Research work: "The origin of the surnames of my classmates" ". Research project" the origin of Russian surnames "Interesting and original surnames
my secret
municipal autonomous
educational institution
"medium comprehensive school No. 30"
4th grade b
scientific adviser
Trofimova Natalia Nikolaevna
pages
Introduction 2 - 3
Project relevance
Goals and objectives of the project
Research methods
Literature review
Main part 4 - 8
Conclusion 9
References 10
Applications
The word "surname" comes from the Latin familia - family. Once and in
in Russian, “surname” could mean “family”, this is reminded
expressions "family resemblance", "family traditions". Connection between
the words "family" and "surname" are not accidental, the surname is a family
the name added to the name and patronymic of a person. Name for everyone
we were chosen by our parents. The patronymic is formed from the name of the father, which, in
in turn, he was given by his parents - our grandparents. Last name
us, too, as a rule, paternal, and passed to the father from the grandfather, to the grandfather from the great-grandfather ...
Who invented it first, where did it come from?
After reviewing the list of names of students in our class, I came to the conclusion that
that I find it difficult to explain the meaning of even very familiar and familiar
surnames such as Vorobyova, Androsov, Nikitina. But each original
the word from which the surname was formed meant something! Through surnames
hundreds and thousands of words have come down to us that have disappeared from the living language completely or
preserved only in local dialects. The more
we will “decipher” incomprehensible surnames, the more we will learn the forgotten words.
And thus we will discover a lot of new things about our ancestors, their occupations, life,
beliefs, the wider and fuller will be our ideas about the past of our
Motherland. And the material for these discoveries is not somewhere in the museum,
archive or behind seven seals, but literally everywhere: we say hourly,
we hear from interlocutors, we read names in books different people. We read, but
we do not think. Let's try to make sure that our names are stored in
a lot of interesting secrets.
Magic key to the discovery of these secrets is the science of anthroponymy.
This science has existed since the 60s of the 20th century. The word "anthroponymy"
translated from Greek as "anthropo" - a person and "onyma" - a name. The science
studies personal names, patronymics, surnames, nicknames of people. Development
The main issues of anthroponymy were dealt with by well-known philologists:
A.V.Superanskaya, V.D. Bondaletov, I.A. Korolev, T.F. Vedina. This science
young, only developing, there are still many questions to be answered
find answers to scientists (for example, it is not known exactly how many surnames
exists in Russia - it is believed that from 500 thousand to 2 million).
Our goal research work: study the history of origin and
the meaning of my surname and the surnames of my classmates.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following
tasks:
To study materials on the history of origin and the meaning of surnames in Rus';
Find out what factors influenced the process of forming surnames;
Conduct a study "What is the most common surname in our
Create a cool album "4 B class. The secret of our surnames."
In writing our research paper, we used the following
methods: collection of information and materials on this topic, analysis of the collected
materials, interviewing and questioning my family members, questionnaires
pupils and parents of the 4th grade, comparison of different points
perspectives and opinions on the topic.
Being born, a person receives not only a name, but also inherits the surname of his
ancestors. And everyone, sooner or later, thinks about the question "What
does my last name mean? So I asked myself this question, but to answer immediately
couldn't do it. At the very beginning of our work, we conducted a survey
among parents and fourth-grade students “Do you know (do you know)
What does your (your) last name mean? Survey results again
proved the relevance of work on this topic. Of the 54 children surveyed
6 gave a positive answer, and 48 do not know the meaning of their last name.
Of the 56 parents interviewed, 11 attempted to explain the meaning of their
surnames, 45 - gave a negative answer. (See Appendix)
I tried to involve my classmates in my research work,
to interest them in this topic, and I succeeded. Guys with pleasure
engaged in work on this topic.
Collecting and studying materials from different sources information (books,
dictionaries, the Internet), here's what we learned:
1. The word "surname" of Latin origin: "famulus" means "slave",
"servant". And originally the "surname" in Ancient Rome called everyone
slaves owned by one person. This is a late one-root word
"Familia" began to denote family, genus. In Russia, the word "surname" is also
At first it was used in the meaning of "family". In the 17th and 18th centuries there were still
the word "nickname": in those days it meant, called a surname. AND
only in the 19th century did the word "surname" acquire its second meaning, which became
main. In the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S.I. Ozhegov it is written:
Surname is a hereditary family name added to a personal name.
2. The first surnames in the now known sense arose in the 10-11 centuries in
Northern Italy.
In Russia, the first to have the right to have surnames were the princes in the 14-15 centuries
and boyars. From the 16th century, nobles began to have surnames.
At the beginning of the 18th century, the Russian Emperor Peter I issued a Decree: “Record all
people living in localities, by names with fathers and with nicknames.
In the 18-19 centuries, servants and merchants received surnames, in the 19 century -
Russian clergy, at the end of the 19th century and up to the 30s of the 20th century -
peasants (after the abolition of serfdom in 1861). Before
serfs in Rus' were not supposed to have a surname.
3. Most often, Russian surnames are formed from nicknames and personal names through
possessive adjectives. They have suffixes –ov/-ev, -in and
answer the question “Whose? Whose will you be? The difference lies in which
the sound ends with the generating word: -ov was added to the names and
nicknames on a hard consonant (Ignat-Ignatov, Mikhail - Mikhailov),
Ev to names and nicknames on a soft consonant (Grigory-Grigoriev,
Ignatius-Ignatiev), -in - to the basics on -a, -i (Erema-Eremin, Ilya-Ilyin).
4. According to scientists, Russian surnames can be divided into 5 main groups:
1) formed from Christian male baptismal names (Sergeev,
Andreev). This is the largest group of surnames, which indicates
deep Orthodox faith of the Russian people. So, for example, the name Ivan
(John), translated as "the grace of God", was the most
common in Russia. Hence one of the most common
in Rus' of surnames - Ivanov (Vanin, Vanyushin, Ivannikov).
In our class, out of 26 surnames, 10 are formed from male names (see appendix).
2) surnames that retained basically worldly ones (which were given without
participation of the church) names and nicknames. Our ancestors got nicknames for
some distinguishing feature, for example, height - Korotkov, gait -
Volokushin, etc. According to research, the most common
surname in Russia - Smirnov. Why? It turns out that earlier in a large
family, peasant parents sighed with relief if they were born quiet,
reckless children. This is a rather rare quality and imprinted in the name
Smirnaya. It, therefore, was often the main name of a person in life,
because the church was immediately forgotten.
In our class, 11 surnames are formed from worldly names and nicknames (Gushchina,
Vyguzov, Shishkin and others).
3) surnames formed from professional nicknames of ancestors,
telling which one did what. In our class of such surnames -
4 (Baibara, Wagner, Gurnik, Konopkin).
4) surnames formed from the name of the area where one of the
ancestors. The basis of such surnames was geographical names
(Novgorodtsev, Moskvina)
5) surnames belonging to the Orthodox clergy (Troitsky - in
honor of the Holy Trinity, Rozhdestvensky - in honor of Christmas).
5.Thus, having analyzed all collected materials, we came to
conclusion that my surname (Grigorieva) came from the name Grigory. From
the name was formed patronymic (Grigoriev son), and then the surname
Grigoriev. What does she mean?
The family name of the Grigorievs refers to a common type of Russian
surnames. The baptismal name Gregory comes from the Greek verb
"grigoreo" - "keep awake". Gregory is one of the few actually
Christian names that appeared in the era of the formation of Christianity,
the name was metaphorically compared with the personal qualities of the ideal
Christian. The name Gregory was associated with many saints, but before
of all - with St. Gregory the Wonderworker, probably the first bearer of
this name. The high religious and historical status of the name determined it
frequent use in church circles, both in Catholic and in
Orthodox tradition: the bearers of the name were 16 popes and
7 Patriarchs of Constantinople.
Our ancestors believed that when forming a surname from a baptismal name
the patronage of the saints passes to the whole family. Most likely the founder
Grigoriev family was a man from the privileged class. The thing is
that surnames derived from full form name, had mainly
social nobility or families who enjoyed great
other classes, called, as a rule, diminutive derivatives,
common names (Grishkin, Grishunin, etc.)
Of course, the surname Grigorieva is a wonderful
monument Slavic writing and culture. No wonder that
having begun to study the meaning of my surname, the origins of its origin, I
I wanted to know my family tree. And this topic, I think, will become
continuation of our further research work.
6. The number of surnames derived from names is a great many. This
prompted us to do some research. Everyone is hearing
the most common surnames: Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov. But is it
is it for real? What is the most common last name in our school?
Where does my last name fit on this list?
Analysis of the lists by class led to the conclusion that the most common
surname in our school is Popov, and my surname is 0.16% of
total number surnames (1236), (see appendix).
There can be many reasons for the widespread use of the Popov family name.
Not all Popovs are descendants of priests. Pop (or Popko)
as a personal name was quite common among the laity. religious
Parents were happy to give their children this name. This is once again
testifies to the deep Orthodox faith of the Russian people.
Conclusion.
The history of the surname is the history of my ancestors, the history of my family, and
to get in touch with history means to take a step towards the knowledge of one's own kind,
to the compilation and preservation of the genealogy of his family.
This research work is the result of a collaboration between scientific
leader, students and parents of our class for several
months. There are 26 students in our class. The theme of our work has become
interesting to classmates, they also wanted to unravel the secret of their
surnames. We shared the results of our work with other students.
classes who enthusiastically joined the study of this topic.
In order to systematize and generalize the accumulated material, we are preparing
collection "4 B class. The secret of our surnames."
We have achieved our goal, but we do not consider that our work is finished.
Interest in the study of surnames instills in us love for our family, our
origins, respect for the history of both their own and other peoples. Exists
a large number of dictionaries, books, scientific works on this topic. A theme
always remains interesting and relevant.
Bibliography.
About Russian surnames
/A.V.Superanskaya, A.V.Suslova. : School Press, 1993.
Russian surnames. Popular etymological dictionary
/ Yu.A. Fedosyuk. : Flint: Science, 2006.
Sweet Gift, or the Secret of Names and Nicknames
/A. Ktorova.: Gamma-Press, 2002.
Dictionary of Russian surnames
/ Compiled by E.L. Krushelsky. : School-Press, 1993.
/B. Higir. : AST Astrel, 2006.
Encyclopedia of Russian surnames. Secrets of origin and meaning
/T.F.Vedina.: AST Astrel, 2007.
Applications.
Mini survey.
Parents and children were asked the question “Do you know what
Your last name?"
Number of participants: 110 people.
Analysis of the names of students according to the method of their education.
Purpose: Determining the most common way of education
surnames among students of two classes.
Number of participants: 54 people.
Analysis of the lists of students of MAOU secondary school No. 30 in Tambov.
Purpose: Identification of the most common surnames among students
our school.
Number of participants: 1236 people.
The 15 most common surnames of our school (in descending order):
3.Belyakov (Belyaev)
4.Mikhailov (Mikhalin)
8.Filatov
11. Nikulin (Nikolin, Nikolaev)
12. Merciful
13. Matveev
14. Makarov
Introduction.
My name is Bryleva Masha. I am a cheerful, open, sociable and inquisitive girl. Lately I am very interested in questions related to my birth. I love my family very much. And I was interested in the question why they called me Masha and where did my last name come from?
I decided to look into these issues, and for this I set myself a goal and tasks.
Purpose: to find out where the names and surnames came from and why they are needed.
Tasks:
1) Learn about the origin of names in general and, of course, about your name.
2) Find out everything about surnames, study the meaning of my surname.
Hypothesis: if I find out the secret of the origin of the name and surname, then I will reveal this secret to other children.
Project type: research
Type: mid-term
Main part
Why was my name Maria
I guess the name is very important in a person's life. No wonder there is a proverb: without a name, a child is an imp.
The first document in which the name, surname and patronymic are recorded is the birth certificate! And all the guys have this document.
It turns out that the name can tell us a lot. For example, by name, we can determine the gender of a person - he is a man or a woman. By name, we can determine whether it is a small child or already an adult.
In ancient Rus', names were originally as characteristics of people.
By name it was possible to identify the most main feature person. There were also names given by the names of animals.
After the adoption of Christianity in Rus', new, Christian names began to be approved, which were given according to the church calendar.
The ancient Slavs believed that names determine the fate of people. After all, it was not without reason that in Rus' a person had two names, one - false, for everyone, and the other - secret, only for the person himself and his very close people. This tradition existed as a protection against unkind spirits and unkind people.
Mom told me that she called me, and dad wanted to call me Anya, like that. And my mother called me that, because I was supposed to be born at the end of September, at about the same time the Virgin Mary, the mother of Jesus Christ, was born.
Of course, my mother, first of all, wanted this name to be protection and support for me in Hard time. And yet, Marusya was called my great-great-grandmother and my great-grandmother's niece, so I'm not the only Masha in our family.
And although I know for sure that we do not choose our own names, adults do it for us, but I like my name!
It turns out that the name Maria is one of the most common names in the world. It is of Hebrew origin.
According to one version it means - bitter, according to another - beloved, according to the third - stubborn.
Also, I like that many fairy tale characters name is like me.
Look how many fairy tales with Masha I know:
And yet, my name can sound differently, here is such a flower from my name turned out:
The children in our group have different names..
The male names that I like are: Nikita, Yura, Vanya.
And women: Dasha, Rufina, Gulina, Katya, Nastya.
Conclusion: it turns out that the name Maria is one of the most common names in the world. It is of Hebrew origin.
Origin of the surname
With the name, a lot is now clear to me, now we can move on to the surname.
The surname comes from the Latin familia and means family.
The surname is present always and everywhere in our life. There is even a whole science that studies surnames - anthroponymy.
At first, in Rus' there were only names, and nicknames were used instead of surnames. Most often, surnames were given on behalf of the father or grandfather (Ivanov, Stepanov, etc.). Surnames have always been passed down through the male line. At Slavic peoples it was obligatory to know and honor one's family tree.
Also, surnames were given by place of residence (Penkov), by occupation (Rybnikov, Kuznetsov).
And surnames were given according to some qualities of a person (Bald, Beard).
Let's remember the names of three epic heroes People: Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, Alyosha Popovich.
Muromets is not a surname, but a nickname, reminiscent of the fact that the brave "Ilya son Ivanovich" he was from the city of Murom.
Dobrynya Nikitich is the son of Nikita.
Popovich may seem like a surname to us, but in ancient times Popovich was a nickname based on his father's occupation.
I know that I got my last name from my dad: Brylev Alexei Glebovich.
The surname Brylev is derived from the nickname Bryl. In a number of dialects, lips were called bryly.
Consequently, the nickname Bryl was given to a man with thick lips.
It is possible that the surname also goes back to the Polish word bryl, i.e. "a cap". Then, the ancestor of the owner of this surname was from Polish lands and was engaged in the manufacture of hats, for which he received a similar nickname.
However, in Russian the word "bryl" was used in similar meaning- "circumference, edges of the edge and a wide-brimmed hat."
Therefore, in one case, the surname could indicate the place of residence of the ancestor who settled on the edge of the forest, in the other, to his habit of wearing a wide-brimmed hat.
Bryl, eventually received the surname Brylev.
Conclusion: I got the surname from my dad and it can mean either big lips, or a person who wore or made hats, and possibly lived on the edge of the forest.
Conclusion
My hypothesis was confirmed.
- The name and surname are very important in a person's life, they are recorded in all documents of a person.
- The name and surname can tell a lot about a person: his gender, age, origin, and even influence his character!
- I found out that my mother gave me the name in honor of the Virgin Mary, my name has several meanings, but most of all I liked the meaning of “beloved”. And I got the surname from my dad and it can mean either big lips, or a person who wore or made hats, and possibly lived on the edge of the forest.
- Names are given to us by parents, and surnames are inherited and characterize our belonging to the family. Surname is a family name!
- The names and surnames of three epic heroes: Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, Alyosha Popovich can tell a lot about the origin of surnames in Rus'.
Bibliography:
1. Nikonov V.A. Dictionary of Russian surnames. M.: School-press, 1993,. Page 23
2. Superanskaya A.V., Suslova A.V. Modern Russian surnames. M.: Nauka, 1981, str.321
3. http://director.edu54.ru/node/77886 - Backgrounds for presentations. http://www.numama.ru/blogs/kopilka-detskih-stihov/stihi-pro-hvosty.html#c - Site for mothers and babies (poetry)
4.http://sv-scena.ru/athenaeum/chto-oznachaet-vasha-familiya.html
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"Who was your great-grandfather in Rus'?
Ask for your last name...
/G.Graudin/
Introduction
As soon as we are born, we are given a name, and accordingly, we get a surname. It comes to us from our parents. Of course, we are interested in the meaning and origin of the surname we bear. And this is not surprising: I want to know her pedigree, history of origin, the meaning of her last name. This is what many people strive for. Many books have been written to help solve this problem.
Habitual, ordinary seems simple, natural. Including our names. When we came to school three years ago and got to know each other, it turned out that we heard some surnames for the first time, some even seem bizarre. Scientists say that many surnames go back centuries with their roots. It turns out that there is a science that studies the origin of surnames, and it is called ANTHROPONYMICS.
Origin of the word "surname"
The word "surname" itself is of Latin origin: "famulus" means "slave", "servant". And initially the "surname" in ancient Rome was called all the slaves in the house. For a long time this word had a similar meaning in Europe and Russia.
This later single-root word "familia" began to denote family, clan. And only later - a generic, family name. That's from the English "family" - "family".
Municipal budgetary educational institution
Basic comprehensive school No. 25 in Anapa
Project
"The origin and meaning of the names of my classmates"
Completed by a student of the 8th grade: Tsyganenko Elizaveta
Project manager: Prokhorova Elena Ivanovna
teacher of Russian language of literature.
2016
Who was your great-grandfather in Rus'?
Ask for your last name.
They sound like music, like poetry
Surnames are simple.
Look closely and you will see them
History of Russia.
G.Graubin.
Every person has a first and last name from birth. They are recorded in our passport and birth certificate and accompany us all our lives. The name is given to us by the choice of the parents, and the surname comes from the father, who inherited it from his father. Consequently, we have the surname that our predecessors bore, and therefore it is important, in my opinion, to know your pedigree, it is important to be a link in the chain of your generation. They were proud of the surname at all times, people wanted her to live as long as possible. Therefore, in every family everyone wanted to give birth to boys, because this was a guarantee that the surname would continue to exist. But how many people know: where did it come from and what did their surname mean when it appeared? I think that the question of the origin of the surname, what the surname means, what word it came from, how it has changed over time is very important for every person who cares about the history of their family, the history of their country, since the surname is a kind living history.
The theme of my research work is "The origin and meaning of the names of my classmates." Interest in the issue arose during the study of the topic "Vocabulary" in the lessons of the Russian language when studying the topic "Etymology." One of the tasks on this topic was to determine the etymology of their surnames.
So there was target my job: to find out the meaning of my last name and the last names of my classmates.
To achieve the goal, the following tasks:
* Consider what "onomastics" is; anthroponymy.
* Study the history and origin of the word "surname"
* Find out the origin of my own surname and the surnames of my classmates.
* Classification of the names of my classmates.
Subject of study: surnames of 8th grade students
Research methods: search, research.
Hypothesis work is the assumption that the surnames of my classmates are formed from proper names, the names of objects and crafts that our ancestors were engaged in.
This project allows you to turn to the origins of surnames, increase interest in the history of your family, country. sort of, because every person would like to know the meaning of his surname and his predecessors. Therefore, the theme of the project can be considered relevant
1 The science that studies surnames is anthroponymy.
From the school course of the Russian language, we know that the names of people, their patronymics and surnames are proper nouns. Having studied scientific literature, I learned that proper nouns are studied by such a section of linguistics as onomastics(from the Greek onomastikos - referring to the name, onima - name, name). Proper names people, their origin is usually called anthroponyms (from the Greek word anthropos "man" + onoma "name"), and the science that studies anthroponyms is called anthroponyms. Thus, the modern Russian anthroponymic system includes three elements in the name of a person: first name, patronymic and last name (for example, Oleg Petrovich Skvortsov). In many Western European countries, the system of personal names consists of a given name and a surname (for example, Charles Dickens), but double or even triple names are widely used there (for example, Jean-Francois Ducie, Henri-Dominique Lallemant, Marie-Virginie-Catherine Delville).
On the example of Russian history, let's consider how our anthroponymic system arose. In ancient times, when people lived in small groups, a name was enough to distinguish one person from another. The oldest Slavic names(Slavs are the ancestors of the Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian and other peoples) consisted of two bases or one base. For example, the two-basic names Svyatoslav, Vsevolod, Rostislav, Mechislav, Ratibor, Dorogobud, Svyatopolk, Vladimir. Such two-basic names were characteristic primarily for the top of the then society, mainly for the princes. The names of combatants and ordinary people also came from Slavic roots, but had one basis: Dobrynya, Proud, Vyshata, Putyata.
In 988 Ancient Rus' accepted Christianity. The rite of baptism also included the naming of a name from a strictly defined list of saints, placed in the holy calendar - the church calendar. These names are called calendar. Calendar names in their origin were Hebrew, Greek, Roman, Persian. Many calendar names have been adapted (that is, adapted) to the Russian pronunciation. For example, John - Ivan, George - Yuri and Yegor, Jacob - Jacob.
Church names were distributed with great difficulty. Until the 13th-14th centuries, most of the princes were called by old Slavic names, and the names received at baptism were sometimes even kept secret in order to avoid the evil eye. Famous people are known under their Slavic names Kyiv princes Vladimir the Red Sun (Vasily), Yaroslav the Wise (George), Vladimir Monomakh (Vasily).
But already in the Middle Ages, some Slavic names that belonged to princes canonized as saints passed into the holy calendar. For example, Vladimir, Boris, Gleb, Vsevolod, Igor, Svyatopolk. Thus these names also became calendar names.
Non-calendar names were preserved as the main ones for many people even for a long time. In the XV - XVI centuries they were widespread even among the nobility. For example, Menshik, Tretyak, Nechay, Fifth, Zhdan, Rusin, Molchak, Shestak, Ignorance, Ugrim, Sample. Many names sounded offensive from a modern point of view and were probably given from the evil eye. So, there were people with the names Fool, Scoundrel, Brekh, Bad, Bad, Tat (thief). Before the emergence of surnames, non-calendar names served as an additional identification feature.
Among ordinary people, the names of animals (animals, livestock, birds, insects, etc.) were common as non-calendar names: Sheep, Bull, Goby, Wolf, Crow, Dove, Crane, Hare, Boar, Goat, Mosquito, Cow , kite, swan, fox, bear, ant, rooster, tit, hawk, etc.
Patronymic is the second element of the system of personal names. The patronymic appeared around the 10th-11th centuries and was used as a great name for the name of the father. Initially, it had a complex form, so the word son was added to the name of the father: Ivan Petrov son, Vasily Semyonov son. Later patronymics acquire more short form with the help of the suffixes "-vich", "-evna" among noble people (Ivan Petrovich, Elena Andreevna); at the middle layers with the help of suffixes "-ov", "-ev", "-in" (Ivan Petrov, Semyon Andreev); simple people got along without patronymic.
2. History and originsthe words "surname"
Today it is impossible to imagine our life without a surname. This is our family name. However, not everyone thinks about the fact that even before the middle of the 19th century, the surname was rather an exception to the rule. The history of the word "surname" itself is interesting. By its origin, Latin and into the Russian language got into the composition of borrowed languages from Western Europe. But in Russia, the word "surname" was initially used in the meaning of "family". And only in the XIX century the word gradually acquired its second meaning, which then became the main one.
So what does the word surname mean? Seek for more exact definition the meaning of the word "surname" to " explanatory dictionary Russian language "S.I. Ozhegova: "A surname is a hereditary family name added to a personal name". That is, it is passed down from generation to generation, from older family members to younger ones. Surnames were not invented just like that, each of them is the story of the life of more than one person
I was interested: where did the surname come from, when did it first appear and what did this or that surname mean when it appeared?
Accordingly, in order to find out what the meaning and secret of a surname is, you need to turn to its origins, understand what its history and origin are.
Surnames appear among Russian feudal lords (noble people) in the 15th-16th centuries. At this time, a single state is being created in Russia. Previously, when there were small principalities, the name and patronymic (sometimes with the addition of a non-calendar name) were enough to distinguish one from the other among the few feudal lords. But in the second half of the fifteenth century, when Russian state becomes more and more, the number of feudal lords is growing rapidly, and in these conditions, only the name and patronymic is no longer enough for noble people. The establishment of compulsory service for all feudal lords required the compilation of lists of service people, in which the entry of these people only by name and patronymic could lead to confusion. When inheriting land and other property, it was required to prove belonging to a certain family, and only a family name could prove it. The non-calendar name did not indicate the belonging of the feudal lord to a particular family. Princely surnames were created largely on the basis of adjectives indicating the land or principality where this or that prince reigned: Belozersky, Shuisky, Beloselsky, Staritsky, Volynsky.
Among the boyars and nobles, the surnames were mainly formed on behalf of the father: Romanovs, Velyaminovs, Dmitrievs, Tretyakov, Shestakov.
TO XVII century the process of folding the names of the feudal lords ended. Now, in order to change the surname, special permission from the king was required.
In the second half of the 17th century, surnames began to appear among the inhabitants of the cities and part of the peasants who went to work in the cities. With the introduction of passports under Peter I and a stricter accounting of the population, the entire urban population and a significant part of the state (free) peasants also received surnames. Serf (landlord) peasants received surnames only after the abolition of serfdom (1861). Those serfs who went to work in the cities received surnames earlier, since going to the city required a passport in which one had to write down the surname.
Surnames were formed:
by the name of the feudal lord or the estate that belonged to him (Sheremetiev, Shuisky);
by the names of the fathers (Ivanov, Petrov, Semyonov, Fedorov);
at the place of residence (Moskvichev, Novgorodtsev, Pskovin, Kungurtsev);
by profession (Kuznetsov, Slesarev, Rybakov, Rukavishnikov, Kozhevnikov);
by the name of religious holidays (Pokrovsky, Christmas, Easter);
by character traits (Nekhoroshev, Boltunov);
by the names of animals, birds, fish, plants (Medvedev, Golubev, Ershov, Muravyov, Berezkin), etc.;
in places mentioned in the Bible, from foreign words(Jerusalem, Jordanian, Modestov - modest / Latin language /);
in honor of any event (October).
Surnames were formed using the suffixes "-sky", "-ov", "-ev", "-in", "-yn".
By the beginning of the 20th century, Russian surnames had already become established. Facilitating the procedure for changing surnames in the early years of Soviet power led to the fact that many people changed their old surnames. In our time, surnames have become quite stable (unchangable)
3. The origin of my own surname and the surnames of my classmates.
Having received the necessary theoretical information, I decided to analyze the history of the origin of the surnames of my classmates and my own surname. There are only 6 people in my class: Rodion Zinoviev, Elizaveta Kovalchuk, Danil Timofeev, Elizaveta Shpilevaya, Anastasia Chasnykh and I, Elizaveta Tsyganenko. Analyzing the names of my classmates, I came to the conclusion that Russian surnames are an encyclopedia of the history of our country, life, ethnography. They are rooted in antiquity and carry certain information about events, phenomena, objects of a certain era.
Etymology of the surname Zinoviev
Etymology of the surname Kovalchuk |
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Etymology of the surname Timofeev The etymology of the surname Timofeev, belonging to ancient type primordially Russian surnames, goes back to a proper name. The basis of the surname Timofeev the church name Timothy was laid down. Canonical names were contained in the church calendar - the holy calendar. Canonical names have become an active base for creating surnames. The surname Timofeev goes back to the canonical male name Timothy (ancient Greek timotheos - “worshiping God”). The prevalence of the name Timothy is probably due to the fact that it was worn by the Apostle Timothy of Ephesus, one of the most faithful and beloved disciples of the Apostle Paul, who spoke of Timothy as follows: “My beloved and faithful son in the Lord”; "Our brother and servant of God." Timothy, despite his youth, carried out a number of important assignments of the apostle - he preached to the Thessalonians, instructed the Corinthians in the faith. Sending Timothy to the Philippians, Paul admonished: “For I have no one equally diligent, who would so sincerely care for you, his faithfulness is known to you, because he, like a son to his father, served me in the gospel.” According to church tradition, Timothy was martyred by the pagans in the year 80. His relics were transferred to Constantinople in the 4th century. memory in Orthodox Church takes place on February 4 (January 22, old style), as well as January 17 (January 4, old style) on the day of the Council of the Seventy Apostles; and in the Catholic Church on January 26th. Most likely, the founder of the Timofeev family was a man from a privileged class. The fact is that the surnames, formed from the full form of the name, had mainly the social elite, the nobility, or families that enjoyed great authority in the area, whose representatives were respectfully called by the neighbors full name, unlike other classes, which were called, as a rule, diminutive, derivative, everyday names. Already in the XV-XVI centuries, among the rich people, surnames began to be fixed and passed down from generation to generation, denoting a person's belonging to a particular family. These were possessive adjectives with the suffixes -ov / -ev, -in, originally indicating the name of the head of the family. Thus, the descendants of a person who had the name Timofey eventually received the surname Timofeev. . From Timofey, of course, Timofeev, Timofeichev, Timofeykin, Timofeychik originate. Among the famous representatives of this family, it is worth noting Nikolai Dmitrievich Timofeev, a Russian general, a participant in the Crimean War; Valery Vasilievich Timofeev, Russian poet, prose writer, author of more than three dozen books; Nikolai Vladimirovich Timofeev-Resovsky, an outstanding Russian biologist who developed the problems of radiation genetics, population genetics and microevolution. Since the process of forming surnames was quite long, it is difficult to talk about the exact place and time of the emergence of the surname Timofeev. However, we can say with confidence that it belongs to the oldest Russian family names and is a wonderful monument of Slavic writing and culture. |
Etymology of the surname Shpileva
From ancient times, the Slavs had a tradition of giving a person a nickname in addition to the name he received at baptism. This was due to the fact that there were relatively few church names, and they were often repeated. Nickname It also made it easy to distinguish a person in society. This was very convenient, since the supply of nicknames was truly inexhaustible. Sources could be: an indication of the characteristics of the character or appearance of a person, the designation of the nationality or locality from which the person came. Sometimes nicknames that were originally attached to baptismal names completely replaced names not only in Everyday life but also in official documents. The surname Shpileva goes back to the noun "spire". This word formed the basis of the nickname in one of the following meanings.
1 value
Usually a "spire" or "hairpin" was called a knitting needle, a pin, a wire fork for a woman's hairstyle. The spire also marked one of the samples of Russian hats. Accordingly, the nickname Spire could be received by a spire craftsman or seller of spires. In addition, the word "spire" meant "big nail". Usually ship plating was sewn with such nails. The "spire" is also a standing gate for lifting anchors and other heavy loads. Therefore, the ancestor of the owner of this surname could be a shipbuilder or a sailor. It is possible that the nickname Spiel goes back to the verb "to spit", i.e. "to reproach with blunt words". So, most likely, they could call a malicious person. The spire, over time, received the surname Shpileva.
2 value. What does the name Shpileva mean? Surname Shpilyov - Cossack. The Zaporizhzhya Cossacks had a watchman who sat high on a tower and looked out for approaching enemies. These towers were called spiers. Hence the nickname of those Cossacks. who was forward looking - spire. And, as you know. the names of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks came from nicknames, nicknames. So the name Shpileva is primarily Cossack. And of course the sea, as noted above. It is not in vain that Shpilevs are often found among military sailors. But the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks were excellent sailors.
Etymology of the surname Chasny
Surnames on -their/s descended from the nickname that characterized the family - Short, White, Red, Large, Small etc. - and are a form of the genitive (or prepositional) case plural possessive adjective, which was formed by adding a patronymic suffix to the root of the nickname. Doctor philological sciences A.V. Superanskaya describes the mechanism for the formation of these surnames as follows: “The head of the family is called Golden, the whole family is Golden. A native or descendants of a family in next generation- Golden ". According to the norms literary language ending in -their And th surnames are not inclined. The surname Chasnyk is formed from a proper name and belongs to a common type of Ukrainian surnames. The basis of the surname Chasnyk was the worldly name Chasnyk. The surname Chasnyk is most likely formed from non-church name Chasnyk. It originates from the Ukrainian word "chasnik", which is translated into Russian as "garlic". It should be noted that before the introduction of Christianity in Rus', naming a child with a name representing the name of a plant was a very common tradition. This corresponded to the pagan ideas of man about the world. Old Russian man, who lived according to the laws of nature, himself represented himself as a part of nature. Garlic was especially revered by the Slavs. Since ancient times, garlic was considered a kind of amulet. And it is no coincidence that in the old days, at a meal on the Kolyadsky holiday of the birth of light-fire, a head of garlic was placed on the table in front of each guest. This was done for disgust. evil force, all diseases. Worship of garlic probably arose for its special “burning” properties and strong, pungent smell. It was a "mythical, enchanting potion" in the truest sense of the word. Herodotus also noted that the Scythians-Alazans, who lived between the Bug and the Dnieper, were engaged in agriculture and ate garlic and onions. Magical, charmed garlic was grown in a special way by planting it in the ground in a raw consecrated egg. Then it blossomed at the very midnight of Kupala. It was believed that the one who possessed such a plant could work miracles, communicate with by evil spirits and all sorts of sorcerers, he could even, like on a horse, ride a witch, even to other countries. Thus, the concept of garlic merged with the concept of cleansing from all charm and spoilage. Thus, the descendant of a person with the name Chasnyk eventually received the surname Chasnyk
| Etymology of the surname Tsyganenko The study of the history of the emergence of the Tsyganenko surname opens up the forgotten pages of the life and culture of our ancestors and can tell a lot of interesting things about the distant past. The family name Tsyganenko is derived from a personal nickname and belongs to a common type of Russian surnames. From ancient times, the Slavs had a tradition of giving a person a nickname in addition to the name he received at baptism. The fact is that there were relatively few church names, and they were often repeated. Truly an inexhaustible supply nicknames made it easy to distinguish a person in society. The following could be used as sources: an indication of the occupation, characteristics of the character or appearance of a person, nationality or the area from which the person came. The surname Tsyganenko can be interpreted ambiguously. It is possible that some bearers of such a surname were indeed descendants of gypsies. So, L.M. Shchetinin argues that most of the same-root surnames that arose on the Don should be considered as direct evidence ethnic background ancestor - this is confirmed by the collective nicknames of the inhabitants of some villages. According to this hypothesis of the formation of the surname, the ancestor of the Tsyganov family could belong to the Gypsies and bore the nickname Gypsies. However, a swarthy, dark-haired person could also get the nickname Gypsy. In addition, in Russian dialects, "gypsies" were called "hunters, rogues, dealers." As you know, the gypsies have long been famous for their magical powers. It is possible that the ancestor of the Tsyganenko family was distinguished by the ability to predict the future by hand, to bewitch. In the days of Kievan Rus, the patronymic suffix -enko among the southern Slavs meant "small" or "son of such and such." In the XIII-XV centuries. a large part of the family nicknames recorded in Ukraine, in the southern lands of White Rus' and in the south-west of Moscow Rus', was formed with the participation of this suffix. Only later, in the 16th-18th centuries, did the late Great Russian form of family nicknames in -ov / ev and -in, which became official, prevail in these lands. This is the reason for the prevalence of surnames with the suffix -enko in Ukraine, as well as in the south of Belarus and Russia. Later, the ancient suffix -enko ceased to be understood literally and was preserved only as a family suffix. So, on the basis of the nickname Gypsies, the surname Tsyganenko appeared. The adoption by the family of the personal nickname of the ancestor as their family name means that the ancestor of the surname Tsyganenko was a great authority for the household, as well as a well-known and respected person in his native settlement. It's obvious that old surname Tsyganenko testifies to the diversity of ways in which surnames appeared and, undoubtedly, has an interesting centuries-old history. In our time, the Ukrainian surname Tsyganenko can be found in a variety of historical areas, which indicates close ties between various Slavic peoples. |
4. Classification of the surnames of my classmates. .
After analyzing my surname and the surnames of my classmates, I came to the conclusion that these surnames originated from proper nouns, nicknames, nicknames associated with the professional activities of their ancestors, namely:
| worldly (non-church) name | nickname associated with professional activity | nickname |
|
| Zinoviev | Kovalchuk | steeple |
|
| Timofeev | Tsyganenko |
5. Conclusion.
Thus, I believe that the purpose of my research work has been achieved. I managed to get necessary information about the history of the emergence of Russian surnames, to consider the main ways of their formation. The etymology of the surnames of my classmates was analyzed.
The hypothesis that the surnames of my classmates are formed from proper names has been proven.
this work seemed interesting and fascinating to me and convinced me that surnames can be an interesting source for research, since they reflect time and a person - his social status and spiritual world.
References:
1. Dictionary of modern Russian surnames (Ganzhina I.M.),
2. Encyclopedia of Russian surnames Secrets of origin and meaning (Vedina T.F.),
3. Russian surnames: a popular etymological dictionary (Fedosyuk Yu.A.),
4. Encyclopedia of Russian surnames (Khigir B.Yu.)
5. Unbegaun B.O. Russian surnames.
6. Explanatory Dictionary of V. Dahl in 4 volumes.
7. Tupikov N.M. Dictionary of Old Russian personal proper names.
8. Redko Yu.K. Reference book Ukrainian surnames.
9. Internet sites: http: //direct.yandekx.ru
10.www.ufolog.ru
11.www.taynafamilii.com/ua
12.www.family.info
My last name, my family.
Project completed
Kovalchuk Daniil,
students of 3 "B" class MAOU "Lyceum"
Head: Artemova V.S.
Word SURNAME
of Latin origin from family , which in translation into Russian means "family".
- 14th - 15th centuries - princes, boyars
- 16th - 18th centuries - nobles
- The end of the 19th century (until the 30s of the twentieth century) - peasants
- type of Ukrainian-Belarusian surnames
- formed from a personal nickname, from Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian dialect words "forger" - "blacksmith".
- English Smith (English smith - blacksmith),
- German Schmidt (German schmidt - blacksmith),
- French Ferran (fr. Forgeron - blacksmith),
- Spanish Herrero (Spanish herrero - blacksmith),
- Russian Kuznetsov, Kovalev
In old documents there are:
Kovalenok Peter, peasant, 1628 Belev; Koval, peasant, 1545 Novgorod; Kovanka Stepan, peasant, 1624 Kurmysh; Kovacs Yermak, peasant, early XV Beloozero; Ivan Kovachev, peasant, 1627 Belev.
My prominent namesakes
Ilya Valerievich Kovalchuk - Russian ice hockey player
Anna Kovalchuk -
theater and film actress
My prominent namesakes
Mikhail Valentinovich Kovalchuk -
Russian physicist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Julia Kovalchuk -
Russian singer, TV presenter.
My prominent namesakes
Boris Mikhailovich Kovalchuk - Russian physicist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Alexander Sergeevich Kovalchuk - leader of the Soviet and Russian Navy, Rear Admiral
My family tree.
Kovalchuk Daniil Denisovich
Kovalchuk Victoria Sergeevna
Kovalchuk Denis Dmitrievich
caregiver
Individual entrepreneur
MBDOU " Kindergarten No. 4 "Sun"
Kovalchuk Tatyana Leontievna
Kovalchuk Dmitry Anatolievich
Chief Engineer of the grain farm "Kashtanovskiy"
Technology teacher MOU Kashtanovskaya secondary school
Pankov Leonty Mikheevich
Nekrasova Lidia Gavrilovna
Kovalchuk Antonina Davydovna
housewife
Kovalchuk Anatoly Antonovich
Foreman of the grain farm "Kashtanovskiy"
Pankov Mikhey Leontievich
Gitalo Irina
Kovalchuk Anton Dmitrievich
Matveevna
Nekrasov Gavriil Gavrilovich
Trunova Lyubov Yakovlevna
Solodkov David Alekseevich
Sinyapkina Arina Mikhailovna
I am with my grandfather Kovalchuk Dmitry Anatolyevich
My great-grandfather Anatoly Antonovich Kovalchuk
with my dad Kovalchuk Denis Dmitrievich
I'm with dad Kovalchuk Denis Dmitrievich and mom Victoria Sergeevna
My grandmother Kovalchuk (Pankova) Tatyana Leontievna and me
From left to right:
Kovalchuk Anatoly Antonovich (my great-grandfather)
Gitalo Irina Matveevna (my great-great-grandmother)
Garapshina (Kovalchuk) Claudia Anatolyevna
Kovalchuk Anton Dmitrievich (my great-great-grandfather)
Kovalchuk (Solodkova) Antonina Davydovna (my great-grandmother)
My great-grandmother - Kovalchuk (Solodkova) Antonina Davydovna
Passport Office
City registry office
In Uryupinsk and the region, 207 people bear the name Kovalchuk
1. Do you know the origin of your last name?
1. Do you know the origin of your last name?
Survey of classmates and parents
2. Can you name your famous namesakes?
2. Can you name your famous namesakes?
