Reform: concept, essence, main types. Features of Russian reforms

Distinguishing the main features of a revolution is important for any aspiring historian or student of the social sciences. What is its essential uniqueness, in particular, the difference from evolution? Experts identify the signs of a revolution, the main ones- the ability of classes to joint mass actions that will be strong enough to resist the current government.

How to recognize a revolution?

Most importantly, these are rapid and significant changes that occur quickly and change the very basis of the existing system.

The main signs of the revolution, which are worth paying attention to any novice historian. First of all, experts distinguish several types of revolutions. They can be natural, economic, political, scientific and social. If a crisis arises in a public or adjacent area, then all the prerequisites for

Main features

The main feature is a fundamental change in the existing political system, a global change in the attitude of members of society to the current government. The timing of these changes may vary. The most rapid revolutions occur in one or two months, the maximum period is one or two years.

The signs of a revolution, which should also not be forgotten, are that everything happens necessarily under the supervision of revolutionary movement. Moreover, this movement can come both "from below" (if the force striving for change is in opposition), and "from above" (if they managed to seize power).

It is important to determine the reasons, first of all, the inability of the state to effectively manage society. Among the economic reasons, the main one is the decline in the state economy, leading to a worsening crisis. Social causes lie in the unfair distribution of income among social classes.

neolithic revolution

It is important to understand such a concept as This is a key term for understanding how human society has developed.

At its core, the Neolithic Revolution is the transition of human society from the most primitive economy, which included hunting and gathering, to a more complex social structure. This Agriculture, which is based on animal husbandry and agriculture. This is important to understand when you are asked: "Group the signs of the Neolithic revolution."

Archaeologists have reliably established that the first domestic animals appeared about 10 thousand years ago. Moreover, surprisingly, this happened at the same time in 6-8 regions, independently of each other. First of all, they include the countries of the Middle East.

For the first time this concept was used by the British archaeologist Gordon Child, who lived at the beginning of the 20th century and adhered to the ideas of Marxism.

How to recognize the Neolithic revolution?

The main features of the Neolithic revolution are as follows: the emergence of tools from radically new materials. First of all, it is a stone.

The next sign is the emergence of a division of labor. IN human society certain crafts begin to stand out, in which only specific people are engaged.

The third is the emergence of arable farming, as well as settled life. The emergence of permanent settlements.

Management becomes a special form of labor, and consequently, class stratification in society begins. An individual economy is born, private property appears. All these are signs of the Neolithic revolution.

Reforms and revolutions

The signs of reform and revolution are very similar in many respects, but nevertheless they differ greatly in fundamental points.

A revolution is a complete change of most, if not all, parties public life. And the reforms consist in the gradual and systematic change of one specific aspect of public life. At the same time, the existing social, social and political structure is necessarily preserved. Power remains in the hands of the current ruling class.

Therefore, reforms in this case closer to evolutionary processes, when there is no radical breakdown of the existing system.

Another difference is that reforms are necessarily carried out "from above". While the revolution most often begins "from below", from the social strata that are not directly in power.

At the same time, it should be noted that in Soviet historiography for a long time most of the reforms were perceived as a direct threat to the existing power system. This happened even in those cases when the reforms themselves were not the result of mass protests, but were initiated by public structures close to the current government. According to the opinion prevailing among historians, any changes were still a potential threat to the preservation of state power in the country.

The monograph contains an in-depth analysis of the transformation economic system Russia, covering property relations, the financial system, investment resources, state orders, the formation of small business institutions and other areas. Based on the assessment of transformational shifts, a system of priorities in the development strategy of Russia is proposed and substantiated, which implies the purposeful activity of the state to concentrate limited resources at the point of growth, providing a multiplicative economic effect in related industries and, as a result, in the economy as a whole. For scientific and practical workers, graduate students, students and those who are interested in the problems of the socio-economic development of Russia.

The collection presents materials of the XVI Scientific Session of the Commission of Economists of the Polish and Russian academies Sciences, which was devoted to the discussion of the problems of integrated development of infrastructure as the most important condition for the successful socio-economic transformation of both countries. Polish researchers pay special attention to the problems of infrastructure development related to the ongoing processes of globalization, institutional and technological modernization. Russian - to a greater extent relate to the problems of overcoming the infrastructure crisis, the state of specific infrastructure sectors, the possibilities of their modification and capacity building in order to facilitate the country's transition to an innovative development path. For economists, sociologists, political scientists and anyone interested in reforming the economy.

The main trends and stages of the transformation of the military economy are studied. largest states world in the XX - early XXI centuries The transformational processes caused by qualitative and quantitative changes in the nature of military needs and how they are met. It is shown how these changes lead to the emergence of a new type of military economy, which is fundamentally different from the previous one in terms of its main parameters, the system of organization and management, the forms of relations with the military organization of the state, the general economy and other areas of public life. Particular attention is paid to latest processes in military-economic activities related to the ongoing revolution in military affairs, as well as possible ways increasing the efficiency of Russia's military economy. For scientists, leaders and employees of law enforcement agencies and defense complex specialists, economists, political scientists.

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A detailed analysis of the economic transformations carried out in the post-communist countries in the 90s of the XX century is given. The characteristic of socialism as an economic and political system, the reasons for its decline are considered. The issues of choosing a new economic policy, changes in production volumes and their causes, liberalization, financial stabilization, privatization, social development And social policy, the role of the state in the transition period. political essence The author sees the transition period in the confrontation between radical reformers and those social groups that did not want to give up economic rent. This approach allowed the author to debunk many of the prevailing myths and misconceptions. The book contains unique material based on personal experience the author received in the course of work during his tenure as an adviser on economic issues to the government of Russia and Ukraine, the head of state of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. For government and...

The collection contains articles highlighting the main goals and objectives of the municipal reform in Russian Federation, those main innovations that the reform brings to the system of local governments and the nature of their interaction with government bodies at the federal and regional levels. The connection of the municipal reform with changes in the budget system and the budget process in the Russian Federation is considered. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the practical results of the so-called transitional period in the implementation of the reform (01.01.2006-01.01.2009) and practical problems universal mandatory transition to full-scale implementation of all provisions of the reform. An assessment is given of the current legal framework of the reform (taking into account all the changes), as well as the state economic fundamentals local self-government from the position of financial and budgetary security of various types municipalities, changes in the volume and structure of municipal property, etc. In the articles of the collection ...

The book reflects the process of reforming the Soviet monetary system after the end of the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 The experience of this reform, which was carried out in conjunction with the complex measures to abolish the ration card system and switch to free trade at uniform prices, is valuable both positively and negative traits. However, its main result is that it successfully solved the problem of the post-war recovery of money circulation. Studying the experience of this reform until recently was difficult due to the fact that almost all documents were kept secretly. The presented collection will give scientists a source base for an in-depth study of the problem. The vast majority of documents and materials found in federal archives (GA RF, RGASPI, RGAE) are presented for publication for the first time. The book is addressed to scientists, teachers and students, all who study the monetary reform of 1947.

All accounting regulations. Current, adopted, reform projects as of September 2010. The publication contains all the main regulations governing accounting in the Russian Federation: effective in currently Federal Law "On Accounting", the Regulations on Accounting and Accounting in the Russian Federation and the current versions of PBU, including the new PBU 22/2010 "On Correcting Errors in Accounting and Reporting". In addition, it includes a new edition federal law"On Accounting", which comes into force on January 1, 2011. The book also covers the accounting reform: "Accounting reform program in accordance with international standards Financial Statements", draft Federal Law "On Official Accounting", Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated July 2, 2010 No. 66n "On Forms of Accounting Statements of Organizations" with ...

Vladimir Ryzhov, "Khvilya"

After my last article "", more than 200 people entered into an argument with me and with each other. Although the article was about what alarms the attitude of Europeans and Americans to what Yatsenyuk is doing, and the attitude towards Minsk-2, the main arguments touched on Yatsenyuk and what the government is doing. It is characteristic that the events in the Donbass did not affect almost any of those discussing it. From this discussion, one can once again see that the concept of “reform” has been vulgarized in Ukraine to the point of impossibility. Few people distinguish the actual reforms from other actions of the authorities.

And, I must say, in the past they took so much foolishness that today we need to quickly fix a lot.

Therefore, it is hardly possible to draw a clear line - these are reforms, this is the correction of mistakes made, this is an improvement in this and that, this is a change in better side. Well, and so on. Therefore, the authorities simply really need not to bother with the long-term procedure for the general improvement of life in Ukraine, but to carry out changes at a pace. If you wait until the sun comes out, the dew will eat your eyes.

It is necessary for everyone, everyone, everyone to learn that the activities of the authorities can be aimed at improving the lives of citizens, including improving their well-being, and at ensuring rights, freedoms, security and justice, i.e. to improve government functions. If the authorities deviate from this, this is not our authority and it must be replaced.

The next, which comes into conflict with the previous one - reforms and the correction of mistakes made, the establishment of order and justice, did not take place anywhere in the "shusi-musi-pusi" mode. If any selfish team in power tries to block what is necessary for all citizens of the state, then this team will have to bitterly regret their actions and everyone should know about it. In the end, no one promises that all the villains will live in freedom until the end of the reforms.

This is a priori - the truth does not require proof. Retreat is punishable!

And due to the fact that it will not be possible to clearly distinguish between reforms and other correct actions of the authorities, let's just list what is needed not by significance, but by meaning. Offhand, for now.

What do you think, if, for example, the President announces that, for example, on the first Sunday of June there will be popular elections for district, city and regional judges, and the former judges transfer all cases to new judges within a month, after which they retire - is this correct or No? Is it reform or not?

If the General Prosecutor's Office, and after the General Prosecutor's Office - all regional ones - have one single function - control over the legality of the investigation and judging - is this correct or not? Is it reform or not?

And if the President invites the primates of all churches - the Kievan, Moscow Patriarchates, the UAOC, the Greek Catholic Church, the Armenian Church, the Mufti of all Muslims, the Chief Rabbi, and “urgently” asks them to take on full church support all orphanages, orphanages with sick kids, children's boarding schools. Are these reforms? No, these are not reforms. But why not? After all, this will be a divine feat of the ministers of any church.

And if the Prime Minister invites businessmen whose personal capital exceeds $100 million and "strongly" asks them to take over the full provision of children's hospitals in Ukraine, while there is still no state insurance for every child at birth. Are these reforms? No! But if you, as a businessman, have earned your fortune in Ukraine or with the help of Ukrainian laws and regulations, then be kind - take care of the health of the new generation.

By the way, if I already mentioned insurance - how do you like the “autocitizenship”? Why, having insured with one insurance company, in any accident, is guilty - not guilty, but run and resolve issues not with your insurance company, but with the company of another participant in the accident? Whose convenience is this for? Why, having insured in company A, a person should seek compensation for damages in company B? Correction of this eccentricity on the principle - where I am insured, there I receive compensation, and insurance companies themselves settle problems among themselves - is this a reform or not? No, this is a fix, but a very necessary one.

By the way, only a complete technical layman could come up with taxation of cars by engine displacement. What does the size of the engine have to do with the class of the car?

Well, only a complete idiot could come up with an additional taxation of cars at a fixed price in hryvnias. 1000000 hryvnia and that's it. Yes, with the monetary policy of our authorities, a million hryvnias will soon cost a children's toy car.

Cancel the above nonsense, created to appropriate this money to power by close personalities. Immediately!

What about repealing or amending the Fair Acquisition Act? Indeed, according to this law, a lot of state, private and personal property “legally” migrated into the hands of crooks. The law was prepared by scoundrels, adopted (for some reason?) and used by scoundrels. It got to the point that buying an apartment on the secondary market is extremely dangerous. So cancel this law and introduce rules that only property (value) checked by a certain structure is put up for sale and all possible costs, if the property (value) turns out to be problematic, are borne by the checking structure. Can you imagine how much land, buildings and structures were seized under this "law"?

And if the mayor invites builders who built a residential building, but which has not been occupied for a year or two, at least half and will offer the owner of this building to start renting out living space for life. And if the owner refuses, the mayor's office can buy out the unused housing at cost by force and then lease this housing, including for life. What it is? And as in Europe.

In general, it is time to harmonize the relationship between residents and local authorities. It turns out nonsense - the tenants own the apartments. Who owns the driveway? Basement? Attic? An elevator? Emergency exit? Is it really bullshit? But it's good to hide everything in the world. To whom was the cost estimate of the ZhEK presented? And Kievenergo? Oto!

Is it reform or not? Yes, it took a long time to decide. By law, not in detail, but as a framework for local authorities.

Well, it is necessary to correct the invented nonsense about 150 sq.m. with taxes. Apartment 150 sq.m. where seven people live and three people - is it the same thing? Such nonsense could only occur to those who live in cottages of 500 or 1000 sq.m. Cancel this idiocy immediately.

Do you know how many "shabashniki" we have? 3.5 million people. They are builders, and repairmen, and mechanics ... But you never know what they do. One way or another, they receive 2500-3000 hryvnias per month. It's minimum. Those. per month 3500000х2750=9625000000 UAH. With these more than 9 billion, neither taxes nor pension contributions are paid.

You can calculate it like this - they did not pay taxes and let them not pay. But 5% in Pension Fund let them count. And this is 481 million hryvnia per month. And this is fair, because one way or another, upon reaching retirement age, everyone will come for a pension. Even if it's minimal.

How to do it? But as in post-war Germany. If interested, I can describe later.

If we are already talking about pensions, then the question of funded pensions has long been overripe. Done, almost everything. But what structure and how individual accumulative pension accounts will be maintained is a problem. A fight over this resource does not make it possible to start a civilized pension accumulation, and the Prime Minister, who must decide this question, as we see, does not solve it. And this, by the way, is a reform.

And, by the way, not all reforms and improvements need to be adopted by laws. I remember back in 1991 I was talking to a successful businessman from Norway. So he told me that if, say, he buys a car for himself, but does not transfer 10% of its value to charity, the mayor of the city where he lives will stop greeting him, the neighbors will start to turn away, bankers will refuse loans, workers trying to get a job elsewhere. So you can get broke.

Here, too, we need to create such conditions so that the rednecks from the business quickly begin to suck their paws. Their place will not remain empty - more civilized businessmen will come instead of rednecks.

I've just taken and threw suggestions from everywhere little by little. I deliberately do not touch on tariffs, taxes, corruption, illegal developments, wild court decisions and other things. Because if you list all this, then this will not be an article, but a guide to action. And so everyone can add their own and then, probably, they will get a guide to action. But I don’t know who will be able to synthesize all the necessary actions that the government must take to fulfill its main purpose - to improve the well-being of Ukrainian citizens.

Maybe some political force will take up this work. If the Cabinet of Ministers is not able to.

What - I do not know.

I write and will write different articles. I don't want to replace the professionals who will come, I hope, to the government, with any precise proposals, although I have them, no doubt. I want to encourage those who surf the Internet more to become active and taunt the authorities, to force them to do what the citizens of Ukraine need. Everyone. And not just some.

What is the main difference between reform and revolution?

the difference is that a reform is a special set of rules or laws aimed at improving and improving the existing system of government. and a revolution is not a legal seizure of power. so it turns out that these two concepts are similar only outwardly, but they mean completely different things.

The main difference is that reforms are carried out peacefully, and the revolution - through a coup.

I would like to draw attention to the fact that the concepts of reform and revolution do not necessarily have to be associated with politics. These are much broader concepts, and therefore the differences between them lie not only in the field of political relations.

Reform is a change in some part of the whole, and revolution is a complete change in the whole. After the reform, there remains a connection between the relations that existed before it was carried out, and after the revolution, such a connection is broken.

For example scientific and technological revolution was accompanied by a complete change in the means of production and production relations, the creation new formation society.

Of course, in the field of politics, reforms and revolutions are much more obvious, and a revolution is, as a rule, a violent change of power and a new social system of the state. Reform is a change in the administration of the state, aimed at strengthening the current government.

The main difference is in the change of power.

Reforms, as a rule, are carried out by the existing government. For example, the reforms of Alexander II or the reforms of Stolypin were reforms, and radical ones, but there was no change of power (change of form of government and ruling subjects).

But during a revolution, even if it is not accompanied by reforms, there is a change of power, and a violent one. The American Revolution of the 1770s was a revolution, but the economic structure did not change.

Reform and revolution are fundamentally different.

They also have one similarity - this is a change in people's lives, transformations in the system.

The reforms are aimed at changing the economic, political, social sphere the life of the people. Reforms are legal, in order to carry out reforms in the state, politicians need to prepare bills and coordinate them.

The revolution is taking place without any legal basis. It is being prepared by a group of interested persons, and the goal is to overthrow the current regime, to replace the government. In fact, this is a coup d'état, which has a very painful effect on the life of society.

Reform is a systematic and controlled, therefore, a predictable change, and a revolution is more chaos and, as a result, a loss of control and management

Do you sometimes think about how our society develops? Well, for example, do you compare what happened five centuries ago with the present state of affairs? If so, then you are probably wondering how changes occur. The attentive reader understands that development can proceed in various forms that differ from each other. But what are the main differences between reforms and revolutions, few understand. IN best case a person can indicate a different degree of bloodiness of events. But how does it really happen? Let's figure it out.

Progress, revolution, reform

To begin with, it is necessary to say about the essence of the processes. How will we begin to understand what are the main differences between reforms and revolutions, if we do not understand what they are for? The fact is that society does not want to remain static. This rule is not disputed. Look inside yourself: do you agree all your life in kindergarten walk? People strive for development. In addition, they desire progressive change. That is, those that lead to an increase in well-being, the creation of more acceptable conditions for their life and self-realization. Although not everyone thinks about it. However, if you offer Better conditions, then no one refuses. Principles are based on this. They germinate in society for the time being, and then break out. But the ways in which changes come to people can be different. Already certainly clear, and reform. Let's talk about them.

What is a revolution?

The best way to search for truth is to study phenomena. In order to understand what are the main differences between reforms and revolutions, it is necessary to define what these terms mean. Let's start with the radical. It means revolution. In society, this phenomenon is characterized in different ways. Sometimes the term is used, so to speak, not for its intended purpose.

In fact, a revolution can be considered changes covering all strata of society, accompanied by a change in the social system. That is, the process should go "on the wave of the people." It involves not only parties or politicians, but the entire population (or most of it). As a rule, it accompanies the threat of violence. When figuring out what are the main differences between reforms and revolutions, these conditions must be kept in mind. After all, despite the fact that each process has personal features, its forms can be implicit. This makes it difficult to classify them.

Society does not have to wait for the “big bang” from within. That is a moment when it is no longer possible to live as before. After all, people already understand that changes are necessary. Why wait for the revolution to take place? And reform comes to the rescue here. Its main feature is gradualness. That is, almost the same changes are taking place in society, only smoothly, without military conflicts, demolition operating system and other shocks. During reform, changes are created within the old mechanism. They are gradually put into action, capturing parts of the system, changing them. The disadvantage of reforming is that this process does not capture the entire public life. Reorganization concerns only certain parts of the current system.

Compare revolution with reform

Let's take a hypothetical society. Using his example, we will try to find several differences between the described processes. Suppose society is ready for change. What will happen to him if there is a revolution? The old system of power will be demolished. Society will plunge into chaos for a while. And from it will grow new system. At the same time, all mechanisms of the state will work on other principles. The changes can be described as complete. Nothing will remain of the old (except people). What happens if ruling class will decide not to wait for the revolution, but will be engaged in reforming? Smart people will replace parts of the outdated system with new mechanisms. At the same time, of course, society will feel the changes. But they will be partial. The ruling class will remain in place. In addition, some of the previously working bodies will not cease to exist either. But, on the other hand, the people will receive the desired changes.

Evolution: revolution - reform

What is the purpose of all these seethings among the people? Why run such heavy and expensive processes? As already noted, society needs change. Just remember It happened because in general the population (all strata) understood that the old mechanisms do not work. Changes are needed to make life satisfying for the majority of the people. This is an objective process. The system cannot progress indefinitely. She is reaching her peak. Then changes are needed. The criterion for its development is public opinion. If the people are satisfied, then the system is still positive. When evolution pushes society to new achievements, it itself puts a negative assessment of the existing system. Thus, revolution and reform are objectively conditioned methods of human development.