What are dialectisms - specific examples of their meaning. Dialect words: examples and meaning

In artistic speech, dialectisms perform important stylistic functions: they help convey local color, the specifics of life, and culture; features of the characters' speech, and finally, dialect vocabulary can be a source of speech expression and a means of satirical coloring.

The use of dialectisms in Russian fiction has its own history. Poetics of the 18th century allowed dialect vocabulary only in low genres, mainly in comedy; dialectisms were distinctive feature non-literary, mostly peasant speech of the characters. At the same time, dialectal features of various dialects were often mixed in the speech of one hero. Sentimentalist writers, prejudiced against the rude, "muzhik" language, protected their style from the dialect vocabulary. Interest in dialectisms was caused by the desire of realist writers to truthfully reflect the life of the people, to convey the “common folk” flavor. I.A. Krylov, A.S. Pushkin, N.V. Gogol, N.A. Nekrasov, I.S. Turgenev, L.N. Tolstoy and others. In Turgenev, for example, words from the Oryol and Tula dialects are often found (bolshak, gutorit, poneva, potion, wave, doctor, buchilo, etc.). 19th century writers used dialectisms that corresponded to their aesthetic attitudes. Stylistically, the appeal to reduced dialect vocabulary could also be justified. For example: As if on purpose, all the peasants met all shabby (I.S. Turgenev) - here dialectism with negative emotional and expressive coloring in the context is combined with other reduced vocabulary (willows stood like beggars in rags; peasants rode on bad nags).

It is necessary to distinguish, on the one hand, the “citation” use of dialectisms, when they are present in the context as an element of another style, and, on the other hand, their use on an equal footing with the vocabulary of the literary language, with which dialectisms should stylistically merge. With the "citation" use of dialectisms, it is important to know the measure, to remember that the language of the work must be understandable to the reader. For example: All evenings, and even nights, [the guys] sit by the fires, speaking in the local language, and bake opalikhs, that is, potatoes (V.F. Abramova) - this use of dialectisms is stylistically justified. When evaluating aesthetic value dialect vocabulary should be based on its internal motivation and organic nature in the context. In itself, the presence of dialectisms cannot yet testify to a realistic reflection of local color. As rightly emphasized by A.M. Gorky, “life needs to be laid in the foundation, and not stuck on the facade. The local flavor is not in the use of words: taiga, zaimka, shanga - it should stick out from the inside.

More difficult problem is the use of dialectisms on a par with literary vocabulary. In this case, the fascination with dialectisms can lead to clogging the language of the work. For example: All wabit, bewitch; Odal Belozor swam; The slope with a twist ants - such an introduction of dialectisms obscures the meaning. When determining the aesthetic value of dialectisms in artistic speech, one should take into account what words the author chooses. Based on the requirement of accessibility, understandability of the text, the use of such dialectisms that do not require additional explanations and are understandable in context is usually noted as proof of the writer's skill. As a result of this approach, dialectisms that have become widespread in fiction often become “all-Russian”, losing touch with a specific folk dialect.

Writers should go beyond "inter-dialect" vocabulary and strive for non-standard use of dialectisms. An example of a creative solution to this problem can be the prose of V.M. Shukshin. There are no incomprehensible dialect words in his works, but the speech of the characters is always original, folk. For example, vivid expression distinguishes dialectisms in the story "How the old man died":

Yegor stood on the stove, slipped his hands under the old man.

Hold on to my neck... That's it! How easy it has become! ..

Got sick... (...)

In the evening I will come and visit. (...)

Don't eat, that's weakness, - the old woman noticed. - Maybe we can chop the trigger - I'll cook the broth? He's a slick, fresh one... Huh? (...)

No need. And we won’t sing, but we’ll decide the trigger. (...)

At least for a while, don’t be flustered! .. He’s standing there with one foot, but isho shakes something. (...) Are you really dying, or what? Maybe isho oklemaissya.(...)

Agnyusha," he said with difficulty, "forgive me... I was a little dim-witted...

For modern language In fiction, the widespread use of dialectisms is uncharacteristic. This is due to the activation of the process of dissolution of local dialects in the literary Russian language, their convergence with it. This process captures the entire system of speech, but the vocabulary is the most permeable. At the same time, a complex, multi-stage restructuring of the dialect vocabulary is observed: from narrowing the scope of the use of individual dialectisms to their complete disappearance from the vocabulary of speech due to a change in the methods of conducting Agriculture, the extinction of certain crafts, the replacement or disappearance of many social and everyday realities, and the like.

language and Literature MBOU School №27

Ivanova Olga Valerievna

G.Volzhsky

Volgograd region

Research

Dialectisms in literary language

(on the example of Russian fairy tales).

1.Introduction………………………………………………………………………….3

2.Main part:

2.1.The concept of a dialect……………………………………………………....5

2.2. Dialects as part of the vocabulary of the national Russian language ...... 6

2.3. Types of dialects. Classification of dialectisms………………….6

3.Practical part:

3.1. Dialectisms in the literary language (an example of Russian fairy tales)

…………………………………………………………………………....19

4.Conclusion………………………………………………………………………25

List of used literature………………………………………….26

Application……………………………………………………………………..28

Introduction.

Relevance This study is determined by the fact that the dialectological sphere of the language is still of great interest to linguists. Today, Russian folk dialects are disappearing, and with them the unique facts of the history of the language and the culture of the Russian people in general, the significance similar works it is difficult to overestimate, and over time it will only increase.

object studies have become dialects of the Russian language.

In connection with our object of study, an important question arises about the research boundaries of the object of our study.

As you know, the lexical composition is divided into 2 layers: the first layer is a general language, such lexemes are familiar and used by the entire group of Russian speakers; the second layer is of a lexical-corporate nature, in particular, of a special-scientific one. This group of lexemes is familiar and used by a limited circle of people. The peculiarity of dialects is that they refer to the vocabulary limited use. The scope of our analysis included dialects collected by continuous sampling from Russian fairy tales.

Dialects have been repeatedly studied in different languages. Scientific novelty research is determined by the fact that for the first time the dialects of the Russian language became the object of research in Russian fairy tales in terms of typification.

aim our study is to determine how stylization occurs with the help of dialectal means artistic narrative, is created speech characteristic heroes. This study will be carried out on the example of Russian fairy tales.

Setting this goal led to the choice of the following tasks:

1) define the concept of a dialect;

2) consider dialects as part of the vocabulary of the national Russian language;

3) determine the types of dialects;

4) classify dialectisms;

5) analysis of dialectisms in the literary language (on the example of Russian fairy tales).

The structure of the work corresponds to the tasks.

Our material has been analyzed based on the following methods Keywords: descriptive method, historical method, component analysis method.

Dialects and their influence on literature.

The purpose of this studyis to determine how, with the help of dialect means, the stylization of the artistic narrative takes place, the speech characteristics of the characters are created. This study will be conducted on the example of Russian fairy tales.

Main part.

2.1. The concept of dialect.

Russian folk dialects, or dialects (gr. dialektos - dialect, dialect), have in their composition a significant number of original folk words known only in a certain locality. So, in the south of Russia, a stag is called a grip, a clay pot is called a mahot, a bench is a uslon, etc. Dialectisms exist mainly in the oral speech of the peasant population. In an official setting, speakers of dialects usually switch to a common language, the conductors of which are school, radio, television, and literature. The original language of the Russian people was imprinted in the dialects, in certain features of the local dialects, relic forms of Old Russian speech were preserved, which are the most important source for the restoration of historical processes that once affected our language [Rosenthal, 2002: 15].

2.2. Dialects as part of the vocabulary of the national Russian language.

Vocabulary of the Russian language, depending on the nature of the functioning, is divided into two large groups: commonly used and limited to the scope of use. The first group includes words, the use of which is not limited either by the territory of distribution or by the type of activity of people; it forms the basis vocabulary Russian language. This includes the names of concepts and phenomena from different areas of society: political, economic, cultural, everyday, which gives reason to single out various thematic groups words. Moreover, all of them are understandable and accessible to every native speaker and can be used in a variety of conditions.

Vocabulary of a limited scope of use is common within a certain area or in a circle of people united by a profession, social signs, common interests, pastime, etc. Similar words are used mainly in oral irregular speech. However, artistic speech does not refuse to use them [Rosenthal, 2002:14].

2.3. Types of dialects. Classification of dialectisms.

In linguistic literature, there is a broad and narrow understanding of dialectism as the main component of dialectology.

1) A broad approach (presented in the linguistic encyclopedia) is characterized by the understanding of dialectisms as characteristic of territorial dialects language features included in literary speech. Dialectisms stand out in the stream literary speech as deviations from the norm [Yartseva, 1990:2].

2) A narrow approach (reflected in the monograph by V. N. Prokhorova) is that dialectisms are called dialect words or stable word combinations used in the language of fiction, journalistic and other works [Prokhorova, 1957: 7].

In our work, based on the object of study, we rely on a narrow approach and by the term dialectisms we mean those reflected in work of art phonetic, word-formation, morphological, syntactic, semantic and other features of the language inherent in certain dialects in comparison with the literary language.

In linguistics, the question of dialectisms as part of the language of a work of art is one of the least studied. Separate works of such scientists as V. N. Prokhorova "Dialectisms in the language of fiction", E. F. Petrishcheva "Extra-literary vocabulary in modern fiction”, P. Ya. Chernykh “On the question of the methods of artistic reproduction of folk speech” and others. Whole line works is devoted to the analysis of dialect vocabulary in specific works of Russian writers of the 19th– XX centuries: dialectisms in the works of I. S. Turgenev, S. Yesenin, M. Sholokhov, V. Belov, F. Abramov.

In works of fiction, the originality of dialects can be reflected in varying degrees. Depending on what specific features are transmitted in dialect words, they can be classified into four main groups:

1. Words that convey the features of the sound structure of the dialect - phonetic dialectisms.

2. Words that differ in grammatical forms from the words of the literary language - morphological dialectisms.

3. Transmitted in the literary language of a work of art features of the construction of sentences and phrases, characteristic of dialects - syntactic dialectisms.

4. The words used in the language of fiction from the vocabulary of the dialect are lexical dialectisms. Such dialectisms are heterogeneous in composition. Among the dictionary-opposed vocabulary, the following stand out:

a) semantic dialectisms - with the same sound design, such words in the dialect have the opposite literary significance(homonyms in relation to the literary equivalent);

b) lexical dialectisms with a complete difference in terms of content from the literary word (synonyms in relation to the literary equivalent);

c) lexical dialectisms with a partial difference in the morphemic composition of the word (lexical and derivational dialectisms), in its phonemic and accentological fixation (phonemic and accentological dialectisms).

5. Dictionary words that are the names of local objects and phenomena that do not have absolute synonyms in the literary language and require a detailed definition - the so-called ethnographisms, belong to vocabulary that is not opposed to vocabulary.

The above classification of the use of dialectisms in the language of a work of art is conditional, since in some cases dialect words can combine the features of two or more groups [Prokhorova, 1957: 6 - 8].

When dialectisms from oral speech come at the disposal of the author, he intersperses them into the language artistic text, subordinates each dialect word to the general idea of ​​the work, and this is done not directly, but through the methods of narration.

For the original population of the villages, the dialect (that is, the local dialect) is, first of all, native language, which a person masters in early childhood and organically linked to it. Precisely because the articulatory skills of speech are formed naturally, they are very strong in everyone. It is possible to rebuild them, but far from everyone and not in everything.

With the help of dialectological data, it is possible to more clearly resolve the issue of the principles for selecting the author's dialectisms, the manifestation of his artistic taste, awareness in the selection of material for creating images of folk - colloquial speech. Dialectological data help to answer the question of what vocabulary of the dialect the artist of the word prefers to use.

Thus, the processes taking place in the sphere of the dialect language as part of the language of a work of art have much in common with the processes characteristic of Russian colloquial speech, an oral variety of the literary language. In this regard, dialectisms are a rich source for identifying the processes and trends of the literary language.

We came to the conclusion that dialects differ from the national national language in various features - phonetic, morphological, special word usage and completely original words unknown to the literary language. This gives grounds to group the dialectisms of the Russian language according to their common characteristics.

Lexical dialectisms - words known only to speakers of the dialect and beyond its borders, having neither phonetic nor word-forming variants. For example, in South Russian dialects there are the words buryak (beetroot), tsibulya (onion), gutorit (speak); in the northern ones - a sash (belt), peplum (beautiful), golitsy (mittens). In the common language, these dialectisms have equivalents that name identical objects, concepts. The presence of such synonyms distinguishes lexical dialectisms from other types of dialect words.

Ethnographicdialectisms - words that name objects known only in a certain area: shanezhki - "pies prepared in a special way", shingles - "special potato pancakes", nardek - "watermelon molasses", manarka - "kind of outerwear", poneva - " a kind of skirt", etc. Ethnographisms do not and cannot have synonyms in the national language, since the objects themselves, denoted by these words, have a local distribution. As a rule, these are household items, clothes, food, plants and fruits.

Lexico-semanticdialectisms - words possessing in a dialect unusual meaning. For example, the bridge - "floor in the hut", lips - "mushrooms of all varieties (except white)", shouting (someone) - "call", himself - "master, husband." Such dialectisms act as homonyms for common words used with their inherent meaning in the language.

Phonetic dialectisms - words that have received a special phonetic design in the dialect. For example, cai (tea), chep (chain); hverma (farm), paper (paper), passport (passport), zhist (life).

word-buildingdialectisms - words that have received a special affixal design in the dialect. For example, song (rooster), guska (goose), heifers (calf), strawberry (strawberry), bro (brother), shuryak (brother-in-law), darma (for free), forever (always), fromkul (from where), pokeda (for now ), evonic (his), theirs (theirs), etc.

Morphologicaldialectisms - forms of inflection not characteristic of the literary language: soft endings for verbs in the 3rd person (go, go); ending -am for nouns in the instrumental case plural(under the pillars); ending -e in personal pronouns in the genitive singular: at me, at you, etc. [Rosenthal, 2002:15].

Practical part.

3.1. Dialectisms in the literary language

(on the example of Russian fairy tales).

There is another unsolved phenomenon: it is the language of Russian fairy tales, which is called simple, colloquial.

In the language laboratory, let's single out the simplest: lexical categories. Let's name the individual functions of the Russian verb.

1. SHUT UP to gather in a crowd, a flock, a gang, a crowd.Migratory birds roam.|| Novg. chickens. tamb. to know, to communicate, to associate with, to communicate with;meet, make friends.

(Explanatory Dictionary of V. Dahl)

“The princess cried a lot, the prince persuaded her a lot, commanded not to leave the high tower, not to go to a conversation with other people don't freak out , do not listen to bad speeches. ("White Duck").

2. SHIP OUT

Alyonushka, my sister! Get out, get out to the bank

3.CUT

slaughter. ("Sister Alyonushka and brother Ivanushka").

Let's group the dialects by type:

Ethnographic

1. BERDO, bird, cf. (technical region). Loom accessory, combfor nailing weft to fabric.

A lot of yarn has accumulated; it's time to start weaving, yes such bird they will not find that they are suitable for Vasilisina yarn; no one is willing to do something.

("Vasilisa the Beautiful").

Lexical

1. KISA, kitties, women. (colloquial fam. ). Affectionate designation of a cat (from the call: kitty-kitty).

II. KISA, kitties, women. (·pers.) (reg. ). A purse or bag with drawstring. “Taking out a flask of wine and a large cabbage pie from the kitty, he sat down.” Zagoskin. (In Ushakov's dictionary)

2. WIDTH, fly, female.

1. Short piece of fabric (e.g. linen), towel , handkerchief ( reg. ).

2. A stitched or inserted strip of fabric from the crotch (step) to the top in the front of the pants, trousers (·port. ). (In Ushakov's dictionary).

Sagittarius visited the king, received from the treasury a whole kitty gold and comes to say goodbye to his wife. She gives him fly and a ball. ("Go there - I don't know where, bring that - I don't know what").

3 . DAMAGE, damage, pl. no, female

1. Action and status according to Ch.spoiland spoil. Damage to tools. Damage to vision. Damage to relationships. Damage to character.

2. In beliefs - a disease caused by sorcery ( region ).

(Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov)

So the king went hunting. In the meantime, the sorceress came and pointed at the queen damage : Alyonushka became sick, but so thin and pale.("Sister Alyonushka and brother Ivanushka").

4. Ebullient , seething, seething; bubbly, bubbly, bubbly. 1.Boiling, heated to a boil(Region). 2. Boiling, foaming. A seething stream. 3. trans. Intensely active, stormy. He found his ebullient character here. Busy activity. “In ... ... (Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov)

Alyonushka, my sister! Swim, swim to the shore. Fires burn combustible, boilers boil ebullient , they sharpen damask knives, they want to kill me! ("Sister Alyonushka and brother Ivanushka").

5. Pomelo, a, pl. (Region). pomelia, ev, cf.

Stick , wrapped at the end with a rag for sweeping, tagging; broom. Kitchen p. Drive him with a broom. (Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Ushakov).

Soon a terrible noise was heard in the forest: the trees cracked, dry leaves crunched; Baba Yaga left the forest - she rides in a mortar, drives with a pestle, broomstick sweeps the trail ("Vasilisa the Beautiful").

6. ROOM , upper rooms, wives. 1. Room, original room on the top floor (outdated). 2. A clean half of a peasant's hut (region). Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... (Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary).

You go after the fire! the girls screamed. - Go to Baba Yaga! And they pushed Vasilisa out of chambers ("Vasilisa the Beautiful").

7. DISCOVERY , dashing, pl. no, cf. ( region , Nar.-poet. ). Evil . “You won’t get away from the hardship.” (last).

Remember famously someone ( colloquial ) - to remember badly about someone.

II. LIHO, adv. To dashing. (Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov)

The blacksmith lived in clover, no dashing did not know ("Likho one-eyed").

8. CLOSE , bins, pl. bins,husband. (region). Fenced off in barns place for dumping grain. "There's not a grain in the bins." A. Koltsov ( Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935-1940).

Baba Yaga began to go to bed and says:

When I leave tomorrow, you look - clean the yard, sweep the hut, cook dinner, prepare linen and go to bin , take a quarter of the wheat and clean it of the nigella (“Vasilisa the Beautiful”).

Phonetic

1. APPLE TREE (abbreviation: I.) - apple trees, w. (Region). The same as an apple tree. The apple tree brings apples; hazel - nuts, but good education brings the best fruits. K. Prutkov (Explanatory Dictionary of D.N. Ushakov).

Worth an apple tree.

apple trees, apple trees -mother. Hide me! ("Swan geese").

WITH catching

1. LAMB

Do not drink, brother, otherwise you will lamb ("Sister Alyonushka and brother Ivanushka").

2. RINSE

Tsar! Let me go to the sea, drink some water, guts rinse ("Sister Alyonushka and brother Ivanushka").

3. NIE

There you are, niece , there will be a birch in the eyes to quilt - you tie it up with a ribbon (“Baba Yaga”).

4. OUTSIDE

Is there any way to get away from here? ("Baba Yaga").

M orphological

1. SHIP OUT

Alyonushka, my sister! Get out, get out

1. SHUT DOWN

Flammable fires burn, seething boilers boil, damask knives sharpen, they want me slaughter. ("Sister Alyonushka and brother Ivanushka").

Often the participle is used as a predicate. This syntactic feature. Participles are formed with the help of suffixes.

1. CHOOMING The blacksmith lived happily ever after, he didn’t know any dashing (“Likho one-eyed”).
2. DO NOT SUPPORT

She locked herself in her chamber, set to work; she did not sew complacently hands, and soon a dozen shirts were ready ("Vasilisa the Beautiful").

1. LNU

Go buy me a linen the very best, at least I’ll spin (“Vasilisa the Beautiful”).

Adjectives have contracted forms.

1. ABOUT CHEESE

The king of the sea galloped to the lake, immediately guessed who the duck and drake were; hit on cheese earth and turned into an eagle (" sea ​​king and Vasilisa the Wise).

1. FUCKING UP

Why didn’t you break the church, didn’t capture the priest? After all, they were the ones! - shouted the king of the sea and he galloped after after Ivan Tsarevich and Vasilisa the Wise ("The Sea Tsar and Vasilisa the Wise").

8. BENEFITS help- HELP, blu, I mean; owls, to whom what (simple and regional). Help, help. P. mow. Help my grief (help me in trouble). Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ...Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov.

Benefits , grandmother! After all, the archer returned and brought a deer - golden horns (“Go there - I don’t know where, bring it - I don’t know what”).

This is truly a piece of jewelry, but almost unexplored by stylists and lexicologists. It remains to add that the language of fairy tales is an unplowed field, where everyone who cherishes the richest Russian speech can find his own corner.

Conclusion

During the study, we came to the following conclusions:

1) in Russian fairy tales, dialectisms reflect the worldview of the people, their national and cultural specificity;

2) the analysis of the dialects of the Russian language can be focused on the reconstruction of the process of interaction between different ethnic cultures;

3) ethnographic analysis showed how a language in various forms of its existence, on different stages its history reflected and reflects the history of the people;

4) language at all its levels should be considered as an ethnocultural phenomenon.

List of used literature.

1.Avanesov R.I. Dialectological dictionary of the Russian language.

2. Avanesov R.I. Essays on Russian dialectology. - M., 1949.

3. Blinova O.I. The language of works of art as a source of dialect lexicography. - Tyumen, 1985.

4.Kasatkin L.L. Russian dialectology. – M.: Academy, 2005.

5. Kogotkova T.S. Letters about words. – M.: Nauka, 1984.

6. Nazarenko E. Modern Russian language. Phonetics. Vocabulary. Phraseology. Morphology (names). - Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2003.

7. Prokhorova V.N. Dialectisms in the language of fiction. - Moscow, 1957.

8.Russian language. Proc. for students ped. institutions. At 2 pm P 1. Introduction to the science of language.

Russian language. General information. Lexicology of the modern Russian literary language.

Phonetics. Graphics and spelling / L.L. Kasatkin, L.P. Krysin, M.R. Lvov, T.G. Terekhova; Under

ed. L.Yu.Maximova. – M.: Enlightenment, 1989.

9.Modern Russian language.Rosenthal D.E., Golub I.B., Telenkova M.A. – M.: 2002.

10. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language: In 4 volumes / Ed. D.N. Ushakov. - M.: State. in-t "Owls.

encyclopedia."; OGIZ; State Publishing House of Foreign and National Words, 1935-1940.

12. A wonderful miracle, a wonderful marvel: fairy tales / Hood. S.R. Kovalev. – M.: Eskimo, 2011.

13. Language of works of art. Sat. articles. - Omsk, 1966.

14. Yartseva V.N. Linguistic encyclopedic Dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990.

Internet sites.

1. dic.academic.ru
2. slovopedia.com
3. classes.ru
4. vocabularyi.yandex.ru
5. TolkSlovar.Ru
6. DICTIONARIES.299.RU

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“With quick steps I passed a long “area” of bushes, climbed a hill and, instead of the expected familiar plain (...), I saw completely different ones, I didn’t Famous places"(I. S. Turgenev," Bezhin Meadow "). Why did Turgenev put the word "square" in quotation marks? Thus, he wanted to emphasize that this word in given value alien to literary language. Where did the author borrow the highlighted word from and what does it mean? The answer is found in another story. “In the Oryol province, the last forests and squares will disappear in five years ...” - Turgenev says in “Khora and Kalinich” and makes the following note: “Squares” are called large continuous masses of bushes in the Oryol province.

Many writers, depicting village life, use the words and set phrases of the folk dialect common in the area (territorial dialect). Dialect words used in literary speech are called dialectisms.

We meet dialectisms in A. S. Pushkin, I. S. Turgenev, N. A. Nekrasov, L. N. Tolstoy, V. A. Sleptsov, F. M. Reshetnikov, A. P. Chekhov, V. G. Korolenko, S. A. Yesenina, M. M. Prishvin, M. A. Sholokhova, V. M. Soloukhina, I. V. Abramova, V. I. Belova, V. M. Shukshina, V. G. Rasputin, V. P. Astafiev, A. A. Prokofiev, N. M. Rubtsov and many others.

Dialect words are introduced by the author, first of all, to characterize the character's speech. They indicate both the social position of the speaker (usually belonging to a peasant environment) and his origin from a particular area. “All around are such gullies, ravines, and in the ravines all the cases are found,” says Turgenev’s boy Ilyusha, using the Oryol word for a snake. Or from A. Ya. Yashin: “I’m walking along the oseks once, I look - something is moving. Suddenly, I think, a hare? - says the Vologda peasant. Here is the indistinction c And h, inherent in some northern dialects, as well as the local word "osek" - a fence of poles or brushwood that separates a pasture from a hayfield or village.

Writers who are sensitive to language do not overload the speech of the characters with dialect features, but convey its local character with a few strokes, introducing either a single word or a phonetic (sound), derivational or grammatical form characteristic of the dialect.

Often writers turn to such local words that name objects, phenomena of rural life and do not have correspondences in the literary language. Let us recall Yesenin's poems addressed to his mother: "Don't go on the road so often / In an old-fashioned shabby husk." Shushun is the name of women's clothing such as a jacket worn by Ryazan women. We find similar dialectisms in contemporary writers. For example, in Rasputin: "Of the whole class, only I went in teals." In Siberia, chirki are light leather shoes, usually without tops, with edging and ties. The use of such words helps to more accurately reproduce the life of the village. Writers use dialect words when depicting a landscape, which gives the description a local flavor. So, V. G. Korolenko, drawing a harsh path down the Lena, writes: “Across its entire width, “hummocks” stuck out in different directions, which the angry fast river threw at each other in the fall in the fight against the terrible Siberian frost.” And further: “For a whole week I have been looking at a strip of pale sky between high banks, at white slopes with a mourning border, at “pads” (gorges) mysteriously creeping out from somewhere in the Tunguska deserts ... "

The reason for the use of dialectism may also be its expressiveness. Drawing the sound that reeds being moved apart, I. S. Turgenev writes: "... the reeds ... rustled, as we say" (meaning the Oryol province). In our time, the verb "rustle" is a commonly used word of the literary language, the modern reader would not have guessed about its dialectal origin if it were not for this note of the writer. But for the time of Turgenev, this is dialectism, which attracted the author with its onomatopoeic character.

With the difference in artistic tasks are connected and different ways presentation of dialectisms in the author's speech. Turgenev, Korolenko usually single them out and give them an explanation. In their speech, dialectisms are like inlays. Belov, Rasputin, Abramov introduce dialect words on equal terms with literary ones. In their works, both are intertwined like different threads in a single fabric. This reflects the inextricable connection of these authors with their heroes - the people of their native land, about the fate of which they write. So dialectisms help to reveal ideological content works.

Literature, including fiction, serves as one of the conductors of dialect words into the literary language. We have already seen this with the example of the verb "to rustle". Here's another example. The word "tyrant", well known to all of us, entered the literary language from the comedies of A. N. Ostrovsky. In the dictionaries of that time, it was interpreted as "stubborn" and appeared with territorial marks: Pskov(skoe), tver(skoe), ostash(kovskoe).

The entry of dialectism into the literary (standardized) language is a long process. Replenishment of the literary language at the expense of dialect vocabulary continues in our time.

The lexical composition of the Russian language is diverse and very interesting. It contains many original words known only to a narrow circle of people. In lexicology, they are called limited in use and are classified into special groups. These include professional, obsolete and dialect words.

The latter are most often heard in rural areas. They exist mainly in live colloquial speech and usually reflect the realities existing there. Moreover, for the name of the same object, residents can equally use different variants: and "local", commonly used.

Dialect word - what is it?

"Selets graze behind the house." Not many, having heard this phrase, will understand what in question. It is understandable. A foal is sometimes called a foal in a Russian village.

Dialectisms are words that are actively used by residents of a certain area and are not included in any of the lexical groups of the literary language. Their distribution may be limited to a few settlements or the whole area.

Interest in the "local" word in Russia arose in the 18th century. Since then, leading linguists and linguists, including V. Dahl, A. Potebnya, A. Shakhmatov, S. Vygotsky and others, have great job in this direction. They considered various options and examples of the use of the word dialect. In the literature, both domestic and foreign, this word today intersects with such concepts as linguistic geography (specific vocabulary in different territories), social dialectology (age, profession, social status of speakers of local dialects are taken into account).

Groups of dialects in Russian

In Russia, there are several variants of dialects. The basic principle of combining dialect words into groups is territorial. In accordance with it, the southern and northern dialects are distinguished, which, in turn, include several dialects. Between them are Central Russian dialects, which became the basis for the formation and therefore are closest to the literary norm.

Each group has its own dialect words. Examples of their relationships (including commonly used ones): house - hut (northern) - hut (southern); to speak - to bait (northern) - to gutarit (southern).

Formation of dialect words

Each dialect, as a rule, has its own distinctive features. In addition, it is customary in science to distinguish several groups, which include dialect words of different ways of formation (examples are given in comparison with the norm).

1. Actually lexical. They either have no connection with words in the literary language at all (for example, a squirrel in the Pskov region is a veksha, a basket in the Voronezh region is a sapetka), or they are formed from an existing root and retain its basic meaning (in the Smolensk region: to bathe means to bathe).
2. Lexical and derivational. They differ from commonly used words in only one affix: poor man - troubled on the Don, talkative - talkative in Ryazan, etc.
3. Phonemic. The difference from the existing literary norm lies in one phoneme (sound): andyuk instead of turkey, pakhmurny - i.e. cloudy.
4. Osemantic. They are completely identical to common words in sound, spelling and form, but differ in lexical meaning: running in the Smolensk region - agile, noodles in Ryazan region is the name for chicken pox.

Detailing life through dialect words

Many territories have their own peculiarities of life, customs, relations between people, which are most often expressed in speech. recreate complete picture life in such cases is possible precisely through dialect words. highlighting individual details in the general way of everyday life:

• ways of stacking sheaves of hay or straw (common name - baburka) in the Pskov region: soyanka - small stacking, odonok - large;
• the name of a foal in the Yaroslavl area: up to 1 year old - suckling, from 1 to 2 years old - strigun, from 2 to 3 years old - uchka.

Designation of ethnographic or geographical features

Another option is when dialects and their meaning always arouse interest among “strangers”) help to understand the very structure of life. So, in the north, a house is accepted and that's it outbuildings build under one roof. Hence a large number of “local” words denoting different parts of the same building: bridge - canopy and porch, hut - living room, ceiling - attic, tower - living room in the attic, lead - hayloft, fat - a place in a barn for cattle.

In the Meshchersky Territory, the main economic sector is forestry. A large group of names is associated with it, which is formed by dialect words. Examples of words: sawdust - sawdust, needles - needles, cut down places in the forest - cutting, a person involved in uprooting stumps - peneshnik.

The use of dialect words in fiction

Writers, working on a work, use all available means to recreate the appropriate atmosphere and reveal the images of the characters. Dialects play an important role in this. Examples of their use can be found in the works of A. Pushkin, I. Turgenev, S. Yesenin, M. Sholokhov, V. Rasputin, V. Astafiev, M. Prishvin and many others. More often, writers whose childhood passed in the countryside turn to dialect words. As a rule, the authors themselves provide footnotes containing the interpretation of words and the place of their use.

The function of dialectisms in a work of art can be different. But in any case, they give the text originality and help to realize the author's idea.

For example, S. Yesenin is a poet for whom Ryazan dialect words are the main means of recreating rural life. Examples of their use: “in an old-fashioned dilapidated shushun” - a type of women's clothing, “at the threshold in a bowl of kvass” - for the test.

V. Korolenko uses local words when creating landscape sketch: “I look ... at the fall” - gorges. Or I. Turgenev: "the last ... squares (large thickets of bushes) will disappear."

For the so-called "village" writers, one of the ways to create a literary image is the hero's speech, which includes dialect words. Examples: “God (God) helped (helped) you” by V. Astafiev, “they (they) ... will spoil (spoil) the earth” - by V. Rasputin.

The meaning of dialect words can be found in the dictionary: in the explanatory they will be marked region. - regional or dial. - dialect. The largest special dictionary is the Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects.

The entry of dialectisms into the literary language

Sometimes it turns out that a word that was once used only by a certain group of people passes into the category of general use. This is a long process, especially in the case of "local" words, but it also takes place in our time.

So, few people will come to mind that the rather well-known word "rustling" is dialectal in origin. This is indicated by a note by I.S. Turgenev in the “Notes of a Hunter”: “the reeds rustled, as we say,” i.e. in the writer the word is used for the first time as an onomatopoeia.

Or no less common - a petty tyrant, which in the time of A. Ostrovsky was a dialect in the Pskov and Tver provinces. Thanks to the playwright, it has found a second birth and today no one raises questions.

These are not isolated examples. The dialect words used to be owl, tues, tong.

The fate of dialect words in our time

Due to the increase in recent years of migration processes within the country, dialects are now spoken mainly older generation. The reason is simple - their language was formed in those conditions when the integrity of the people in the individual was strong. The more significant is the work of people who study dialect words, which today are becoming one of the ways to study ethnographic and cultural development, the identity of the Russian people, emphasize its individuality and uniqueness. For modern generation is a living memory of the past.

Have there been incidents with you when, while reading the works of Russian classics, you did not understand what they were writing about? Most likely, this was not due to your inattention to the plot of the work, but because of the writer's style, which includes obsolete words, dialectisms.

V. Rasputin, V. Astafiev, M. Sholokhov, N. Nekrasov, L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov, V. Shukshin, S. Yesenin liked to express themselves with words of this type. And this is only a small part of them.

Dialectisms: what is it and how many types exist

Dialects are words whose area of ​​distribution and use is limited to some territory. They are widely used in the vocabulary of the rural population.

Examples of dialectisms in the Russian language show that they have individual features regarding phonetics, morphology, and vocabulary:

1. Phonetic dialectisms.

2. Morphological dialectisms.

3. Lexical:

• actually lexical;
• lexico-semantic;

4. Ethnographic dialectisms.

5. Word-building dialectisms.

Dialectisms are also found at the syntactic, phraseological levels.

Types of dialectisms as separate features of the original Russian people

In order to recognize the original features of the dialect of the Russian people, it is necessary to consider dialectisms in more detail.

Examples of dialectisms:

• The replacement of one or more letters in a word is typical for phonetic dialectisms: millet - millet; Khvedor - Fedor.
• Word changes that are not the norm in terms of matching words in sentences are characteristic of morphological dialectisms: at me; I spoke with smart people(substitution of cases, plural and singular).
• Words and expressions that are found only in a certain locality, which do not have phonetic and derivational analogues. Words whose meaning can only be understood from the context are called lexical dialectisms. In general, in the well-known dictionary use, they have equivalent words that are understandable and known to everyone. The following dialectisms (examples) are typical for the southern regions of Russia: beet - beets; tsibula - onion.
• Words that are used only in a particular region, which have no analogues in the language due to their correlation with the characteristics of the life of the population, are called "ethnographic dialectisms". Examples: shanga, shanga, shaneshka, shanechka - a dialectism denoting a certain type of cheesecake with a top potato layer. These delicacies are widespread only in a certain region; they cannot be characterized in one word from general use.
• Dialectisms that have arisen due to a special affixal design are called derivational: guska - goose, pokeda - yet.

Lexical dialectisms as a separate group

Due to their heterogeneity, lexical dialectisms are divided into the following types:

• Properly lexical: dialectisms that, with general literary ones, have general meaning, but differ from them in spelling. They can be called peculiar synonyms of commonly understood and well-known words: beets - sweet potato; stitch - track.
• Lexico-semantic. Almost the exact opposite of proper lexical dialectisms: they have a common spelling and pronunciation, but differ in meaning. Correlating them, it is possible to characterize as homonyms in relation to each other.

For example, the word "peppy" in different parts of the country can have two meanings.

1. Literary: energetic, full of energy.
2. Dialect meaning (Ryazan): smart, neat.

Thinking about the purpose of dialectisms in the Russian language, we can assume that, despite the differences with general literary words, they replenish the stocks of the Russian literary vocabulary along with them.

The role of dialectisms

The role of dialectisms for the Russian language is diverse, but first of all they are important for the inhabitants of the country.

Functions of dialectisms:

1. Dialectisms are one of the most important means of oral communication for people living in the same territory. It was from oral sources that they penetrated into written ones, giving rise to the following function.
2. The dialectisms used at the level of district and regional newspapers contribute to a more accessible presentation of the information provided.
3. Fiction takes information about dialectisms from the colloquial speech of residents of specific regions and from the press. They are used to convey local features of speech, and also contribute to a more vivid transmission of the character of the characters.

Some expressions slowly but surely fall into the general literary fund. They become known and understood by everyone.

The study of the functions of dialectisms by researchers

P.G. Pustovoit, exploring the work of Turgenev, focused on dialectisms, examples of words and their meaning, he names the following functions:

• characterological;
• cognitive;
• speech dynamization;
• cumulation.

V.V. Vinogradov based on the works of N.V. Gogol identifies the following series of functions:

• characterological (reflective) - it contributes to coloring the speech of characters;
• nominative (naming) - manifests itself when using ethnographisms and lexical dialectisms.

most complete classification functions were developed by Professor L.G. Samotik. Lyudmila Grigoryevna singled out 7 functions for which dialectisms are responsible in a work of art:

Modeling;

nominative;

emotive;

Culminative;

Aesthetic;

phatic;

Characterological.

Literature and dialectisms: what threatens the abuse?

Over time, the popularity of dialectisms, even at the oral level, decreases. Therefore, writers and correspondents should use them sparingly in their work. Otherwise, the perception of the meaning of the work will be difficult.

Dialectisms. Examples of inappropriate use

When working on a work, you need to think over the relevance of each word. First of all, you should think about the appropriateness of using dialect vocabulary.

For example, instead of the dialect-regional word "kosteril" it is better to use the general literary "scold". Instead of "promised" - "promised".

The main thing is to always understand the line of moderate and appropriate use of dialect words.

Dialecticisms should help the perception of the work, and not hinder it. To understand how to use this figure of the Russian language correctly, you can ask for help from the masters of the word: A.S. Pushkin, N.A. Nekrasov, V.G. Rasputin, N.S. Leskov. They skillfully, and most importantly, moderately used dialectisms.

The use of dialectisms in fiction: I.S. Turgenev and V.G. Rasputin

Some works of I.S. Turgenev is difficult to read. Studying them, you need to think not only about the general meaning literary heritage writer's work, but also over almost every word.

For example, in the story "Bezhin Meadow" we can find the following sentence:

“With quick steps I walked a long “area” of bushes, climbed a hill and, instead of this familiar plain ˂…˃, I saw completely different places unknown to me”

An attentive reader has a logical question: “Why did Ivan Sergeevich put in brackets the seemingly ordinary and appropriate word “area”?”.

The writer personally answers it in another work “Khor and Kalinich”: “In the Oryol province, large continuous masses of bushes are called “squares”.

It becomes clear that this word is widespread only in the Oryol region. Therefore, it can be safely attributed to the group of "dialectisms".

Examples of sentences using terms of a narrow stylistic orientation used in the speech of residents of certain regions of Russia can be seen in the stories of V.G. Rasputin. They help him show the identity of the character. In addition, the personality of the hero, his character is reproduced precisely through such expressions.

Examples of dialectisms from the works of Rasputin:

• Cool down - cool down.
• To roar - to rage.
• Pokul - for now.
• Engage - get in touch.

It is noteworthy that the meaning of many dialectisms cannot be understood without context.