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Astafiev last bow theme and idea. On the specifics of the composition of the story

(an excerpt from V. Astafiev's story "The Last Bow".)

Grade 9

Teacher: Aksenova L.M.

Linguistic analysis of the text.

The purpose of the lesson:

implementation of self-educational activity when working on linguistic analysis of the text.

2) Development of logical thinking, self-educational activity, independent work with tables reference material formation of the correct literary speech, registration of own thoughts in the form of reviews, reviews, essays.

Raising a sense of gratitude to the people who raised you, about the ability to make right choice in a difficult life situation.

Methods and techniques:

individual sessions.

front poll.

Working with tables.

Working with reference material.

Expressive reading text.

Equipment:

text.

Memo "Linguistic text analysis".

Table “Descriptive and expressive means of the language.

Reminder for essay writing.

Information cards.

Text analysis plan. Expressive reading of the text.

Determine the topic of the text.

What is the main idea of the text?

Can this passage be called a text? Justify your answer. (this is a text, because the sentences are interconnected in meaning, the statement is compositionally completed. The text is several sentences connected into a whole by a topic and the main idea, the statement is compositionally completed).

Text type.

Speech style.

Offer link type. (the sentences are interconnected by a parallel link, because each next sentence is built while maintaining the sequence of the location of the main members of the sentence.

I made my way behind...

There was no paint left on the door or on the porch.

Grandma was sitting.

highlight micro-themes, make a plan.

Specify the stylistic means used.

Name the features of the construction of the text. (his composition).

During the classes.

1) The word of the teacher.

Guys, today we have a lesson - a creative laboratory, where we will continue to develop the skills of linguistic analysis of the text, we will work on the formation of correct literary and written speech and the design of our own thoughts in the form of reviews, reviews and essays.

So, before you is a text - an excerpt from the story of V. Astafiev " Last bow».

Listen carefully to the text.

Expressive reading of the text.

Now let's turn to the text analysis plan.

So. Determine the theme of the text "The Last Bow."

What is the main idea of the text or the idea of the text.

(We are indebted to those who raised us, loved us, lived for us, we must carefully and attentively treat them, and, of course, at the last minute, when they leave this world forever, by all means must be near ).

Can this passage be called a text?

(this is a text, because the sentences are connected in meaning and grammatically, the statement is compositionally complete).

Remember how many types of speech there are in Russian.

3 types of speech:
Description
Narration
reasoning

What type prevails in this text? (narration).

What is the style of the text?

(art style with elements conversational style).

Why does the writer use elements of conversational style?

(to show a more vivid and realistic image of the grandmother).

6) Let's highlight the micro-themes of the text and make a plan.

1) Meet first.

name keywords: behind, to our house, like meet - first, grandmother, street.

Teacher: The vocabulary of this micro-topic is neutral, but there is one word which tells the reader that we are talking about the inhabitants of the village? What is this word? (backwards)

How do you understand its lexical meaning?

(i.e. through vegetable gardens).

What vocabulary does it refer to? (to colloquial, vernacular

What is the main focus of the hero?

2) At the entrance to the house?

(door, paint, porch, floorboards, door frame)

What is the syntax of this microtheme? (nominative sentences are used in the paragraph. The syntax is not accidental. It conveys a state of intense expectation).

3) Everything is as before.

The sentence begins with the word grandmother:

And immediately the text sounded evaluative vocabulary.

A diminutive - affectionate suffix indicates the attitude of the author.

A dimly lit kitchen window.

What is a means of expression?

(at the same time, it is also an epithet, because it gives a colorful, bright, figurative name of the object and personification, since the property of a living object is attributed to a text object).

Teacher: and we very visually imagine how this window, like his old mistress, looking out if anyone came up to the house ...

What is an epithet?

What is personification?

The storm has passed over the earth! - a rhetorical exclamation.

Exclamation.

Mixed and confused...

What is it called (gradation) What is gradation? Give a definition.

And again, the text contains evaluative vocabulary, bookish, emotionally sublime. The human race.

And fascism - and next to it is an evaluative verb:dead - rude vernacular, because he didn’t deserve any other word.

Words with a diminutive suffix. Locker, speckled curtain.

Lexical repetition. What is lexical repetition?

The usual place, the usual business in the hands.

All language tools This micro-theme is aimed at confirming the thought. Everything in the world changes, remains unchanged Father's house and a feeling of love for him.

"Meeting"

Sound recording.

What.

I'll cross, I'm scared. The words are written as they are pronounced by the grandmother, the woman is probably illiterate

Rhetorical exclamation - what small hands!

Lexical repetition.

I prayed. Everything is said by this word: both love and experience for the grandson, so that everything is fine with him.

Comparison. What is a comparison?

Skin that onion peel- metaphor.

- What is a metaphor?

decrepit cheek - an epithet.

Appeal - father.

Waiting is vernacular.

Syntax.

Summing up the results of life is conveyed by short concise sentences, and the ellipsis says that there is still a lot to say, but there is no strength. Behind the ellipsis are not words, but feelings and emotions.

Wet her hands with tears, not just cry, but wet many tears, because there is a lot of love, but a premonition of eternal separation, which is not far off causes endless tears.

5) Message about the death of the grandmother.

This micro-topic already has neutral vocabulary. But the syntax is tense, screaming.

6) “Lives in the heart of wine. »

7) Syntax.

The sentences are simple, short, like a blow of a judge's gavel. Like a sentence.

8) Writing an essay.

* Read the text aloud.

* work with memo.

* the form of your written statement, genre creative work you need to choose in accordance with the internal need, worldview and attitude. A genre originality speech opens up a wide variety of possibilities, and you can write using the genres of letters, pages from a diary, a travel essay, and perhaps turn to an essay.

Let's remember and give brief description main genres.

Review – overall score works, an expression of one's own attitude to what was read, viewed, an emotional assessment of the personal perception of the work, an impression about it with justification: what caused these feelings and experiences in the work.

Review - analysis, parsing, text evaluation, genre of criticism, literary and newspaper-magazine journalism.

The task of the reviewer is to give an analysis of the work, to express his own thoughts and feelings that arose while reading the text, to talk about his impressions - but on the basis of detailed analysis text.

Therefore, the reviewer does not retell in detail the content of what he read, but carefully substantiates his opinion with a deep and reasoned analysis.

The reviewer must see creative individuality– the author, the color of the reviewed work.

The relationship between the reviewer and the author is a creative dialogue with an equal arrangement of the parties. Author's advantage detailed value works. Reviewer advantage - high level theoretical training, analytical skills, language culture.

For example:

Feature article – prose work, which covers a small part of reality, but in general, essays refer to any areas human life. In this genre, the author's beginning is highly subjective. The essayist himself leads the narration, which is driven by his thought, his opinion. It brings together essay and essay. However, essays often ______________

Descriptions, the role of which in the essay is not so significant.

An essay can be journalistic, lyrical, documentary, etc. in style.

"Last bow" Astafiev

“The Last Bow” is a landmark work in the work of V.P. Astafiev. It combines two main themes for the writer: rural and military. In the center of the autobiographical story is the fate of a boy left without a mother early, who is raised by his grandmother.

Decency, reverent attitude to bread, neat- to money - all this, with tangible poverty and modesty, combined with hard work, helps the family survive even in the most difficult moments.

With love, V.P. Astafiev draws in the story pictures of children's pranks and fun, simple household conversations, everyday worries (among which the lion's share of time and effort is devoted to gardening, as well as simple peasant food). Even the first new trousers become a great joy for the boy, as they constantly alter them from junk.

In the figurative structure of the story, the image of the hero's grandmother is central. She is a respected person in the village. Her large working hands in the veins once again emphasize the hard work of the heroine. “In any case, not a word, but hands are the head of everything. You don't have to feel sorry for your hands. Hands, they look and look at everything, ”says the grandmother. The most ordinary things (cleaning the hut, a pie with cabbage) performed by a grandmother give people around them so much warmth and care that they are perceived as a holiday. In difficult years, an old sewing machine helps the family survive and have a piece of bread, on which the grandmother manages to sheathe half the village.

The most penetrating and poetic fragments of the story are devoted to Russian nature. The author notices the finest details of the landscape: the scraped roots of a tree, along which a plow tried to pass, flowers and berries, describes a picture of the confluence of two rivers (Manna and Yenisei), freezing on the Yenisei. The majestic Yenisei is one of central images story. The whole life of people passes on its shore. And the panorama of this majestic river, and the taste of its icy water from childhood and for life is imprinted in the memory of every villager. In this very Yenisei, the mother of the protagonist once drowned. And many years later, on the pages of his autobiographical story, the writer courageously told the world about the last tragic minutes of her life.

V.P. Astafiev emphasizes the breadth of his native expanses. The writer often uses images in landscape sketches. sounding world(the rustle of shavings, the rumble of carts, the sound of hooves, the song of the shepherd's duda), conveys characteristic smells (forests, grass, rancid grain). The element of lyricism now and then invades the unhurried narrative: “And the fog spread over the meadow, and the grass was wet from it, the flowers of night blindness drooped down, daisies wrinkled their white eyelashes on yellow pupils.”

In these landscape sketches there are such poetic finds that can serve as a basis for naming individual fragments of the story as poems in prose. These are personifications (“The fogs were dying quietly over the river”), metaphors (“In the dewy grass, red strawberry lights lit up from the sun”), comparisons (“We broke through the fog that had settled in the decay with our heads and, floating up, wandered through it, as if along a soft, malleable water, slowly and silently").

In selfless admiration of beauty native nature the hero of the work sees, first of all, a moral support.

V.P. Astafiev emphasizes how pagan and Christian traditions are deeply rooted in the life of a simple Russian person. When the hero falls ill with malaria, the grandmother treats him with all the means available for that: these are herbs, and conspiracies for aspen, and prayers.

Through the childhood memories of the boy, a difficult era emerges, when there were no desks, no textbooks, no notebooks in schools. Only one primer and one red pencil for the whole first class. And in such difficult conditions, the teacher manages to conduct lessons.

Like every village writer, V.P. Astafiev does not ignore the topic of confrontation between the city and the countryside. It is especially intensified in famine years. The city was hospitable as long as it consumed rural products. And with empty hands he met the peasants reluctantly. With pain V.P. Astafiev writes about how men and women with knapsacks carried things and gold to "Torgsina". Gradually, the boy's grandmother handed over there both knitted festive tablecloths, and clothes stored for the hour of death, and on the blackest day - the earrings of the boy's dead mother (the last memento).

V.P. Astafiev creates colorful images in the story villagers: Vasya the Pole, who plays the violin in the evenings, craftsman Keshi, who makes sleds and collars, and others. It is in the village, where the whole life of a person passes before the eyes of fellow villagers, that every unsightly act, every wrong step is visible.

V.P. Astafiev emphasizes and sings of the humane principle in a person. For example, in the chapter “Geese in the polynya”, the writer tells how the guys, risking their lives, save the geese left during the freeze-up on the Yenisei in the polynya. For the boys, this is not just another childish desperate trick, but little feat, a test of humanity. And although further fate the geese still turned out sadly (some were poisoned by dogs, others were eaten by fellow villagers in times of famine), the guys nevertheless passed the test for courage and a caring heart with honor.

Picking berries, children learn patience and accuracy. “Grandma said: the main thing in berries is to close the bottom of the vessel,” notes V.P. Astafiev. In a simple life with its simple joys (fishing, bast shoes, ordinary village food from his own garden, walks in the forest) V.P. Astafiev sees the happiest and most organic ideal of human existence on earth.

V.P. Astafiev argues that a person should not feel like an orphan in his homeland. He also teaches a philosophical attitude to the change of generations on earth. However, the writer emphasizes that people need to carefully communicate with each other, because each person is inimitable and unique. The work "The Last Bow" thus carries a life-affirming pathos. One of key scenes The story is a scene in which the boy Vitya plants a larch with his grandmother. The hero thinks that the tree will soon grow, be big and beautiful, and bring a lot of joy to the birds, the sun, people, and the river.

"Last bow"

“The Last Bow” is a landmark work in the work of V.P. Astafiev. It combines two main themes for the writer: rural and military. In the center of the autobiographical story is the fate of a boy who was left without a mother early and is raised by his grandmother.

Decency, reverent attitude to bread, neat

To money - all this, with tangible poverty and modesty, combined with diligence, helps the family survive even in the most difficult moments.

The most penetrating and poetic fragments of the story are devoted to Russian nature. The author notices the finest details of the landscape: the scraped roots of a tree, along which a plow tried to pass, flowers and berries, describes a picture of the confluence of two rivers (Manna and Yenisei), freezing on the Yenisei. The majestic Yenisei is one of the central images of the story. The whole life of people passes on its shore. And the panorama of this majestic river, and the taste of its icy water from childhood and for life is imprinted in the memory of every villager. In this very Yenisei, the mother of the protagonist once drowned. And many years later, on the pages of his autobiographical story, the writer courageously told the world about the last tragic minutes of her life.

V.P. Astafiev emphasizes the breadth of his native expanses. The writer often uses images of the sounding world in landscape sketches (the rustle of shavings, the rumble of carts, the sound of hooves, the song of a shepherd's pipe), conveys characteristic smells (forests, grass, rancid grain). The element of lyricism now and then invades the unhurried narrative: “And the fog spread over the meadow, and the grass was wet from it, the flowers of night blindness drooped down, daisies wrinkled their white eyelashes on yellow pupils.”

In selfless admiration of the beauties of his native nature, the hero of the work sees, first of all, a moral support.

Like every village writer, V.P. Astafiev does not ignore the topic of confrontation between the city and the countryside. It is especially intensified in famine years. The city was hospitable as long as it consumed rural produce. And with empty hands he met the peasants reluctantly. With pain V.P. Astafiev writes about how men and women with knapsacks carried things and gold to "Torgsina". Gradually, the boy's grandmother handed over there both knitted festive tablecloths, and clothes stored for the hour of death, and on the blackest day - the earrings of the boy's deceased mother (the last memento).

V.P. Astafiev creates colorful images of villagers in the story: Vasya the Pole, who plays the violin in the evenings, the folk craftsman Kesha, who makes sleds and collars, and others. It is in the village, where the whole life of a person passes before the eyes of fellow villagers, that every unsightly act, every wrong step is visible.

V.P. Astafiev emphasizes and sings of the humane principle in a person. For example, in the chapter “Geese in the polynya”, the writer tells how the guys, risking their lives, save the geese left during the freeze-up on the Yenisei in the polynya. For the boys, this is not just another childish desperate trick, but a small feat, a test of humanity. And although the further fate of the geese was still sad (some were poisoned by dogs, others were eaten by fellow villagers in times of famine), the guys still passed the test for courage and a caring heart with honor.

V.P. Astafiev argues that a person should not feel like an orphan in his homeland. He also teaches a philosophical attitude to the change of generations on earth. However, the writer emphasizes that people need to carefully communicate with each other, because each person is inimitable and unique. The work "The Last Bow" thus carries a life-affirming pathos. One of the key scenes of the story is the scene in which the boy Vitya plants a larch tree with his grandmother. The hero thinks that the tree will soon grow, be big and beautiful, and bring a lot of joy to the birds, the sun, people, and the river.

Viktor Petrovich Astafiev is a famous Russian writer, prose writer, who lived from 1924 to 2001. The main theme in his work was the preservation of the national dignity of the Russian people. Notable works Astafiev: “Starfall”, “Theft”, “War thunders somewhere”, “Shepherdess and shepherd”, “Tsar-fish”, “Sighted staff”, “ Sad detective”, “Merry Soldier” and “Last Bow”, which, in fact, will be discussed further. In everything that he described, one felt love and longing for the past, for his native village, for those people, for that nature, in a word, for the Motherland. Astafiev's works also told about the war, which ordinary village people saw with their own eyes.

Astafiev, "The Last Bow". Analysis

Astafiev devoted many of his works to the theme of the village, as well as to the theme of war, and The Last Bow is one of them. It is written in the form of a long story, composed of separate stories, of a biographical nature, where Viktor Petrovich Astafyev described his childhood and life. These memories are not built in a sequential chain, they are captured in separate episodes. However, it is difficult to call this book a collection of short stories, since everything there is united by one theme.

Viktor Astafiev dedicates "The Last Bow" to the Motherland in his own understanding. This is his village motherland with wild nature, harsh climate, powerful Yenisei, beautiful mountains and dense taiga. And he describes all this in a very original and touching way, in fact, this is what the book is about. Astafiev created "The Last Bow" as an epoch-making work that addresses the problems ordinary people more than one generation in very difficult critical periods.

Plot

The protagonist Vitya Potylitsyn is an orphan boy raised by his grandmother. His father drank a lot and walked, eventually left his family and left for the city. And Viti's mother drowned in the Yenisei. The life of a boy, in principle, did not differ from the life of other village children. He helped the elders with the housework, went for mushrooms and berries, went fishing, well, he had fun, like all his peers. So you can start summary. Astafiev's “last bow”, I must say, embodied in Katerina Petrovna a collective image of Russian grandmothers, in whom everything is primordially native, hereditary, forever given. The author does not embellish anything in her, he makes her a little formidable, grouchy, with constant desire know everything first and dispose of everything at your own discretion. In a word, "general in a skirt." She loves everyone, takes care of everyone, wants to be useful to everyone.

She constantly worries and suffers for her children, then for her grandchildren, because of this, anger and tears alternately break out. But if the grandmother begins to talk about life, it turns out that there were no adversities for her at all. The children were always happy. Even when they were sick, she skillfully treated them with various decoctions and roots. And none of them died, well, isn't that happiness? Once, on arable land, she dislocated her arm and immediately set it back, but she could have remained a kosoruchka, but she didn’t, and this is also a joy.

This is what common feature Russian grandmothers. And lives in this image something fertile for life, native, lullaby and life-giving.

Twist in fate

Then it becomes not as fun as the short summary describes the village life of the protagonist at the beginning. Astafiev's "last bow" continues with the fact that Vitka suddenly has an unkind streak in life. Since there was no school in the village, he was sent to the city to his father and stepmother. And here Astafiev Viktor Petrovich recalls his torment, exile, hunger, orphanhood and homelessness.

How could Vitka Potylitsyn then realize something or blame someone for his misfortunes? He lived as best he could, escaping from death, and even managed in some moments. The author here pities not only himself, but all the then younger generation, who were forced to survive in suffering.

Vitka later realized that he got out of all this only thanks to the saving prayers of his grandmother, who at a distance felt his pain and loneliness with all her heart. She also softened his soul, teaching patience, forgiveness and the ability to see even a small grain of goodness in the black haze and be grateful for it.

School of survival

In the post-revolutionary period, Siberian villages were dispossessed. Ruin was all around. Thousands of families turned out to be homeless, many were driven to hard labor. Having moved to his father and stepmother, who lived on casual income and drank a lot, Vitka immediately realizes that no one needs him. Soon he experiences conflicts at school, the betrayal of his father and the oblivion of relatives. This is the summary. Astafiev’s “Last bow” goes on to say that after the village and the grandmother’s house, where, perhaps, there was no prosperity, but comfort and love always reigned, the boy finds himself in a world of loneliness and heartlessness. He becomes rude, and his actions are cruel, but still, his grandmother's upbringing and love of books will later bear fruit.

And while he waits Orphanage, and this is just a nutshell describing the summary. Astafyev's "Last Bow" illustrates in great detail all the hardships of the life of a poor teenager, including his studies at a factory course school, going to war and, finally, returning.

Return

After the war, Victor immediately went to the village to his grandmother. He really wanted to meet her, because she became for him the only and most dear person in the whole world. He walked through the vegetable gardens, catching burdocks, his heart clenched strongly in his chest with excitement. Victor made his way to the bathhouse, on which the roof had already collapsed, everything had long been without the master's attention, and then he saw a small pile of firewood under the kitchen window. This indicated that someone was living in the house.

Before entering the hut, he suddenly stopped. Victor's throat went dry. Gathering up his courage, the guy quietly, timidly, literally on tiptoe went into his hut and saw how his grandmother, just as in old days, sat on a bench near the window and wound the threads into a ball.

Minutes of oblivion

The protagonist thought to himself that during this time a whole storm flew over the whole world, millions human destinies got mixed up, there was a deadly struggle with the hated fascism, new states were formed, and here everything is as always, as if time had stopped. The same mottled calico curtain, a neat wooden wall cabinet, cast-iron stoves, etc. Only it no longer smelled of the usual cow swill, boiled potatoes and sauerkraut.

Grandmother Ekaterina Petrovna, seeing her long-awaited grandson, was very happy and asked him to come closer to hug and cross him. Her voice remained the same kind and gentle, as if the grandson did not return from the war, but from fishing or from the forest, where he could linger with his grandfather.

Long-awaited meeting

A soldier returning from the war thought that perhaps his grandmother might not recognize him, but that was not the case. Seeing him, the old woman wanted to get up abruptly, but her weakened legs did not allow her to do this, and she began to hold her hands to the table.

Grandma is very old. However, she was very glad to see her beloved grandson. And I was glad that, finally, I waited. She looked at him for a long time and could not believe her eyes. And then she let slip that she prayed for him day and night, and in order to meet her beloved granddaughter, she lived. Only now, having waited for him, grandmother could die in peace. She was already 86 years old, so she asked her grandson to come to her funeral.

Oppressive melancholy

That's all the summary. Astafiev's "last bow" ends with Viktor leaving to work in the Urals. The hero received a telegram about the death of his grandmother, but he was not released from work, citing that at that time they were only allowed to go to the funeral of his father or mother. The management did not want to know that his grandmother replaced both of his parents. Viktor Petrovich never went to the funeral, which he later regretted very much all his life. He thought that if this happened now, he would simply run away or crawl from the Urals to Siberia just to close her eyes. So all the time this guilt lived in him, quiet, oppressive, eternal. However, he understood that his grandmother forgave him, because she loved her grandson very much.

ON THE. Molchanova

V.P. Astafiev speaks of writing as an "exhausting, incessant search", a search for art forms, means, images. The composition of the story "The Last Bow" reflected the writer's search for a way to express epic tasks. The history of the creation of the story is peculiar. It included as separate chapters published in different years stories and a short story "Somewhere the war is thundering." The construction of the story is typical for a number of works recent years: “Lipyagi” by S. Krutilin, “Bag, full of hearts» Vyach. Fedorova, “Bread is a noun” by M. Alekseev and others. Such a “figurative composition is a story from a chain of links, pieces, rings”, reveals a tendency to cyclization and becomes a noticeable phenomenon modern literature, reflecting her desire for epic completeness, for a broad synthetic vision of the world, her attempts to "overcome the fragmentation of private observations, characterological sketches, and the limitations of moral factography."

Published separately during 1957-1967. Astafiev's stories, thanks to their artistic merit, were highly appreciated by critics. But each of them, in its content, could not go beyond the narration of private stories, everyday or lyrical sketches. A single story could not convey the process of personality formation in all the drama and diversity of its connections with the environment, with society, with history. Collected into a single artistic whole, the stories-chapters acquired a new quality, expressing a larger understanding of all problems, expanded the scope of the narrative. The story in the stories appeared as "a book about Russia, about the people, about the moral roots of the Russian people", "a poetic chronicle folk life».

The choice and order of the stories were determined by the capacious creative task of the writer, the desire to show the formation of the national character, its inseparable connection with the native soil that nurtured him. Therefore, the author's artistic intention was not limited to the story of rural childhood. The structure of the story in the stories made it possible to show the hero in relation and connection with major events in the country, to correlate his fate with the fate of the nation, that is, expanded the epic possibilities of the work. In their totality, everyday, social, ethical signs and features of village life in the 30-40s, depicted in the stories, recreate a living, visible picture of the time and the people.

In the works of M. Alekseev and S. Krutilin, the goal is to depict the life of the Russian village in many ways, to trace the main milestones of its history and the present. V. Astafiev subordinates the narrative to a different goal - to explore the deep sources of the character of a person brought up by the Russian village. This led to a carefully thought-out organization of the material not only in the order of the stories, but also in the composition of the system of images.

The story opens with the story-chapter "Distant and close fairy tale"(1963); this is an exposition to the story of Siberia and the Siberians, "about how they lived, about their prowess, stamina and pity." The discovery of the world little hero begins with the most important thing in the birth of a person - with the discovery of the motherland, the comprehension of love for her. The dramatic sound of the patriotic theme, its almost tragic solution enhance the polyphony of the story, expand the horizons of the work, take the fate of one person, one people beyond the bounds, give dynamics to the story.

A Polish violinist who has lost his homeland conveys love and longing for it in the sounds of the violin “Everything passes - love, regret for it, the bitterness of loss, even the pain from wounds passes, but never - never passes and longing for the motherland does not go out ... ".

From the first story, the most important motives in the author's conception of man, united by the hero and the patriotic leitmotif, proceed and interact throughout the whole story: work, folk morality, nature, art.

Three lyrical sketches, following the first chapter of the story ("Zorka's song", "Trees grow for everyone", "Geese in the polynya"), are connected by a common content, talk about the wealth and beauty of the natural world, about the hero's desire to understand and protect it. The movement, the development of artistic thought are expressed in the way the hero is depicted, immersed in the flow of folk life, surrounded by the elements of nature, rural life and traditions. The tasks of event-driven storytelling seem to recede into the background. The author's interest is focused on revealing inner peace, life human soul.

One of the most poetic, lyrical stories-chapters "The Smell of Hay" (1963) continues the picture of a person's spiritual education, in which labor is the basis of life, its meaning and measure. Against the backdrop of a wonderful moonlit night with the exciting smells of snow, fragrant hay, an expressive scene of the work of adults and children is born in a festive atmosphere.

The difficulties of upbringing, the moral growth of Viktor Potylitsin, the drama of this process are revealed by the story-chapter “Horse with pink mane"(1963). The role of grandmother Katerina Petrovna, in essence the main character of the entire book, the "guardian angel" of childhood, kind, strong and wise man especially significant in the fate autobiographical hero. The image of the grandmother runs through the whole story, and each story highlights new facets not only in the emerging character of the village boy, but also in the character of his grandmother. Grandmother understands the feelings of a child who heard the beautiful music of a village violinist, she tells her grandson about the morning "Zorka's Song", explains that "trees grow for everyone", brings a gingerbread from the city - "a horse with a pink mane", forgiving Vita deceit. “Hardened” in work from an early age, she feeds, sheathes, takes care of, nurtures a huge family. “In any case, it’s not a word, but the hands are the head of everything. You don't have to feel sorry for your hands." Grandmother is responsive to someone else's grief, ready for selfless help. « A big heart grandmothers "hurts about everyone." The life of Katerina Petrovna reflected the difficult path of the Russian people, their joys, hardships, and she did not forget joys, “she knew how to notice them in her simple and difficult life.” And the main features of her character, diligence, kindness, stamina make her an exponent of social and moral ideals people. Turning to the study of the national character, the author solves epic problems, because the life of the heroine and the life of the people seem to be a single whole, having one source.

The fate of the grandmother, her decisive influence on her grandson, is told through everyday images and details, through the details of everyday life, the stories “A Monk in New Pants”, “Guardian Angel”, “Autumn Sadness and Joy”, “Grandma's Holiday”. The earthly, living, plastically recreated figure of grandmother Katerina Petrovna by the end of the book grows to a symbolic generalization, becomes a heroic, epic face. It is these people who feed the people, the nation with the life-giving juices of courage, kindness, and optimism. It is no coincidence that the final story is dedicated to the grandmother - the “last bow” to her completes the book about Russia, for she is a living, unique embodiment of the motherland.

One by one, next to the grandmother, “childhood people” appear in the stories-chapters, socially defined and artistically unique, including the autobiographical hero in the village world, his moral ties. Such is Uncle Levonty with a violent horde of children who love the “settlement”. Dissolute, scandalous in drunken enthusiasm, he strikes the boy with the contradictory features of a rich nature, attracts him with disinterestedness, sincere openness, and innocence. (“A horse with a pink mane”, “Autumn sorrows and joys”, “Grandma's holiday”, etc.). Next to Vitya, a lively and crafty friend-enemy, Levontievsky Sanka sets off the poetic, subtle nature of the hero. The figure of Philip from the story “Uncle Philip is a ship mechanic” (1965) is remembered, the author speaks with pain about his death in the forty-second near Moscow, about the eternal grief and memory of his wife. With sparing strokes, the image of a modest rural teacher is outlined. In the touching concern of the villagers for him, in the love of the students for him, the primordial respect of the people for the teacher, admiration for the title, is manifested. That's why rightful place the system of images and chapters is occupied by a story about a village school and its devotees - "A photograph in which I am not."

The chapter stories "Autumn Sadness and Joy" (1966) and "Grandma's Holiday" (1968), depicting crowded scenes of work and holidays, complement the general three-dimensional picture folk life and a gallery of folk characters. The prosaic and tedious chopping and salting of cabbage turns into a holiday, born of the upsurge from friendly teamwork. The story about grandmother's name day shows the last "gathering of all" relatives before the war. The approaching events bring a shade of sadness into the narrative, a premonition of future losses and hardships, death and orphanhood, the hidden drama of human destinies, short story a series of portraits, living characters, their many-voiced feast, and in the center - a grandmother, the custodian of the customs and traditions of a huge family, are fashioned.

It should be noted how thoughtfully the stories-chapters are arranged, the dramatic tone, the internal conflict of which grows as we approach the climactic chapter “War is thundering somewhere”. The first story as an overture contains the main themes and images of the entire story. The next four stories are light, full of the pure joy of a child discovering the natural world. “A Horse with a Pink Mane” and “A Monk in New Pants” introduce realistically accurate and truthful depictions into the difficult and poor life of the village in the 1930s, reinforce the motif of drama and the complexity of life. The story "A dark, dark night" supports this motive, the hero grows stronger in his desire to understand the complexities of life and take his share of responsibility "for his native village, for this river and land, a harsh but welcoming land."

The short story "War Thunders Somewhere", preceding the final story, plays a fundamental role in the composition of the work: its events convey a sharp turning point in the fate and state of the hero, they can be considered the culminating moment in the process of maturing, self-affirmation of the hero. Nearly dying in the bitter cold on the way to Aunt Augusta, Victor conquers death, striving towards fire, human warmth and help. An aunt with many children in her native village received a "funeral" and is in dire need. The nephew goes hunting in the winter taiga to save precious hay from forest goats. The hunting scene is one of the best in the entire cycle, the most intense moment in dramatic history the formation of character, the maturation of the hero. The experiences of this night turned the soul of a teenager, which was prepared by the entire previous story. Faced with misfortune, his own and the nation's, the hero realizes his place in life. Thoughts about death, an emotional outburst as an expression of the feelings of a person who is not controlled by the mind, forced to kill - "to shoot this wise goat ..., this New Year's, winter night, into silence, into a white fairy tale! - accelerated the process of maturation of civic courage and high responsibility. “The world has never seemed to me so hidden and majestic. His calmness and infinity shook... my life was broken in two. That night I became an adult.

The final story "The Last Bow" is about the return of the hero to his native hearth, where his grandmother is waiting, about the return of a soldier from the war to his homeland with a deeply conscious feeling of gratitude, with a bow to the fatherland. Last words stories sound like a hymn to the beloved and close person, the memory of which is "boundless and eternal, as human kindness itself is eternal."

The final pages of the story give it completeness, sum up the artistic material, a mosaic of pictures of nature, family and village life, work and holidays. The final story is significant, it plays the role of a denouement, reflecting the completion of the main event of the era - the victory over fascism. Not only the most important life stage hero, the story contains a generalization of the socio-historical meaning, since Astafiev's story explores the sources of our victory, the social and moral strength of the winners, brought up "in the depths of Russia."

The desire to show the multiplicity and diversity of factors, the peculiarities of time, environment, people who create a personality, make the composition of the story open, dynamic, and allow expanding the book. In 1974, four new chapters of the book were published. The first book will be supplemented with new chapters and remounted, in particular, it will contain a new chapter on children's games “Burn, burn bright!”. The second book of The Last Bow is being written, where the author is going to transfer the story “War is thundering somewhere” and which will be completed by the story “The Last Bow”. This new, still unfinished composition of the two books will be of interest for future research.

In the current book by V.P. Astafiev, using the genre possibilities of the story, creates a new genre-compositional form in which the artistic power of the lyrical-psychological story is revealed especially fully and multifaceted. From a certain system typologically different stories(detailed socio-psychological stories with a traditional composition, plotless poetic story-pictures, lyrical stories-essays), from a certain system of images that reveal people's peace and folk character, a story arose that received an epic sound.

Keywords: Victor Astafiev, "The Last Bow", criticism of the work of Viktor Astafiev, criticism of the works of Viktor Astafiev, analysis of Viktor Astafiev's stories, download criticism, download analysis, free download, Russian literature of the 20th century.

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