Life and career of Turgenev. Creative and life path of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev
Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich (October 28, 1818, Orel - August 22, 1883, Bougival, near Paris, buried in St. Petersburg) - Russian writer, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1860. From the family of an officer. He spent his childhood years on his mother's estate, the village of Spasskoe-Lutovinovo, Oryol province.
In 1833 he entered Moscow University. In 1834 he moved to St. Petersburg University to the verbal department of the Faculty of Philosophy (he graduated as a candidate in 1837). His first work - "The Wall" (1834), first published in 1913 - is dedicated to the hero of the demonic warehouse. By the mid 1830s. relate early experiences Turgenev. In 1836, his work was published for the first time - a review of the book by A. N. Muravyov "Journey to Russian Holy Places".
In 1838, in a magazine "Contemporary" his first poems were published: "Evening" and "To Venus of Lyceum".
In 1838-1840, with interruptions, he continued his education abroad. At the University of Berlin, he studies philosophy, ancient languages, and history. In Berlin and Rome, Turgenev became close to Stankevich And Bakunin. In 1842 he passed the exam for a master's degree in philosophy at St. Petersburg University, in the same year he made a trip to Germany, upon his return he served in the Ministry of the Interior as an official for special assignments (1842 - 1844). At the end of 1842, he met Belinsky, soon Turgenev became close to his circle, with St. Petersburg writers, including Herzen. Under their influence, he strengthened himself in anti-serfdom, Westernizing, anti-Slavophil positions. In 1843 he met French singer th Pauline Viardot, friendly relations with which he continued all his life, leaving a deep mark in the work of Turgenev. His attachment to her explains Turgenev's long stay abroad.
In 1843 - 1846. - his poems are published, for example, "Parash". His works contain sad irony in relation to the heroes, longing for the high, the ideal, the heroic - their main moods. In prose, for example, Andrei Kolosov (1844) and others continued to develop the problem of the individual and society put forward by romanticism. At this time, Turgenev was the author of critical articles and reviews.
In the cycle of stories "Notes of a Hunter", 1847 - 1852, the main work of the young writer, which had a strong influence on the development of Russian literature and brought him world fame, he showed the high spiritual qualities and talents of the Russian peasant, who remains powerless poetry of nature. Here Turgenev showed a sharp contrast between " dead souls"landlords and the high spiritual qualities of the peasants. With the publication of this work in the Sovremennik magazine, he began collaborating with this publication. By publishing critical materials there, he occupies a prominent place in this magazine. In his dramatic works - genre scenes, for example, in" Lack of money "(1846) and others, in the image of the "little" man, the traditions of Gogol and the connection with the psychological manner of Dostoevsky - in "The Freeloader" affected. In plays, for example, "Where it is thin, it breaks there" (1848) and others - expressed his characteristic dissatisfaction with the inaction of the reflective nobility, a foretaste of a new hero-raznochintsy. Turgenev highly appreciated Gogol. The publication of an obituary on this occasion in February 1852 served as a pretext for his arrest and exile under police supervision to the village of Spasskoye for 1.5 years During this period, he wrote the story "Mumu" (published in 1854), also anti-serfdom content and other works.
In 1856, the socio-psychological novel Rudin (1856) appeared in Sovremennik as the result of his reflections on the leading hero of our time. The novel was preceded by novels and stories in which he assessed the type of idealist of the 1840s from different angles. If, for example, in the story "Two Friends" (1854), a portrait of the unstable, reflective was given with disapproval, then in the story "The Diary of a Superfluous Man" (1850) and others, the tragedy of the individual was revealed, the painful discord of a person with the world and people . Turgenev's point of view on the "superfluous person" in "Rudin" is ambivalent: while recognizing the significance of Rudin's "word" in awakening the consciousness of people in the 1840s, he notes the insufficiency of the mere truth of lofty ideas in the conditions of Russian life in the 1850s. In the stories "Asya" (1858) and "Spring Waters" (1872), he created images of the outgoing noble culture and new heroes of the era - commoners and democrats, images of selfless Russian women. In the novel Noble Nest"(1859), the author sharply raised the question of the historical fate of Russia. This work is an awareness of the departure of the idealist of the 1840s from the historical stage.
With his works, Turgenev caused a controversy in the press about duty, self-denial, selfishness. In solving these problems, there was a discrepancy between Turgenev and the revolutionary democrats, since they considered a morally whole person who does not have a contradiction between internal needs and public duty. Sensitive to the demands of the time, Turgenev in his novel "On the Eve" (1860) expressed the idea of the need for a consciously heroic nature. In response to Nekrasov's critical articles on his work published in Sovremennik, Turgenev left Sovremennik. At this time, he stood on liberal positions, not believing in the need for a revolution. In the novel "Fathers and Sons" (1862) he showed the struggle of ideological trends, idealism and materialism, the inevitability and irreconcilability of the clash of old and new socio-political forces. Contemporaries reacted sharply to the appearance of the novel. The conservative press accused Turgenev of currying favor with the democratic youth - they reproached him for slandering the younger generation. After that, a period of doubt and disappointment began for Turgenev. At this moment, in a dispute with Herzen, he defends the views of the Enlightenment. There are stories, for example, "Ghosts" (1864), full of sad thoughts and pessimistic moods. Reflections on the people and the essence of the Russian character in the story "The Steppe King Lear" (1870) lead him to the creation of the novels "Smoke" (1867) and "Nov" (1877) - Turgenev touched upon the problem of the reforms that had begun in Russia, when "the new was accepted badly, the old lost all its strength." It depicts the life of Russians abroad, the populist movement in Russia. He does not believe in the success of "going to the people", but pays tribute to its participants.
In poems of this time, for example, "The Threshold" and others, he glorifies the feat of self-sacrifice in the name of the happiness of the people. In the 1870s, while living in Paris, he became close to the leaders of the populists - Lavrov, Stepnyak-Kravchinsky and others. Financially helped the populist magazine "Forward". At this time, he closely follows the development of Russian and french art, is one of the largest French writers of that time - G. Flaubert, E. Zola, A. Daudet, the Goncourt brothers, where he enjoyed the reputation of one of the largest realist writers. Even then, Turgenev received worldwide recognition, he was especially appreciated in Scandinavia.
In 1878 he was elected vice-president of the International Literary Congress in Paris. In 1879 Oxford University awarded him the degree of Doctor of Common Law. Arriving in 1879 - 1880. to Russia, Turgenev participated in readings in favor of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, including a speech on Pushkin. Liberal Russia greeted him with applause. On the slope of his life he created the lyric-philosophical Poems in Prose (1882). A master of language and psychological analysis, Turgenev had a significant impact on the development of Russian and world literature. His merits are especially great in the development of the Russian novel.
A special place in Turgenev was occupied by female images. In the female nature, in his opinion, whole, sensitive, uncompromising, dreamy and passionate, the expectation of a new, heroic is embodied. Therefore, he gives his beloved heroines the right to judge individual characters. In creating psychological and satirical portraits, he is a follower of Pushkin and Gogol. In the USSR, increased attention was paid to Turgenev's work: his works were made compulsory reading for schoolchildren, entrance essays to universities were appointed on their topics, and theatrical performances and films were made; in Spassky-Lutovinovo opened his museum.
Materials from the site of A.V. Kvakin http://akvakin.narod.ru/
Russian writer, corresponding member of the Puturburg Academy of Sciences (1880). In the cycle of stories "Notes of a Hunter" (1847 52) he showed the high spiritual qualities and talents of the Russian peasant, the poetry of nature. In the socio-psychological novels Rudin (1856), The Noble Nest (1859), On the Eve (1860), Fathers and Sons (1862), the stories Asya (1858), Spring Waters (1872) ) created images of the outgoing noble culture and new heroes of the era - raznochintsy and democrats, images of selfless Russian women. In the novel "Smoke" (1867) and "Nov" (1877) he depicted the life of Russian peasants abroad, the populist movement in Russia. On the slope of his life he created the lyric-philosophical Poems in Prose (1882). Master of Language and Psychological Analysis. Turgenev had a significant impact on the development of Russian and world literature.
Biography
Born October 28 (November 9 n.s.) in Orel in a noble family. Father, Sergei Nikolaevich, a retired hussar officer, came from an old noble family; mother, Varvara Petrovna, from a wealthy landowning family of the Lutovinovs. Turgenev's childhood passed in the family estate of Spasskoe-Lutovinovo. He grew up in the care of "tutors and teachers, Swiss and Germans, homegrown uncles and serf nannies."
With the family moving to Moscow in 1827 future writer was sent to a boarding school, spent about two and a half years there. Further education continued under the guidance of private teachers. Since childhood, he knew French, German, English.
In the autumn of 1833, before reaching the age of fifteen, he entered Moscow University, and the following year he transferred to St. Petersburg University, from which he graduated in 1936 in the verbal department of the philosophical faculty.
In May 1838 he went to Berlin to listen to lectures on classical philology and philosophy. He met and became friends with N. Stankevich and M. Bakunin, meetings with whom were of much greater importance than the lectures of Berlin professors. He spent more than two academic years abroad, combining studies with long trips: he traveled around Germany, visited Holland and France, and lived in Italy for several months.
Returning to his homeland in 1841, he settled in Moscow, where he prepared for the master's exams and attended literary circles and salons: he met Gogol, Aksakov, Khomyakov. On one of the trips to St. Petersburg with Herzen.
In 1842, he successfully passed the master's exams, hoping to get a professorship at Moscow University, but since philosophy was taken under suspicion by the Nikolaev government, the departments of philosophy were abolished at Russian universities, and it was not possible to become a professor.
In 1843, Turgenev entered the service of an official in the "special office" of the Minister of the Interior, where he served for two years. In the same year, an acquaintance with Belinsky and his entourage took place. Turgenev's social and literary views during this period were determined mainly by the influence of Belinsky. Turgenev published his poems, poems, dramatic works, story. The critic guided his work with his assessments and friendly advice.
In 1847, Turgenev went abroad for a long time: love for the famous French singer Pauline Viardot, whom he met in 1843 during her tour in St. Petersburg, took him away from Russia. He lived for three years in Germany, then in Paris and on the estate of the Viardot family. Even before leaving, he submitted an essay "Khor and Kalinich" to Sovremennik, which was a resounding success. The following essays from folk life published in the same journal for five years. In 1852 they came out as a separate book called Notes of a Hunter.
In 1850, the writer returned to Russia, as an author and critic he collaborated in Sovremennik, which became a kind of center of Russian literary life.
Impressed by Gogol's death in 1852, he published an obituary banned by the censors. For this he was arrested for a month, and then sent to his estate under the supervision of the police without the right to travel outside the Oryol province.
In 1853 it was allowed to come to St. Petersburg, but the right to travel abroad was returned only in 1856.
Along with the "hunting" stories, Turgenev wrote several plays: "The Freeloader" (1848), "The Bachelor" (1849), "A Month in the Country" (1850), "Provincial Girl" (1850). During his arrest and exile, he created the stories "Mumu" (1852) and "Inn" (1852) on a "peasant" theme. However, he was increasingly occupied with the life of the Russian intelligentsia, to whom the novel "The Diary of a Superfluous Man" (1850) is dedicated; "Yakov Pasynkov" (1855); "Correspondence" (1856). Work on stories facilitated the transition to the novel.
In the summer of 1855, the novel "Rudin" was written in Spassky, and in subsequent years, novels: in 1859 "The Noble Nest"; in 1860 "On the Eve", in 1862 "Fathers and Sons".
The situation in Russia was changing rapidly: the government announced its intention to free the peasants from serfdom, preparations for the reform began, giving rise to numerous plans for the upcoming reorganization. Turgenev took an active part in this process, became Herzen's unspoken collaborator, sending accusatory material to the Kolokol magazine, and collaborated with Sovremennik, which gathered around itself the main forces of advanced literature and journalism. At first, writers of different trends acted as a united front, but sharp disagreements soon appeared. There was a break between Turgenev and the Sovremennik magazine, which was caused by Dobrolyubov's article "When will the real day come?", dedicated to the novel Turgenev "On the Eve", in which the critic predicted the imminent appearance of the Russian Insarov, the approach of the day of the revolution. Turgenev did not accept such an interpretation of the novel and asked Nekrasov not to publish this article. Nekrasov took the side of Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky, and Turgenev left Sovremennik. By 1862 1863 he had a polemic with Herzen on the question of the further paths of development of Russia, which led to a divergence between them. Pinning hopes on reforms "from above", Turgenev considered Herzen's faith in the revolutionary and socialist aspirations of the peasantry unfounded.
Since 1863, the writer settled with the Viardot family in Baden-Baden. At the same time, he began to collaborate with the liberal-bourgeois Vestnik Evropy, in which all his subsequent publications were published. major works, including the last novel "Nov" (1876).
Following the Viardot family, Turgenev moved to Paris. During the days of the Paris Commune, he lived in London, after its defeat he returned to France, where he remained until the end of his life, spending the winters in Paris, and the summer months outside the city, in Bougival, and making short trips to Russia every spring.
The public upsurge of the 1870s in Russia, connected with the attempts of the populists to find a revolutionary way out of the crisis, the writer met with interest, became close to the leaders of the movement, and provided financial assistance in the publication of the collection Vperyod. reawakened his longstanding interest in folk theme, returned to the "Notes of a Hunter", supplementing them with new essays, wrote the novels "Punin and Baburin" (1874), "Hours" (1875), etc.
A social revival began among the student youth, among the general strata of society. Turgenev's popularity, once shaken by his break with Sovremennik, has now recovered again and is growing rapidly. In February 1879, when he arrived in Russia, he was honored at literary evenings and ceremonial dinners, strenuously inviting him to stay in his homeland. Turgenev was even inclined to stop his voluntary exile, but this intention was not carried out. In the spring of 1882, the first signs of a serious illness appeared, which deprived the writer of the opportunity to move (cancer of the spine).
On August 22 (September 3, n.s.), 1883, Turgenev died in Bougival. According to the writer's will, his body was transported to Russia and buried in St. Petersburg.
Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich, whose stories, novels and novels are known and loved by many today, was born on October 28, 1818 in the city of Orel, into an old noble family. Ivan was the second son of Varvara Petrovna Turgeneva (nee Lutovinova) and Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev.
Turgenev's parents
His father was in the service of the Elisavetgrad Cavalry Regiment. After his marriage, he retired with the rank of colonel. Sergei Nikolayevich belonged to an old noble family. His ancestors are believed to have been Tatars. Ivan Sergeevich's mother was not as well-born as her father, but she surpassed him in wealth. The vast lands located in belonged to Varvara Petrovna. Sergei Nikolaevich stood out for his elegance of manners and secular sophistication. He had a subtle soul, he was handsome. Mother's temper was not like that. This woman lost her father early. She had to experience a terrible shock in her adolescence, when her stepfather tried to seduce her. Barbara ran away from home. Ivan's mother, who survived humiliation and oppression, tried to use the power given to her by law and nature over her sons. This woman was strong willed. She arbitrarily loved her children, and was cruel to the serfs, often punishing them with flogging for insignificant infractions.
Case in Bern
In 1822, the Turgenevs went on a trip abroad. In Bern, a Swiss city, Ivan Sergeevich almost died. The fact is that the father put the boy on the railing of the fence, which surrounded a large pit with city bears entertaining the public. Ivan fell off the railing. Sergei Nikolaevich at the last moment grabbed his son by the leg.
An introduction to belles-lettres
The Turgenevs returned from their trip abroad to Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, their mother's estate, located ten miles from Mtsensk (Oryol province). Here Ivan discovered literature for himself: one courtyard man from a serf mother read to the boy in the old manner, singsongly and measuredly, the poem "Rossiada" by Kheraskov. Kheraskov in solemn verses sang the battles for Kazan of the Tatars and Russians during the reign of Ivan Vasilyevich. Many years later, Turgenev in his 1874 story "Punin and Baburin" endowed one of the heroes of the work with love for "Rossiada".
First love
The family of Ivan Sergeevich was in Moscow from the end of the 1820s to the first half of the 1830s. At the age of 15, Turgenev fell in love for the first time in his life. At this time, the family was at Engel's dacha. They were neighbors with their daughter, Princess Catherine, who was 3 years older than Ivan Turgenev. First love seemed to Turgenev captivating, beautiful. He was in awe of the girl, afraid to confess the sweet and languid feeling that had taken possession of him. However, the end of joys and torments, fears and hopes came suddenly: Ivan Sergeevich accidentally found out that Catherine was his father's beloved. Turgenev was haunted by pain for a long time. He will present his love story for a young girl to the hero of the 1860 story "First Love". In this work, Catherine became the prototype of Princess Zinaida Zasekina.
Studying at the universities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, the death of his father
The biography of Ivan Turgenev continues with a period of study. Turgenev in September 1834 entered the Moscow University, the verbal department. However, he was not satisfied with his studies at the university. He liked Pogorelsky, a mathematics teacher, and Dubensky, who taught Russian. Most of the teachers and courses left the student Turgenev completely indifferent. And some teachers even caused obvious antipathy. This is especially true of Pobedonostsev, who tediously and for a long time talked about literature and could not advance in his predilections further than Lomonosov. After 5 years, Turgenev will continue his studies in Germany. About Moscow University he will say: "It is full of fools."
Ivan Sergeevich studied in Moscow for only a year. Already in the summer of 1834 he moved to St. Petersburg. Here on military service was his brother Nicholas. Ivan Turgenev continued to study. His father died in October of the same year from kidney stones, right in Ivan's arms. By this time, he was already living apart from his wife. Ivan Turgenev's father was amorous and quickly lost interest in his wife. Varvara Petrovna did not forgive him for his betrayals and, exaggerating her own misfortunes and illnesses, exposed herself as a victim of his callousness and irresponsibility.
Turgenev left a deep wound in his soul. He began to think about life and death, about the meaning of being. Turgenev at that time was attracted by powerful passions, vivid characters, throwing and struggles of the soul, expressed in an unusual, sublime language. He reveled in the poems of V. G. Benediktov and N. V. Kukolnik, the stories of A. A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky. Ivan Turgenev wrote in imitation of Byron (the author of "Manfred") his dramatic poem called "The Wall". After more than 30 years, he will say that this is "a completely ridiculous work."
Writing poetry, republican ideas
Turgenev in the winter of 1834-1835. fell seriously ill. He had a weakness in his body, he could not eat or sleep. Having recovered, Ivan Sergeevich changed a lot spiritually and physically. He became very stretched out, and also lost interest in mathematics, which attracted him before, and became more and more interested in belles-lettres. Turgenev began to compose many poems, but still imitative and weak. At the same time, he became interested in republican ideas. existing in the country serfdom he felt as a shame and the greatest injustice. In Turgenev, a sense of guilt in front of all the peasants strengthened, because his mother treated them cruelly. And he took an oath to himself to do everything to ensure that there was no class of "slaves" in Russia.
Acquaintance with Pletnev and Pushkin, publication of the first poems
Student Turgenev in his third year met P. A. Pletnev, professor of Russian literature. This literary critic, poet, friend of A. S. Pushkin, to whom the novel "Eugene Onegin" is dedicated. At the beginning of 1837, on literary evening with him, Ivan Sergeevich also encountered Pushkin himself.
In 1838, two poems by Turgenev were published in the Sovremennik magazine (the first and fourth issues): "To the Venus of the Medicean" and "Evening". Ivan Sergeevich published poetry after that. The first tests of the pen, which were printed, did not bring him fame.
Continued studies in Germany
In 1837 Turgenev graduated from St. Petersburg University (language department). He was not satisfied with the education he received, feeling gaps in his knowledge. German universities were considered the standard of that time. And in the spring of 1838, Ivan Sergeevich went to this country. He decided to graduate from the University of Berlin, where Hegel's philosophy was taught.
Abroad, Ivan Sergeevich became friends with the thinker and poet N.V. Stankevich, and also became friends with M.A. Bakunin, who later became a famous revolutionary. Conversations on historical and philosophical themes he led with T. N. Granovsky, the future famous historian. Ivan Sergeevich became a staunch Westernizer. Russia, in his opinion, should take an example from Europe, getting rid of lack of culture, laziness, ignorance.
public service
Turgenev, returning to Russia in 1841, wanted to teach philosophy. However, his plans were not destined to come true: the department he wanted to enter was not restored. Ivan Sergeevich in June 1843 was enlisted in the Ministry of the Interior for service. At that time, the issue of the liberation of the peasants was being studied, so Turgenev reacted to the service with enthusiasm. However, Ivan Sergeevich did not serve long in the ministry: he quickly became disillusioned with the usefulness of his work. He began to be burdened by the need to fulfill all the instructions of his superiors. In April 1845, Ivan Sergeevich retired and was no longer a member of the public service never.
Turgenev becomes famous
Turgenev in the 1840s began to play the role of a secular lion in society: always well-groomed, neat, with the manners of an aristocrat. He wanted success and attention.
In 1843, in April, the poem "Parash" by Turgenev I.S. was published. Its plot is touching love landowner's daughter to a neighbor on the estate. The work is a kind of ironic echo of "Eugene Onegin". However, unlike Pushkin, in Turgenev's poem everything ends happily with the marriage of the heroes. Nevertheless, happiness is deceptive, doubtful - it's just ordinary well-being.
The work was highly appreciated by V. G. Belinsky, the most influential and famous critic that time. Turgenev met Druzhinin, Panaev, Nekrasov. Following Parasha, Ivan Sergeevich wrote the following poems: in 1844 - Conversation, in 1845 - Andrey and Landowner. Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich also created stories and novels (in 1844 - "Andrey Kolosov", in 1846 - "Three Portraits" and "Breter", in 1847 - "Petushkov"). In addition, Turgenev wrote the comedy Lack of Money in 1846, and the drama Indiscretion in 1843. He followed the principles natural school"writers, to which Grigorovich, Nekrasov, Herzen, Goncharov belonged. Writers belonging to this direction depicted "non-poetic" objects: everyday life people, life, predominant attention was paid to the influence of circumstances and the environment on the fate and character of a person.
"Hunter's Notes"
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev in 1847 published an essay "Khor and Kalinich", created under the impression of hunting trips in 1846 through the fields and forests of the Tula, Kaluga and Oryol provinces. Two heroes in it - Khor and Kalinich - are presented not just as Russian peasants. These are individuals with their own complex inner world. On the pages of this work, as well as other essays by Ivan Sergeevich, published in the book "Notes of a Hunter" in 1852, the peasants have their own voice, which differs from the manner of the narrator. The author recreated the customs and life of the landlord and peasant Russia. His book was evaluated as a protest against serfdom. Society accepted it with enthusiasm.
Relationship with Pauline Viardot, mother's death
1843 arrived on tour young Opera singer from France Pauline Viardot. She was greeted enthusiastically. Ivan Turgenev was also delighted with her talent. He was captivated by this woman for the rest of his life. Ivan Sergeevich followed her and her family to France (Viardot was married), accompanied Polina on a tour of Europe. His life was henceforth divided between France and Russia. The love of Ivan Turgenev has passed the test of time - Ivan Sergeevich has been waiting for the first kiss for two years. And only in June 1849 Polina became his lover.
Turgenev's mother was categorically against this connection. She refused to give him the funds received from the income from the estates. Death reconciled them: Turgenev's mother was dying hard, suffocating. She died in 1850 on November 16 in Moscow. Ivan was informed of her illness too late and did not have time to say goodbye to her.
Arrest and exile
In 1852, N. V. Gogol died. I. S. Turgenev wrote an obituary on this occasion. There were no reprehensible thoughts in him. However, it was not customary in the press to recall the duel that led to as well as recall the death of Lermontov. On April 16 of the same year, Ivan Sergeevich was put under arrest for a month. Then he was exiled to Spasskoe-Lutovinovo, not allowed to leave the Oryol province. At the request of the exile, after 1.5 years he was allowed to leave Spassky, but only in 1856 was he granted the right to go abroad.
New works
During the years of exile, Ivan Turgenev wrote new works. His books became more and more popular. In 1852, Ivan Sergeevich created the story "Inn". In the same year, Ivan Turgenev wrote Mumu, one of his most famous works. In the period from the late 1840s to the mid-1850s, he created other stories: in 1850 - "The Diary of a Superfluous Man", in 1853 - "Two Friends", in 1854 - "Correspondence" and "Calm" , in 1856 - "Yakov Pasynkov". Their heroes are naive and lofty idealists who fail in their attempts to benefit society or find happiness in their personal lives. Criticism called them "superfluous people." Thus, the creator of a new type of hero was Ivan Turgenev. His books were interesting for their novelty and topicality.
"Rudin"
The fame acquired by the mid-1850s by Ivan Sergeevich was strengthened by the novel Rudin. The author wrote it in 1855 in seven weeks. Turgenev in his first novel made an attempt to recreate the type of ideologist and thinker, modern man. Main character - "extra person", which is depicted both in weakness and in attractiveness at the same time. The writer, creating him, endowed his hero with the features of Bakunin.
"Nest of Nobles" and new novels
In 1858, Turgenev's second novel, The Nest of Nobles, appeared. His themes are the history of an old noble family; the love of a nobleman, by the will of circumstances hopeless. The poetry of love, full of grace and subtlety, the careful depiction of the characters' experiences, the spiritualization of nature - these are distinctive features Turgenev's style, perhaps most clearly expressed in the "Noble Nest". They are also characteristic of some stories, such as "Faust" of 1856, "A Trip to Polissya" (years of creation - 1853-1857), "Asya" and "First Love" (both works were written in 1860). "Noble Nest" was warmly welcomed. He was praised by many critics, in particular Annenkov, Pisarev, Grigoriev. However, Turgenev's next novel met a completely different fate.
"The Eve"
In 1860, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev published the novel "On the Eve". Summary his next. In the center of the work - Elena Stakhova. This heroine is brave, determined, devotedly loving girl. She fell in love with the revolutionary Insarov, a Bulgarian who devoted his life to liberating his homeland from the rule of the Turks. The story of their relationship ends, as usual with Ivan Sergeevich, tragically. The revolutionary dies, and Elena, who has become his wife, decides to continue the work of her late husband. This is the plot of the new novel, which was created by Ivan Turgenev. Of course, we have described its summary only in general terms.
This novel caused conflicting assessments. Dobrolyubov, for example, in an instructive tone in his article reprimanded the author where he was wrong. Ivan Sergeevich was furious. Radical democratic publications published texts with scandalous and malicious allusions to the details of Turgenev's personal life. The writer broke off relations with Sovremennik, where he had been published for many years. The younger generation stopped seeing Ivan Sergeevich as an idol.
"Fathers and Sons"
In the period from 1860 to 1861, Ivan Turgenev wrote Fathers and Sons, his new novel. It was published in Russkiy Vestnik in 1862. Most readers and critics did not appreciate it.
"Enough"
In 1862-1864. a story-miniature "Enough" was created (published in 1864). It is imbued with motives of disappointment in the values of life, including art and love, which are so dear to Turgenev. In the face of inexorable and blind death, everything loses its meaning.
"Smoke"
Written in 1865-1867. the novel "Smoke" is also imbued with a gloomy mood. The work was published in 1867. In it, the author tried to recreate a picture of modern Russian society, the ideological moods that dominated it.
"Nov"
Turgenev's last novel appeared in the mid-1870s. In 1877 it was printed. Turgenev in it presented populist revolutionaries who are trying to convey their ideas to the peasants. He assessed their actions as a sacrificial feat. However, this is a feat of the doomed.
The last years of the life of I. S. Turgenev
Turgenev from the mid-1860s almost constantly lived abroad, only visiting his homeland on short visits. He built himself a house in Baden-Baden, near the house of the Viardot family. In 1870, after Franco-Prussian War, Polina and Ivan Sergeevich left the city and settled in France.
In 1882, Turgenev fell ill with spinal cancer. Were heavy recent months his life, death was hard. The life of Ivan Turgenev ended on August 22, 1883. He was buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkovsky cemetery, near the grave of Belinsky.
Ivan Turgenev, whose stories, short stories and novels are included in school curriculum and known to many - one of the greatest Russian writers of the 19th century.
Tergenev was actively published during his lifetime. And although not every work of his caused delight among critics, it did not leave anyone indifferent. Disputes broke out constantly not only because of literary disagreements. Everyone knows that at the time when Ivan Sergeevich lived and worked, censorship was especially strict, and the writer could not openly talk about many things that would affect politics, criticize power or serfdom.
Selected works and complete works of Tergenev are published with enviable regularity. The most voluminous and full assembly works is considered to be the release of the Nauka publishing house in thirty volumes, which combined all the works of the classic in twelve volumes, and published his letters in eighteen volumes.
Artistic features of the work of I.S. Turgenev
Most of the writer's novels have the same artistic features. Often the focus is on a girl who is beautiful, but not beautiful, developed, but this does not mean at all that she is very smart or educated. According to the plot, this girl is always courted by several applicants, but she chooses one, the one whom the author wants to single out from the crowd, to show him inner world, desires and aspirations.
According to the plot of each writer's novel, these people fall in love with each other, but something is always present in their love and does not make it possible to be together right away. It is probably worth listing all the novels of Ivan Turgenev:
★ Rudin.
★ "Noble Nest".
★ "Fathers and Sons".
★ "The day before".
★ "Smoke".
★ New.
In order to better understand the works of Turgenev, his features of writing, one should consider in more detail several of his novels. After all, most of the novels were written even before the peasant reform was carried out in Russia, and all this was reflected in the works.
Roman "Rudin"
This is the first novel by Turgenev, which was first defined by the author himself as a story. And although the main work on the work was completed in 1855, the author made several adjustments and improvements to his text. This was due to the criticism of the comrades, to whom the manuscript fell into the hands. And in 1860, after the first publications, the author added an epilogue.
The following characters act in Turgenev's novel:
⇒ Lasunskaya.
⇒ Pigasov.
⇒ Pandnlevsky.
⇒ Lipina.
⇒ Volintsev.
⇒ Bassists.
Lasunskaya is the widow of a privy councillor, who was very rich. The writer rewards Daria Mikhailovna not only with beauty, but also with freedom in communication. She participated in all conversations, trying to show her importance, which in reality she did not have at all. She considers Pigasov funny, who shows some kind of malice towards all people, but especially does not like women. Afrikan Semenovich lives alone because he is very ambitious.
The Turgenev hero from the novel, Konstantin Pandelevsky, is interesting, since it was impossible to determine his nationality. But the most remarkable thing about his image is his unusual ability to take care of the ladies in such a way that they then constantly patronized him. But he had nothing to do with Lipina Alexandra, since the woman, despite her young age, was already a widow, although without children. She inherited a large inheritance from her husband, but so that she would not let him down, she lived with her brother. Sergei Volintsev was a staff captain, but already retired. He is decent, and many knew that he was in love with Natalia. The young teacher of Bassists hates Pandelevsky, but respects the main character, Dmitry Rudin.
The protagonist is a poor man, although he is a nobleman by origin. He received a good education at the university. And although he grew up in the village, he is smart enough. He knew how to speak beautifully and for a long time, which surprised others. Unfortunately, his words and deeds differ. His philosophical views liked Natalia Lasunskaya, who falls in love with him. He constantly said that he was also in love with a girl, but this turned out to be a lie. And when she denounces him, Dmitry Nikolayevich immediately leaves, and soon dies in France on the barricades.
By composition, the entire Turgenev novel is divided into four parts. The first part tells how Rudin arrives at Natalya's house, sees her for the first time. In the second part, the author shows how much the girl is in love with Nikolai. The third part is the departure of the protagonist. The fourth part is an epilogue.
Novel "The Nest of Nobles"
This is the second novel by Ivan Sergeevich, the work on which lasted two years. Like the first novel, The Nest of Nobles was published in the Sovremennik magazine. This work caused a storm in literary circles, from a disagreement in the interpretation of the plot, to a frank accusation of plagiarism. But the work was a great success with the readership, and the name "Noble Nest" became a real catchphrase and firmly entered into use in the flesh to this day.
There are a large number of characters in the novel who will always be interesting in their character and Turgenev's description to readers. The female images of the work are represented by Kalitina, who is already fifty years old. Marya Dmitrievna was not only a rich, but also a very capricious noblewoman. She was so spoiled that at any moment she could cry because her desires were not fulfilled. Her aunt, Marya Timofeevnea, brought her special trouble. Pestova was already seventy years old, but she easily and always told the truth to everyone. Marya Dmitrievna had children. Lisa eldest daughter already turned 19 years old. She is friendly and very kind. This was the influence of the nanny. Second in a feminine way in Turgenev's novel is Lavretskaya, who is not only beautiful, but also married. Although after her betrayal, her husband left her abroad, but this alone did not stop Varvara Pavlovna.
There are many characters in the novel. There are those that play an important role in the plot, and there are episodic ones. For example, a certain Sergei Petrovich appears several times in Turgenev's novel, who is a gossip from a secular society. A handsome Pashin, who is very young and has a position in society, comes to the city on his work. He is obsequious, but easily liked by the people around him. It is worth noting that he is very talented: he composes music and poetry himself, and then performs them. But only his soul is cold. He likes Lisa.
A music teacher comes to the Kalitins' house, who was a hereditary musician, but fate was against him. He is poor, although he is German. He does not like to communicate with people, but he perfectly understands everything that happens around him. The main characters include Lavretsky, who is thirty-five years old. He is a relative of the Kalitins. But he could not boast of his education, although in himself he was a kind person. Fedor Ivanovich has a noble dream - to plow the land, because he did not succeed in anything else. He is counting on a friend, the poet Mikhalevich, who will help him realize all his plans.
According to the plot, Fedor Ivanovich comes to the province to realize his dream, where he meets Lisa and falls in love with her. The girl loves him back. But here comes the unfaithful wife of Lavretsky. He is forced to leave, and Liza goes to the monastery.
The composition of Turgenev's novel is divided into six parts. In the first part there is a story about how Fyodor Ivanovich arrives in the province. And so in the second part tells about the main character. In the third part, Lavretsky, and Kalitins, and other heroes go to Vasilyevskoye. Here begins the rapprochement between Liza and Fedor Ivanovich, but this is already discussed in the fourth part. But the fifth part is very sad, as Lavretsky's wife arrives. The sixth part is an epilogue.
Novel "On the Eve"
This novel was created by Ivan Turgenev in anticipation of a coup in Russia. The main character of his work becomes a Bulgarian. It is known that the novel was written by a famous writer in 1859, and already on next year it was published in one of the magazines.
The plot is based on the Stakhov family. Stakhov Nikolay Artemyevich, who not only spoke good French, but was also a great debater. In addition, he was also known as a philosopher who was bored at home all the time. He met a German widow and now spent all his time with her. This state of affairs greatly upset his wife, Anna Vasilievna, a calm and sad woman who complained to everyone in the house about her husband's infidelity. She loved her daughter, but in her own way. By the way, Elena at that time was already twenty years old, although from the age of 16 she left her parental care, and then she lived like herself. She had a need to constantly take care of the poor, the unfortunate, and it doesn’t matter whether they are people or animals. But for the environment, she seemed a little strange.
Elena was simply created to share her life with Dmitry Insarov. This young man, who was barely 30 years old, an amazing and unusual fate. His mission was to free his land. Therefore, Elena follows him, begins to believe in his ideas. After the death of her husband, she decides to devote herself to a noble mission - she becomes a sister of mercy.
The meaning of Turgenev's novels
In all novels famous writer Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev reflects the history of Russian society. He doesn't just portray his characters and tell them life stories. The writer walks the path together with his characters and guides the reader along this path, forcing them to philosophize together about what the meaning of life is, what kindness and love are. A huge role in Turgenev's novels is played by landscapes that reflect the mood acting characters.
M. Katkov wrote about Turgenev's novels:
"Clarity of ideas, skill in delineation of types, simplicity in conception and course of action."
Turgenev's novels are not only educational, but also historical meaning, as the writer reveals moral issues the whole society. In the fates of his heroes, the fates of thousands of Russians who lived more than one hundred and fifty years ago are guessed. This is a real digression into the history of both high society and the common people.
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born into a noble family on October 28, 1818. The writer's father served in the cavalry guard regiment and led a rather wild life. Because of his carelessness, and in order to improve his financial situation, he took Varvara Petrovna Lutovinova as his wife. She was very wealthy and came from the nobility.
Childhood
The future writer had two brothers. he himself was average, but for the mother became the most beloved.
The father died early and the mother was engaged in the upbringing of the sons. Her character was domineering and despotic. In her childhood, she suffered from the beatings of her stepfather and went to live with her uncle, who, after his death, left her a decent dowry. Despite complex nature, Varvara Petrovna constantly took care of her children. To give them a good education, she moved from the Oryol province to Moscow. It was she who taught her sons to art, read the works of contemporaries, and thanks to good teachers gave children an education which would be useful to them in the future.
Creativity of the writer
At the university, the writer studied literature from the age of 15, but due to the relocation of relatives from Moscow, he transferred to the Faculty of Philosophy of St. Petersburg University.
Ivan already With young years saw himself as a writer and planned to connect his life with literature. In his student years, he communicated with T.N. Granovsky, a well-known historian. He wrote his first poems while studying in his third year, and four years later he was already published in the Sovremennik magazine.
In 1938 Turgenev moves to Germany where he studies the work of Roman and then Greek philosophers. It was there that he met the Russian literary genius N.V. Stankevich, whose work had a great influence on Turgenev.
In 1841, Ivan Sergeevich returned to his homeland. At this time, the desire to engage in science cooled down, and creativity began to take all the time. Two years later, Ivan Sergeevich wrote the poem "Parasha", positive feedback about which Belinsky left in " Domestic notes". From that moment on, a strong friendship began between Turgenev and Belinsky, which lasted for a long time.
Artworks
The French Revolution made a strong impression on the writer, changing his worldview. Attacks and murders of people prompted the writer to write dramatic works. Turgenev spent a lot of time away from his homeland, but love for Russia always remained in the soul of Ivan Sergeevich and his creations.
- Bezhin meadow;
- Noble Nest;
- Fathers and Sons;
- Mu Mu.
Personal life
Personal life is replete with novels, but officially Turgenev never married.
The biography of the writer has a huge number of hobbies, but the most serious was romance with Pauline Viardot. She was famous singer and the wife of a theater director in Paris. After meeting the couple Viardo Turgenev lived in their villa for a long time and even settled his illegitimate daughter. The complex relationship between Ivan and Polina is still not marked in any way.
love last days the writer became actress Maria Savina, who very brightly played Verochka in the production of "A Month in the Village". But on the part of the actress there was sincere friendship, but not love feelings.
last years of life
Turgenev gained particular popularity in the last years of his life. He was a favorite both at home and in Europe. The developing gout disease prevented the writer from working at full strength. Last years he lived in Paris in the winter, and in the summer at Viardot's estate in Bougival.
The writer foresaw his imminent death and tried with all his might to fight the disease. But on August 22, 1883, the life of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was cut short. The cause was a malignant tumor of the spine. Despite the fact that the writer died in Bougival, buried him in Petersburg at the Volkovsky cemetery, according to the last will. There were about four hundred people at the farewell memorial service in France alone. In Russia, there was also a farewell ceremony for Turgenev, which was also attended by a lot of people.
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