Syntactic features of the official business style. business style

The official business style is used in the field of business and official relations between people and institutions, in the field of law and legislation. Official business speech is characterized by accuracy of wording (which would exclude ambiguity of understanding), some impersonality and dryness of presentation (submitted for discussion, not we submit for discussion; there are cases of non-fulfillment of the contract, etc.), high degree standardization, reflecting certain order and regulation business relations.

In connection with these properties of the official business style, stable, clichéd turns play an important role in it: to make it a duty, due to absence, to take action, in the absence of, after the expiration of the term, etc. Combinations with verbal nouns are a striking sign of business style: establishing control, eliminating deficiencies, implementing a program, checking performance, etc.

A significant number of speech genres stand out here: law, resolution, communiqué, diplomatic note, treaty, instruction, announcement, report, explanatory note, complaint, statement, various types of forensic and investigative documentation, indictment, expert examination report, sentence, etc.

It is also necessary to take into account the conditions of communication, which in the business sphere determine the appearance of such a feature typical of the official business style as standardization (template, form). Since everything is regulated in legal relations, and communication is carried out according to certain standards that facilitate this communication, so far as the speech standard, the template turns out to be inevitable, necessary and even expedient and justified here.

In connection with the obligatory prescriptive nature and the need to formulate the legal norms of business speech, a special way of presentation is also characteristic. Narration, reasoning and description are not presented here in their “pure” form.

Since in the texts of state acts one usually has not to prove something (analysis and argumentation precedes the compilation of these texts), but to establish, regulate, then these texts, in general, are not characterized by reasoning. The absence of this method sharply distinguishes the official-business style from the scientific one, which converges among themselves in a number of other features. This way of presentation, like narration, is also not typical for the business sphere of communication, since there is no need to tell about any events here. Only in such genres as a protocol, a report, partly an agreement, some parts of a decision (stating), there is an appeal to the narrative manner of presentation.

There are almost no “clean” descriptions in business speech. What outwardly looks like a description, in reality turns out to be a special prescriptive-stating way of presentation, in which, for example, the subtext of obligation is assumed behind the present tense forms of the verb.

The official business style is divided into two varieties, two sub-styles - official documentary and everyday business.

Each of the subspecies of the official business style is unique. So, for example, the language of diplomacy has its own lexical system, saturated with international terms (communique, attache, doyen); it uses etiquette words (king, queen, prince, shakhinshah, His Highness, His Excellency, etc.); the syntax of the language of diplomacy is characterized by long sentences, extended periods with branched allied connection, with participial and participle constructions, infinitive constructions, introductory and isolated expressions.

The language of laws is the official language, the language of state power, in which it speaks to the population. It requires the accuracy of the expression of thought, generalization, the complete absence of individualization of speech, standard presentation.

Official correspondence is characterized, first of all, by high standardization. The existence of models and their speech variants, i.e. standards, greatly facilitates the preparation of business letters. Business letters are written, not written. Brevity and accuracy are also necessary attributes of business letters.

Business papers (statement, autobiography, receipt, etc.) should also be written briefly and clearly. They are compiled in a certain form.

Language features of the official business style

Vocabulary. 1. The lexical system of the official business style includes, in addition to general and neutral words, words and set phrases that have the coloring of the official business style. For example: appropriate, above, forwarded, recipient, present (meaning "this").

• 2. The second feature of the lexical system of the official business style is the presence in it of a large number of words belonging to professional (legal and diplomatic) terminology. For example: legislation, conduct, act, powers, collection, entity, recall, review.
• 3. The vocabulary of the official business style is characterized by the complete absence of jargon, colloquial words, dialectisms and words with an emotionally expressive coloring.
• 4. A feature of this style is also the presence of stable phrases of an attributive-nominal type with a coloring of an official business nature: a cassation complaint, a one-time allowance, an established procedure (usually in the prepositional case: “in the prescribed manner”), preliminary consideration, a guilty verdict, the acquittal.
• 5. The specificity of the lexical system of the official business style is the presence in it of archaisms, as well as historicisms. Archaisms: this, this, such, an assurance of reverence. Historicisms: His Excellency, Your Majesty. The named lexical units are found in certain genres of official business documents, for example, historicisms - in government notes.
• 6. From a number of synonyms in an official business style, words are always chosen that express the will of the legislator, such as, for example, decide, oblige, prohibit, allow, etc., but not say, advise.
• 7. Many of the words of the official business style appear in antonymic pairs: rights - duties, plaintiff - defendant, democracy - dictatorship, prosecutor - lawyer, accusatory - acquittal. Note that these are not contextual, but linguistic antonyms.

Morphology. 1. Among nouns, the names of people are commonly used in official business style on the basis of some action or relationship; for example: tenant, tenant, adopter, plaintiff, defendant.

• 2. Nouns denoting positions and titles are used here only in the form male: witness Ivanova, police officer Sidorov.
• 3. Verbal nouns are widely represented: exile, deprivation, fulfillment, finding, liberation; among them, verbal nouns with the prefix non-: non-fulfillment, non-compliance, non-recognition occupy a special place.
• 4. The noun, in order to avoid inaccuracies, is not replaced by a pronoun and is repeated even in a nearby sentence.
• 5. The “morphological sign” of the official business style is the use of complex denominative prepositions: in order, in relation to, on the subject, in force, in part, etc. Their stylistic coloring is revealed when compared with simple prepositions and conjunctions involved in the design of similar relations ; compare: in order to prepare - to prepare, for preparation; due to violation - due to violation.
• 6. In the official business style, there is the highest percentage of the infinitive among the functional styles of the Russian language compared to other verb forms. Often this ratio reaches a proportion of 5:1, while in scientific speech it is 1:5.

Such a quantitative increase in the share of the infinitive is associated with the target setting of most official business documents - to express the will, the establishment of the legislator.

7. Of the conjugated forms, the forms of the present tense are most often used here, but with a different meaning compared to the scientific style. This meaning is defined as "true precept", as opposed to "true timeless", which has a scientific style distribution.

Syntax. 1. Of the syntactic constructions that have the coloring of the official business style, we note phrases that include complex denominative prepositions: in part, along the line, on the subject, in order to avoid, as well as a combination with the preposition according to and the prepositional case, expressing a temporary meaning: upon return, upon reaching.

• 2. The need for detailing the presentation and reservations explains the complication of simple sentences with numerous isolated turns, homogeneous members, often lining up in a long chain of points. This entails an increase in the size of a sentence (including a simple one) up to several hundred word usages.
• 3. The percentage of complex sentences is relatively low, especially with subordinate clauses; the number of means of expressing logicality and consistency of presentation in business speech is three times less than in scientific speech. Characteristic, however, is the widespread use of conditional constructions, since in many texts (codes, charters, instructions) it is required to stipulate the conditions of offenses and the rule of law.
• 4. In many genres of official business texts, infinitive constructions with the meaning of obligation are widely represented, for example: These decisions must be announced to the public.
• 5. The syntax of the official business style is characterized by “stringing the genitive case”, i.e. the use of complex phrases with several dependent components in the form of the genitive case without a preposition.
• 6. The official business style, as well as the scientific one, is also characterized by an objective word order, and

Grammatical features of the official business style

Comparison of business, scientific, journalistic (newspaper) and literary texts allows you to highlight some of the grammatical features of the official business style:

1. The predominant use of simple sentences (as a rule, narrative, personal, common, complete). Interrogative and exclamatory sentences are practically non-existent. Of the single-compound ones, only impersonal ones are actively used, and in some types of documents (orders, official letters) - definitely personal: For the purposes ... it is necessary to highlight ...; In case... you have to cut...; I command...; Draw your attention to...

Of the complex sentences, non-union and complex sentences with subordinate explanatory, attributive, conditional, causes and goals, as well as constructions like ... fulfilled contractual conditions, which allows ... Wide use of constructions with denominative prepositions (In order of supervision ...; In connection with the refusal ...; ... due to underdelivery of materials) allows you to avoid the use of complex sentences with subordinate clauses of reason, purpose, conditional. The subordinate parts of place and time are generally of little use.

The official business style (ODS) serves the sphere of official relations, in which communication participants perform certain social functions. Situations in such communication are as typical as possible, which gives rise to the standard speech behavior of their participants, so many documents are ready-made forms in which only the passport data of the submitter of the document needs to be entered.

The term "official business style" is used to denote the features of the language of official (organizational and administrative) and diplomatic documents. The main function of the official business style is that, requiring a certain form in the written presentation of the content, it gives the text the character of a document and translates the various aspects of human relations reflected in this text into the category of official business documents.

The main features of the ODS are the accuracy of the wording, the standard arrangement of the material, the regulation (a limited set of language tools), rigor and simplicity, richness of information, written form of presentation and impersonality of the statement.

ODS is subdivided into three sub-styles - legal, diplomatic and clerical and business. Each of them is reflected in a number of genres. The genres of the legal sub-style include the constitution, code, law, charter, resolution, the genres of the diplomatic sub-style include a letter of credence, protest note, declaration, communiqué, the genres of the clerical and business sub-style include an order, contract, notification, order, as well as all types of documents. personal nature (statement, complaint, receipt, power of attorney, letter, memorandum / service / explanatory note, autobiography, etc.).

From language features official business style, the following should be highlighted. To the lexical features of the ODS includes the presence of stable expressions and terms denoting the realities of social life, as well as clericalism, which immediately catch the eye, are imprinted and later emerge in a spontaneous and unprepared form in colloquial speech (proper, undersigned, hear, plaintiff, individual, consumer and etc.). In the texts of the ODS, there is no emotionally expressive vocabulary, evaluative and introductory-modal words ( good, bad, like, want, probably, maybe, etc.). The words used in the texts are characterized by limited lexical compatibility, for example, official letter not spelled, A is drawn up.

In morphological terms the use of short forms of adjectives with the meaning of obligation is noted ( obligated, responsible, accountable) and participles ( the decision was made, the candidacy was supported), an abundance of denominative prepositions and conjunctions ( accordingly, in continuation, for the purposes of, due to the fact that). To express imperativeness, infinitive constructions are used, reinforced with adverbs and modal words ( repairs should be made, I order measures to be taken, it is necessary to proceed to ... etc.).

To syntactic features ODS texts include the active use of passive constructions ( order completed, not possible, negotiations completed) and an abundance of sentences with homogeneous members and isolated phrases, various kinds of clichés and clichés with elements of archaism ( according to the deed, the punishability of the act).

SDS texts are characterized by sentences with inversion - the subject with an objective meaning follows the predicate ( Everyone is guaranteed freedom of conscience). Sentences with participial and participle phrases make the text informatively saturated. The texts are dominated by constructions with "stringing" genitive cases of nouns without prepositions ( Any form of restriction of the rights of citizens of the Russian Federation is prohibited).

Official business texts are characterized by a high degree of segmentation, which allows you to clearly structure the text, dividing it into articles, paragraphs, paragraphs, subparagraphs. The text is built according to a template (form), which includes all the elements required for a given genre.

The texts of the ODS, or documents, take significant place in life modern man. They govern our social life so we need them every day. That is why each of us must be able not only to correctly interpret the document, but also to compose it correctly. The author compiling this or that document must use in it those linguistic means that the genre of the document requires from him, and not “invent” his own, different from the standard phrases.

The document is created in accordance with the genre model of the text with an unchanged composition, which includes the obligatory thematic blocks, i.e. details.

For example, a job application contains the following details:

1) indication of the addressee (name of the head and enterprise);

2) indication of the addressee;

3) the name of the genre of the document (statement);

4) the main content of the request (please accept me ...);

5) indication of the date of preparation of the document;

6) signature (handwritten signature).

It is necessary to strictly observe the requirements for the location of details in relation to each other. In the application, the addressee and the addressee are indicated in the right upper corner sheet. The title of the document (with a capital letter and without a dot at the end, if the addresser is with the preposition “from”, or with a lowercase letter and with a dot at the end, if the addressee is without the preposition “from”) is located in the middle, and the main content is the width of the sheet. The date is placed on the bottom left, and the signature is placed on the right, on the same line as the date. In this case, blank lines are left between the details. Under the date and signature, free space is left for resolution. Resolutions are also located in the upper left corner.

The official business style is the most common style that functions not only in office work and diplomacy, but also in any official relations, for example, at work, at a university, in medical institutions, in a newspaper, etc.

When compiling documents, generally accepted stable speech turns are used: I ask for your permission to…; I, the undersigned ...; reference is given ... that ... really ...; let me invite you…; I, who live at the address ..., trust ...

The correct use of verbs such as trust, assure, guarantee, declare, notify, insist, confirm, notify, offer, order etc. These verbs are used in the form of the first person plural or singular in sentences without a subject, as well as the third person singular when referring to the addressee, for example: “I ask” and not “I ask”; “commit” not “we commit”.

The drafter of the document should be able to accurately and concisely state his point of view on the problem of interest to him. To do this, he must know the language means expressing causal and other logical relationships, which, first of all, include complex conjunctions and denominative prepositions: due to, for the purpose of, on the basis of, in order to avoid, according to, according to, thanks to, due to and so on.

In official business papers, etiquette formulas of address should be used correctly, indicating respectful attitude addressee to addressee: Thank you for…, We kindly ask you…, Unfortunately… It should be borne in mind that in a business letter, second person pronouns ( you, your) are written with a capital letter, while in ordinary written speech such a spelling contradicts the norms of Russian spelling.

In official business papers, familiar address to the addressee is not allowed ( Expensive…), indication of the response time in the ultimatum form ( Please answer me immediately...) or refusal to the addressee's request without giving reasons.

Typical business speech errors include the following violations:

1) unmotivated use foreign words (roll over instead of extend; appeal instead of address);

2) the use of archaisms ( which instead of which, this year instead of this year);

3) incorrect use of paronyms ( graduated from high school instead of graduated from high school; introduce the products instead of familiarize yourself with the products);

4) violation of the rules for the use of prepositions ( thanks to, according to, in spite of, according to combined with the dative case; as a result, during differ in their spelling from prepositional case combinations an experienced detective is involved in the investigation; there are rapids along the river.

Here are two options for writing a statement.

Option 1 (statement from whom):

prof. A.M. Shammazov

from a second year student

Faculty of Technology

Nikolaev Denis Yakovlevich

Statement

I ask you to transfer me to a correspondence course for family reasons. An extract from the academic certificate of the tests and exams I passed is attached.

07/25/2012 Personal signature

Option 2 (whose statement):

Rector of the Ufa State

Petroleum Technical University

prof. A.M. Shammazov

second year student

Faculty of Technology

Nikolaev Denis Yakovlevich

statement.

In connection with the request of the enterprise that sent me to study at its own expense, I ask you to transfer me to the specialty “Drilling oil and gas wells”. The letter from the HR Department of Burintekh LLC is attached.

Plan:

1. general characteristics formal business style……..p.3-4

2. Text norms of business style……………………………p.4-5

3. Language norms: drafting a text, a document…….……p.5-8

4. Dynamics of the norm of official business speech………….…pp.8-9

5. References……………………………………………p.10

General characteristics of the official - business style of speech

The word official means "government official". “The language of laws requires, first of all, accuracy and the impossibility of any misunderstandings” (L. V. Shcherba). Therefore, words with a figurative meaning, as well as emotionally colored and colloquial vocabulary, are uncommon in official documents.

The official style is characterized by precisely those specific words, set phrases and phrases that are commonly called clericalisms.

Among the book styles of the language, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes caused by the nature of the content itself, but many of its features, historically established genres, specific vocabulary, phraseology, and syntactic turns give it a generally conservative character.

A characteristic feature of the official business style is the presence in it of numerous speech standards - clichés. If in other styles templated turnovers often act as a stylistic flaw, then in the official business style in most cases they are perceived as a completely natural belonging to it.

Official business style is the style of documents: international treaties, state acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers. The official-business style document is distinguished by the absence of emotional coloring, dryness.

The use of language stamps and stereotypes (cliches) in official documents is mandatory, but in colloquial speech or in works of art inappropriate. The white paper should be concise and written in such a way that the necessary information can be found immediately. Therefore, in order to understand what the document is about, to whom it is addressed, a certain form is given to it.

There are several sub-styles of official business style:

Diplomatic sub-style - sub-style of diplomatic documents, such as diplomatic note, government statement, credentials. It is distinguished by specific terms, most of which are international: status quo, persona non grata, ratification, preamble. Unlike other sub-styles of the official business style, the language of diplomatic documents contains high, solemn vocabulary to give the document an underlined significance, as well as the etiquette forms of politeness generally accepted in international state circulation:

Documentary sub-style - the language of legislative documents related to the activities of official bodies, includes vocabulary and phraseology of state law, civil law, criminal law, labor code, marriage and family code. It is joined by vocabulary and phraseology related to the work of administrative bodies, official activities of citizens.

The everyday business substyle is found in business correspondence between institutions and organizations and in private business papers, as well as in official correspondence (business letter, commercial correspondence), official business papers (certificate, certificate, act, protocol), private business papers (statement , power of attorney, receipt, autobiography, account, etc.). All of them are characterized by a well-known standardization, which facilitates their compilation and use and is designed to save language resources, to eliminate unjustified information redundancy.

Text norms of business style

Despite the differences in content and variety of genres, the official business style as a whole is characterized by a number of common features.

These include:

1) conciseness, compactness of presentation, economical use of language tools;

2) the standard arrangement of the material, the often mandatory form (identity card, various kinds of diplomas, birth and marriage certificates, money documents, etc.), the use of clichés inherent in this style;

3) the widespread use of terminology, nomenclature names (legal, diplomatic, military, administrative, etc.), the presence of a special stock of vocabulary and phraseology (official, clerical), the inclusion of complex abbreviated words and abbreviations in the text;

4) frequent use of verbal nouns, from nominal prepositions (on the basis of, in relation to, in accordance with, in fact, by virtue of, for the purposes of, at the expense of, along the line, etc.), complex conjunctions (due to the fact that, due to the fact that , due to the fact that, due to the fact that, etc.). As well as various stable phrases that serve to connect parts of a complex sentence (in case ...; on the basis that ...; for the reason that ...; with the condition that ...; thus that..., the circumstance that..., the fact that... etc.);

5) the narrative nature of the presentation, the use of nominative sentences with enumeration;

6) direct word order in a sentence as the prevailing principle of its construction;

7) the tendency to use complex sentences, reflecting the logical subordination of some facts to others;

8) almost complete absence of emotionally expressive speech means;

9) weak individualization of style.

The main feature of an official paper is its standard form: all statements, powers of attorney, certificates and other business papers are written in the same way. Since a significant part of the text of such papers is repeated in all documents of this type, for many of them there are forms on which the repeating text is already printed.

Language norms: drafting the text of the document.

Many types of business documents have generally accepted forms of presentation and arrangement of material, and this, of course, facilitates and simplifies their use. It is no coincidence that in certain cases of business practice, ready-made forms are used that only need to be filled out.

Envelopes are usually inscribed in a certain order (different in different countries, but firmly established in each of them), and this has its advantages for both writers and postal workers. Therefore, all those speech clichés that simplify and speed up business communication are quite appropriate in it.

In speech, there are ready-made, habitual turns for native speakers, which are easily reproduced in any situation. Such turns are called cliches, which exist in all styles of speech.

Unlike clichés, stamps are hackneyed expressions with a faded lexical meaning and erased expressiveness. Speech full of cliches cannot be called expressive; on the contrary, it is a stylistic defect.

Chancellery - these are words and expressions used in an official business style. But when they penetrate other styles, this leads to a violation of stylistic norms.

Offices: in pursuance of the decision, in order to avoid accidents, I attach to the application, present a certificate, place of residence, according to the order, ascertain, annul, make an offer (s), give preference, after the expiration of the contract, after graduation, etc.

The form of each type of document is also stable, generally accepted, standard. A stamp in an official style is justified, appropriate: it contributes to an accurate and concise presentation of business information, facilitates business correspondence.

As an official document, an autobiography has the following structure:

a) the name of the document,

b) the text of the biography (it indicates, if possible, the exact dates of the events);

d) date of writing (under the text on the left). In the text of the biography, the writer indicates his last name, first name, patronymic; date, month, year and place of birth, social affiliation of the family; reports on education, labor and social activities.

Models of syntactic constructions used in business correspondence:

inform (you about) that ...; we inform (you) that…; we inform (you) that…; we notify (you) that... The joint-stock company (company) addresses (to you) with a request (to)... or... with a request (to you) about...; the district administration expresses a wish (desire, hope for) ... or ... really hopes for ...; according to instructions...; thanks to the instructions; in connection with the refusal ... (decision, indication, conduct, delay, difficulties, proposed improvements, possible clarifications) ...; in accordance with the agreement (plan, indication, conduct, improvement, success, clarification, implementation) ...

Required information for resume:

1. Surname, name, patronymic.

2. Address, phone.

3. Date of birth.

4. Marital status.

5. Education (name educational institution, diploma qualification).

6. Experience.

7. Additional Information(computer skills, knowledge of foreign languages etc.).

Sample CV:

From 1967 to 1977 she studied at general education school № 285.

In 1977 she entered the history department of the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute.

In September 1983, she worked as a teacher at secondary school No. 75 in Moscow.

From 1989 to the present, I have been working as the director of the above-named school.

Married. I have a daughter.

Husband - Vasiliev Pavel Igorevich, born on August 17, 1959. Currently, he works as a teacher at the Academy of Postgraduate Education.

Daughter - Vasilyeva Natalya Pavlovna, student.

I live at the address: 129311, Moscow, st. Academician Koroleva, 30, apt. 74.

Formal business style is designed to serve the legal relationship between citizens and the state, in connection with which it is used in various documents: from state acts and international treaties to business correspondence. The most important features of style - message and impact- are implemented in such official documents as laws, resolutions, decrees, orders, contracts, agreements, statements and many others. This style is also called administrative, as it caters to the realm of official business relations, the area of ​​law and public policy. Its other name is business speech- indicates that given style is the oldest of the book, and its origins must be sought in business speech Kievan Rus, since legal documents (Pravda Russkaya, various treaties, letters) were created already in the 10th century.

The official business style stands out for its stability, isolation and standardization. Despite big variety business documents, their language is strictly subject to the requirements of official business presentation. It provides for the accuracy of the formulation of legal norms and the need for absolute adequacy of their understanding; the composition of the mandatory elements of the execution of the document, ensuring its legal validity; standardized presentation; stable forms of material arrangement in a certain logical sequence, etc.

For all forms of business writing, strict compliance with the literary norm at all language levels is mandatory: the use of lexical and phraseological means of a colloquial, colloquial nature, dialect, professional jargon words is unacceptable; non-literary variants of inflection and word formation; colloquial syntactic constructions. The official business style does not accept expressive elements: evaluative vocabulary, high or low words (joking, ironic), figurative expressions. The most important requirement for the language of the document is the objectivity and impassivity of the presentation of facts.

The official business style functions mainly in written form, but it is not excluded oral, in particular the speeches of state and public figures at solemn meetings, meetings, receptions. The oral form of business speech is characterized by a full style of pronunciation, a special expressiveness of intonation, and logical stresses. The speaker can allow some emotional elation of speech, even interspersed with other-style language means, without violating, however, the literary norm. Wrong accents, non-literary pronunciation are not allowed.

Vocabulary official speech is characterized by the widespread use of special words and terms (legal, diplomatic, military, economic, sports, etc.). The desire for brevity leads to the appeal to abbreviations, complex abbreviations of the names of state bodies and supranational formations, as well as institutions, organizations, societies, parties, etc. ( Russian Federation, CIS, Ministry of Emergency Situations, Airborne Forces, Air Force, FDI, Housing and Public Utilities, Liberal Democratic Party, Municipal Unitary Enterprise, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Health, Rosstat). Since the structure of state bodies, the names of parties and social movements are subject to change, many new words appear and this part of the vocabulary is constantly updated and replenished.

in business and official texts words and expressions not accepted in other styles are used: above, below, above, proper, prohibited, deed, punishability etc. This also includes stable phrases: preventive measure; appeal; act of civil status; an act of defiance; House arrest and others. The regular use of such words and expressions that do not have synonyms contributes to the accuracy of speech, excludes other interpretations.

Morphological the features of the official business style are largely determined by its nominal character: there is an absolute predominance of nominal parts speech with little use of verbs. The inappropriateness of the expressive coloring of official speech makes it impossible to use interjections, modal words, a number of particles, words with subjective evaluation suffixes, adjectives in comparative and superlative degrees. Nouns denoting positions are usually used in the masculine form ( accountant, director, laboratory assistant, postman, controller and so on.).

The high frequency of verbal nouns is a consequence of the consolidation of stable turns of speech (synonymous with verbal expressions): the procedure for drawing up and executing a transportation plan; in order to improve the procedure for collecting taxes and so on. In such turns of speech, a chain of forms of the genitive case of nouns often appears ( clarification of the conditions for the commission of a crime; verification of compliance with the passport regime), which gives the phrase heaviness and sometimes makes it difficult to perceive.

Adjectives and participles in business speech often act as nouns ( sick, vacationing, the undersigned); productive short forms adjectives ( must, must, obligatory, necessary, accountable, liable, responsible). The appeal to such forms is dictated by the prescriptive nature of business speech: Expert call required to determine cause of death(UPK RSFSR).

The selection of pronouns in business speech is indicative: personal pronouns are not used here I, you, he, she, they due to the complete lack of individualization of speech and concreteness, accuracy of the statement. Instead of demonstrative pronouns this one, that one and so on. words are used given, present, corresponding, known, indicated, above, below etc. They are not used at all in business speech. indefinite pronouns: someone, somebody, something and so on.

To characterize verbs in official speech, its nominal structure is also important, which determines the high frequency of linking verbs ( is, becomes, is), replacement verbal predicate combination of an auxiliary verb with a noun naming an action ( provide assistance; exercise control; take care of etc.). Compared to other book styles, business style has the lowest frequency of verbs: there are only 60 verbs for every thousand words (in scientific style - 90, in artistic speech– 151). The prescriptive nature of the official business style, the predominance of stating and descriptive types of speech over narration and reasoning determine its static nature, the displacement of verb forms by verbal nouns.

Among the semantic groups of verbs presented in a business style, the main role is given to words with the meaning of obligation ( should, ought to, ought to, must), as well as abstract verbs indicating being, presence ( is, there is). See for example:

Persons who were in constant upbringing and maintenance, obliged deliver maintenance to the persons who actually raised them, if the latter are disabled and in need of assistance and cannot receive maintenance from their children or spouses.

In official speech, non-finite forms of verbs are more common - participles, participles, infinitives, which especially often act in the meaning of the imperative mood ( take into account; make a suggestion; recommend, withdraw etc.).

Present tense forms perform the function of prescription: Enterprises are responsible...; The tenant is responsible for the property(such verb forms of tense are called hereby instructions).

The forms of the future tense acquire various shades in the context (obligations, prescriptions; possibilities close to necessity): Borders will as they existed on October 1, 1941 g. (i.e. established by the contract); Military command highlight... (= "must highlight"). Another meaning of the future, typical for business texts, is the future conditional (surreal), which is usually found in complex sentences with subordinate conditions: The sum insured is paid if within a year will come permanent disability.

It is quite consistent with the tasks of business speech and the functioning of the forms of the past tense. One of the typical meanings is the past of an underlined statement, a pronounced fixation of what is reported in writing(agreements, contracts, etc.):

Ukraine confirms that it translated funds ... to pay off part of the debt for previously delivered Russian gas; We, the undersigned..., examined, measured, compared drawings and accepted single-family panel house (act).

Imperfective verbs, being more abstract in meaning than perfective verbs, prevail in the genres of general business speech (constitution, codes, charters, etc.). Perfect forms are used in texts of a more specific content (orders, orders, minutes of meetings, resolutions, acts, contracts). Such forms of the verb are used in combination with modal words in the sense of obligation and express a categorical command, permission ( must report; has the right to prescribe; must transfer; undertake to provide), as well as a statement ( the ministry considered, took action, made a proposal; organized, paid, completed etc.).

Syntax official business style reflects the impersonal nature of business speech ( Complaints are submitted to the prosecutor, Cargo transportation is carried out ...). In this regard, passive constructions are widely used, which allow you to abstract from specific performers and focus on the actions themselves ( Competitive enrolled...-Admitted ten patients; 120 applications registered; The lead time for an order will be extended if...).

Syntactic constructions in official speech are full of clichéd phrases with denominative prepositions: for the purposes of, in connection with, on the line, on the basis of and etc. ( in order to improve the structure; in connection with the indicated complications; for cooperation and mutual assistance; based decision ). Such clichés are a specific feature of the official business style. The use of such syntactic constructions is necessary for expressing typical situations; they facilitate and simplify the compilation of standard texts.

In official business documents, composing unions are more common than subordinating ones (since the law, the charter prescribes, and does not explain, proves). At the same time, a feature of business speech is the predominance of complex syntactic constructions: a simple sentence is not able to reflect the sequence of facts to be considered in an official business plan.

Conditionally infinitive constructions play an important role in the official business style (especially in the texts of laws, where this is motivated by the target task - to stipulate the conditionality legal norm). A characteristic feature of business speech is also the use of infinitive and impersonal sentences with the meaning of obligation. In order to achieve conciseness and accuracy, parallel syntactic constructions (participles and adverbial phrases, constructions with verbal nouns).

The business style syntax is characterized by a strict and definite word order in a sentence, which is due to the requirement of consistency, consistency, and accuracy of the presentation of thoughts. Stylistic feature is also the primary use indirect speech. Direct speech in an official business style is resorted to only in cases where verbatim citation of legislative acts or other documents is necessary.

In the design of texts in official business style, paragraph division and rubrication play an important role; requisites- permanent elements of the content of the document: names, dates, signatures, as well as the graphic design adopted for this document. All this is of paramount importance in office work, testifies to the literacy of the compiler of the document, his professionalism and culture of speech.

Today, the relevance of studying and applying this concept is difficult to overestimate. The role of business etiquette is important in the life of each particular organization, and is also of great importance at the international level. Competent possession business style increases the status and authority of a person, opening up new career and personal prospects for them. It can be described as a formula for success, the result of which is influenced by a person’s speech, behavior and dress code.

Definition and origins of business style in speech

Business style in speech is a set of linguistic and other means that can be applied in the field of official communications. Such relationships can arise between people, organizations and states. This format of communication has its roots in antiquity. In the era of the Kievan state, documents began to appear that had legal force. Among other book styles, origins of business style originated in the 10th century. Until now, it has been used to draw up legislative documents, orders, agreements, and in official correspondence.

Formal business style- a functional kind of language, which is characterized by stability and standardization. It does not allow for ambiguous and poorly structured sentences and phrases. Words are used exclusively in direct meaning. Examples of this style are the reports of figures at solemn and official meetings and sessions. It is also used in the working atmosphere at meetings, presentations, meetings.

Forms of manifestation of business style

The official format finds its application in writing, oral communication, wardrobe. The manner of dressing is peculiar business card person, whether he is in the presidency, manages the company or performs ordinary functions in it. In addition to the first impression, clothes can have a psychological impact on interlocutors. Business style clothing requires more attention.

Corporate manners are manifested in human behavior. Components: the ability to remain calm and behave with dignity in a non-standard situation, the will to act, the willingness to take responsibility, not to be afraid to be flexible, to be objective. Business behavior obeys certain: common sense, ethics, expediency, conservatism, efficiency and others.

Business style of speech

Dress code of the company and its functions

Every major company has its own dress code. It helps to unify appearance employees and maintain the image of the company. positively affects the reputation of the company and creates an overall impression of it in the eyes of customers. Each employee should have at least four suits in their wardrobe, which should be changed periodically. Walking in the same suit for two or more days in a row is not recommended.

Some large companies have specific and rather stringent requirements. The dress code in the contract with the worker is given several pages with a detailed description of the clothing and the materials from which it must be made. In comparison with foreign firms, in the CIS countries they are more loyal to the uniform of employees. Separate requirements are established for mandatory business style for negotiations, presentations or field meetings. Friday is considered "no tie day" if no important meetings are scheduled for that day.

The introduction of a dress code affects not only the general corporate culture. Tastefully selected wardrobe makes the employee more disciplined. He feels the personal responsibility that lies with him when. Such people are more likely to succeed in negotiations.

The importance of business style in business

In the business world, it is extremely important to follow a certain set of rules and norms that dictate the manner of speaking and behaving in different situations. Adhering to these requirements, you can count on an effective meeting, negotiations, signing a contract. Even a dinner or a meeting without ties should be held in the appropriate way.

Compliance with business style is not something unattainable for beginners. Everyone can learn the basic principles according to which a meeting, conversation, presentation should take place. In theory, the main models of behavior have long been defined, important principles and norms have been described. For example, at the first meeting, the dating algorithm is as follows: greeting, introduction and exchange of business cards.

In practice, difficulties can arise, since experience is needed in everything. Don't be afraid of your own mistakes. It is considered good form to directly ask for advice from a more knowledgeable person. At the same time, one should maintain an acceptable distance, avoid familiarity in behavior and not curry favor with the interlocutor.

Norms of business style at meetings without ties

At such meetings, important issues are not resolved and documents are not signed. The informal atmosphere is conducive to discussing common prospects and plans for the future, casual conversations about family and hobbies. You can relax and deviate from compliance with strict norms. informal business attire allows you to wear more comfortable things. In whatever free format the communication takes place, the interlocutors should behave with dignity and friendliness in order to have a good time together.