Phraseological units and winged expressions. Our shelf has arrived

Phraseology is a branch of the science of language that studies stable combinations of words. Phraseologism is a stable combination of words, or a stable expression. Used to name objects, signs, actions. It is an expression that arose once, became popular and entrenched in the speech of people. The expression is endowed with figurativeness, it can have a figurative meaning. Over time, the expression can take on a broad meaning in everyday life, partially including the original meaning or completely excluding it.

Lexical meaning has a phraseological unit in general. The words included in the phraseological unit separately do not convey the meaning of the entire expression. Phraseologisms can be synonymous (at the end of the world, where the raven did not bring bones) and antonymous (lift up to heaven - trample into the dirt). Phraseologism in a sentence is one member of the sentence. Phraseologisms reflect a person and his activities: work (golden hands, fool around), social relations (bosom friend, put sticks in wheels), personal qualities (turn up your nose, sour mine), etc. Phraseologisms make the statement expressive, create imagery. Set expressions are used in works of art, in journalism, in everyday speech. Set expressions are otherwise called idioms. Many idioms in other languages ​​- English, Japanese, Chinese, French.

To clearly see the use of phraseological units, refer to their list on the page below or.

It is in folk tales, according to the definition of A.P. Usova has developed a number of figurative expressions that are close and accessible to children. For example, “black horse”, “cow cow”, “scarlet color”, “poppy color”, “red sun”, “clear stars”, “bright month”, “grass-ant”, “winter-winter”, “Crackling frost”, “falcon pilots”, “came like a storm”, “whistle like a nightingale” and many others, figuratively characterizing both natural phenomena and human behavior. All these and many other expressions are closely connected with national images, with the phenomena of native nature.

In the folk language, notes L.B. Fesyukova, these expressions are saturated with a certain content. The black horse is black, shiny, the color of a raven's wing. Let's look closely at the wing of a raven, and its blue-black color with a tint, black to a shine, will catch your eye. If with this word the child denotes precisely these qualities, then the word will be meaningful, accurate. Most of all, one must beware of the cliché in the language of adults and in the language of a child when using folk expressions outside of their content, “by ear”. This creates pretentiousness, deliberateness, and, consequently, falseness.

Fairy tales are unusually rich in phraseological turns. They make fairy tales more figurative, emotional, colorful. Figurative expressions penetrate from fairy tales, are separated from them, are born in "live" colloquial speech. For example, "black horse", "crackling frost", "well done archer", "apparently invisible", "jack of all trades" and many others figuratively characterize the behavior of people and natural phenomena.

Since the creator of fairy tales is the people, the national fairy tales of each people are original, unique and unique. The nationality of the fairy tale is revealed in the originality of the artistic depiction of the characters, the selection language tools(hyperbole, litotes, metaphors, epithets). Here are examples of these language tools:

- hyperbole: snail's speed; there is not a crumb of bread, one and a half people have gathered - very few people, etc.

- litote: a boy - with a little finger;

- metaphor: golden ring - golden sun; a bear is an animal and a bear is a clumsy person; a berry is the fruit of a plant and a girl is a berry.

- epithet: hare long-eared, fluffy, defenseless, small, fast; fox - red, crafty, cunning; wolf - evil, greedy, predatory.

Folk tales are also rich in comparisons, metaphors, words with diminutive suffixes. Thus the language folk tale full of figurative words and expressions.

Fairy tales have traditional beginnings and endings that have been established for decades. The beginnings immediately set the listener in a fabulous mood, focusing his attention, for example: lived - were; was - was not, but people say; it was once upon a time, etc. The endings, as it were, “sum up the final line” - complete the story, for example: whoever does not believe, let him check; began to live to live and to make good; and I was there, I drank honey - I drank beer, it flowed down my beard, but it didn’t get into my mouth, etc. (Examples of beginnings and endings to those we used in this project fairy tales are given in appendices A and B, respectively).

The constituent elements of folk tales are numerous sayings, riddles, beliefs, tongue twisters, counting rhymes, fables, which give figurativeness and colorfulness to folk speech.

E.I. Tikheeva notes that when reading a fairy tale, the teacher teaches children to notice the art form that expresses the content. Children learn not only to notice wealth mother tongue, but gradually master it, enrich their speech with figurative expressions, literary turns, learn to use them when expressing their thoughts and feelings. The child learns his native speech, primarily by imitating the living language. spoken language those around him, whom he listens to and whose patterns he follows.

BEHIND. Gritsenko, L.M. Gurovich, E.I. Tikheeva and others argue that the richest treasury of the native language - the folk tale - can only be truly used for educating children if children can hear a well-told fairy tale. The pronunciation should be clear and correct, the teacher should not forget about logical stresses and pauses both within the sentence and between the individual parts of the tale. Older preschoolers are able to distinguish more subtle shades of intonation, a gradual transition from one intonation to another in connection with the development of the plot and the change of mood. Children of this age are available emotional perception so-called psychological pauses and other means of expression used in reading.

The task of the teacher, according to M.M. Alekseeva and V.I. Yashina, - to achieve such a performance of the work that would make it possible to convey to the audience its ideological and artistic merits, would arouse interest in the work, its language, arouse in children an emotional attitude towards the events and characters depicted in it.

T.B. Filicheva, Z.A. Gritsenko point to the need for a conversation about what they have read. A conversation on the content of the work should not obscure the fairy tale just heard from the child, but, as it were, “brighten” it, turning to the child with all its facets, and then once again present it in its entirety.

When working with a Russian folk tale as a means of developing expressive vocabulary, you can use a number of techniques. Based on the research of O.I. Solovieva and A.M. Borodich, we will conditionally divide them into techniques that help to better understand the content of the work, and techniques that contribute to a more complete penetration into figurative system and the language of the story.

Receptions of the first group:

1. Questions. They should be varied but their focus. Some questions help children to more accurately characterize the characters of the fairy tale. Having proposed a question, the educator can remind them of the corresponding episode, pay attention to a single word, phrase, act of the character.

Other questions should help children feel the main idea of ​​the piece. So the teacher, having found out from the pupils whether they liked the fairy tale and what they especially liked, with an interrogative intonation quotes a phrase from the text, which contains the moral of the fairy tale: “So how does it happen when “one nods at the other, does not want to do his job”? » (fairy tale "Winged, furry and oily"). The kids say it's bad. The teacher offers to tell what happened to each of the characters. Then he asks: “When does this happen?” - seeking the children to repeat the saying, which is contained in the end of the tale.

In order for children to better feel the features of this genre, you can offer them questions of this type: “Why is this work called a fairy tale?”; “What features does it have that are typical of fairy tales?” and so on.

2. Examining illustrations and accumulating preschoolers' ideas about how artists' drawings help to understand the work.

With the help of this technique, preschoolers are taught to listen and remember the description of the appearance of the hero, his costume already at the first reading of the tale.

3. Word sketches. Children are offered to imagine themselves as illustrators, think and tell what pictures they would like to draw for a fairy tale. Listening to the children’s statements, the teacher asks questions that help the child clarify this or that detail for himself (“How is your Alyonushka dressed? What eyes does the witch have? If she is so scary, how did Alyonushka not guess that she was in front of a witch?” etc. .).

In the article we will consider in detail what a figurative expression is. What does it matter how they are used, we will analyze examples with a detailed interpretation of such statements.

Interpretation and definition

So, a figurative expression is a unit of speech that is primarily used in figuratively. When translated into another language, as a rule, additional clarification is required. On the other hand, the following interpretation can also be given: figurative expression is widely used apt words, speeches, quotations of historical figures, literary characters, which over time became a household name.

Sayings of this kind have so long and so strongly entered our everyday life, and it seems that they were invented by the people. But this fact is not always true. Figurative expression is a powerful tool not only in Everyday life, but also in literary works, their use brings an unsurpassed flavor.

Thanks to remarkable bibliographers and literary critics, books were collected and published that tell the reader about the primary sources of the emergence and use of sayings of this kind. Thanks to the uniqueness of such books, each person will be able to enrich and increase the expressiveness of his speech, master and give new breath to the richest heritage of the past.

folk expressions

Figurative expression should learn to understand. For a better and deeper understanding, some of them should be disassembled.

• For example, hang your nose. In other words, you can say "to lose heart, to be sad."
• Or drive a wedge. This expression can be interpreted as "deliberately quarreling, creating a quarrel between someone."
• Talk hand in hand. That is, interfere with doing something or not give the opportunity to concentrate.
• Or here - to give free rein to the language. In other words, talk a lot, speak out, tell something sore, or, conversely, give out secrets and secrets.
• Give a smoke. You can say: shout, punish, point out shortcomings.
• Look for the wind in the field. This means the following: the irretrievable loss of something or someone with a hopeless result.
• Let's analyze such an expression as "break into a cake." You can understand such a statement as follows: try very hard to do something.
• For example, such an expression: hand in hand. Usually this expression is used when describing a happy married couple. They go hand in hand through life.

Figurative expressions in literature

A figurative expression summarizes various phenomena in people's lives. Such short sayings are passed down from generation to generation. The mode of transmission is not only an everyday form of communication, but also literary works. Various features in the environment, in the manifestation of any action. For example, if you hurry, you will make people laugh. I took hold of the tug, don't say that it's not hefty. Darlings scold - they only amuse themselves.

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin admired folk sayings, sayings, proverbs, which can also be attributed to figurative expressions. “Oh, what a sense! What a gold!” Such were the statements of the Russian poet. Sholokhov wrote about this: “The greatest wealth of the people is the language!” Folk expressions have been accumulating for thousands of years, and they live in words.

In fact, such statements are a storehouse of the wisdom of the people themselves. They very often express truth that has stood the test of time. Figurative words and expressions are often used in public speech, their use in the introduction or conclusion can be one of the ways of argumentation, but we should not forget that the use of statements of this kind depends on the appropriateness of the situation. In order for words to be expressive, and images to be emotionally colored, they often use figurative expressions.

Conclusion

Summing up the above, I would like to note the importance of figurative statements. They are used constantly in an unchanged form, in other words, they can be attributed to stable forms. If you change the wording, then this statement may lose its own Lotman wrote in his book "Lectures on Structural Poetics": "The statue of Apollo in the museum does not look naked, but try to tie a tie around her neck, and she will amaze you with her indecency." Figurative statements are not created in the process of conversation, but are used as ready-made and unchanged, as it happens from generation to generation. They are rich in their composition, origin and stylistic possibilities, which allows them to convey a large semantic volume with minimal means and do it so emotionally and expressively. Peshkovsky wrote: “These are living words! Reviving everything to which they are attached! Their use will allow everyone to make their speech unique and individual.

Often we use the so-called catchphrases without even knowing about their origin. Of course, everyone knows: "And Vaska listens and eats" - this is from Krylov's fable, "gifts of the Danaans" and "Trojan horse" - from Greek legends about Trojan War… But many words have become so close and familiar that we can’t even imagine who said them first.

Scapegoat
The history of this expression is as follows: the ancient Jews had a rite of absolution. The priest laid both hands on the head of a live goat, thereby, as it were, shifting the sins of the whole people onto him. After that, the goat was driven out into the wilderness. Many, many years have passed, and the rite no longer exists, but the expression lives on ...

Tryn-grass
The mysterious "tryn-grass" is not at all some kind of herbal drug that is drunk so as not to worry. At first it was called "tyn-grass", and tyn is a fence. The result was “fence grass”, that is, a weed that no one needed, indifferent to everyone.

Sour soup master
Sour cabbage soup is a simple peasant food: some water and sauerkraut. It wasn't hard to prepare them. And if someone was called a master of sour cabbage soup, it meant that he was not good for anything worthwhile. Balzac Age

The expression arose after the publication of the novel by the French writer Honore de Balzac (1799-1850) The Thirty-Year-Old Woman (1831); used as a characteristic of women aged 30-40 years.

White crow
This expression, as a designation of a rare person, sharply different from the rest, is given in the 7th satire of the Roman poet Juvenal (mid-1st century - after 127 AD):
Fate gives kingdoms to slaves, delivers triumphs to captives.
However, such a lucky man is less likely to be a white crow.

put a pig
In all likelihood, this expression is due to the fact that some peoples do not eat pork for religious reasons. And if such a person was imperceptibly put pork meat in his food, then his faith was defiled by this.

Throw a stone
The expression "to throw a stone" at someone in the sense of "accusing" arose from the Gospel (John, 8, 7); Jesus told the scribes and Pharisees, who, tempting him, brought to him a woman convicted of adultery: “He that is without sin among you, first cast a stone at her” (in ancient Judea there was a penalty - to stone).

Paper endures everything (Paper does not blush)
The expression goes back to the Roman writer and orator Cicero (106 - 43 BC); in his letters “To Friends” there is an expression: “Epistola non erubescit” - “The letter does not blush”, that is, in writing you can express such thoughts that you are embarrassed to express orally.

To be or not to be - that is the question
The beginning of Hamlet's monologue in Shakespeare's tragedy of the same name, translated by N.A. Field (1837).

Wolf in sheep's clothing
The expression originated from the Gospel: "Beware of false prophets who come to you in sheep's clothing, but inside they are ravenous wolves."

In borrowed plumes
It arose from the fable of I.A. Krylov "Crow" (1825).

Pour in the first number
You won't believe it, but... old school where students were flogged every week, regardless of who is right and who is wrong. And if the mentor overdoes it, then such a spanking was enough for a long time, until the first day of the next month.

Register Izhitsa
Izhitsa - the name of the last letter Church Slavonic alphabet. Traces of flogging on famous places negligent students strongly looked like this letter. So to prescribe Izhitsu - teach a lesson, punish, it's easier to flog. And you still scold the modern school!

I carry everything with me
The expression originated from ancient Greek tradition. When the Persian king Cyrus occupied the city of Priene in Ionia, the inhabitants left it, taking with them the most valuable of their property. Only Biant, one of the "seven wise men", a native of Priene, left empty-handed. In response to the bewildered questions of his fellow citizens, he answered, referring to spiritual values: "I carry everything that is mine with me." This expression is often used in Cicero's Latin formulation: Omnia mea mecum porto.
Everything flows, everything changes
This expression, which defines the constant variability of all things, expounds the essence of the teachings of the Greek philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus (c. 530-470 BC)

Goal like a falcon
Terribly poor, beggar. Usually they think that we are talking about a bird. But the falcon has nothing to do with it. In fact, the “falcon” is an old military wall-beating weapon. It was a completely smooth ("bare") cast-iron blank, fixed on chains. Nothing extra!

Orphan Kazan
So they say about a person who pretends to be unhappy, offended, helpless in order to pity someone. But why is the orphan "Kazan"? It turns out that this phraseological unit arose after the conquest of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible. Mirzas (Tatar princes), being subjects of the Russian Tsar, tried to beg him for all sorts of indulgences, complaining about their orphanhood and bitter fate.

unlucky person
In the old days in Rus', "the way" was called not only the road, but also various positions at the prince's court. The falconer's path is in charge of princely hunting, the trapping path is dog hunting, the equerry's path is carriages and horses. The boyars, by hook or by crook, tried to get a way from the prince - a position. And those who did not succeed, spoke of those with disdain: an unlucky person.

Was it a boy?
In one of the episodes of M. Gorky's novel "The Life of Klim Samgin" tells about the boy Klim skating with other children. Boris Varavka and Varya Somova fall into a hole. Klim gives Boris the end of his gymnasium belt, but, feeling that he is being pulled into the water, he releases the belt from his hands. Children are drowning. When the search for the drowned begins, Klima is struck by "someone's serious incredulous question: - Was there a boy, maybe there wasn't a boy." Last phrase became winged as a figurative expression of extreme doubt about anything.

twenty two misfortunes
So in the play by A.P. Chekhov " The Cherry Orchard”(1903) they call the clerk Epikhodov, with whom some kind of comic trouble happens every day. The expression is applied to people with whom some kind of misfortune constantly happens.

Money doesn't smell
The expression arose from the words of the Roman emperor (69 - 79 AD) Vespasian, said by him, as Suetonius reports in his biography, on the following occasion. When Vespasian's son Titus reproached his father for imposing a tax on public latrines, Vespasian brought the first money received from this tax to his nose and asked if they smelled. To the negative answer of Titus, Vespasian said: "And yet they are from urine."

Draconian measures
This is the name given to exorbitantly harsh laws named after the Dragon, the first legislator of the Athenian Republic (VII century BC). Among the punishments determined by its laws, a prominent place was allegedly occupied by the death penalty, which punished, for example, such an offense as stealing vegetables. There was a legend that these laws were written in blood (Plutarch, Solon). In literary speech, the expression "draconian laws", "draconian measures, punishments" became stronger in the meaning of harsh, cruel laws.

Inside out
Now it seems to be quite a harmless expression. And once it was associated with a shameful punishment. During the time of Ivan the Terrible, a guilty boyar was put back to front on a horse in clothes turned inside out and in this form, disgraced, was driven around the city to the whistle and ridicule of the street crowd.

Retired goat drummer
In the old days, trained bears were taken to fairs. They were accompanied by a dancer boy dressed up as a goat, and a drummer accompanying his dance. This was the goat drummer. He was perceived as a worthless, frivolous person.

Yellow press
In 1895, the American graphic artist Richard Outcault placed a series of frivolous drawings with humorous text in a number of issues of the New York newspaper The World; among the drawings was a child in a yellow shirt, to whom various amusing statements were attributed. Soon another newspaper, the New York Journal, began printing a series of similar drawings. A dispute arose between the two newspapers over the right of primacy in " yellow boy". In 1896, Erwin Wardman, editor of the New York Press, published an article in his magazine in which he contemptuously called the two competing newspapers "yellow press." Since then, the expression has become catchy.

finest hour
An expression by Stefan Zweig (1881-1942) from the preface to his collection of historical short stories " star clock humanity" (1927). Zweig explains that he called historical moments the finest hours "because, like eternal stars, they invariably shine in the nights of oblivion and decay."

Golden mean
An expression from the 2nd book of the odes of the Roman poet Horace: "aurea mediocritas".

Choose the lesser of two evils
An expression found in the writings of the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle "Nicomachean Ethics" in the form: "The lesser of evils must be chosen." Cicero (in his essay “On Duties”) says: “One should not only choose the least of the evils, but also extract from them what can be good in them.”

To make mountains out of molehills
The expression is ancient. It is cited by the Greek writer Lucian (3rd century AD), who ends his satirical “Praise of the Fly” as follows: “But I interrupt my word, although I could say much more, so that someone would not think that I , according to the proverb, I make an elephant out of a fly.

Zest
The expression is used in the meaning: something that gives a special taste, attractiveness to something (dish, story, person, etc.). originated from folk proverb: "Kvass is not expensive, the zest in kvass is expensive"; became popular after the appearance of Leo Tolstoy's drama The Living Corpse (1912). The hero of the drama Protasov, talking about his family life says: "My wife ideal woman was... But what can I say? There was no zest, - you know, is there a zest in kvass? - there was no game in our life. And I had to forget. And without the game you will not forget ... "

lead by the nose
It can be seen that trained bears were very popular, because this expression was associated with fairground entertainment. The gypsies led the bears by wearing a nose ring. And they forced them, the poor fellows, to do various tricks, deceiving them with the promise of handouts.

Sharpen laces
Lyasy (balusters) are chiseled curly columns of railings at the porch. Only a real master could make such beauty. Probably, at first, “sharpening balusters” meant having an elegant, bizarre, ornate (like balusters) conversation. But craftsmen to conduct such a conversation by our time became less and less. So this expression began to denote empty chatter.

a swan song
The expression is used in the meaning: the last manifestation of talent. Based on the belief that swans sing before death, it arose in antiquity. Evidence of this is found in one of Aesop's fables (6th century BC): "They say that swans sing before they die."

Flying Dutchman
Dutch legend has preserved the story of a sailor who swore in a strong storm to go around the cape that blocked his path, even if it took him an eternity. For his pride, he was doomed to forever rush on a ship on a raging sea, never touching the shore. This legend, obviously, arose in the age of great discoveries. It is possible that historical basis it was the expedition of Vasco da Gama (1469-1524), who rounded the cape in 1497 Good Hope. In the 17th century this legend was dated to several Dutch captains, which is reflected in its name.

seize the moment
The expression, apparently, goes back to Horace (“carpe diem” - “seize the day”, “take advantage of the day”).

Lion's share
The expression goes back to the fable of the ancient Greek fabulist Aesop "The Lion, the Fox and the Donkey", the plot of which - the division of prey among the animals - was used after him by Phaedrus, La Fontaine and other fabulists.

The moor has done his job, the moor can go
Quote from the drama by F. Schiller (1759 - 1805) "The Fiesco Conspiracy in Genoa" (1783). This phrase (d.3, yavl.4) is spoken by the Moor, who turned out to be unnecessary after he helped Count Fisco organize an uprising of the Republicans against the tyrant of Genoa, Doge Doria. This phrase has become a saying that characterizes a cynical attitude towards a person whose services are no longer needed.

Manna from heaven
According to the Bible, manna is the food that God sent to the Jews every morning from heaven when they went through the desert to the promised land (Exodus, 16, 14-16 and 31).

Disservice
The expression arose from the fable of I. A. Krylov "The Hermit and the Bear" (1808).

Honeymoon
The idea that the happiness of the first period of marriage is quickly replaced by the bitterness of disappointment, figuratively expressed in Eastern folklore, used by Voltaire for his philosophical novel Zadig, or Fate (1747), in the 3rd chapter of which he writes: honeymoon, and the second - the wormwood month.

We have a road for young people everywhere
Quote from "Song of the Motherland" in the film "Circus" (1936), text by V.I. Lebedev-Kumach, music by I.O. Dunaevsky.

Silent means consent
The expression of the Pope (1294-1303) Boniface VIII in one of his messages included in canon law (a set of decrees of church authority). This expression goes back to Sophocles (496-406 BC), in whose tragedy “The Trachinian Women” it is said: “Don’t you understand that by silence you agree with the accuser?”

Flour Tantalum
In Greek mythology, Tantalus, the king of Phrygia (also called the king of Lydia), was a favorite of the gods, who often invited him to their feasts. But, proud of his position, he offended the gods, for which he was severely punished. According to Homer ("Odyssey"), his punishment was that, thrown into Tartarus (hell), he always experiences unbearable pangs of thirst and hunger; he stands up to his neck in water, but the water recedes from him as soon as he bows his head to drink; branches with luxurious fruits hang over him, but as soon as he stretches out his hands to them, the branches deviate. Hence the expression "Tantal's torment" arose, which means: unbearable torment due to the inability to achieve the desired goal, despite its proximity.

On the seventh sky
An expression meaning the highest degree joy, happiness, goes back to the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BC), who in the essay “On the Sky” explains the structure of the heavenly vault. He believed that the sky consists of seven motionless crystal spheres, on which the stars and planets are fixed. The seven heavens are mentioned in various places in the Qur'an: for example, it is said that the Qur'an itself was brought by an angel from the seventh heaven.

I don't want to study, I want to get married
Mitrofanushka's words from D. I. Fonvizin's comedy "Undergrowth" (1783), d.3, yavl. 7.

New is well forgotten old
In 1824, the memoirs of the milliner Marie Antoinette, Mademoiselle Bertin, were published in France, in which she said these words about the queen's old dress she had renovated (in fact, her memoirs are fake, their author is Jacques Pesche). This thought was perceived as new, too, only because it was well forgotten. Already Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) said that "there is no new custom that is not old." This quote from Chaucer was popularized by Walter Scott's book " Folk songs southern Scotland."

Nick down
In this expression, the word "nose" has nothing to do with the organ of smell. "Nose" was called a commemorative plaque, or a tag for records. In the distant past, illiterate people always carried with them such boards and sticks, with the help of which all kinds of notes or notches were made as a keepsake.

Break a leg
This expression arose among hunters and was based on the superstitious idea that with a direct wish (both down and feather), the results of the hunt can be jinxed. Feather in the language of hunters means a bird, fluff - animals. In ancient times, a hunter going fishing received this parting word, the “translation” of which looks something like this: “Let your arrows fly past the target, let the snares and traps you set remain empty, just like the hunting pit!” To which the miner, in order not to jinx it, also replied: “To hell!”. And both were sure that evil spirits, invisibly present at this dialogue, will be satisfied and fall behind, will not plot during the hunt.

Beat the thumbs
What are "backcloths", who and when "beats" them? For a long time handicraftsmen have been making spoons, cups and other utensils from wood. To cut a spoon, it was necessary to chip off a chock - a baklusha - from a log. Apprentices were entrusted with preparing buckwheat: it was an easy, trifling matter that did not require special skills. Cooking such chocks was called “beating bucks”. From here, from the mockery of the masters over the auxiliary workers - "bucketers", our saying went.

About dead or good or nothing
An expression frequently quoted in Latin, "De mortuis nil nisi bene" or "De mortuis aut bene aut nihil," seems to come from Diogenes Laertes (3rd century AD): "Life, Doctrine, and Opinions famous philosophers”, which contains the saying of one of the “seven wise men” - Chilo (VI century BC): “Do not slander about the dead”.

O holy simplicity!
This expression is attributed to the leader of the Czech national movement Jan Hus (1369-1415). Sentenced by a church council as a heretic to be burned, he allegedly uttered these words at the stake when he saw that some old woman (according to another version - a peasant woman) in ingenuous religious zeal threw the brushwood she brought into the fire of the fire. However, Hus's biographers, based on eyewitness accounts of his death, deny the fact that he uttered this phrase. The ecclesiastical writer Turanius Rufinus (c. 345-410), in his continuation of Eusebius' History of the Church, reports that the expression "holy simplicity" was uttered at the First Council of Nicaea (325) by one of the theologians. This expression is often used in Latin: "O sancta simplicitas!".

An eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth
An expression from the Bible, the formula of the law of retribution: “A fracture for a fracture, an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth: as he did damage to the human body, so it must be done to him” (Leviticus, 24, 20; about the same - Exodus, 21, 24; Deuteronomy 19:21).

From great to funny one step
This phrase was often repeated by Napoleon during his flight from Russia in December 1812 to his ambassador in Warsaw de Pradt, who told about it in the book "History of the Embassy to the Grand Duchy of Warsaw" (1816). Its primary source is the expression of the French writer Jean-Francois Marmontel (1723-1799) in the fifth volume of his works (1787): "In general, the funny comes into contact with the great."

Language will bring to Kyiv
In 999, a certain Kyivian Nikita Shchekomyaka got lost in the boundless, then Russian, steppe and ended up among the Polovtsians. When the Polovtsy asked him: Where are you from, Nikita? He answered that he was from the rich and beautiful city of Kiev, and he described the wealth and beauty of his native city to the nomads in such a way that the Polovtsian Khan Nunchak attached Nikita by the tongue to the tail of his horse, and the Polovtsians went to fight and rob Kiev. So Nikita Shchekomyaka got home with the help of his tongue.

Balloons
1812. When the French burned Moscow and were left without food in Russia, they came to Russian villages and asked for Sherami food, like give me. So the Russians began to call them that. (one of the hypotheses).

bastard
This is an idiomatic word. There is such a river Voloch, when the fishermen sailed with their catch, they said ours from Volochi came. There are several more tomological meanings of this word. To drag - to collect, drag. It is from them that the word originated. But it has become abusive not long ago. This is the merit of 70 years in the CPSU.

Know all the ins and outs
The expression is associated with an old torture, in which the accused were driven under the nails with needles or nails, seeking a confession.

Oh, you are heavy, Monomakh's hat!
A quote from A. S. Pushkin's tragedy "Boris Godunov", the scene "The Tsar's Chambers" (1831), Boris's monologue (Monomakh in Greek is a wrestler; a nickname that was attached to the names of some Byzantine emperors. In ancient Russia, this nickname was assigned to Grand Duke Vladimir (beginning of the 12th century), from which the Muscovite tsars originated. royal power). The above quotation characterizes some difficult situation.

Plato is my friend but the truth is dearer
The Greek philosopher Plato (427-347 BC) in his work "Phaedo" attributes to Socrates the words "Following me, think less about Socrates, and more about the truth." Aristotle in his work "Nicomachean Ethics", arguing with Plato and referring to him, writes: "Let friends and truth be dear to me, but duty commands me to give preference to truth." Luther (1483-1546) says: “Plato is my friend, Socrates is my friend, but the truth should be preferred” (“On the Enslaved Will”, 1525). The expression "Amicus Plato, sed magis amica veritas" - "Plato is my friend, but the truth is dearer", formulated by Cervantes in the 2nd part, ch. 51 Don Quixote novels (1615).

Dancing to someone else's tune
The expression is used in the sense: to act not according to one's own will, but according to the arbitrariness of another. It goes back to the Greek historian Herodotus (5th century BC), who in the 1st book of his “History” tells: when the Persian king Cyrus conquered the Medes, the Greeks of Asia Minor, whom he had previously tried in vain to win over to his side, expressed their readiness obey him, but under certain conditions. Then Cyrus told them the following fable: “One flutist, seeing fish in the sea, began to play the flute, expecting that they would come out to him on land. Deceived in hope, he took the net, threw it over and pulled out a lot of fish. Seeing the fish fighting in the nets, he said to them: “Stop dancing; when I played the flute, you didn't want to come out and dance." This fable is attributed to Aesop (VI century BC).

After the rain on Thursday
Rusichi - the most ancient ancestors of Russians - honored among their gods the main god - the god of thunder and lightning Perun. One of the days of the week, Thursday, was dedicated to him (it is interesting that among the ancient Romans, Thursday was also dedicated to the Latin Perun - Jupiter). Perun offered prayers for rain in a drought. It was believed that he should be especially willing to fulfill requests on "his day" - Thursday. And since these prayers often remained in vain, the saying “After the rain on Thursday” began to apply to everything that is not known when it will be fulfilled.

Get into a loop
In dialects, binding is a fish trap woven from branches. And, as in any trap, being in it is an unpleasant business. Beluga roar

Beluga roar
Mute like a fish - you have known this for a long time. And suddenly roar beluga? It turns out that we are not talking about a beluga here, but a beluga whale, as the polar dolphin is called. Here he is really roaring very loudly.

Success is never blamed
These words are attributed to Catherine II, who allegedly put it this way when A.V. Suvorov was brought to court martial for the assault on Turtukai in 1773, undertaken by him contrary to the orders of Field Marshal Rumyantsev. However, the story about Suvorov's arbitrary actions and about bringing him to trial is refuted by serious researchers.

Know yourself
According to the legend reported by Plato in the Protagoras dialogue, the seven wise men of ancient Greece (Thales, Pittacus, Byant, Solon, Cleobulus, Mison and Chilo), having come together in the temple of Apollo at Delphi, wrote: "Know thyself." The idea of ​​self-knowledge was explained and spread by Socrates. This expression is often used in the Latin form: nosce te ipsum.

rare bird
This expression (lat. rara avis) in the meaning of “rare creature” is first found in the satires of Roman poets, for example, in Juvenal (mid. I century - after 127 AD): “A rare bird on earth, sort of like black Swan".

Born to crawl cannot fly
Quote from the "Song of the Falcon" by M. Gorky.

smoke rocker
IN old Rus' The huts were often heated in black: the smoke did not escape through the chimney (it did not exist at all), but through a special window or door. And the shape of the smoke predicted the weather. There is a column of smoke - it will be clear, dragged - to fog, rain, rocker - to the wind, bad weather, and even a storm.

Out of court
This is a very old sign: both in the house and in the courtyard (in the yard), only the animal that the brownie likes will live. And if you don't like it, you'll get sick, get sick, or run away. What to do - not to the court!

Hair on end
But what kind of rack is this? It turns out that to stand on end is to stand at attention, on your fingertips. That is, when a person is frightened, his hair stands on tiptoe on his head.

Throw on the rampage
Rozhon is a sharp pole. And in some Russian provinces, the four-pronged pitchfork was called that. Indeed, you don’t really trample on them!

From ship to ball
An expression from "Eugene Onegin" by A. S. Pushkin, chapter 8, stanza 13 (1832):

And travel to him
Like everything in the world, tired,
He returned and got
Like Chatsky, from the ship to the ball.

This expression is characterized by an unexpected, abrupt change in position, circumstances.

Combine pleasant with useful
An expression from the "Art of Poetry" by Horace, who says about the poet: "The one who combines the pleasant with the useful is worthy of all approval."

Wash your hands
Used in the meaning: to be removed from responsibility for something. Arising from the Gospel: Pilate washed his hands in front of the crowd, handing over Jesus to them for execution, and said: “I am not guilty of the blood of this righteous man” (Mat. 27:24). The ritual washing of hands, which serves as evidence of the non-participation of the person washing to something, is described in the Bible (Deuteronomy, 21, 6-7).

Vulnerable point
It arose from the myth about the only vulnerable spot on the hero's body: Achilles' heel, a spot on Siegfried's back, etc. Used in the meaning: the weak side of a person, deeds.

Fortune. Wheel of Fortune
Fortune - in Roman mythology, the goddess of blind chance, happiness and misfortune. Depicted with a blindfold, standing on a ball or wheel (emphasizing her constant variability), and holding a steering wheel in one hand, and a cornucopia in the other. The steering wheel indicated that fortune controls the fate of a person.

upside down
Tormashit - in many Russian provinces this word meant to walk. So, upside down - it's just walkers upside down, upside down.

Grated roll
By the way, in fact there was such a kind of bread - grated kalach. The dough for him was kneaded, kneaded, rubbed for a very long time, which is why the kalach turned out to be unusually magnificent. And there was also a proverb - do not grate, do not mint, there will be no kalach. That is, a person is taught by trials and tribulations. The expression came from a proverb, and not from the name of bread.

Output to clean water
Once they said to bring the fish to clean water. And if the fish, then everything is clear: in the thickets of reeds or where snags drown in the silt, a fish caught on a hook can easily cut off the line and leave. And in clear water, above a clean bottom - let him try. So is an exposed swindler: if all the circumstances are clear, he cannot escape retribution.

And there is a hole in the old woman
And what kind of hole (mistake, oversight by Ozhegov and Efremova) is this, a hole (i.e. flaw, defect) or what? The meaning, therefore, is this: And a wise person can make mistakes. Interpretation from the mouth of a connoisseur ancient Russian literature: And on the old woman there is a ruin Poruha (Ukrainian f. colloquial-decreased. 1 - Harm, destruction, damage; 2 - Trouble). In a specific sense, porukha (other Russian) is rape. Those. everything is possible.

He who laughs last laughs best
The expression belongs to the French writer Jean-Pierre Florian (1755-1794), who used it in the fable "Two Peasants and a Cloud".

End justifies the means
The idea of ​​this expression, which is the basis of the morality of the Jesuits, was borrowed by them from the English philosopher Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679).

Man to man wolf
An expression from the "Donkey Comedy" by the ancient Roman writer Plautus (c. 254-184 BC).

Popova Dasha

The research work is devoted to the study of the meanings of popular expressions that arose in the fairy tales of A.S. Pushkin.

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Municipal state educational institution secondary comprehensive school the village of Nizhnyaya Iret

Research topic:

Winged expressions in fairy tales

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin

MKOU secondary school of the village of Nizhnyaya Iret, grade 8

Supervisor: Mukhorina Elena Vasilievna,

teacher of Russian language and literature.

Section: literature

Russian language

February 2014

1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………….3-4
2. Main part. Popular expressions of A. S. Pushkin……………………………………........5

1. Winged expressions in Russian …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1. Types of popular expressions - Pushkinisms…………………………………………...5-6
2. Individual-Author's Transformations of Pushkinisms……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………7
3. Winged expressions in the fairy tales of A.S. Pushkin…………………………………………………7-8
4. Meaning of catch phrases ……………………………………………………….8-13

1. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………….14
2. Literature. Sources………………………………………………………………………….15
3. Application………………………………………………………………………………...16-19

1. Introduction

Language is the history of a people. Language is the way of civilization and culture...

That is why the study and preservation of the Russian language

is not an idle occupation with nothing to do,

but an urgent need.

Alexander Ivanovich Kuprin (1)

Speech is an amazingly powerful tool.

but you need to have a lot of mind,

to use it.

Georg Hegel(1)

N. V. GOGOL once said:« With the name of Pushkin, the thought of a Russian national poet immediately dawns. In fact, none of our poets is higher than him and can no longer be called national; this right belongs decisively to him. It, as if in a lexicon, contains all the richness, strength and flexibility of our language. He is more than all, he further pushed the boundaries for him and more, until all his space. (3)
Indeed, it is difficult not to agree with the great classic.Pushkin is an extraordinary phenomenon, and perhaps the only manifestation of the Russian spirit: this is the Russian man in his development, in which he may appear in two hundred years. In it, Russian nature, the Russian soul, the Russian language, the Russian character are reflected in the same purity, in such purified beauty, in which the landscape is reflected on the convex surface of optical glass.

Pushkin ... The work of this great writer has forever entered Russian literature. Today it is impossible to imagine our life without his works. It is to this great writer that we dedicate our research work on the topic “Winged expressions in the fairy tales of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin”. It is hardly expedient to describe and systematize all the quotes correlated with Pushkin's work, however, what has become aphoristic, frequent or attractive, although curious and unexpected, should be considered more carefully.

Relevance of the topic:language modern man rich and varied, but the use of classical forms and phrases always enlivens speech, speaks of a person’s culture, therefore the language of A. S. Pushkin’s lyrics and prose has always been and remains a model of beautiful speech.However, the question of the real presence of Pushkin in modern Russianinsufficiently studied. There is a particular lack of involvement in concrete material showing how deeply the language of our great writer entered Russian speech. This work is an attempt to describe the winged expressions used by the great master.

And Pushkin's fairy tales are special in this regard: in addition to being loved and known by everyone, they left us a legacy of figurative expressions, memorable heroes and eternal wisdom: “A fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it, a lesson for good fellows!”

After conducting a questionnaire among our classmates, we made sure that out of 10 respondents, 6 people (60%!) Do not know what popular expressions are (one could come across answers like: “the popular expressions are funny and varied”). To the question "Have you ever met with popular expressions in literary texts? 6 people (60%) answered in the affirmative and gave examples: (fables by I.A. Krylov, poetry and prose by A.S. Pushkin). But to the question about the meaning of one winged expression from A.S. Pushkin’s fairy tale “The Tale of Tsar Saltan, of his glorious and mighty hero Prince Gvidon Saltanovich and about the beautiful Princess Swans "-" And in the forehead a star burns "our respondents showed that direct meaning expressions are higher than figurative, the answers were ordinary, primitive: (“a person who thinks and knows a lot” or “a very smart and talented person”). The modern use of popular expressions in one's own speech for the respondents, as we have seen, is a big problem, a difficulty. Out of 10 respondents, only 2! (20%) named the situations and the expressions themselves, the rest noted that they are used only in the lessons of the Russian language and literature and in colloquial speech.

Target: find out the meaning of popular expressions from the fairy tales of A.S. Pushkin in the speech of my contemporaries

Tasks:

1. Learn what winged expressions are;
2. Determine in which fairy tales of A. S. Pushkin there are catch phrases;
3. Compare the author's meaning and their modern interpretation.

Hypothesis: suppose that in the fairy tales of A. S. Pushkin there are a lot of popular expressions that are used in modern Russian in the author's meaning.

Research methods:

1. Information search;
2. Information computer search;
3. Observation;
4. Study;
5. Questioning;
6. Analysis.

1. Main part.

2.1. Winged expressions in Russian.

Dictionary-reference linguistic terms D.E. Rosenthal and M.A. Telenkova gives the following interpretation winged words: “These are stable expressions that have entered the language of a definitely literary or historical source (accurate sayings of prominent public figures, quotes from works fiction etc.)" (7) Winged words - sustainable phraseological unit figurative or aphoristic character, included in the vocabulary ofhistorical or literary sources and widely used due to its expressiveness. Sources of winged expressions can bemyths , literature , journalism , memoirs , speeches of famous people. It can bequotes or figurative expressions that appeared on their basis.

Idioms, catch words , catch phrases - “widely used apt words, figurative expressions, sayings of historical figures, short quotes, names of mythological and literary characters, become common nouns.” (4)

Winged words make our speech beautiful, rich, expressive. Winged words have been known to us since childhood. Indeed, who among us has not heard: “A healthy mind in a healthy body” or: “Appetite comes with eating”? And the more mature, well-read, more educated a person becomes, the richer his luggage of winged words. These are literary quotations, and historical phrases, and common words-images. But behind each word or statement is its author (a very specific person - a philosopher, poet, historical figure, etc.) or some specific source, for example, the Bible. This is what distinguishes the winged words themselves from the stable phraseological phrases (“shouting all over Ivanovskaya”, “Kolomenskaya verst”, etc.), which are of anonymous or folklore origin.

There are many different dictionaries in modern Russian. Dictionaries of winged words and expressions occupy a special place among them. The first book was a reference book of quotes and aphorisms called "The Winged Word" by S.G. Zaimovsky, published in 1930. In 1955, Winged Words was published by literary critics M.G. and N.S. Ashukins. It is clear that we will not find many popular expressions in the works of Zaimovsky and Ashukins - a lot of time has passed, a lot of changes have happened in our lives.

But the Russian language (“alive, like life”) does not stand still - it changes, develops, enriches itself. Therefore, there are new works of modern linguists. One of them deserves the attention and interest of contemporaries - " encyclopedic Dictionary winged words and expressions ”V. Serov, which contains more than 4000 articles (10). The dictionary contains the most complete currently a collection of winged words and expressions that exist both in classical literature as well as in modern speech.

2.2. Types of popular expressions - Pushkinisms

A. S. Pushkin is considered one of the founders of modern Russian literary language. His influence on the formation of the "Russian soul" is incomparable with any of his predecessors or successors. Amazing footprint left great poet in the form of winged words and expressions.
Under the winged words and expressions are understood the statements belonging to Pushkin, which were used outside the framework of Pushkin's own text.
Quoting Pushkin began already when his first works appeared in the press and in the lists. In conversations and private letters, journal reviews and reviews, there is the word of Pushkin. Somewhat later, Pushkin, explicitly or implicitly, was quoted by writers, and Pushkin himself has many inclusions that are correlated with other authors (not always with references to the source). And this is perfectly normal in literary practice. Over time, Pushkin became the most frequently mentioned author, and expressions from his works become the object of a dictionary description. They entered the corpus of Russian phraseology and aphorism. And it immediately becomes obvious that throughout all time there has been and continues to be continuity and constancy in the appeal to the Pushkin word. It is continuity and constancy that amaze the collector and systematizer of Pushkin's winged expressions.
Often, words and expressions that are perceived as winged do not correspond to the textbook, canonized Pushkin, although they exactly correspond to the image of the living Pushkin.
Pushkin, as you know, made extensive use of folk speech. Here is an example that came to the work of the poet from his native Mikhailovskaya "outback" -AND THE BOYS ARE BLOODY IN THE EYES.Many interpreters, without any hesitation, consider it a catch phrase from the tragedy "Boris Godunov". And indeed: how can one doubt Pushkin's authorship when these words are inextricably merged in our memory with the monologue of Tsar Boris?

Like a hammer knocking in the ears of a reproach,

And everything is sick, and the head is spinning,

And the boys are bloody in the eyes ...

Among all popular expressions-Pushkinisms, the most common, in our opinion, are four groups:

1. Descriptive quotes of a domestic nature:THERE WAS A TERRIBLE TIME, A FRESH MEMORY ABOUT HER("Bronze Horseman");THAT YEAR THE AUTUMN WEATHER STOOD LONG IN THE YARD("Eugene Onegin");FROST AND SUN; A GREAT DAY!(“Winter Morning”), etc.
2. Quotes of a poetic nature:AND HAPPINESS WAS SO POSSIBLE, SO CLOSE!("Eugene Onegin");AND MY INCORRECTABLE VOICE WAS AN ECHO OF THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE(“To N. Ya. Pluskova”);FULL-NIGHT COUNTRIES BEAUTY AND WONDER("Bronze Horseman");I REMEMBER A WONDERFUL MOMENT(K***) and others.
3. Aphorisms: Blessed is he who was young("Eugene Onegin");GENIUS AND EVILITY / TWO THINGS INCONSISTENT("Mozart and Salieri");IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO HAVE IN ONE CART / A HORSE AND A QUIVERING DOE("Poltava"); LIVING POWER IS HATED FOR THE MOB("Boris Godunov");WHAT WILL PASS, WILL BE CUTE("If life deceives you"), etc.
4. Turnovers of periphrastic (descriptive) character:Rogue Brothers(title of the poem);DEMANDING ARTIST("Poet"); LORD OF DUM ("To the sea"); SCIENCE OF OLD GENTLE("Eugene Onegin");GENIUS OF PURE BEAUTY("TO***"); PETROV'S NEST("Poltava"); PETRA'S CREATION ("The Bronze Horseman"), etc.

Conclusion: the language of lyrics and prose of A.S. Pushkin is rich and emotional. Without a doubt, the poet is the founder of the modern Russian literary language. The number of classification positions could easily be continued. At the same time, one cannot fail to emphasize the conditionality of such a distribution: the mobility of the boundaries between these groups is quite obvious.

Pushkin's word is often used in a modified form, but the "recognition effect" determines its life and energy of transformation. Such changes correspond to all the main types of individual-author's transformations of phraseological units in the Russian language. We give only a part of them using the example of the expressionTO CUT A WINDOW TO EUROPE("Bronze Horseman"):

1. Concretization of compatibility, the transition of an affirmative form into a negative one, a change in word order, use in comparison, etc .:A PECULIAR WINDOW TO EUROPE; CUT A WINDOW NOT TO EUROPE; KAZAKHSTAN WILL BE A WINDOW TO EUROPE FOR CHINA.
2. Replacement of components, expansion of the component composition, etc.:A WINDOW TO THE NETHERLANDS, A WINDOW TO MOSCOW, A WINDOW TO NEW YORK, RUSSIA CUT A WINDOW TO SOUTH-EAST ASIA, SAINT PETERSBURG CUT A WINDOW TO THE BALTICSfor Russian capitals;PATRICIA KAAS CUT A WINDOW TO THE PROVINCE; TWO WINDOWS HAVE BEEN CUT TO EUROPE.
3. Changes based on the extraction of a key component:PRO "WINDOW" AND PRO "KINO"; IRON CURTAIN ON THE WINDOW, CUT BY PETER.
4. Semantic changes: “By the way, Zoshchenko’s comically doubled “negro-operetta” really toured the USSR in April-May 1926 and was perceived as an outstanding cultural event and WINDOW TO EUROPE ".
5. The formation of the author's occasional phraseological unit according to the model:OPENED A PORT TO EUROPE; NOT A WINDOW TO EUROPE, BUT A PAINTED BALCONY.

Conclusion: Even from these “truncated” samples, it can be concluded that many transformations are complex and combine several types of individual author's changes.

2.4. Winged expressions in the fairy tales of A.S. Pushkin.

A.S. Pushkin is a brilliant Russian writer and poet. Therefore, it is not surprising that many passages of his works have become catchphrases and are constantly used in our everyday speech. Many may not even know that they are from the works of A.S. Pushkin. And reading A.S. Pushkin is a very exciting activity, his works have great educational power. The words of A.S. Pushkin can be very easily drawn in your imagination, you can “touch” them. In many poetic lines one can find epithets, comparisons, personifications (for example, "Boldino autumn", "exacting artist", "master of thoughts", "science of tender passion", "genius of pure beauty", "young city", "dum high aspiration ", "souls are wonderful impulses", "do not philosophize craftily", "broken trough", "from the ship to the ball", "tales to tell", "goldfish", "the folk path will not overgrow", "the people are silent", "and live in a hurry, and feel in a hurry "and others). These expressions can often be heard on television. Such great person could be born only in Russia, but create for all mankind on Earth. This is a feat!

And who does not know Pushkin's fairy tales?!When we start reading Pushkin's fairy tales, we go to an extraordinary world. Everyone knows about Pushkin's love for Russian folk tales, epics, songs, for the history of Russia.From childhood, we remember the famous lines: “The king and queen said goodbye,equipped on the road”; "Once upon a time there was a pop, thick forehead. The pop went to the marketlook at some product"; "An old man lived with his old womanat the very blue sea" or "Three girls under the windowspinning late in the evening.
Let's trace the activity of popular expressions in Pushkin's fairy tales. It turns out that the leader is “The Tale of Tsar Saltan, of his glorious and mighty son Prince Gvidon Saltanovich and the beautiful Princess Swan”: in modern Russian, 60 expressions are used from this tale, the “Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish” is slightly behind - about 40 expressions , and no less interesting is the "Tale of dead princess and about the seven heroes”, in which there are about 20 popular expressions.

Idioms:

1. (1831): “A star burns in the forehead”, “And the mosquito is angry, angry”, “The squirrel sings songs and gnaws everything”, “And the weaver with the cook, with the woman-in-law the woman”, “Guidon”, “ Look - a white swan floats over the flowing waters", "Spruce grows in front of the palace, and under it a crystal house", It's not bad to live overseas", "Hello, my beautiful prince!", "The domes of churches shine", "Buyan", “If I were a queen”, “Flight of the Bumblebee”, “The Tale of Tsar Saltan”, “Tsar Saltan”, “Pure Emerald Kernels”, “Three Girls Under the Window”, etc.
2. "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish"(1833): “The Empress fish”, “You are a fool, a simpleton!”, “An old man lived with his old woman near the blue sea ...”, “Once he threw a seine into the sea, a seine came with one ooze”, “She seizes printed gingerbread”, “Formidable guards stand around her”, “They pour overseas wines for her”, “ gold fish”,“ I don’t want to be a black peasant woman ”,“ The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish ”,“ I want to be the mistress of the sea ”, etc.
3. (1833): “Crystal rocking coffin”, “Elisha”, “Mirror”, “Al will you refuse me an answer?”, “In that hole, in sad darkness”, “Wind! Wind! You are powerful”, “And the queen laugh and shrug her shoulders”, “You are beautiful, no doubt”, “Am I shallow in the world?”, “Sighed heavily”, “The princess sleeps with eternal sleep”, etc.
4. (1830): "Balda", "The poor devil crawled under the mare", "Where can I find such a minister not too expensive", etc.
5. "The Tale of the Golden Cockerel"(1834): “A lesson for good fellows”, “The Golden Cockerel”, “But it’s expensive to quarrel with others”, “In front of him are his two sons”, “The tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it!”, “Reign, lying on your side! "," Shamakhan queen.
6. "The Tale of the Bear"(1830): "Boyar Bear".

Conclusion: a lot of popular expressions are contained in the fairy tales of A. S. Pushkin. Without Pushkin's expressions, our speech would be in black and white. And with the use of popular expressions, the speech began to play with variety.

2.5. Meaning of catchphrases

"The Tale of Tsar Saltan, of his glorious and mighty son, Prince Gvidon Saltanovich, and of the beautiful Swan Princess"

"The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish"

"The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs"

"The Tale of the Priest and His Worker Balda"

"The Tale of the Golden Cockerel"

"The Tale of the Bear"

3. Conclusion. Conclusion

All of the above confirms that Pushkin is our everything, he is a genius. He is an exclusively Russian writer, he has the most beautiful language because its language is deeply vernacular. He drew his inspiration from oral folk art, in Russian fairy tales. proverbs and sayings. For example, the text of the novel"Eugene Onegin" gave about 400 initialquotation units! IN “The tale of Tsar Saltan, his son, the glorious and mighty hero Prince Gvidon Saltanovich and the beautiful Swan Princess,” we counted 60 winged expressions. And "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish" contains 31 expressions. In the "Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs" there are 19 winged expressions, in the "Tale of the Golden Cockerel" 7 expressions, in the "Tale of the Priest and his Worker Balda" 8 quotations, in the "Tale of the Bear" only 1 winged expression.

Our hypothesis was partially confirmed, since most of the popular expressions are used in the modern language in a new meaning. But this does not diminish the merits of the language of the great writer, but, on the contrary, confirms that the language of the people is a living, changing indicator of life.
Pushkin's word lives on in the 21st century. Saturation with Pushkin's winged expressions of the language modern literature and publicity is quite high.After examining some of the works of the great master in terms of the use of popular expressions in them, the following inputs can be made:

1. Pushkin's figurative expressions have become an integral part of the Russian language personality.
2. Spoken and bookish speech united under the pen of a genius and returned to the people, renewed, truly Pushkin's.
3. The classification made proves that Pushkin's winged lines characterize in detail a person in all his diversity.
4. The tales of the great master played a decisive role in the expansion of the Russian phraseological fund. Breaking away from the context of fairy tales, popular expressions begin to take on a life of their own.
5. The study of the Pushkin language proves that the Russian language is the Pushkin language.

1. Literature. Sources:

1. Internet. APHORISME.ru
2. Internet. Aforizmov.Net
3. Internet. Portal-slovo.ru

4. Internet resource. Wikipedia.

5. Internet. Visaoms.ru

7. Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. A guide for teachers. Ed. 2nd, rev. and additional M., "Enlightenment", 1976. 543 p.

8. Intelligent Dictionary of winged words and expressions / Compiled by A. Kirsanova. - M .: "Martin", 2007. - 320 p.
9. Pushkin's School Dictionary of Popular Expressions. - St. Petersburg: Neva Publishing House, 2005. - 800 p.
10. Encyclopedic dictionary of winged words and expressions: More than 4000 articles / Ed. V. Serov. - 2nd ed. – M.: Lokid-Press, 2005. – 880 p.

5. Application

Annex 1. Questions of the questionnaire.

1. What are winged expressions?
2. Where did you come across winged expressions? What literary texts?
3. What does the expression "A star burns in the forehead" mean?
4. In what situation is it possible to use winged expressions?
5. Do you use catchphrases? If yes, in what situations?

Annex 2. Illustrations for the fairy tales of A.S. Pushkin.

"The Tale of Tsar Saltan, of his glorious and mighty son Prince Gvidon Saltanovich and the beautiful Swan Princess."

"The Tale of the Priest and his Worker Balda".

"The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs".

"The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish".

"The Tale of the Golden Cockerel".

"The Tale of the Bear"

Feedback on the research work of Popova Darya Yurievna

on the topic of:

"Winged expressions in the fairy tales of A.S. Pushkin"

This research work was carried out over two years. Features of popular expressions were studied as part of the optional course "Vocabulary and Phraseology of the Russian Language" in grades 7-8. The author of the work showed interest in the problem, gradually studied the sources, analyzed the necessary information. The work is based on an experiment - a deep immersion in the peculiarity of the language of A.S. Pushkin.

The problem raised by the author is relevant. The language of A.S. Pushkin has been studied in many aspects, but there are still points that require close attention observant reader, including the problem of winged expressions and their modern interpretation.

The work is logically structured and thought out. Dasha studied the specifics of the issue well. A sufficient number of sources have been analyzed. There is an application. To prove his thoughts, the author uses the exact calculation of popular expressions in the fairy tales of A.S. Pushkin.

Each chapter ends with a conclusion, and at the end of the work there is a general conclusion.

The research topic has a practical orientation in the study on the topics: "Tales of A.S. Pushkin", "Language of A.S. Pushkin", "Winged expressions in modern Russian". The work deserves a positive evaluation.

Reviewer: Mukhorina E.V., teacher of Russian language and literature, MKOU secondary school in the village of Nizhnyaya Iret, Cheremkhovo district, Irkutsk region.