern Europe Analysis of 67 marker haplotypes haplogroup R1a1 from all European countries made it possible to determine the approximate path of migration of R1a1 ancestors in the direction Western Europe. And calculations showed that almost throughout Europe, from Iceland in the north to Greece in the south, the common ancestor of the R1a1 haplogroup was one approximately 7000 years ago! In other words, the descendants, like a relay race, passed on their haplotypes to their own descendants from generation to generation, dispersing in the process of migration from the same historical place - which turned out to be presumably the Urals or the Black Sea Lowland. On a modern map, these are countries mainly in Eastern and Central Europe - Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia. But the range of more ancient haplotypes of the haplogroup R1a1 leads to the east - to Siberia. And the lifetime of the first ancestor, which is indicated by the most ancient, most mutated haplotypes, is 7.5 thousand years ago. In those days there were no Slavs, no Germans, no Celts. Central and Eastern Europe Poland, the common ancestor of R1a1 lived about 5000 years ago (mainly a subclade of R1a1-M458 and Z280). For Russian-Ukrainian - 4500 years ago, which practically coincides within the accuracy of calculations. And even if four generations is not a difference for such terms. In modern Poland haplogroup R1a1 an average of 56%, and in some areas up to 62%. The rest are mostly Western European haplogroup R1b(12%), Scandinavian haplogroup I1(17%) and Baltic haplogroup N1c1 (8%). In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, a common Proto-Slavic ancestor lived 4200 years ago. Just a little less than the Russians and Ukrainians. That is, we are talking about settling in the territories of modern Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus, Russia - all within just a few generations, but more than four thousand years ago. In archeology, such accuracy of dating is completely unthinkable. In Czech and Slovakia descendants haplogroup R1a1 about 40%. The rest have mostly Western European R1b(22-28%) Scandinavian I1 and Balkan haplogroup I2a(cumulatively 18%) On the territory of modern Hungary, the common ancestor R1a1 lived 5000 years ago. There are now up to a quarter of the descendants of the haplogroup R1a1. The rest have mainly the Western European haplogroup R1b (20%) and the combined Scandinavian I1 and Balkan I2 (26% in total) haplogroups. Given that the Hungarians speak the language of the Finno-Ugric group of languages, the most common haplogroup in which is N1c1 in the ancient Hungarian rich graves of the Magyars, the remains of men with the haplogroup are mainly found N1c1, who were the first leaders of the tribes that participated in the formation of the empire. In Lithuania and Latvia, the common ancestor is reconstructed to a depth of 4800 years. Basically there today subclade Z92, Z280 and M458. The most common among Lithuanians is the Baltic haplogroup N1c1, reaching 47%. In general, Lithuania and Latvia are characterized by the South Baltic subclade L1025 of the haplogroup N1c1. In general, the situation is clear. I will only add that European countries- Iceland, the Netherlands, Denmark, Switzerland, Belgium, Lithuania, France, Italy, Romania, Albania, Montenegro, Slovenia, Croatia, Spain, Greece, Bulgaria, Moldova - the common ancestor lived 5000-5500 years ago, it is impossible to establish more precisely. This is a common ancestor haplogroup R1a for all the countries listed. The common European ancestor, so to speak, not counting the Balkan region shown above, the possible ancestral home, of the Indo-Europeans about 7500 years ago. Share of carriers haplogroup R1a1 in the following countries varies, from 4% in Holland and Italy, 9% in Albania, 8-11% in Greece (up to 14% in Thessaloniki), 12-15% in Bulgaria and Herzegovina, 14-17% in Denmark and Serbia, 15-25% in Bosnia and Macedonia, 3% in Switzerland, 20% in Romania and Hungary, 23% in Iceland, 22-39% in Moldova, 29-34% in Croatia, 30-37% in Slovenia (16% in in the Balkans as a whole), and at the same time - 32-37% in Estonia, 34-38% in Lithuania, 41% in Latvia, 40% in Belarus, 45-54% in Ukraine. In Eastern European Russia haplogroup R1a, as I already mentioned, an average of 47%, due to the high share of the Baltic haplogroup N1c1 in the north and northwest of Russia, but in the south and in the center of Russia, the share of different subclades reaches 55%. Turks and haplogroup R1a1 Haplotypes of ancestors are different everywhere, different regions are characterized by their own subclades. The peoples of Altai and other Turks also have high percentages of the haplogroup R1a1, the Bashkirs reach 40% of the subclade Z2123. This is a child line from Z93 and can be called typically Turkic and not related to the migrations of the Indo-Iranians. Today a large number haplogroup R1a1 to be in the Sayano-Altai region, among the Turkic population of Central Asia. Among the Kyrgyz, reaching 63%. You can't call them Russians or Iranians. It turns out to name all haplogroup R1a1 a single name - gross exaggeration, at least, but mostly - ignorance. Haplogroups are not ethnic groups, they do not contain the linguistic and ethnic affiliation of the carrier. Haplogroups also have no direct relation to genes. The Türks are mainly characterized by various subclades of Z93, but in the Volga region there are also R1a1-Z280, possibly transferred to the Volga Türks from the Volga Finns. Haplogroup R1a1-Z93 is also typical for Arabs in moderate frequency, for Levites - a subgroup of Ashkenazi Jews (the CTS6 subclade was confirmed in the latter). This line already at the earliest stages took part in the ethnogenesis of these peoples. Territory of initial distribution haplogroup R1a1 in Europe, this is probably the territory of Eastern Europe and possibly the Black Sea Lowland. Prior to that, probably in Asia, possibly South Asia or North China. Caucasian R1a1 haplotypes Armenia. Age of the common ancestor of the haplogroup R1a1- 6500 years ago. Basically also a subclade of R1a1-Z93, although there is also R1a1-Z282. Asia Minor, Anatolian Peninsula. A historic crossroads between the Middle East, Europe and Asia. It was the first or second candidate for the "Indo-European homeland". However, the common ancestor lived there about 6,500 years ago. It is clear that this ancestral home, judging by the haplotypes, can practically be in Anatolia, or the original Indo-Europeans were carriers haplogroup R1b. But there is a high probability of low representation of individuals from Turkey in the general haplotype database. So, both Armenians and Anatolians - they all have the same ancestor, or the ancestors are very close in time, within several generations - this is a subclade of Z93 and Z282 *. It should be noted that 4500 years before the common ancestor of the R1a1-Z93 haplogroup in Anatolia is in good agreement with the time of the appearance of the Hittites in Asia Minor in the last quarter of the 3rd millennium BC, although many R1a1-Z93 lines could have appeared there after the migrations of the Turkic peoples to the peninsula already in our era. Alexey Zorrin ***

Before the advent of scientific methods for studying the racial variability of man, the degree of closeness of peoples to each other was judged "by ear" and "by eye". proximity of languages ​​and appearance(normal height, hair and eye color, nose shape, etc.) could indicate a common origin of peoples, but not always.

And about distant degrees of kinship, for example, all Indo-European peoples, science came up with only in early XIX century, with the creation of scientific linguistics. And, again, the language could be acquired by one or another people, in the process, for example, of migrations.
Physical anthropology, especially such a section as craniology, which studied the morphological variability of skulls, arose in the second half of the 19th century and made the first breakthrough in the study of the family ties of peoples. Craniology proceeds from the fact that the complex of correlations between several measurements of cranial parameters is hereditarily determined and indicates the relative proximity or distance between human populations.

What anthropologists have dug up

More than a century - from the 1860s to the 1980s - was the time of the undivided dominance of anthropology in identifying family ties between human populations and their most ancient migrations. In this way, science has achieved good results.
In 1939, just before the Second World War, the English anthropologist Stephen Kuhn published the work "The Races of Europe" (it was published in full in Russian only in 2010, when most of the material was outdated). He made an attempt to systematize and classify anthropological types based on the materials of numerous studies - his own and his predecessors - throughout Europe, as well as North Africa and Western Asia. He managed to cover a huge factual material.

In particular, Stephen Kuhn came to the conclusion that the integral anthropological indicators of Russians, Belarusians and Poles are closest to each other. At the same time, for each of these peoples, they differ more strongly from any other neighboring peoples, including Ukrainians. We're talking about averages here. Of course, in every people there is a wide range of individual variants, and within the limits of variability, almost all anthropological types of peoples overlap. Nevertheless, in every nation, a general anthropological type is found, in which the majority of its representatives fit.

The conclusion made by Kuhn was partly confirmed by the outstanding Russian anthropologist V.P. Alekseev in his fundamental study "The Origin of the Peoples of Eastern Europe" (1969). Noting the influence of the Finnish ethnic substrate on the appearance of the northern Russians, and the Lithuanian-Latvian (Baltic) one on the Belarusians, he nevertheless noted two new facts. The first is that the influence of this substrate in medieval Russian populations can be traced much more strongly than in modern ones. The second is worth quoting:
"Modern East Slavic peoples (especially Russians) are closer to the West Slavic medieval population than to the East Slavic."

What did the comparison of genes give

Until the end of the twentieth century, a certain contribution to the identification of the origin and kinship of peoples was made by the study of the prevalence of blood groups and the Rh factor, dermatoglyphics (the study of the pattern at the ends of the fingers), and statistical studies of eye and hair color. However, a real breakthrough began only with the advent in the 1980s of the ability to compare the types of Y-chromosome and mt-DNA.
With regard to the Russians, these studies revealed the following. The most widespread among Russians is the Y-chromosomal haplogroup R1a. It includes an average of 47% of Russians. Its frequency naturally decreases from south to north: from 55% in southern Russians to 34% in northern ones. Among other Slavic peoples, the highest prevalence of haplogroup R1a among Poles is 56%, followed by Ukrainians - 54%, Belarusians - 50%, Slovaks - 47%, Czechs - 38%, Slovenes - 37%, all others are noticeably lower. Among non-Slavic peoples, the highest frequency of haplogroup R1a is among Latvians (39%) and Lithuanians (34%). It can be conditionally called the "Slavic" Y-chromosome.

Male haplogroup R1b, widespread in Central Europe, occurs in 7% of Russians. The haplogroup N1c is more common - 20%, reaching up to 35% among northern Russians. In the east of Finland, the carriers of this Y-chromosome are 71%. There are many of them among Latvians (44%) and Lithuanians (42%). It is obvious that the carriers of the haplogroup N1c on the Russian Plain were of Finnish origin.
Another haplogroup that is widespread among Russians is I2 (12%). Its carriers are most common among Croats - 39%, and the occurrence decreases along the Russian Plain from south to north. It most likely spread from the Balkans.
mtDNA data single out one widespread H cluster, to which up to half of Russians belong to various clades (mainly H7 and H1). Haplogroup H is also widespread throughout Europe. In general, according to mtDNA, as researchers now classify, Russians are included in the so-called “Slavic cluster” of the pan-European population. It includes all the peoples of the Slavic group, as well as, surprisingly, Hungarians and Estonians.

So who are we closer to?

If, according to the “female” haplogroups, the Russians show both great homogeneity and kinship with all Slavs, then the “male” haplogroups show different ways of forming the Russian people. The predominant kinship is found among the Russians in general with the Poles, Ukrainians and Belarusians. But in different regions, the degree of this relationship is different. Thus, southern Russians are especially close to both Ukrainians and Poles. But the northern Russians are as close to them as they are to the Finns.
The results obtained in the study of haplogroups were generally confirmed when elements of different geographical origin were identified in the integral genotype of peoples under the MDLP World-22 project. Their ratio among Russians is almost identical to that of the Poles, followed by Belarusians, Ukrainians, and Lithuanians in terms of the degree of remoteness. However, there are again notable differences across regions. Thus, the picture of the ratio of genetic components according to their geographical origin among the South Russian Cossacks almost exactly repeats that of the Ukrainians.

On the whole, generalizing and slightly simplifying, we can say that Ukrainians and Poles are closest to the Russians of the South of Russia, and Belarusians and Poles are closest to the Russians of the Center and North of the European part of Russia. At the same time, northern Russians have another line of genetic kinship that brings them closer to the Finns, but not to the same extent as with the named ones. Slavic peoples. At the same time, of course, different regional groups of Russians are closer to each other than to any other nationality. Of course, we are talking about averages, since the diversity of genotypes among any modern nation is very large.