Verbal portrait of the hero. Abstract: Old Russian warriors-defenders
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
MUNICIPAL BUDGET GENERAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
"SEVERAGE SCHOOL № 9"
CITIES OF VORONEZH
PROJECT WORK
"PORTRAIT OF THE WORD
« BOGATYR »
Completed:
students of grade 7a MBOU secondary school No. 9
Project leaders:
teacher of Russian language and literature
Efimova E.M.
Informatics and ICT teacher
Tsikova E.I.
Voronezh 2015
1.Introduction 3
2. The meaning of the word "hero" in explanatory dictionaries 3
3. Etymology of the word "hero" 4
4. Heroic equipment 5
5. "Bogatyr theme" in painting 7
6. "Heroic theme" in music 10
7. From the history of epics 11
8. The image of Svyatogor in epics 11
9. The image of Ilya Muromets in epics 12
10. Comparison of the images of Svyatogor and Ilya Muromets in the epic
"Svyatogor and Ilya Muromets" 12
11. Conclusion 13
12. Bibliography 14
There are many words in the Russian language that have their own meaning, evoke various associations and feelings, and have their own history. Let's try to draw a "portrait" of one of them. Let's turn to the word "bogatyr". It refers us to the historical past, to folklore, to the embodiment of this concept in painting and music. Working on the project, we conducted a survey of 59 students in grades 5-7, they were asked the following questions:
1) what is epic?
2) what artists and composers who created images of heroes in their works do you know?
3) what pictures and musical works Do you know about Russian heroes?
4) How does an epic differ from a fairy tale?
The following results were obtained: 5 students (8.47%) gave an exact answer to the first question, 22 students (37.28%) gave an approximate answer, 32 students (54.23%) did not know the answer; on the second question 1-2 artists or composers were able to name 19 students (32.2%), 2-3 - 3 students (5.08%), 37 students do not know the answer (62.71%); on the third question, 1 work was named - 21 students (35.59%), 2 works - 3 students (5.08%), 3 works - 1 student (1.69%), 34 students (57.62%) do not know the answer ); on the fourth question, 5 students (8.47%) gave an exact answer, 23 students (38.98%) gave an approximate answer, 31 students (52.54%) do not know the answer to the question. The results of the survey showed a lack of awareness among the respondents. This prompted us
turn to the word "bogatyr".
Let's first find out what it means. This is the meaning that can be found in the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" by V.I.Dal.
Bogatyr - m. Tatarsk. a tall, portly, hefty and prominent man; extraordinary strongman; brave and lucky, brave and happy warrior, knight. fabulousheroes , giants, beating dozens of enemies and various monsters in one fell swoop. //Bogatyrs called (in tver., etc.) popular prints, different images for the people, sib. punks. Yuzhn, zap. rich man, rich manThe hero marvels at what the hudak lives on . Bogatyrka , woman-hero.Bogatyrenok - m. boy-hero;bogatyrishko (hero? ) detracts. and humiliatehero (heroes? ) increase. and swearing.Morel looks, and bogatyr eats porridge (shchi). The unfortunate hero is drunk from wine to altyn. Bogatyr Anika , fairy tale hero; not from Anika, under Peter 1?Bogatyrev belonging to the hero;heroic belonging to, characteristic of the heroes.Heroism - cf. state, property of a hero.happiness is better heroism . Bogatyrshchina - well. heroic life, times; // fairy tales and legends about heroes.He says heroism . be rich , to rise, to look for heroic adventures and to perform valiant military deeds (7, p. 102).
In the "Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language" by D.N. Ushakov we read:
Bogatyr (in epics a hero), hero, husband. (from pers.Bahadur). Hero of Russian epics, preim. performing military exploits. The most famous b. - Ilya Muromets. //Strong man, brave man. "You will be a hero in appearance and a Cossack in soul ". Lermontov (22, p. 160).
« Dictionary Russian language "S.I. Ozhegova, N.Yu. Shvedova gives the following explanation:
Bogatyr , -i, m.
1. A hero of Russian epics performing military feats.
2.trans. A man of great strength, stamina, courage. //adj.heroic ,
Aya, oh. Heroic epics . Heroic addition (strong body). B. sleep (very strong) (12, p. 46).
"The New Dictionary of the Russian Language" by T.F. Efremova adds new ones to the existing values:
Bogatyr - m.
1.a) The hero of Russian epics and fairy tales.
b) Defender of the motherland, a warrior distinguished by unusual strength, courage, and prowess.
2. Tall strong build, strong man.
3.trans. Outstanding, distinguished in some way. human domain (8, p. 67).
In the "Dictionary of Russian Synonyms" we find such an interpretation of the wordhero - athlete, batyr, knight, hercules, dobrynya, nart, pahlavan, raspberry, rededya, samson, sayatogor, svyatogor, strongman, miracle hero (18, p. 59).
What is the etymology of the wordhero , that is, how did it appear in Russian? It has long been suggested that it is borrowed from Turkic languages, where present in various forms: "baghadur", "bagadur", "batur", "batyr", "bator".
However, there are opponents of this opinion: they proceed from the premise that “bagadur” is not a Tatar word, but is derived from the Sanskrit “baghadhara" (that is, "possessing happiness, lucky), and that therefore the Russian wordhero also ascends to the pra-Aryan beginning. Others straight outhero from the word "God" through the word "rich". But the word "rich" cannot come from the wordhero , since in Russian there is no suffix "-yr". Against the originality of the wordhero says the fact that it is not in other Slavic languages.
The Russian philologist A.G. Preobrazhensky in his "Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language" claims that the wordhero borrowed from PersianBahadur"(13, p. 72).
German linguist, foreign member of the USSR Academy of Sciences Max Vasmer in his "Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language" casts doubt on Preobrazhensky's opinion, saying that "the explanation of oriental words from Iranian"bayapuura"doubtful" and that this word is "borrowed from the ancient Turkic"bayatur" (hence the Hungarian "bator"- "bold")" (23, p. 183).
Soviet etymologist P.Ya.Chernykh argued that the wordhero not only Turkish. In the Buryat and Mongolian languages there is the word "baatar" - "knight, hero" (cf. Sukhe-Bator, "Ulan Bator"). It is known in the languages of the Iranian group. “There is no sufficient reason to consider this word as Turkic in origin” (24, p. 99).
Other explanations are historical character. Some believe that the form “bogatyr” originally existed and that it was originally used in the meaning of “Tatar governor” and the title attached to proper names meaning "sir".
Privatdozent of St. Petersburg University I.S. Los in the "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron" concludes that in the pre-totalitarian period in Rus' there was no concept corresponding to the current concepthero . It only corresponded to other words in the language, for example: “rezvets”, “dared”, “uhar”, “khorobr” (subsequently replaced under the book influence by the Church Slavonic word “brave”). Then the word was replaced by a foreign one.
However, the famous Slavic philologist, professor of Kharkov University I.I. Sreznevsky reports that the Old Russian wordhero found in the Nikon Chronicle under 6509 (1001) and in the Ipatiev Chronicle under 6748 (1240) (19, p. 127).
"The Etymological Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language" says that "in the Russian language of the 11th-12th centuries. the words "bagatur", "hero" are known. The first form is most likely from the ancient Turkic "bagatur», « bagatyr"-" hero, knight ", in turn, borrowed around the 4th century. From the Indo-Aryan dialect of Krorayna (Loulian), or the Saka dialect of Khotan and Yarkend. According to another interpretation, the ancient Turkic "bagatur» goes back to Tahar «baga- atar», « baga- etre". There is also an opinion about the original Slavic origin of the word” (26, p. 69).
Thus, the question of the origin of the wordhero remains open.
Let's take a closer look at the images of heroes from epics. What equipment did the Russian knight have on his journey?
This onion . A simple bow was a symmetrically turned stick made of hard and flexible wood - elm, alder. The bow case was calledbow , and a bag for storing arrows -quiver . A good bow, when lowering a stretched bowstring, is able to break the air and make a sharp sound. Hence the constant epithet "discontinuous " onion. A type of spear with a wider, heavier, double-edged iron tip wasspear . The heavy, double-edged tip of the horn was calledon the rampage . In Russian, there is a phraseological unit "to climb on the rampage", which means "consciously run into trouble." Often mentioned in epicsmace - a heavy club with a thickened end andmace - a damask (steel) club, which served to defeat a warrior's head protected by a helmet, it consisted of a metal head in the form of a ball, mounted on a short shaft. Every hero must havesword - Double-edged blade. In the beginning, it was both a slashing and piercing weapon. Horsemen's swords were made with a curved end. One of the items of military weapons -shield . This means of defense has been known since ancient times. Strengthening the shield in the camp of the enemy was a symbol of victory over the enemy. The shield in antiquity (10-13 centuries) had the form of an ellipse and was made of wood to make it easier to hold in your hands. The tree was covered with leather, over which metal strips (usually iron) passed crosswise. The edges of the shields were also bound. In the center of the shield, a convex metal plaque was strengthened, which was calledumbon . Shields were also made of bone.
Defended the hero himselfchain mail - a shirt woven from iron rings to protect against metal weapons. There were a lot of rings in chain mail - 15-20 thousand, and it weighed 12-16 kg. On the head washelmet - one of the most common types of military metal headbands of antiquity. The main feature of the Russian helmet is its conical end, calledpommel . Pommel on the helmet (shishak ) did not allow the enemy to deliver a direct blow. It could only be hit from the side; the force of the blow decreased, and only in rare cases did the case end in the death of a person. Usually a warrior received only a shell shock. From here came the idiom "to stun", that is, "to inflict an unexpected blow." The clothes of a warrior were andtegilyai - quilted cotton caftan with short sleeves and a high standing collar.
The faithful assistant of the hero is a horse. The hero, as a rule, refers to the horse affectionately, emphasizing its strength: “You are my faithful and heroic horse.” A heroic horse should be a match for its owner both in strength and military prowess.
Saddling a horse by a hero is a whole rite:
And here is the old Cossack and Ilya Muromets
The horse became good and he saddled:
Put a sweatshirt on the horse
And put felt on the sweatshirt,
Potnichek he put, but silky,
And he put a sweatshirt on the sweatshirt,
On the sweatshirt he put the Cherkasy saddle,
And on the Cherkasy saddle - everything is new,
And pulled up twelve silk girths,
Stirrups imposed damask,
Buckles he put on red gold,
Yes, not for beauty-pleasure -
For the sake of the heroic fortress.
More silk girths stretch - do not tear,
And damask-iron bends - does not break,
Buckles and red gold -
They get wet, but do not rust! (5, p.282)
The Russian hero never chose easy roads. The hero is a powerful man, endowed with an extraordinary mind and strength. They say about such a person: "He has a slanting fathom in his shoulders." In ancient times, people used their own body as a measure of length. The cubit is the length of the elbow bone, the span is the distance between the ends of the index finger and thumb, and the sazhen is the distance between the fingertips of the widely spaced hands. An oblique sazhen is a measure of length equal to the distance from the end of the big toe of the right foot to the end of the middle finger of the raised left hand.
The “bogatyr theme” has been heard in Russian art for a long time. This is because from ancient times, enemies attacked Rus' from all over, trying to take possession of our lands, to enslave the people. The image of the hero was born in Russian art as an image of the mighty defender of the Motherland, which mother earth so needed. There is an interconnection between different types of art, so each art created its own image, reflected the same historical events.
Ivan Yakovlevich Bilibin (1876-1942), an outstanding illustrator and theater artist, focusing on the original national traditions, with the help of expressive composition showed the true beauty of folk art, which has not lost its relevance in our days.
In 1902 the artist traveled across the northern lands. On the expedition, Bilibin collected antiques, national clothes, household items, samples of woodcarving, lace and prints. Impressed by his journey, the artist began to work on illustrations for epics. In miniature painting, he managed to convey the epic-powerful images of Russian heroes - Ilya Muromets and Svyatogor. If before the trip to the North, the painter's work developed in the Art Nouveau style, then after it he invariably began to advocate the documentary-accurate reproduction of every, even the most insignificant detail.
All the work of a talented Russian painterKonstantin Alekseevich Vasiliev (1942-1976) imbued with philosophical reflections on historical memory Slavic people. Touching poetic world The images of the artist is an integral part of the cultural heritage of the nation. By 1974, the artist decided to create a series of works on the theme "Epic Rus'". Vasiliev was carried away by epic stories that told about the events that took place in Ancient Rus'. In the painting “Russian Knight”, a hero in silver chain mail and a red cloak stands belligerently with a naked sword in his hand against the background of a pale blue sky. The clouds flying over his head are depicted as traditional totem animals of the Slavs: a ram, an eagle, a wolf and a pike. The red spots of the cloak and shield give the picture brightness and festivity, inspire confidence in the defenders of the Russian land.
On the composition “On the Kalinov Bridge”, the artist used the contrast of silver-gray and dove-gray shades with burgundy and red colors. According to the epics, the Kalinov bridge is thrown over the Smorodina River, and guards this path, connecting the world of the living and the dead, the Serpent Gorynych. Vasiliev depicted Ilya Muromets in silver chain mail, raising his sword over a grinning
fall Serpent. A broken spear protrudes from the scaly tail of evil spirits, and a thin stream of blood flows from the wound onto the stones, forming a brown puddle. Between the hero frozen in a decisive impulse and the writhing Serpent Gorynych, the setting sun in a red trembling haze symbolizes the agony of the monster.
Almost the entire area of the painting “Ilya Muromets Frees the Prisoners” is occupied by the steps of the dungeon, running up from the bottom to the open doors. The air of freedom rushed into the damp cellar, and the prisoners rushed towards the light: some timidly, others resolutely, as if they had to get up this very minute and complete some important task.
No matter how great or brave Ilya Muromets is, there are heroes on earth stronger than him. Ilya found out that the hero Svyatogor of exorbitant power lives somewhere, and decided to meet him. The painting “The Gift of Svyatogor” depicts the moment when Svyatogor passes his sword and part of his strength to Ilya Muromets. A true hero, according to the artist, must combine bodily and spiritual strength.
Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov (1848-1926) passionately loved Russia and was proud of it. Everyone knows his painting "Bogatyrs". Before us are Dobrynya Nikitich, Ilya Muromets and Alyosha Popovich. They look vigilantly into the distance and listen sensitively to see if there are enemies anywhere. Looking at this picture, we understand what the artist wanted to say: we must fight evil! The heroes sit firmly in the saddle. And we have no doubt: not good for those on whom they bring down their righteous anger. When Vasnetsov completed his work on the picture, he said that he wanted to write in such a way that the picture sounded like music, sung like an epic, excited like a native song. And that's exactly what happened. Spirit heroic epics pervades all Russian art. In them, the artists saw the origins national character, protection and hope of the Russian land. The heroic, powerful, truly Russian character was embodied in the images of Dmitry Donskoy, Alexander Nevsky, Ivan Susanin, Pushkin's Ruslan and Prince Igor.
Nicholas Roerich (1874-1947) treated the heroes of Russian epics with a special feeling and paid special attention to them in his work. One of the brightest works artist on this subject is the suite "Bogatyr Frieze" (1910), performed by him for the interior of the city house of F. Bazhanov in St. Petersburg. These canvases have been carefully preserved in besieged Leningrad; such works helped the people to endure in the difficult years of the war and are the spiritual heritage of our country. On the panel "Ilya Muromets" - main character Russian epic, which embodied the best ideals of the people, their ideas of good and evil, loyalty to their native land, heroic prowess and honor, which is why he is also called a spiritual hero.
In 1928, after a trans-Himalayan expedition, Roerich settled in the Kullu Valley at the foot of the Himalayas. Svyatogor also belongs to this time. The hero is endowed with Russian-Indian features: Russian clothes, an oriental face. Svyatogor has a Russian beard - a symbol of wisdom, and eyebrows - just like the artist himself. Maybe he portrayed himself living on the Holy Mountains. Clouds and mountain peaks are intertwined, creating a fabulous atmosphere. The hero is part of the elemental principle depicted
on the canvas.
Mikhail Alexandrovich Vrubel (1856-1910) in the painting "Bogatyr" depicted Ilya Muromets sitting on a horse-bityug. This stocky, squat warrior is close folk image"Rustic peasant" who loves "patterned clothes and armor." decorative design his equipment in form and color seems to be a continuation of the landscape with intertwining spruce branches and curved trees against the backdrop of a red sunset. Even the horse's hair looks like needles coniferous trees. The animal and the hero seem to be merged with each other and surrounding nature. The forest is primordially dense, in its dense undergrowth two hawks lurk, personifying dark forces. But the hero looks vigilantly and sharply, listens sensitively - he is ready to fight with any enemy.
The work of the best Russian composers is permeated with an ardent feeling of love for home country, to his people and Russian nature. In 1875 the composerAlexander Porfiryevich Borodin (1833-1887) finishes his Second Symphony - one of the best works of the Russian symphonic music. She was enthusiastically received by his eminent friends. The discussion after listening was stormy: Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky suggested calling it “Slavic, heroic”, but critic Vladimir Vasilyevich Stasov protested: not Slavic in general, but specifically Russian, heroic. “Bogatyrskaya” is the name of A.P. Borodin’s Second Symphony to this day. Listening to music, you mentally imagine the image of Ancient Rus', its endless steppes, heroic outposts - the whole image of distant centuries. The work gives a feeling of strength, vivacity, light, it has a powerful breath, scope, breadth. The symphony begins with a strong-willed, decisive theme, the intonations of which are close to epic melodies. It immediately attracts the attention of the listener, giving rise to the idea of the mighty, simple and stern appearance of the great Russian people. This is truly a heroic image. Low case string instruments conveys a call, an appeal, embodies an irresistible force. Listening to this theme, you involuntarily recall the mighty Ilya of Muromets or Svyatogor, who is so firmly rooted in the ground that you cannot move him from his place. In order to move this massive block from its place, it is necessary to swing it. And the theme seems to be swinging, sliding down a tone and revealing even greater depth and weight.
The epic heroic theme is also present in the cycleModest Petrovich Mussorgsky (1839-1881) "Pictures from the Exhibition" - in the play "Bogatyr Gates". "Pictures at an Exhibition" is a well-known suite, consisting of 10 pieces and created in memory of Mussorgsky's friend, artist and architect V.A. Hartman. Hartmann created a project for Kyiv triumphal gate. It is made in the "Russian style". Three semicircular arches seem to be snatched from the old boyar towers. Pillars with capitals in the folk spirit. Carved kokoshnik with icons and a double-headed eagle above the central span. Adjacent to the gate is a chapel with a belfry, covered with a dome, similar to a hero's helmet. Something gingerbread, leafy is present in this picture. Mussorgsky departed far from Hartmann's "picture". He created a play in tune with the mighty finale of Glinka's operas, glorifying the might and feat of the Russian people. The melody of "Walks" acquires here a majestic, solemn tone. A harsh theme is woven into it, reminiscent of the difficult times of Rus'. And again - the ringing of bells, a jubilant melody. The people are feasting at the celebration of victory in the glorious capital city of Kyiv. Gates of Russian heroes - a monument to the victory of greatness and glory of the Russian people!
So in musical creativity finds its expression the main thing that determines the character of any people. This is a deep love for life, a rich imagination, a sensitive attitude to beauty, patriotism and remarkable strength - not robbery, barbaric, but wise and right. Epics and legends from century to century pass on to descendants the rich experience of the people. Good and evil, strength and power, reality and fiction in their endless string of artistic incarnations form a powerful poetic stream. eternal images, which are called the great word "tradition".
The first epics are oral folk tales about the exploits of heroes - arose at the time Kievan Rus. It was alarming on Russian soil. Pechenegs, Polovtsy attacked Rus', burned villages, trampled fields, and people were killed or taken into slavery. Russian princes also fought among themselves, robbers roamed the roads. epic genre formed on historical basis, his works were a response to specific historical events. Epics should not be confused with fairy tales. Their main difference lies in the attitude of the narrator (singer, narrator) to his work. A fairy tale is originally a wonderful fiction. Bylina is a story about antiquity, when things could happen that are absolutely incredible in the present. It is noteworthy that in the epics the details of life, the description of the area where the action takes place, are conveyed with amazing accuracy. Interestingly, the names of some epic heroes are recorded in the annals, where they are narrated as real-life personalities. The folk ideal of a strong, mighty defender of the Russian land was embodied in the image of the heroes. Bogatyrs love the Russian land, they stand guard over its borders, in a moment of danger they come to the aid of the people, save them from enslavement and humiliation. Bogatyrs are not afraid of the innumerable forces of the enemy, even death itself. There is not a single heroic epic where the hero-warrior would not defeat the enemy. The stronger, more terrible the enemy, the greater the victory of the hero.
But, despite the similarity of the images of heroes, they differ and have individual features. Consider the images of Svyatogor and Ilya Muromets in epics.
The great hero Svyatogor, from whose step the earth groaned, is mentioned in the epic epic before other heroes. The name "Svyatogor" speaks of a connection with the mountains. Stone ledges of mountains, exposed terrestrial rocks, destroyed and turned by water and wind, often formed bizarre shapes and figures resembling giant giants. The imagination of the people endowed soulless stones with life. Perhaps this is how Svyatogor appeared. In the epic, the hero appears as a huge giant, "higher than the standing forest." It is hardly worn by the mother-cheese earth. He does not travel to Holy Rus', but lives on the high Holy Mountains; on his journey, the mother-cheese shakes the earth, the forests sway and the rivers overflow their banks. Something majestic, severe and even tragic emanates from his appearance. He looks like a lonely wanderer - without a home, without relatives, without companions, and even - without his native land.
There is a lot of mystery in the image of Svyatogor. He lives in the mountains, but gets stuck in the ground, as if in a swampy swamp, and cannot lift the bag, where all the "earthly thrust" is hidden. He, powerful and invincible, at once loses his strength in a stone coffin he accidentally found. Why does he not guard the border of Holy Rus', like Ilya Muromets and other heroes?
Svyatogor is the son of Rod, the brother of Svarog, and the Svarozhichs were his nephews. His father is called "dark", that is, blind. Svyatogor was born in order to guard the world of Reveal and not let dark monsters from Navi. He is the owner of colossal strength, but he has nowhere to apply it.
He rides in the field, having fun,
He throws a damask club,
Above the forest throws a standing one,
Below the cloud throws yes a walker,
The club flies high in the sky,
When that club goes down,
He picks it up with one hand! (5, p.31-32).
The hero tried to compete with the great earthly power! The epic seems to warn: in such a struggle - unjust, destructive - the hero will lose, because the land needs to be plowed, equipped and protected, and not compete with it in power and strength.
Svyatogor is a martyr of his own strength. He is the embodiment of an inapplicable, useless, blind force, the image of an ancient giant. Svyatogor puts Ilya Muromets in his pocket along with his horse - a typical act of a supernatural being doomed to death. The image of this death was the coffin, which Svyatogor and Ilya take turns trying on for themselves, and it falls at the time of Svyatogor. Before his death, Svyatogor gives Ilya only a part of the power - that which is needed by a person, and not by a supernatural being, and will be fatal for a person. The death of Svyatogor in a stone coffin is again connected with the earth: the hero cannot overpower the earth, and the earth cannot carry him.
The hero Ilya Muromets appears as a brave and brave guardian, aware of his duty to his homeland. More often than other knights, he stands at the heroic outpost, more than anyone else he takes battle with enemies, and he always wins. In addition to mighty strength, Ilya has iron restraint and firm confidence. He is an ardent defender of orphans and widows.
Epics tell about the healing of Ilya Muromets and the two-stage receipt of strength by him. From birth, he was “without arms, without legs,” so he sat on the stove for 30 years. The disease was miraculously healed.
Once, when his peasant parents were in the field, passers-by appeared in front of the windows of the Kalika and asked for food and drink. Ilya refused twice, citing illness. And for the third time, he stood on "frisky legs." Health and strength came to Muromets through the drink that the wanderers brought him. He drank the charm and felt that “his heroic heart flared up”, “great strength” was added.
After the departure of the kalik, Ilya performs the first feat - labor: he goes to his father's field, drives the cattle from it, encloses it. The hero received the second strength and the sword-treasurer from Svyatogor when he was heading to Kyiv, to the court of Prince Vladimir. After that, Ilya Muromets accomplished the greatest number of feats: he liberated Chernigov from robbers, captured the Nightingale the Robber, dealt with Idolishche, beat the invader Kalin Tsar and the Tatar force. This gives him the right to be the strongest and most courageous warrior.
In epics it is emphasized that Muromets is an ignoble family. He is either a peasant son or an old Cossack. But the hero is always noble and disinterested. The Chernigov peasants invite Ilya to become their governor, the Nightingale the Robber offers him great wealth. But no one can bribe Ilya Muromets with anything. Of all the heroes, he is the most close to the people. January 1 - Day of the epic hero Ilya Muromets, on this day in Rus' they honored the memory of the hero. He is the only hero of the epic whose tomb still exists in the famous cave of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery, next to the tombs of the legendary chronicler Nestor, the first Russian icon painter Alympius and others. historical figures Kievan Rus.
Let's compare the images of Svyatogor and Ilya Muromets in the epic "Svyatogor and Ilya Muromets" and arrange them in the form of a table.
Svyatogor
Ilya Muromets
External
appearance
Above the standing forest, head rests against the walking cloud
Fits in Svyatogor's pocket
Source
strength
Peace, nature, mountains
Physical conditioning
Way
movement
The earth trembles, dark forests stagger, rivers overflow from steep banks
The horse jumps from mountain to mountain, jumps from hill to hill
Earth and
hero
The earth is hard on him
Protects the Russian land
How does the epic end?
perishes
Rides in an open field
Thus, there is a lot of mythological in Svyatogor. K. Aksakov noted: “The image of this huge hero, who was burdened, overpowered by his own strength, so that he became motionless is very significant. Svyatogor is a hero-element. (6, p.4) Muromets is a real person, but his strength is exaggerated. Svyatogor died - Ilya remained. Man has replaced the element. Svyatogor is heavy for the earth and is not needed by it, since it cannot protect a person in need of help.
The epic "Svyatogor and Ilya Muromets" reflects the transition popular consciousness to the idea that the most important place in people's lives belongs not to the elements, but to man. That it is not God, not Svyatogor, not nature, but it is man who is capable and must defend himself, stand up to fight evil.
The talented Russian people created heroic epics. They reflected the dignity and mind of the people, their moral character and soul, their historical memory. And if we know folklore, the people's memory will live, heroic Rus' will forever be famous. And the simple word “hero” told us about all this.
Bibliography
1. Azbelev S.N. Historicism of epics and the specifics of folklore. L., 1982
2. Anikin V.P. Russian heroic epic. M., 1964
3. Astakhova A.M. Ilya Muromets. M.-L., 1958
4. Bakhtin V.S. From the epic to the counting rhyme. L., 1982
5. Epics // Comp. Kalugin V.P. M., 1991
6. Epics. Russians folk tales. Old Russian stories
// Comp. Anikin V.P., Likhachev D.S., Mikhelson T.N. M., 1986
7. Dal V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language. T.1.
M.: Russian language, 1989
8. Efremova T.F. New dictionary of the Russian language. T.1 M., 2000
9. Maslova L.P., Goryunova S.V. A music lesson is an art lesson.
Moscow: Prometheus, 1989
10.Manin V.S. Masterpieces of Russian painting. M.: White City, 2000
11. nsportal. en./ shkola/ muzyka/ library/ bogatyrskaya- theme- v- iskusstve
12. Ozhegov S.I., Shvedov N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language.
M.: Russian language, 1988
13. Preobrazhensky A.G. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. M., 1958
14. Propp V.Ya. Russian heroic epic. M., 1999
15. Rapatskaya L.A. Russian music at school. M.: VLADOS, 2003
16. Russian artists of the 12th-20th centuries. Encyclopedia. M.: Azbuka, 1999
17. Russian folk poetry // Ed. Novikova A.I.,
Koporeva A.V.. M., 1969
18. Dictionary of Russian synonyms // Ed. N. Abramova.
M.: Russian dictionaries, 1999
19. Sreznevsky I.I. Dictionary materials Old Russian language. T.1. M .,
1958
21. Ukhov P.D. Attribution of Russian epics. M., 1970
22. Ushakov D.N. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. T.1. M., 1989
23. Fasmer M. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. T.1. M., 1986
24. Chernykh P.Ya. Historical and etymological dictionary of modern Russian
language. T.1. M., 1999
25. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron. T4. SPb., 1891
26. Etymological dictionary of the modern Russian language. T.1. M., 2010
5.10.2012 01:38
Bogatyrs. Painting by V.M. Vasnetsova (Ilya Muromets - in the middle)
The epic hero Ilya Muromets - was he in reality, what years he lived, where he served, are not his relics located in the caves of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra?
History is silent. But there is information about it in the noospheric layer of the Earth. In this article, it is presented, received by the author.
Ilya Muromets - real hero ancient Rus'. He served at the court of the Prince of Vladimir from 1238 to 1255. He was indeed from the village of Karacharovo near Murom. At the age of twenty, he was noticed by the prince's recruiters and invited to serve. He served as an ordinary soldier in a special detachment led by foreman Dobrynya Nikitich. You can translate into modern language the name of this detachment as the princely special forces. The function of the detachment included the protection of the princely family, reconnaissance of the positions of enemy groups and participation in key battles not only as part of the Vladimir army, but also as part of detachments of other principalities. The fighters of this detachment underwent very serious combat training and were very formidable force in battles even with a superior number of enemies.
Ilya Muromets was the strongest fighter of this detachment. He perfectly owned almost all types of weapons of that time, especially the dagger and sword. Excellent athletic data - height 186 cm and weight 112 kg, high coordination, plasticity, quick wit, courage, speed and absolutely fantastic strength made him already during his lifetime a genius of martial art and a favorite of the Prince of Vladimir and the Russian people.
The warriors lived and trained in a two-story stone building in Vladimir, opposite the Knyaginin Monastery. In Vladimir and Kiev, competitions were held among the soldiers of various principalities. In this case, wooden models were used. Ilya has always been the absolute champion. He was also a great wrestler. He was distinguished by asceticism and spirituality.
One day, a mercenary enemy detachment of 600 people approached the city of Vladimir in order to reconnoiter the military positions of the city. Vladimir special forces in the amount of 130 soldiers came out to meet them, immediately a skirmish and a strong battle arose. The enemy detachment also consisted of strong fighters different nationalities. Nevertheless, the Vladimirians turned out to be stronger and, after a 20-minute battle, put the enemy detachment to flight. The result of the battle was 225 destroyed enemy soldiers and 24 killed special forces, among them was Ilya Muromets. During the battle, he managed to destroy five opponents, a little later, deeply wedged into the camp of enemies without the support of his comrades (this was a violation of the rules of warfare prescribed by the soldiers of the Vladimir detachment) was surrounded, but continued to fight successfully. However, an unexpected situation happened. One of the enemies began to throw stones from a sling. Getting into Ilya, they did not produce a strong effect on him. But Ilya's chain mail was short, barely covering the lower part of his stomach, so as not to limit his mobility. And one of the stones hit Ilya in the groin. The intense pain made him double over for a few seconds. This was enough to get hit on the head with a baton. None of the combatants turned out to be nearby, and Ilya, who had lost consciousness, was quickly finished off.
The grief of the commandos, all the residents of Vladimir, the princely family was enormous. The dead were buried that same evening at the battlefield. In the middle, a cross was made of logs, around it the bodies of the dead were laid in a circle with their heads to the cross, covered with a cloth and covered with earth. Until now, this elevated place has been preserved in the floodplain of the Klyazma River, south of Vladimir, not far from the village of Ulybyshevo. The mournful news spread throughout all the cities of Rus'. Ilya Muromets became a Russian national hero. Subsequently, some Russian soldiers took the pseudonym Ilya Muromets as a sign of the deepest respect and worship. One of them is a monk and at the same time a warrior of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. After his natural death, he was buried under the name of Ilya Muromets.
Later, other dead soldiers of the Vladimir detachment began to be buried at this place. A necropolis appeared on the field. A wooden chapel was erected. There was a memorial stone on the mass grave.
One acquaintance, an 80-year-old Vladimir citizen, grandson of the archpriest of one of the Vladimir churches, told an interesting story that has been passed down from generation to generation. Indeed, Ilya Muromets served in the Vladimir princely detachment and died not far from Vladimir. Somewhere behind the Klyazma is his grave. His military armor was kept long years in the basement of one of the temples of the city. But at the end of the 18th century, both the grave and his armor, as well as all the information about his life and valor, disappeared at once. Some of these artifacts are very disturbing. To deprive Russians of their history means to deprive them of patriotism and love for the Motherland!
The grave of Ilya Muromets in the Vladimir region - the vicinity of the village of Ulybyshevo (the exact place is marked with an arrow)
In this regard, the author made an attempt this summer to find the grave of Ilya Muromets. Providence led to the field really not far from the village of Ulybyshevo, located 3 km from the road Vladimir - Ulybyshevo and 18 km from Vladimir. Large swampy field with many bypass channels. Nearby is a sand pit, which began to function in the 80s. The empty workings of the quarry filled with water and the field became swampy. Grass to the chest. It was not possible to overcome the last meters to the alleged burial place of Ilya Muromets. The path was blocked by a wide swampy canal (about 7 meters wide, up to 1.5 meters deep), overgrown with shrubs and duckweed. It was not possible to overcome it alone without equipment. However, on an empty, relatively flat field, a slight rounded elevation was noted. The location of the mound coincides with the noospheric information. Unfortunately, due to bad weather, it was not possible to take a high-quality photo (see photo). The matter is left to the experts.
If there is some clarity with the burial place of Ilya, then with the portrait of the hero, of course, there was no chance. The study of various paintings and portraits of Ilya by artists of the 19th and 20th centuries, which of course were fantasies, led to an amazing result. When considering one portrait, information was received that the portrait is very close to the original. Only the beard and hair were shorter, and their color was more gray. The face was more courageous, more expressive look. The shape of the nose and eyes are very similar (see fig.). Marvelous! Probably, the artist was so imbued with the image that he connected or was connected to the noospheric layer and he saw the image of Ilya Muromets.
In any case, this place must be examined, and if there is confirmation of the burial, a modest monument to the heroes should be erected.
Vladimir land has richest history, which goes back far into the depths of ancient times. And no matter how hard the "scribes" of the history of Rus' try to distort it, historical truth will triumph!
During the classes
slide number
Teacher activity
Student activities
1. Organizational moment
- Hello, sit down!
Read the saying "The Russian land is glorious with heroes."
Look at the proverb and try to identify the main word in it.
Subject: Old Russian warriors-defenders.
- It is about the heroes that we will talk about today.
^2. Related work:
-Who are the rich people?
The meaning of the word "hero" is best given by a dictionary.
Bogatyrs (from the Turkic Bagatur - a brave warrior) are the defenders of the Russian land, performing military feats, distinguished by their special strength.
The word "hero" is found in chronicles starting from the 13th century.
“The hero is a tall, portly, hefty and prominent man; extraordinary strongman; brave and lucky, brave and happy warrior, knight.
- Having found out who the heroes are, we will try to answer the question, what are they?
What heroes do you know?
- There are many heroes in Rus'. It is impossible to talk about everyone at once.
The defense of the motherland is the defense of one's own dignity. (N. Roerich).
- The heroes of our today's lesson are very unusual characters. Let's see, guys, how the artists depicted ancient Russian warriors, heroes.
(On the slide is the painting by V. Vasnetsov “Three Heroes”).
- Ilya Muromets is the most prominent representative of all Russian heroes. Ilya is different huge force, which other junior heroes do not possess. Physical strength is accompanied by moral strength: calmness, steadfastness, simplicity, paternal care, restraint, complacency, modesty, independence of character. For Ilya Muromets, the first feat was the liberation of the people from the power of the enemy, from the Nightingale the Robber.
^ Dobrynya Nikitich.
Alesha Popovich.
Svyatogor - a hero of great strength, taller than a standing forest, his head rested on a walking cloud. Mother Earth could not wear it. Even Ilya Muromets is so helpless before him that Svyatogor does not notice him.
Svyatogor - a huge giant; it is hardly worn by mother earth cheese. He does not travel to Holy Rus', but lives on the high Holy Mountains; during his journey, the mother earth shakes, forests sway and rivers overflow their banks.
Give verbal portrait hero. What can be said about the character of the warriors?
And now, let's get acquainted with the armor of ancient Russian warriors.
What is their appearance?
Compare the heroes in the pictures.
Where did the warriors live?
- And now let's get acquainted with the armor of ancient Russian warriors.
Warriors have always tried to decorate their armor. It served as a talisman.
- The story of the "princely husband";
Chainmail;
Questions about the armor of the combatant.
Photo of children in historical costumes of warriors.
A story about the monument to Minin and Pozharsky.
Thank you for your attention! Get to work!
Bogatyrs.
Children's answers.
Listen to the teacher and answer questions.
Children's answers.
Listen to the teacher's story.
Consider a reproduction of the painting by V.M. Vasnetsov "Bogatyrs".
- courageous, unshakable, strong in spirit.
Strong physique, strict face, long hair, mustache, beard.
Consider reproductions: M.V. Vasnetsov. Bogatyr (1870) and P. D. Korin. Alexander Nevskiy. (1942).
Student answers.
Watching the presentation.
Children listen and watch the presentation.
^ 3.Practical part
I propose to try yourself in the role of artists, to depict the image of a hero, conveying his character.
Independent work according to the plan under the guidance of a teacher according to your imagination.
Perform drawings.
4. Analysis and evaluation of the results of the work
Exhibition of works on the board. Grading.
- Who managed to convey a characteristic image?
Children's opinions.
5.Summary of the lesson
What have you learned? What have you learned?
Lesson 6
Subject: Composition-description on the painting "Heroes".
Goals: consolidate the idea of vocabulary; learn to compose an essay-description of a portrait of characters; enrich speech; learn how to build sentences.
During the classes.
I. Topic message.
II. introduction teachers about Russian heroes.
What do you know about the Russian artist?
Which works of art tell about heroes? (Epics)
Conclusion: The epics tell of the courageous struggle of the Russian people against the enemies - the nomads who attacked our country.
Who are the main characters of the epic? (Heroes)
The people endow the heroes with strength, courage, wisdom.
The most popular hero of epics is the hero Ilya Muromets, a peasant son "from the city of Murom, from that village and from Karacharov." Ilya accomplished many feats; destroyed the evil Idolishche, defeated Kalin the Tsar, killed the Nightingale the Robber.
Another favorite hero of the people was the hero Dobrynya Nikitich. He also performed many feats; destroyed the snake on the Creek - the river; defeated the hero of the Danube. Another hero is often found in folk epics- This is Alyosha Popovich. He is young, brave, quick-witted, although not as strong as Muromets and Dobrynya.
Vasnetsov painted the picture "Bogatyrs" for almost twenty years. For a long time he chose suitable sitters, studied epics, antiquities.
In the "Bogatyrs" merged together literary heroes and images of the artist's creative fantasy, reminiscent of their appearance of the Slavs of Kievan Rus.
III. Consideration of the illustration of the painting "Heroes" and compilation of an oral story.
Look at the picture.
What do you see?
(The picture shows three heroes on patrol at the outpost).
Explain the word outpost. (outpost is in old Russia place of entry into the city, outpost, frontier outpost).
Why are three heroes depicted? (Three repetitions, which are used in fairy tales.)
In the person of the three heroes, the whole people stands guard over the motherland.
a) Who is in the center and what does he look like?
On the board, the beginning of the paragraph and the plan for describing the portrait, along the way, words are added that characterize the appearance.
In the center on a black horse .....
appearance- courageous
figure- mighty, majestic
height- huge, enormous
face- courageous, calm, severe
eyes- large, concentrated, clear
nose- straight
lips- tightly compressed
beard- okladaya with gray hair
Where is the hero looking? (Far)
How else to say what he does? (Looks, looks).
How does he look? (Attentively, without looking up, tensely).
Why is he looking so hard into the distance?
b) How is the warrior dressed?
(On the hero military armor)
How is the head protected? (Helmet)
What is its shape? (Tall, with a pointed top).
What protects the chest, back, arms? (Kolchuga).
Chain mail - from the word "ringed", "ring" - a metal shirt made of forged rings.
What does a horse look like?
(Mighty, stately, huge, strong)
What suit is he?
How can you describe the pose? (Stands majestically, high, raising his head with a fluffy mane)
Generalization. Complete oral story of 1 student.
Sample story.
Ilya Muromets sits in the center on a black horse. Confidence and power are felt in his heroic figure. Muromets has a noble Russian face, clear, keen eyes, a straight nose, a strong-willed mouth with tightly compressed lips, and a bushy beard with gray hair. Ilya sits majestically, carefully peering into the distance. With surprising ease, he holds a heavy mace in one hand, and a shield in the other. And a horse to match the hero. Just as strong and calm. He is dressed in iron chain mail and has a helmet on his head.
c) Tell (describe) the second hero.
To the left of Ilya Dobrynya Nikitich.
Words for reference: chain mail shines with silver, the shield burns with precious stones, elegant boots, in an elegant harness.
Generalization. Oral story.
Sample story.
To the left of Ilya Dobrynya Nikitich. He is the son of a rich prince. He is dressed richly and smartly. Shiny silver mail. The shield burns and shimmers
precious stones. On the head is a patterned high helmet. And Dobrynya's horse in an elegant harness.
Dobrynya is not as calm and reasonable as Ilya Muromets. He impatiently grips the hilt of his half-drawn sword, eyes gazing into the distance. He is ready to rush into battle at any moment. But Ilya is the eldest at the outpost, no one will budge without his order.
d) Tell us about the youngest hero.
Alyosha Popovich is depicted to the right of Ilya Muromets.
Words for reference: brave, bold, dexterous, resourceful, tight bow, beardless face, slender figure, golden belt, helmet with headphones, plate mail, harp on the side.
sample story.
Alyosha Popovich is depicted to the right of Ilya Muromets. Alyosha, the son of priest Leonty, is also brave and courageous. But it can be seen not by the strength of the heroic, he fights with enemies, but by resourcefulness and ingenuity.
Heather Alyosha! He does not look in the direction of the enemy, he squints his eyes, he holds a tight bow and arrows at the ready. He is younger than the other two heroes. The beardless face is youthfully pretty. A slim body girded with a golden belt. A helmet with headphones, lamellar chain mail are rich and beautiful, a psaltery can be seen from the side. The merry fellow and joker Alyosha.
e) How does the landscape help to reveal the image of heroes?
Nature is beautiful and majestic, like the heroes themselves. The outpost is located in the steppe covered with feather grass. Above the hilly area is a low sky with cold leaden clouds. Beyond the hills Rus'. Bogatyrs rise above it, who came out to defend the Motherland.
IV. Work on vocabulary.
What words did we use to describe heroes?
Why did these words leave communication?
Who uses them and when?
V. Structural composition of the text.
But this will not be a scientific, but an artistic description.
What is the difference between scientific style and artistic style?
Define the text type.
Prove it.
VI. Planning.
Plan. (difficult)
I Introduction
II main part.
1. Ilya Muromets.
a) posture a) Appearance
b) face b) Heroic horse
c) clothes
d) weapons
2. Dobrynya Nikitich
3. Alyosha Popovich
III Conclusion
My attitude to the picture. What did the artist want to express?
(In this picture, the artist expressed the people's love for the bogatyrs. The picture evokes a feeling of pride in the Russian people, who entrusted their sons - bogatyrs to defend their homeland).
You look at the picture and believe that the artist loves his heroes very much - the defenders of the Russian land.
VII. Write text
(Work on drafts with a dictionary).
VIII . Editing of essays. Recording the final version.
IX. Analysis of creative works.
Epics - Russian folk ethical songs. They tell about the exploits of the heroes who fight against monsters or the enemy army, who go to the underworld, or in any other way, they show their strength, prowess, courage.
There is probably not a single person who grew up in Russia who would not have heard the word "epic" and would not have named at least three epic heroes.
The word "epic" was first used to refer to this genre in the middle of the last century by the collector and researcher of folklore Ivan Petrovich Sakharov. He borrowed this name from the Old Russian "Song about Igor's Campaign", where it meant - just a true story, a real event.
Traditionally, two main cycles of epics are distinguished, united by the place of action or the origin of the characters. The events of most epics take place in Kyiv or are to some extent connected with this city, since the heroes are in the service of the Kyiv prince Vladimir the Red Sun. This cycle is called Kyiv Vladimirov. It includes songs about Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, Alyosha Popovich, Duke Stepanovich, the Danube, and others. The second cycle is formed by Novgorod epics. Their heroes - Sadko and Vasily Buslaevich - were born and lived in Novgorod. In addition, there are a number of songs that are not included in any of these cycles.
Epic heroes
The main characters of the epics are heroes, exceptional people, endowed with features that they do not possess. a common person: unprecedented strength, boundless courage, some special skill (shooting accurately from a bow, playing chess) or talent. It is this exclusivity that makes them all related, very different from each other, and puts them at the center of the story. So, if Ilya Muromets is famous for his strength, then Sadko is famous for his unsurpassed art of playing the harp.
Among the heroes, it is customary to single out "senior" and "junior". The "senior" include Svyatogor and Volkh Vseslavich. "Elders" are called so not only because they are older than other knights, but also because they represent a more ancient, archaic type of hero.
Such a hero has no equal on earth, he is the only one of his kind, so that he can have no other opponent than nature itself, mother earth. Svyatogor, for example, has a completely unprecedented strength and power. Volkh knows how to turn into different animals, that is, to conjure. magic, as indicated by his name. The birth of Volkh Vseslavich is also miraculous: he was conceived from a "fierce snake", at the moment of his birth "the earth trembled with cheese and the blue sea swayed." When Volkh was only an hour and a half old, he told his mother:
Swaddle me, mother.
In strong damask armor
And on a wild head I put a treasure of gold with a helmet,
On the right hand - club
Undoubtedly, the features of the heroes are fabulous. The actions they perform, the circumstances in which they act, are not at all like real events and don't even mention them.
A significant part of the epics is devoted to the struggle of the hero with a monster or enemy force. The epic hero, as a rule, acts alone, goes towards terrible danger and always wins in the end. For example, Ilya Muromets, before meeting with the robbers, chooses a dangerous path for himself. Similarly, seek adventure and other heroes. Dobrynya, for example. Contrary to the order of the mother, he goes to the Pochay River, where the snake lives. However, in addition to the desire to show a pile of prowess, and to amuse the “heroic heart”, the heroes of epics are also driven by the desire to stand up for people and for faith. Their opponents bring misfortune to people - kidnap them, kill them - and behave wickedly. So, the enemy Tugarin Zmeevich, "a filthy miracle", who is defeated by Alyosha Popovich
God, the dog does not pray
The prince and princess do not bow
He does not beat princes and boyars with his forehead
This is what angers Alyosha
The enemy army, which the heroes destroy, is often depicted not as something that predetermines danger to the prince or to people in general, but simply as an obstacle in the way of the hero himself.
3. The artistic world of the epic
Description of special events and special heroes needs some special form, not the one that talks about Everyday life. Therefore, in epics, a specific manner of depicting heroes and their exploits was developed. To describe everything related to the main character: his strength and physique, weapons, horse, the task that he must perform, etc. - hyperbole is used - intentional exaggerations. Everything that surrounds the hero is as great, exceptional and unusual as he is. Here is how the armor of Potap Artamonovich is described:
There were also twenty-five pounds of armor,
The bib was yes ten pounds.
Yes, there were five pounds of chain mail around the neck,
On the head cap and forty pounds.
The opponents of the heroes are also described in the same way - they are also special, exceptional. This is quite natural. After all, the hero must have an equal opponent, whom no one but him can defeat.
The timing of the epics is also special. Its main difference from modern times is that all the miracles and incredible events depicted in epics could happen and were imagined normal - peace existed under different laws. Epic time also flows in a different way, not like ours. Therefore, Ilya, setting off on a journey, “was standing in Murom in the morning, and he wanted to be in time for lunch in the capital city of Kiev,” and this is not perceived as something impossible. But some important events, like fees for the road, duel, etc. are described slowly. Detailed. In detail, and time, as it were, slows down its flow, stops for a while. Modernity for storytellers is a completely different era, when the epic knights "translated".
4. How epics affected.
In epics you can find an abundance of all kinds of repetitions. Usually the most important things are successful for the hero on the third try, or he performs three feats, of which the last one stands out from the rest. When the Kaliki heal Ilya Muromets, they give him a “honey drink” to drink three times: after the first time, he feels insufficient strength in himself, after the second, excess, and only after drinking the third time, he receives as much strength as he needs.
If you read at least a few epics in a row, you cannot fail to notice another very important feature: many of them repeat the same episodes. Often, heroic deeds are preceded by a boasting scene at a feast, when all the guests flaunt in front of each other who is a gold treasury, who is an expensive dress, and who is a heroic horse. The hero of the song, boasting about something, must provide evidence, for which he sets off. Approximately the same words depict childhood and the first manifestations of heroic strength, gatherings of different heroes on the road, meeting and duel with the enemy, arrival at the princely court, etc. The storytellers knew only the plot, the events associated with this or that hero, and also owned a certain set of such common places, recurring episodes. Of which, as if from cubes, the backbone of the epic was formed. Everything else was born before the eyes of the listeners. Therefore, even the same performer could not repeat the epic word for word twice. Each performance of the epic was also the process of its creation, and each performer was a creator. Otherwise, the singer would have to keep many thousands of lines of poetry in his memory.
5. Novgorod epics
Novgorod epics are somewhat different. They don't have " mighty heroes”, “palenits of the remote”, fighting with the enemy force. The hero of these songs is Sadko and Vasily Buslaevich, as well as Kyiv heroes, have bright and special features: Sadko plays the harp beautifully, so that with his game he strikes the king of the sea and receives help and advice from him on how to get rich. Sadko differs from ordinary people and those that travel to the bottom of the sea and return successfully.
The plots of epics are often associated with the violation of a ban by the hero. This promises trouble for the heroes. Some higher power, fate decides what should happen. Higher power is the only thing that the heroes cannot cope with, and if they encroach on it, death awaits them. However, the heroes themselves strive to fight with such force, because among people they have no equal. In the epic about how since when the heroes were transferred to Holy Rus', this is exactly how the death of the knights is explained. Having beaten the Tatar army, they boast:
Our mighty shoulders did not wave
Our good horses did not leave
Our damask swords are not blunted!
And Alyosha Popovich says young:
Give us unearthly strength -
We can handle that force! »
And then "there were two warriors." But every time after the heroes cut one of the opponents in half, a new warrior appears from each half, and their army is constantly growing.
Mighty knights were frightened,
Run to the stone mountains
In dark caves
As the knight runs up to the mountain,
So it turns to stone
Since then, the glorious knights in Holy Rus' have disappeared.
